FDTD

FDTD S olu tion s
Getting Started
Release 7.5
Contents
Table of Contents
Part I Introduction
1 2 3 4 What is............................................................................................................ FDTD? FDTD Solutions GUI ............................................................................................................ Running Simulations and Optimizations ............................................................................................................ Analyzing simulation data ............................................................................................................
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3 4 7 9
Part II Silver Nanowire Tutorial
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1 Discussion and results ............................................................................................................ 13 2 Modeling instructions ............................................................................................................ 17
Part III Ring Resonator Tutorial
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Part IV PC Micro Cavity Tutorial
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2003 - 2011 Lumerical Solutions, Inc
Getting Started
Introduction
The goal of the Getting Started Guide is to introduce the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) technique and explain how modeling is done with the software. The FDTD algorithm is useful for design and investigation in a wide variety of applications involving the propagation of electromagnetic radiation through complicated media. It is especially useful for describing radiation incident upon or propagating through structures with strong scattering or diffractive properties. The available alternative computational methods - often relying on approximate models - frequently provide inaccurate results. FDTD Solutions is useful for numerous engineering problems of commercial interest including: display technologies optical storage devices LED design biophotonic sensors plasmon polariton resonance devices optical waveguide devices photonic crystal devices integrated optical filters optical micro cavity design FDTD Solutions is an accurate and easy to use, versatile design tool capable of treating this wide variety of applications. This introductory chapter of the Getting Started Guide introduces the general FDTD method and provides a basic overview of the product usage. The final sections contain examples that are accompanied by step-by-step instructions so that you can set up and run the simulations yourself. Application Type Particle Scattering Description Calculation of the absorption, scattering and extinction crosssections of a sub-wavelength particle. Determination of the insertion loss or return loss, and frequency response of waveguide-based components. Manufacturing tolerances are also calculated. Analysis of resonant modes and the corresponding decay Example Silver nanowire resonant scattering 12
Waveguide Devices
Ring resonator design for channel drop filter 23
Cavities and Resonators
Photonic crystal micro cavity design 34
Introduction constants for cavities and resonators.
1.1
What is FDTD?
The Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method has become the state-of-the-art method for solving Maxwells equations in complex geometries. It is a fully vectorial method that naturally gives both time domain, and frequency domain information to the user, offering unique insight into all types of problems and applications in electromagnetics and photonics. The technique is discrete in both space and time. The electromagnetic fields and structural materials of interest are described on a discrete mesh made up of so-called Yee cells. Maxwells equations are solved discretely in time, where the time step used is related to the mesh size through the speed of light. This technique is an exact representation of Maxwells equations in the limit that the mesh cell size goes to zero.
Structures to be simulated can have a wide variety of electromagnetic material properties. Light sources may be added to the simulation. The FDTD method is used to calculate how the EM fields propagate from the source through the structure. Subsequent iteration results in the electromagnetic field propagation in time. Typically, the simulation is run until there are essentially no electromagnetic fields left in the simulation region. Time domain information can be recorded at any spatial point (or group of points). This data can be recorded for the duration of the simulation, or it can be recorded as a series of "snapshots" at times specified by the user. Frequency domain information at any spatial point (or group of points) may be obtained through the Fourier transform of the time domain information at that point. Thus, the frequency dependence of power flow and modal profiles may be obtained over a wide range
Getting Started of frequencies from a single simulation. In addition, results obtained in the near field using the FDTD technique may be transformed to the far field, in applications where scattering patterns are important. More information about the FDTD method, including references, can be found in the Physics of the FDTD Algorithm section of the reference guide.
1.2
FDTD Solutions GUI

This section discusses useful features of the FDTD Solutions Graphical User Interface (GUI). In this topic Graphical User Interface: Windows and Toolbars 4 Add Objects to the simulation 5 Edit Objects 6 Start a new 2D/3D simulation 7
Graphical User Interface: Windows and Toolbars

The graphical user interface contains useful tools for editing simulations, including a toolbar for adding objects to the simulation a toolbar to edit objects a toolbar to run simulations an objects tree to show the objects which are currently included in the simulation a script file editor window an object library a window to set up parameter sweeps and optimizations In the default configuration some of the Windows are hidden. To open hidden windows, click the right mouse button anywhere on the main title bar or the toolbar to get the pop up window shown in the screen shot below. The visible windows/toolbars have a check mark next to their name; the hidden ones do not have check marks. A second way to obtain the pop up window is to go to the main title toolbar and select VIEW->WINDOWS.
Introduction For more information about the toolbars and windows see the Layout editor section of the reference guide.
Add Objects to the simulation

The Graphical User interface contains buttons to add objects to the simulation. Click on the arrow next to the image to get a pull down menu which shows all the available options in a group. The screenshot below shows what happens when we click on the arrow next to the COMPONENTS button. Note that the picture on the button is the same as the MORE CHOICES option in the list. If we click on the button itself (instead of the arrow) we will go directly to the MORE CHOICES section of the object library.
Getting Started
Also notice that the picture for the COMPONENTS button will change depending on what the last component that was added to the simulation was. Finally, the ZOOM EXTENT button in the toolbar will resize the viewports to fit all the objects currently included in the simulation.
Edit objects
To edit an object, select the object and press E on the keyboard or press the EDIT button on the toolbar. The easiest way to select an object is to click on the name of the object in the objects tree. However, objects can also be selected by clicking on the graphical depiction of them when the SELECT button is pressed. For more information see the Layout editor section of the reference guide. When we edit objects in FDTD, we get an edit window. The edit windows have units for the settings; in the GEOMETRY tab, the x, y and z location will be in m by default. The units can be changed to nm if we choose SETTINGS->LENGTH units in the main menu. Fields in the edit windows act like calculators, so that equations can be entered in the fields. See the y span field below for an example.
Introduction
Start a new 2D/3D simulation

By default FDTD Solutions opens with a blank 3D simulation. In the following Getting Started Examples, we often begin with a 2D simulation, which can be obtained as shown in the screenshot below.
1.3
Running Simulations and Optimizations

This section discusses important checks which should be made before running a simulation (memory requirements, material fits) and gives links to more information about running simulations and parameter sweeps or optimizations.
Getting Started In this topic Check memory requirements 8 Check material fits 8 Setup parallel options 8 Run simulation 8 Run parameter sweeps and optimizations
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Check memory requirements

To check the memory requirements, press the CHECK button If this is not the current icon, you can find it by pressing the arrow. Note that the memory report indicates the amount of memory used by each object in the simulation project as well as the total memory requirements. This allows for judicious choice of monitor properties in large and extensive simulations.
Check material fits
The CHECK button also contains a material explorer option . Many of the materials used in FDTD Simulations come from experimental data (see the materials section of the Reference Guide for references for the material data and descriptions of the FDTD material models). Before running a simulation, FDTD Solutions automatically generates a multi-coefficient model fit to the material data in the wavelength range for the source. It is a good idea to check and optimize the material fit before running a simulation.
Setup the resource configuration

Before running any simulations, the resource options must be set up. These options can
be accessed by pressing the Resources button . In most cases, the default settings should be fine. The 'number of processes' is typically set to the number of cores in your computer.
Run simulation
Introduction
You can run simulations by pressing the RUN button on the mail toolbar. For more details, such as how to run multiple simulations in distributed mode, please see the Run Simulations section in the online User Guide, or the Running simulations and analysis section of the Reference Guide.
Run parameter sweeps and Optimizations

FDTD Solutions also has a built in parameter sweep and optimization window. This window can be seen at the top of the page, and can be opened using the instructions in the Graphical User Interface discussion just prior to this topic.Optimization Window includes buttons to add a parameter sweep and add an optimization. Parameter sweeps and optimizations can include multiple parameters, or be nested. Each optimization or sweep can be run by pressing the right-most button.
1.4
Analyzing simulation data

This section discusses the tools used to analyze simulation data: the Analysis Window, the script environment and data export to third party software such as MATLAB. For more details please see the Analysis tools and the Scripting language chapters in the Reference Guide. In this topic Analysis window Scripting 10 Data export 10
Analysis window
The screen shot below shows the open analysis window. The analysis window can be used to plot monitor data.
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Getting Started
A variety of monitor data can be plotted via the Analysis window, depending on the monitor type. Spatial refractive index data, field vs time, field vs frequency, fields vs spatial dimensions, and power transmission vs frequency are a few examples. The terminology 'Intensity' indicates a squared quantity. For example, 'E intensity' means |E|^2. 'Ex intensity' means |Ex|^2. Field data from frequency monitors is always plotted as an Intensity. If you want to see the real or imaginary parts of the field, or if you want to obtain phase information, the scripting language will be required.
Scripting
FDTD Solutions contains a built in scripting language which can be used to obtain simulation data, and do plotting or post-processing of data. The script prompt can be used to execute a few commands, or the built in script file editor can be used to create more complex scripts. A thorough introduction to the Lumerical scripting language can be found in the Scripting section of the FDTD Solutions online user guide. Definitions for all of the script commands are given in the Scripting language chapter in the Reference Guide.
Data Export
FDTD simulation data can be exported into text file format using the analysis window, into a Lumerical data file format (*.ldf) which can be loaded into another simulation, or into a
Introduction Matlab data (*.mat) file. Instructions for exporting to these file formats can be found in the links under the Scripting section.
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Getting Started
Silver Nanowire Tutorial

Problem definition
For light incident on metallic nanoparticles, resonant interactions with the electronic charge density near the surface, called surface plasmon polaritons, play an important role. Here we determine, for a silver nanowire with diameter 50 nm, the surface plasmon polariton resonance and calculate the scattering, extinction and absorption cross sections as a function of wavelength near this resonance. Associated files We recommend downloading all associated files before beginning the tutorial. Files can be downloaded from the online help section of Lumerical's website, or from the examples subdirectory of the FDTD Solutions installation directory. nanowire.fsp plotcs.lsf, nanowire_theory.csv In this topic Simulation set up 13 Results 16 Modeling instructions
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See also Online Help -> Surface Plasmons
Problem definition: More details

The scattering cross-section is defined as
scat
( )
, where Pscat is the total scattered power [W] and Iinc is the incident intensity [W/m2]. In 2D, power is described per unit length [W/m], and thus the scattering cross-section has dimensions of length. The total scattered power can be calculated by summing the power flowing outward through the four power monitors located in the scattered field region of the Simulation Area.
Pscat( ) Isource( )
Silver Nanowire Tutorial The absorption cross-section is similarly defined as

abs
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( )
, where Pabs is the total power absorbed by the particle. The power absorbed by the particle can be calculated by calculating the net power flowing inward through the four monitors located in the total field region of the Simulation Area. The extinction cross-section is the sum of the absorption and scattering cross-sections
ext
Pabs( ) Iinc( )
( )
abs
( )
scat
( )
2.1
Discussion and results

Simulation set up
Once the simulation has been set up, it will look as in the screen shot below. The nanowire is the circle in the center of the simulation region. There are two yellow boxes of monitors which surround the nanowire. In between the two monitor boxes is a third box drawn with of grey lines. This box shows the extent of the Total Field Scattered Field (TFSF) source. TFSF sources are plane wave sources. The pink arrow shows the direction of propagation (k vector), and the blue arrow shows the polarization (E field vector). In the region inside the grey box, the total fields are available; outside the box only the scattered fields are available. The total fields are field computed in the FDTD simulation, and contain both the incident and scattered radiation. The scattered field is calculated by subtracting the incident radiation from the total field outside of the source boundaries. You can find more information about TFSF sources in the Sources section of the online user guide. Because we use the TFSF source, the power scattered by the nanowire can be computed by measuring the transmission through the monitor box outside of the source (ie in the scattered field region).The power absorbed by the nanowire is equal to the power flowing into the box in the total field region.
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Getting Started
In the graphical user interface (CAD), orange lines show the FDTD mesh if desired. There are two different regions: A graded mesh region (automatic mesh) and a mesh override region. When using automatic meshing, the mesh size is based on the refractive index. A higher index material will have a smaller step size, inversely proportional to the index. When a material has a complex index, both the real and imaginary parts are considered by the automatic mesh algorithm. However, accurate modeling of small geometric features, particularly when there is a high index contrast between materials combined with curved or angled interfaces, sometimes requires a finer mesh than is created by the automatic mesh algorithm. In these cases, a mesh override region can be used, as in this example, to manually define a finer mesh where it is needed. The above screen shot does not show the full simulation region. Although we are not interested in obtaining any data outside of the largest yellow monitor box shown above, the simulation span is set to be much larger. We set the simulation to be larger because the boundaries are PML. PML absorbs incident radiation, but can also absorb energy from evanescent fields. Hence, the PML should be placed far enough away from the structure so that it does not interact with evanescent fields. In this case, the PML is about a full wavelength from the structure. The Ag (Silver) material used for the nanowire is defined with experimental data, rather than an analytic model. A material model is automatically calculated based on the experimental refractive index data over the source bandwidth. We can check the material fit (see image below) in the Material Explorer before running the simulation. The material fit, named FDTD model in the legend, can be adjusted by changing the Max coefficients and Tolerance parameters in the Material Explorer.
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We can see from the above plot that the material data has an index that is on the same order of magnitude as the background index of 1. Also, we are able to simulate this problem at a small mesh size of 1nm or less. For this reason, we can change the mesh refinement option to "conformal variant 1" to take full advantage of the conformal meshing feature, even for a metal like silver. Note that "conformal variant 1" is a good option here because there is low index contrast, however "conformal variant 1" is not always a good option for metals (the default conformal mesh will revert to staircasing for interfaces involving metals and PECs). Please see Mesh refinement and Conformal mesh for more detail. Note that in the screenshot of the simulation above, there is a yellow cross. This cross gives the location of a time domain monitor. Time domain monitors are used in FDTD simulations to check that the fields have decayed by the end of the simulation. If the fields have not properly decayed, the simulation results can be incorrect. By default, FDTD Solutions has a simulation time of 1000fs and shuts of the simulations early if the field strength has decayed to a user defined fraction of the peak field strength. Below, you can see a plot of the x component of the E field. Notice that the simulation shut off early at 32fs.
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Getting Started
Results
Scattering, absorption and extinction cross-sections can be computed analytically for the nanowire. We have precalculated the theory for this specific material and saved it in the associated file, nanowire_theory.csv, from the first page of this getting started example. Below, the leftmost figure shows the cross-sections obtained with from the FDTD simulation in comparison with the analytic results. Clearly there is very good agreement. The second figure shows the same results from FDTD, but analytic results for a radius of 24 and 26 nm. Since the simulation used a 1nm mesh, it is reasonable to expect the FDTD results to be accurate to within these results. We can see from the figure that this is true.
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The above image shows that the maximum extinction occurs near 345nm. We can plot the intensity of the y component of the E field as shown in the image below calculated with a 0.5nm mesh.
2.2
Modeling instructions
This page contains 2 independent sections. The simulation can be set up from a new 2D simulation, beginning at the Set up Model section. Otherwise the associated files (which you can find at the locations given on the first page of the tutorial) can be used to start at the second section. In this topic Set up model 17 Run simulation, plot cross sections Plot near field data 21
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Set up model
Go to File -> New -> 2D simulation -> From default project
Press on arrow on the STRUCTURES button and select a CIRCLE from the pull-down menu. Set the properties of the circle according to the following table. tab property name Geometry x (nm) value nanowire 0
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Getting Started y (nm) radius (nm) Material material 0 25 Ag (Silver) - Palik (0-2um)
Press on the SIMULATION button to add a simulation region. Note that if your button does not look like the button to the left, you will need to press on the arrow to get the simulation region. Set the properties according to the following table. tab General Geometry property simulation time (fs) x (nm) y (nm) x span (nm) y span (nm) Mesh Settings mesh accuracy mesh refinement value 200 0 0 800 800 4 conformal variant 1
Press on the arrow on the SIMULATION button and select the MESH OVERRIDE region from the pull-down menu. Set the properties according to the following table. tab General property dx (nm) dy (nm) Geometry x (nm) y (nm) x span (nm) y span (nm) value 1 1 0 0 110 110
Press the arrow on the on the SOURCES button and select the TFSF source from the pull-down menu. Set the properties according to the following table.
Silver Nanowire Tutorial tab Geometry property x (nm) y (nm) x span (nm) y span (nm) Frequency/Wavelength Wavelength start (nm) Wavelength stop (nm) value 0 0 100 100 300 400
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Press the arrow on the on the ANALYSIS button and select OPTICAL POWER from the pull-down menu. This will open the object library window. Insert one SCATTERED FIELD analysis group and one TOTAL FIELD analysis group. The scattered field analysis group will be named "scat_2D" by default. Similarly, the total field analysis group will be named "total_2D" by default. Set the properties of the "scat_2D" group according to the following table. tab property name Setup Variables x (nm) y (nm) width (nm) value scat 0 0 110
Set the properties of the "total_2D" group according to the following table. tab property name Setup Variables x (nm) y (nm) width (nm) value total 0 0 90
Press on the arrow next to the MONITORS button and select GLOBAL PROPERTIES from the pull-down menu. Set the FREQUENCY POINTS to 100. Press the arrow on the MONITORS button and select the FIELD TIME monitor from the
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Getting Started pull-down menu. Set the monitor properties according to the following table. tab property name Geometry x (nm) y (nm) value time 28 26
Run simulation, plot cross sections.

Press on the CHECK button to open the MATERIAL EXPLORER. To obtain a plot of the refractive index as a function of wavelength, press the FIT AND PLOT button. Next, check if the mesh is fine enough using the VIEW SIMULATION MESH button and ZOOM button in the toolbars. For more information about how to use these tools, see the Layout editor section of the reference guide.
Press the Resources button and check the number of processes (number of cores) for the local machine. Then, press the "Run Tests" button to make sure the simulation engine is configured correctly. The first time you run this test, it may fail and ask you to register your username and password for your operating system account. If it does, fill in the appropriate text fields, press "Register", then "OK", and re-run the tests.
Run the simulation by pressing the RUN button . Switch to the Analysis window (for instructions on how to do this see the Introduction section of the Getting Started examples 4 ). Plot the time monitor data. Set the analysis window properties according to the following table, and press PLOT. property monitor Data to output Component value Time Monitor: ::model::time Field vs time Ex
Open the script file editor (for instructions on how to do this see the Introduction section of the Getting Started examples 4 ). Get the "plotcs.lsf" script file from the first page of this application example.
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Then use the OPEN SCRIPT button file.
to browse to and open the "plotcs.lsf" script
Run the script file using the RUN SCRIPT button which is found on the Script File Editor window This will create the two plots of the cross sections seen in the discussion and results section.
Plot near field data

Switch the simulation back into layout mode the SWITCH button . Edit the mesh. Set dx = dy = 0.5nm. Press on the arrow on the MONITORS button and select a FREQUENCY DOMAIN FIELD PROFILE monitor from the pull down menu. Set the properties according to the following table. tab property name General override global monitor settings use source limits frequency points wavelength center (nm) Geometry monitor type x (nm) y (nm) x span (nm) y span (nm) 1 345 2D Z-normal 0 0 90 90 value profile (check) (uncheck)
Run the simulation again by pressing on the RUN button Once the simulation has run to completion, plot the profile monitor data: Switch to the analysis window, enter the following settings, and press PLOT. property monitor Data to output value Frequency Domain Power monitor: ::model::profile Intensity vs position
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Getting Started Component Ey
Go to the SETTINGS menu in the figure and set the colorbar limits. To obtain the exact same plot as in the discussion and results section, set the colorbar min was to 0, and the colorbar max to 5.
Ring Resonator Tutorial
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Problem definition
The device being studied in this example is a ring resonator filter. It consists of two waveguides (through and drop channels) connected by a ring. As the input mode propagates past the ring, a fraction will couple into the ring. Due to the circular nature of a ring, the mode will circulate around the ring many times. As the mode circulates, it will interfere with itself. The interference pattern is strongly wavelength dependent, which is why these devices can be used as filters. Some wavelengths will pass through the device, while other wavelengths will be re-directed into the drop channel. The high index waveguides in this example are 200nm wide with an index of 2.915. The ring has an outer radius of 2300nm and is roughly 200nm wide. The refractive index of the ring is also 2.915. The background index is 1. In this example, we start with a specific system geometry and first examine the steadystate electric field profiles to gain intuition into how the ring resonator operates. From there, a series of simulations are performed to determine by how much the inner radius of the ring would have to be tuned to result in radiation at 193.1 THz (the center of the telecommunications c-band) to be dropped, rather than transmitted. Associated files We recommend downloading all associated files before beginning the tutorial. Files can be downloaded from the online help section of Lumerical's website, or copied from the examples subdirectory of the FDTD Solutions installation directory. ring.fsp In this topic Simulation set up 24 Results 25 2D Approximation to 3D Geometries Modeling Instructions 17
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See also FDTD Solutions Online User Guide -> Monitors and Analysis Groups -> Making a cw movie
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Getting Started
3.1

Simulation set up
FDTD Solutions contains a mode source with an integrated mode solver. This source will be used to inject a guided mode into the upper waveguide. In the screen shot shown to the left below, the mode source injection plane is drawn with a vertical grey line, and the injection direction is depicted with the pink arrow. The line on the image on the right shows the mode profile |E|^2 that will be injected by the mode source. The colored background shows the refractive index. Notice that the mode profile goes to zero at each edge of the image. For accurate simulations, it is important that the mode source be large enough to contain the entire mode. If the mode source is too small, the mode will be truncated, leading to simulation errors. Similar rules apply to the FDTD simulation region, shown as an orange box. The absorbing PML boundaries of the simulation region can not be placed too close to the structure, or they will truncate the mode.
When light of the appropriate wavelength is coupled to the loop by the input waveguide, it builds up in intensity over multiple round-trips due to constructive interference. It can then be coupled out into the drop channel of the waveguide. Therefore, the simulation time must be set so to allow the light to travel down the waveguide (5.45 m) and around the ring, say, 14 times (d = 14*2* *r = 193.52 m) for a total distance of approximately 199 m. As a rough approximation, in a material of index 2.9 this would take approximately t = d / (c/n) = 199m / (3e8/2.9) m/s = 1920fs. Based on this estimate, we set the simulation time to 2000 fs.
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This is longer than our default simulation time (1000fs). It is important to increase the simulation time because the frequency domain monitor results are incorrect if the simulation time is not set long enough for the fields to decay. Further discussion based on this example can be found in the our Online User Guide -> Monitors and Analysis Groups > Simulation time and Frequency domain monitors.
Results
The plot to the left below shows the Ez field in the drop channel. Notice that we can see 13 distinct peaks. This is what we would expect from the discussion above (it is not 14 because the source also needs some time to inject power). The plot to the right shows the power transmission though the through channel. Notice that the loop is tuned to have high transmission into the through channel at 193.1 THz. If you look very closely, you can see small rippled at the maximum transmission values. These ripples would disappear if we had set the simulation time a bit longer; this phenomenon is discussed in the link provided in the simulation set up section.
We can also obtain the spatial field profiles at various frequencies. The right image below shows |E|^2 at 189.6THz, a frequency where everything is transmitted to the drop channel. Similarly, we can plot the field profile at a frequency of 193.1 THz where we have maximum transmission into the through channel. Note that the transmission data is collected from a different type of monitor than the profile data. The transmission data is collected using a "frequency domain field and power" monitor, whereas the profile data is collected using a "frequency domain field profile monitor". These two monitor types are very similar and in most cases they will return nearly identical results. The power monitors are optimized to provide slightly better power measurements, while profile monitors can provide more accurate field profile measurements.
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Getting Started
Suppose we want the maximum power to go into the drop channel at 193.1 THz instead. We can run a parameter sweep to measure the response of the system as the inner ring radius of the ring is changed. We want to find the inner radius that provides maximum power transmission to the drop channel at 193.1 THz. Our parameter sweep tracks the frequency of the drop channel resonance peak closest to 193.1 THz as a function of inner ring radius. The results of the sweep show that the optimal inner radius is close to 2.0825 microns.
2D Approximation to 3D Geometries
This section discusses why we are using a refractive index of 2.915. 3D simulations are much more CPU-time and memory intensive than 2D simulations. In many cases, we can opt for simplified models that capture the essence of the full 3D structure, while being computationally much more efficient. Traditionally, integrated optics
Ring Resonator Tutorial designers use the effective index approximation to reduce simulations of 3D structures to two spatial dimensions.
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In the example above we use an effective index of n=2.915. This is the effective index approximation for a 3D SOI (Silicon on insultator) structure with a vertical Silicon layer thickness of 245nm. The images below show a simple 2D simulation where we use a FDTD mode source to find the modes confined to the 245 nm thick Silicon slab. The Silicon is the red layer in the left image. As can be seen in the right image, the effective index for these modes is neff = 2.915. Therefore, we set the effective index of n=2.915 in this 2D ring resonator example because it is a good approximation to a 3D SOI ring resonator where the ring resonator has a z span of 245nm.
3.2
This page contains 4 independent sections. The first section (Object setup) describes how to setup the simulation from a blank 2D simulation file. If you prefer to skip this section, a copy of the completed simulation file is provided on the first page of the tutorial. The final three sections describe how to run the simulation, plot simulation results like field profiles and transmission spectra, and run the parameter sweep. In this topic Object setup 27 Run simulation, plot time monitor and transmission data Plot field profile 31 Sweep inner ring radius 32
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Object setup
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Getting Started Structure Go to File -> New -> 2D simulation -> From default project
Press on arrow on the STRUCTURES button and select a RING from the pull-down menu. Set the properties of the ring according to the following table. tab Geometry property x ( m) y ( m) inner radius ( m) outer radius ( m) Material index value 0 0 2.1 2.3 2.915
Press on the STRUCTURES button and select a RECTANGLE from the pull-down menu. Set the properties according to the following table. tab Geometry property x ( m) y ( m) x span ( m) y span ( m) Material index value 0 2.6 10 0.2 2.915 on the
While the input waveguide is still selected, click the DUPLICATE button toolbar (or, use the keyboard shortcut key D). Edit the copied version, set the (x,y) location to (0, -2.6) m. FDTD Region
Press on the SIMULATION button to add a simulation region. Note that if your button does not look like the button to the left, you will need to press on the arrow to get the simulation region. Set the properties according to the following table. tab General Geometry property simulation time (fs) x ( m) value 2000 0
Ring Resonator Tutorial y ( m) x span ( m) y span ( m) Source 0 5.45 6.25
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Press the arrow on the on the SOURCES button and select the MODE source from the pull-down menu. Set the properties according to the following table. Do not close the window after setting these properties tab Geometry property x ( m) y ( m) y span ( m) Frequency/Wavelength Center Frequency (THz) Frequency span (THz) value -2.175 2.725 3 193.1 20
Switch to the general tab and press the SELECT MODE button. Then press CALCULATE MODES to solve for the modes. Notice that the first mode in the list is highlighted. Press the SELECT MODE button to choose this mode. Monitors
Press on the MONITORS button to set the global monitor settings. Note that if you do not see the globe as in the image to the left, you will need to press on the arrow and select GLOBAL monitor settings from the pull-down menu. Set the FREQUENCY POINTS to 200 Press the arrow on the MONITORS button and select the FREQUENCY DOMAIN FIELD AND POWER monitor from the pull-down menu. Set the monitor properties according to the following table. tab property name Geometry monitor type x ( m) y ( m) value power linear y 0 0
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Getting Started y span ( m) 2
Press the arrow on the GROUPS button and select the analysis group from the pull-down menu. Then select the ANALYSIS Variables tab. Enter a new result named "fmax". Switch to the ANALYSIS Script tab and enter the following lines: T = -transmission("power"); # get transmission data from power monitor f = getdata("power","f"); # get frequency data from power monitor peak = findpeaks(T,3); # find the 3 peaks in the Transmission spectrum peak0 = find(f(peak),193.1e12); # pick the peak closest to 193.1 THz fmax = f(peak(peak0)); plot(f*1e-12,T,"f (THz)","Transmission"); Set the name and location of the analysis group according to the following table. tab property name Setup - Variables x ( m) y ( m) value drop -2.4 -2.6
Select both of the monitors and add them to the analysis group. Use the MOVE DOWN button to place the monitors below the analysis group in the objects tree. Then use the MOVE RIGHT button to place the monitors in the analysis group. While the group is still selected press the DUPLICATE button. Change the name to "through" and set the center to (2.4, 2.6) m. Press the arrow on the MONITORS button and select the FIELD TIME monitor from the pull-down menu. Set the properties according to the following table. tab property name Geometry x ( m) y ( m) value time_drop -2.4 -2.6
While the monitor is still selected press the DUPLICATE button. Change the name to "time_through" and set the center to (2.4, 2.6) m.
Setup resources. Run simulation. Create time domain and

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transmission plots.
Press the Resources button and check the number of processes (number of cores) for the local machine. If you have additional computers on the network with FDTD installed as well as extra engine licenses, you can add them to the resource list. Click "Add" and set the appropriate properties. Press the "Run Tests" button to make sure the simulation engines on the resources are configured correctly. The first time you run this test, it may fail and ask you to register your username and password for your operating system account. If it does, fill in the appropriate text fields, press "Register", then "OK", and re-run the tests. If there are any errors or warnings, they will appear in the "Result" field.
Run the simulation by pressing the RUN button . Switch to the analysis window (for instructions on how to do this see the Introduction section of the Getting Started examples 4 ). To plot the Ez intensity from the drop time monitor data use the following settings, and press PLOT. property monitor Data to output Component value Time Monitor: ::model::time_drop Field vs time Ez
To plot the transmission through the through monitor use the following settings, and press PLOT. property monitor Convert frequency to wavelength Data to output x-transmission vs frequency/wavelength value Frequency Domain Power monitor: ::model::through::power
Plot field profile.

Switch the simulation back into layout mode the SWITCH button . Press on the arrow on the MONITORS button and select a FREQUENCY DOMAIN FIELD PROFILE monitor from the pull down menu. Set the properties according to the following table.
32
Getting Started tab property name General override global monitor settings use source limits frequency points minimum frequency (THz) maximum frequency (THz) Geometry x ( m) y ( m) x span ( m) y span ( m) 2 189.6 193.1 0 0 7 7 value spatial (check) (uncheck)
Run the simulation again by pressing on the RUN button Once the simulation has run to completion, plot the profile monitor data: Switch to the analysis window, enter the following settings, and press PLOT. property monitor Data to output Component Frequency (THz) value Frequency Domain Power monitor: ::model::spatial Intensity vs position E intensity 189.6
Create the plot of the second frequency point by moving the Frequency slider to 193.1. Then press PLOT.
Sweep inner ring radius

Switch to/open the optimization and parameter sweep window (for instructions on how to do this see the Introduction section of the Getting Started examples 4 ). Press on the CREATE NEW PARAMETER SWEEP button . Set up the parameter sweep as shown in the following screen shot. Then press OK (the apply button does the same thing as OK but does not close the parameter sweep window).
33
Run the parameter sweep by pressing the RUN button in the optimization and parameter sweep window. The job monitor will show the progress of the sweep iterations. In the screenshot below, the simulation is using both Local Host and Laptop to run through the sweep iterations in parallel. Note that in distributed mode, the source fsp file must be stored on the network, accessible by all the computing resources.
When the sweep is complete, open the script prompt (for instructions on how to do this see the Introduction section of the Getting Started examples 4 ). Enter the following lines into the script prompt. Press enter to execute these lines and create a plot. fmax = getsweepdata("sweep","fmax"); r = getsweepdata("sweep","r"); plot(r*1e6,transpose(pinch(fmax)*1e-12),"inner radius (um)","f (THz)","Frequencies at which max power drop occurs","plot points");
34
Getting Started
PC Micro Cavity Tutorial

Problem definition
The goal of this example is to demonstrate how FDTD Solutions may be used to analyze photonic crystal cavities. We want to determine the resonant frequency, Quality factor, and mode profile of the cavity modes. Once we learn how to find the mode of interest and measure its Q-factor, we will use a particle swarm optimization to find the inner hole radius which provides the maximum Q factor. Note: The screen shots in this example were created with the Mac version of FDTD Solutions. The graphical user interface looks a slightly different than it does on Windows and Linux. Associated files We recommend downloading all associated files before beginning the tutorial. Files can be downloaded from the online help section of Lumerical's website, or from the examples subdirectory of the FDTD Solutions installation directory. ppc_cavity.fsp In this topic Simulation set up 34 Simulation results 38 Further analysis: Symmetry 40 Further analysis: Optimization of inner hole radius 41 See also FDTD Solutions Online help -> Cavities and Resonators FDTD Solutions Online help -> Photonic Crystals
4.1

Simulation set up
The cavity is constructed by perforating a slab of Ta2O5 (which has an index of 2.0995) with air holes forming a hexagonal lattice. The lattice constant is 575 nm, and the air hole radius within the photonic crystal lattice is 194 nm. The cavity itself is formed by removing
PC Micro Cavity Tutorial a central hole, by reducing the radius of the inner six holes to 100 nm, and by removing holes along the outer edge of the cavity to form the structure shown in the figures below.
35
When we construct this structure in FDTD Solutions, we create the slab out of a rectangle. Then we add cylinders to the simulation for the holes. In the locations where the holes and the slab overlap, we use the mesh order property to make sure that FDTD Solutions uses the refractive index data from the holes (cylinders) instead of from the slab (rectangle). For more details about mesh order, refer to the mesh order page in the Reference Guide. Two dipole sources (depicted with green arrows to show the direction of the H field) are used to excite the modes of the cavity. These dipoles are not located in the center of the PC structure in order to reduce the chance that they are located at a zero of the cavity mode. The dipole sources are used to inject energy into the simulation volume. Some of the dipole radiation will be coupled into the cavity modes and decay slowly. The radiation which does not get coupled into the cavity modes will be scattered and quickly exit the simulation volume. The frequency domain monitors in FDTD simulations calculate the mode profile by taking a discrete Fourier Transform of the time domain data. Obviously, we do not want to include the portion of the time signal at the beginning of the simulation, since it contains radiation which does not excite the modes; we are only interested in the later portion of the time signal when all the energy left in the cavity is in the resonant modes. As you can see in the modeling instructions on the next page, we can use monitor apodization to select only the portion of the time data at which all the energy left in the simulation is in the resonant modes. A more in depth discussion of monitor apodization (also based on a PC cavity) can be found in the Online User Guide->Monitors and Analysis Groups->Apodization. The rest of this set up section discusses some important simulation settings, namely the
36
Getting Started boundary conditions, the mesh and the simulation time. Boundary Conditions The orange boundaries which can be seen in the screenshot above are Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) boundary conditions. PML boundaries absorb incident radiation, and are intended to absorb all radiation propagating away from the cavity. It is important to leave some distance between the cavity and the PML boundaries. If the boundaries are too close to the cavity, they will start to absorb the non-propagating local evanescent fields that exist within the cavity. A simple rule is to leave at least half a wavelength of distance above and below the structure. Next, notice that the lower half of the simulation (z<0) is shaded blue. This is because we used a symmetric boundary condition on the z min boundary in order to reduce the computation time by a factor of two. The drawback of using the symmetric boundary condition is that it will forbid certain modes from appearing in the results (modes that do not exhibit the same symmetry relation as the boundary condition). For this PC cavity, there is a plane of symmetry through the center of the slab (z=0 plane). Using a symmetric boundary condition on this plane will only allow TE-like modes and eliminate TM-like modes from the results. Note that the reason the dipoles are located z=0 is because this is the ideal location for the sources. Magnetic dipoles will have an E field pointing along the z=0 plane. The blue color of the symmetric boundary condition is intentional; it indicates that the E field should lie along (be parallel to) this boundary. Most sources in FDTD Solutions contain blue arrows which show the E field. These should always lie on blue boundaries. Mesh To get good results for cavity simulation, it is important to include an integer number of mesh cells per lattice constant in the two directions. The wavelength in the material is on the order of = c / f / n = 3e8 / 160e12 / 2.0995 = 890 nm. We can expect reasonable accuracy with a /10 mesh. 8 points per period in the x direction gives a mesh size of 575nm/ 8 = 71.875nm. The mesh size will be smaller in the y direction since the the lattice constant is 575*sin(60) nm. This should give reasonable accuracy while keeping the simulation time to a minimum. To make sure that the mesh can actually be an integer number of mesh cells, the simulation (FDTD) span has to fit exactly an integer number of mesh cells inside the boundaries. For this reason we set the x span of the FDTD region to 575*12nm and the y span of the FDTD region to 575*sin(60)*12nm In the screen shot below (or if you view the mesh in FDTD Solutions), it is possible to see
37
that there is a mesh cell at the same point at each hole. This is important because FDTD needs to mesh each hole the same way. If the mesh lines fall at different locations, each hole will have a slightly different size and shape.
Before running simulations with periodic structures, it is good practice to use an index monitor to check that the structure actually looks periodic when it is meshed. The index monitor results below show that each of the holes looks like a cross. This is because the mesh is a bit coarse. However, each cross (except for the 6 inner holes) looks identical. It is important to make sure that the holes all are meshed the same way, if we want to obtain good results. The modeling instructions section on the next page contains step by step instructions of how to create index monitor plots.
38
Getting Started
Simulation time To obtain accurate frequency domain data, it is generally required to run the simulation until the time domain fields have decayed to zero. High quality factor cavity simulations are one exception to this rule. This is fortunate, since high Q modes decay very slowly. Running high Q cavity simulations long enough for the fields to fully decay would be very slow. A combination of time domain analysis and frequency domain apodization allow us to accurately calculate the Q-factor and profile of cavity modes without running the simulation until the fields decay. However, some care should still be taken when using this technique. Other measurements like power transmission and field amplitudes will not necessarily be correct when the simulation is stopped early.
Simulation Results
The simulation contains a Q analysis group, which contains a script that finds the resonance peaks and Q factors of the cavity modes. We have placed the Q factor group, which contains a time monitor, away from the origin of the simulation for exactly the same reason the dipoles are not placed at the origin. We can use the analysis script to obtain the largest two resonance peaks in the source bandwidth and their Q factors. It is easy to obtain more resonance peaks: Simply change the "number_resonances" parameter in the Analysis-> Variables tab of the Q analysis object.
39
We can also obtain a plot of the E fields as a function of time (below right) and a plot of the resonance peaks. The Q factor calculations are discussed in detail in the Cavities and Resonators section of the Online Help.
Once we know the resonance frequencies, the corresponding E field profiles can be plotted.
40
Getting Started
The image below shows real(Ey) for the mode at 201 THz.
Further analysis: Symmetric boundary conditions

We will need to run quite a few simulations in order to find the inner hole radius which maximizes the Q factor of the mode at 201 THz. Since the mode profile posses symmetry about the x and y axes, we can use anti-symmetric/symmetric boundary conditions to reduce the simulation time by an additional factor of 4. From the above image and the discussion on the Choosing between symmetric and antisymmetric BCs page in the User Guide - Simulation section, we can see that the E fields
41
for the mode of interest have a plane of anti-symmetry at X=0, and a plane of symmetry at Y=0. Whenever the EM fields have a plane of symmetry through the middle of the simulation region, using symmetrical boundary conditions will give the same results as running the full simulation. The plot below shows real(Ey) after we set the x min and y min boundary conditions to anti-symmetric/symmetric. This plot looks identical to the one above except for the magnitude. The change in magnitude arises because the sources have been mirrored, i,e in the full simulation there are only two sources, but by using symmetry we have mirrored these sources so that there are now 8.
Further analysis: Optimization of inner hole radius

FDTD Solutions contains a built in optimizer. We choose to use the particle swarm optimization algorithm which is included with the optimizer, but it is also possible to define a different optimization algorithm. For more details about the optimizer, see the Running Simulations and Analysis -> Optimization section of the online User Guide. In this case, we choose to try to find the radius of the 6 inner holes of the PC Cavity which optimizes the Q factor. The sweep below shows that the optimal radius is about 91.9 nm.
42
Getting Started
4.2
This page contains 4 independent sections. The first section describes how to setup the cavity structure and the FDTD simulation region. Section 2 describes the source and monitor setup, and some initial analysis. Section 3 provides further information on using symmetry boundaries, and section 4 describes how to use the optimization feature of FDTD Solutions. In this topic Create PC and check material index 43 Add sources and monitors. Run simulation and get data. Symmetry 49 Optimize inner hole radius 49
46
43
Create PC and check material index

Press on arrow on the STRUCTURES button and select a RECTANGLE from the pull-down menu. Set the properties of the ring according to the following table. tab Geometry property x ( m) y ( m) z ( m) x span ( m) y span ( m) z span ( m) Material index value 0 0 0 10 10 1 2.915
Press on arrow on the COMPONENTS button and select PHOTONIC CRYSTALS from the pull-down menu. This will open the object library window. Select HEXAGONAL LATTICE PC CAVITY from the list and press the INSERT button. Set the properties of the PC Cavity according to the following table. tab Setup Variables property x ( m) y ( m) z ( m) material H_number h ( m) side_length ( m) a ( m) r ( m) value 0 0 0 etch 2 1 5*.575 .575 .194
44
Getting Started
Press the DUPLICATE button to create a second copy of the hexagonal lattice PC cavity. Edit the properties according to the following table tab property name Setup Variables x ( m) y ( m) z ( m) H_number side_length ( m) r ( m) value inner 0 0 0 1 .575 .100
Press on the SIMULATION button to add a simulation region. Note that if your button does not look like the button to the left, you will need to press on the arrow to get the simulation region. Set the properties according to the following table. tab General Geometry property simulation time (fs) x ( m) y ( m) z ( m) x span ( m) y span ( m) z span ( m) Boundary conditions Advanced options z min bc force symmetric x mesh force symmetric y mesh force symmetric z mesh value 1500 0 0 0 12 * .575 12 * .575 * sqrt(3) / 2 3 Symmetric (check) (check) (check)
Note: Forcing a symmetric x mesh ensures that a mesh line lies at x=0, and therefore the mesh does not change when we switch the x min boundary condition from PML to
45
symmetric or anti-symmetric. Strictly speaking we do not need this option for this particular simulation since we have set up the mesh in this example so that there will be a mesh line at x=0 anyways. Press on the arrow next the the SIMULATION button and select MESH OVERRIDE from the pull-down menu. Set the properties according to the following table. tab General property dx ( m) dy ( m) override z mesh Geometry x ( m) y ( m) z ( m) x span ( m) y span ( m) z span ( m) 0 0 0 10 10 1 value .575 / 8 .575 * sqrt(3) / 2 / 8 (uncheck)
Press on the arrow on the MONITORS button and select the INDEX monitor from the pull-down menu. Set the properties according to the following table. tab property name Geometry x ( m) y ( m) x span ( m) y span ( m) value index 0 0 10 10
Get the index monitor data: Note that to do this we need to start running the simulation index monitor data collected during meshing so we just need to start simulation and get through meshing. Then we can exit:
To do this press the RUN button . This will start the simulation and show the job monitor window, which displays useful information about the current project. Initially the simulation will be meshing. As soon as the progress bar starts, it has finished meshing
46
Getting Started and you will be able to press SAVE-and-EXIT button to stop the simulation.
The index monitor data is collected during the initialization and meshing phase, and it will be correct even if the simulation is not complete. Navigate to the analysis window (for instructions on how to do this see the Introduction section of the Getting Started examples 4 ). Plot the index monitor data shown in the discussion and results section of this example: Enter the following settings in the analysis window and press PLOT. property monitor Data to output Component value Index Monitor: ::model::index Value vs position (x,y) n_x
Switch back to layout by pressing the SWITCH TO LAYOUT that we can continue setting up the rest of the simulation.
button. This is so
Add sources and monitors. Run simulation and get data.

Add sources and Q analysis object
Press the arrow on the on the SOURCES button and select the DIPOLE source from the pull-down menu. Set the properties according to the following table. tab property name value dipole1
PC Micro Cavity Tutorial General Geometry dipole type x ( m) y ( m) Frequency/Wavelength frequency start (THz) frequency stop (THz) Magnetic dipole .1 .2 160 250
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While the dipole is still selected, click the DUPLICATE button on the toolbar (or, use the keyboard shortcut key D). Set the name to dipole2 and the x location of the dipole to 0.3 microns.
Press the arrow on the on the ANALYSIS button and select RESONATORS from the pull-down menu. This will open the object library window. Insert the Q ANALYSIS analysis group. Set the location of the monitor to x = .4 m, y = .2 m and z = 0 m. Run simulation and get data: Get Q analysis data
Press the Resources button and check the number of processes (number of cores) for the local machine. If you have additional computers on the network with FDTD installed as well as extra engine licenses, you can add them to the resource list. Click "Add" and set the appropriate properties. Press the "Run Tests" button to make sure the simulation engines on the resources are configured correctly. The first time you run this test, it may fail and ask you to register your username and password for your operating system account. If it does, fill in the appropriate text fields, press "Register", then "OK", and re-run the tests. If there are any errors or warnings, they will appear in the "Result" field.
Run the simulation by pressing the RUN button . For more information about setting the parallel computing options see the Introduction section of the Getting Started examples 7 . Switch to the objects tree window (for instructions on how to do this see the Introduction section of the Getting Started examples 4 ). Get the Q factor of the cavity: Edit the Qanalysis group, and go to the Analysis -> Script window. Press the RUN ANALYSIS button to run the script. Add profile monitor (now that we know the resonance frequencies for the structure)
48
Getting Started
Press the arrow on the MONITORS button and select the FREQUENCY DOMAIN FIELD PROFILE monitor from the pull-down menu. Set the monitor properties according to the following table. tab property name General override global monitor settings use source limits frequency points minimum frequency (THz) maximum frequency (THz) Geometry x ( m) y ( m) x span ( m) y span ( m) Spectral averaging and apodization apodization apodization center (fs) apodization time width (fs) Run simulation and get data: Get profile monitor data 2 201 209.5 0 0 10 10 Full 1000 250 value profile (check) (uncheck)
Press the RUN button. Plot the E field intensities using the analysis window: Switch to the analysis window and set the following parameters. Move the frequency slider to the frequency at which you would like to plot the E field. Press enter. property monitor Data to output Component value Frequency Domain Profile Monitor: ::model::profile Intensity vs position (x,y) E intensity
Plot real(Ey) using the script prompt: Open the script prompt (for instructions on how to
PC Micro Cavity Tutorial do this see the Introduction section of the Getting Started examples 2 ). Enter the following lines into the script prompt. Press enter to execute these lines and create a plot. Ey = getdata("profile","Ey"); x = getdata("profile","x"); y = getdata("profile","y"); Ey = pinch(Ey,4,1); image(x*1e-6,y*1e-6,real(Ey),"x (microns)","y (microns)","real (Ey)"); Note that the magnitude of the Ey field can be plotted in the analysis window; To get the real part of the Ey field, we must use the scripting language.
49
SYMMETRY
Press the SWITCH TO LAYOUT button. Edit the FDTD simulation region. In the BOUNDARY CONDITIONS tab, set "x min bc" to be "Anti-Symmetric" and "y min bc" to be "Symmetric". Press the RUN FDTD button to re-run the simulation. Plot real(Ey) using the script prompt: The instructions for how to do this are directly above; refer to the step with the grey shaded script commands. For more information on using symmetry boundaries, see the Online help - User guide Simulation - Symmetry boundaries page.
Optimize inner hole radius

Set the following variables in the Q analysis group: tab Setup Variables property make_plots number_resonances Switch to/open the optimization and parameter sweep window Press on the CREATE NEW OPTIMIZATION button . Set up the optimization as shown in the following screen shot. Warning: These settings will run Maximum Generations*Generation size = 20*10 = 200 simulations. You can reduce the maximum generation size to run less simulations and therefore a faster optimization. value 0 1
50
Getting Started
Each generation of the optimization will create a temporary set of simulations to be run before being replaced by the next generation. The job monitor will show the individual progress for each simulation of a generation set. In the screenshot below, the simulation is using both Local Host and Laptop to run through the iterations in parallel. Note that in distributed mode, the source fsp file must be stored on the network, accessible by all the computing resources.
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FDTD S olu tion s

Part II Silver Nanowire Tutorial

1 Discussion and results ............................................................................................................ 13 2 Modeling instructions ............................................................................................................ 17

Part III Ring Resonator Tutorial

1 Discussion and results ............................................................................................................ 24 2 Modeling instructions ............................................................................................................ 27

Part IV PC Micro Cavity Tutorial

1 Discussion and results ............................................................................................................ 34 2 Modeling instructions ............................................................................................................ 42

2003 - 2011 Lumerical Solutions, Inc

Ring resonator design for channel drop filter 23

Cavities and Resonators

Photonic crystal micro cavity design 34

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Introduction constants for cavities and resonators.

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FDTD Solutions GUI

Graphical User Interface: Windows and Toolbars

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Add Objects to the simulation

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2003 - 2011 Lumerical Solutions, Inc

Start a new 2D/3D simulation

Running Simulations and Optimizations

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Check memory requirements

Check material fits

Setup the resource configuration

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Run parameter sweeps and Optimizations

Analyzing simulation data

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2003 - 2011 Lumerical Solutions, Inc

2003 - 2011 Lumerical Solutions, Inc

Silver Nanowire Tutorial

See also Online Help -> Surface Plasmons

Problem definition: More details

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Silver Nanowire Tutorial The absorption cross-section is similarly defined as

Discussion and results

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2003 - 2011 Lumerical Solutions, Inc

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Silver Nanowire Tutorial

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Run simulation, plot cross sections.

2003 - 2011 Lumerical Solutions, Inc

Silver Nanowire Tutorial

Then use the OPEN SCRIPT button file.

to browse to and open the "plotcs.lsf" script

Plot near field data

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Getting Started Component Ey

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Ring Resonator Tutorial

Ring Resonator Tutorial

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Discussion and results

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2003 - 2011 Lumerical Solutions, Inc

2003 - 2011 Lumerical Solutions, Inc