Do An Tot Nghiep

TRNG I HC GIAO THNG VN TI
KHOA C KH
B mn K thut my

N TT NGHIP
TI:
DNG PHNG PHP TCH PHN J (J-INTEGRAL) TNH
TON KH NNG PH HY CA MT KT CU HAI VT LIU

Gio vin hng dn : Th.s Trn Thanh Hi
Sinh vin thc hin : Nguyn Xun Tin
M sinh vin : 0508884
Lp : C in t K47

H NI 2012
N TT NGHIP
GVHD: Th.S Trn Thanh Hi Trang 2
LI NI U
T xa ti nay, s ph hy ca cc cng trnh, cc chi tit my mc lun li
hu qu to ln v ngi v vt cht. iu ny cng ng hn trong thi bui cng
ngh khoa hc v k thut ngy cng pht trin nh hin nay. Vi cc cng trnh ln,
hay cc dy truyn hin i, s ph hy ca cc chi tit s gy ra hu qu v cng
nghim trng. Chnh v l do ny, C hc ph hy l mn hc ngy cng c pht
trin v nghin cu rng ri. Nhim v ca n l tm ra cc nguyn nhn gy ra s ph
hy ca vt liu, t c th a ra cc bin php ci tin hoc ngn chn s ph hy
xy ra.
Hin nay, C hc ph hy l mn hc t c cp n trong h thng ging
dy ca cc trng k thut ca nc ta. Chnh v l do ny, em quyt nh la chn
ti DNG PHNG PHP TCH PHN J (J-INTEGRAL) TNH TON KH
NNG PH HY CA MT KT CU HAI VT LIU tm hiu r hn v c ch
gy nn s ph hy ca vt liu cng nh d on c s pht trin ca cc vt nt
ca vt liu
Trong ti cng cp n mt mn hc khc na, l Phng php phn
t hu hn y c th ni l mt phng php ph bin nht gii cc bi ton k
thut. Vi phng php phn t hu hn, vic tnh ton cc bi ton c hc nh: phn
tch trng thi ng sut, bin dng trong cc kt cu c kh, cc chi tit trong t, my
bay, tu thy, khung nh cao tng, dm cu, nhng bi ton ca l thuyt trng nh:
l thuyt truyn nhit, c hc cht lng, thy n hi, kh n hi, in t trng ... tr
nn d dng hn. Da trn nn tng ca phng php phn t hu hnkt hp vi s
pht trin mnh m ca ngnh cng ngh phn mm to ra cc phn mm CAE tch
hp vo h thng my tnh khin cho vic gii cc bi ton k thut tr nn n gin
hn rt nhiu ln.
Qua qu trnh hon thnh ti n tt nghip ny, bn thn em nhn thy thu
c rt nhiu thc v c hc ph hy, cng nh qu trnh c bn gii mt bi ton
c hc. ng thi qua n ny, em cng c tm hiu su hn v phn mm Ansys
Mt phn mm CAE tng i ph bin nc ta cng nh trn th gii
Sau mt qu trnh nghin cu tm hiu, vi s c gng ca bn thn cng vi s ch
bo, hng dn tn tnh ca thy gio Th.s Trn Thanh Hi, em hon thnh ti
N TT NGHIP
ny. Trong qu trnh hon thnh, do kin thc bn thn cn hn hp nn ti vn cn
tn ti nhiu thiu st. Em rt mong nhn c s ch bo v gp ca cc thy, c v
cc bn ti c hon thin hn.

H Ni, ngy 20 thng 05 nm 2012
Sinh vin thc hin

Nguyn Xun Tin
Lp C in T K47 HGTVT

N TT NGHIP
TM TT N
Tn ti: DNG PHNG PHP TCH PHN J (J-INTEGRAL) TNH TON
KH NNG PH HY CA MT KT CU HAI VT LIU
Ni dung ti:
- Tm hiu v c hc ph hy
- Nghin cu v phng php PTHH
- Tm hiu v phn mm Ansys
- ng dng phn mm Ansys gii bi ton tnh t l gii phng nng lng ca
vt nt ca mt kt cu hai vt liu (Bi-material)
ti c b cc nh sau:
Chng 1: Tng quan v c hc ph hy: Gii thiu cc vn c bn nht v c
hc ph hy ( Fracture Mechanics). a ra cc nguyn nhn gy ra ph hy, cng nh
cc nhn t nh hng n s ph hy ca vt liu.
Chng 2: Phng php phn t hu hn: Gii thiu cc ni dung c bn v
phng php phn t hu hn (PTHH), c s l thuyt ca phng php PTHH v
mt s phng trnh c trng ca phng php PTHH
Chng 3: Tng quan v phn mm ansys: Gii thiu v phn mm Ansys, ng dng
ca ansys trong vic gii cc bi ton k thut.
Chng 4: Tnh ton kh nng ph hy ca mt kt cu hai vt liu (Bi-
material):Gii thiu cc phng php tnh ton t l gii phng nng lng khi hnh
thnh vt nt v ng sut ti vng gn nh vt nt. Tnh ton t l gii phng nng
lng vt nt ca mt kt cu hai vt liu bng phng php J-Integral thng qua phn
mm ansys

N TT NGHIP
MC LC
LI NI U .............................................................................................. 2
TM TT N ......................................................................................... 4
MC LC ................................................................................................... 5
DANH SCH HNH V ................................................................................. 8
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V C HC PH HY ....................................... 10
1. Gii thiu v c hc ph hy (Fracture Mechanics) ...................................... 10
1.1 Khi nim v c hc ph hy .................................................................. 10
1.2 Phn loi c hc ph hy ......................................................................... 12
1.3 Nguyn nhn gy ra ph hy ................................................................... 13
2. Cc ch ph hy (Fracture modes) ............................................................ 15
3. ng sut tp trung ti nh vt nt, h s cng ng sut. ...................... 16
3.1 Bi ton Westergaard ............................................................................... 16
3.2 H s cng ng sut K (Stress intensity factor) ............................... 17
3.3 Trng ng sut v chuyn v ti gn nh vt nt ................................ 17
3.4 S ph thuc ca h s cng ng sut vo cu trc ca vt nt v
ph ti. ......................................................................................................... 19
3.5 Tiu chun ph hy th nht ................................................................... 22
4. Nng lng cn bng trong vt nt, T l nng lng gii phng ................. 22
4.1 Cn bng nng lng trong vt nt ......................................................... 22
4.2 L thuyt Griffith ..................................................................................... 23
4.3 T l gii phng nng lng G ................................................................ 25
4.4 Tiu chun ph hy th hai ..................................................................... 26
4.5 Mi quan h gia K v G ........................................................................ 26
5. Tch phn J (J-Integral) T l nng lng gii phng phi tuyn ................ 26
5.1 nh ngha ............................................................................................... 26
5.2 T l nng lng gii phng phi tuyn.
[8]
................................................ 28
5.3 S bt bin ca tch phn J ...................................................................... 31
5.4 Tiu chun ph hy th ba....................................................................... 31
5.5 Mi quan h gia J, K v G ..................................................................... 31
N TT NGHIP
CHNG 2: PHNG PHP PHN T HU HN ......................................... 32
1. Gii thiu v phng php phn t hu hn .................................................. 32
1.1 Khi nim chung ...................................................................................... 32
1.2 Ni dung ca phng php ...................................................................... 33
1.3 Trnh t phn tch bi ton theo phng php phn t hu hn ............. 34
1.4 Hm xp x - Hm dng - Php ni suy ................................................... 37
2. Cc phng trnh c bn ca phng php PTHH ........................................ 42
2.1 Ma trn cng phn t , vc t ti phn t. .......................................... 42
2.2 Ghp ni phn t - ma trn cng v vc t ti tng th .......................... 44
3. V d ............................................................................................................... 46
CHNG 3: TNG QUAN V PHN MM ANSYS ........................................... 49
1. Gii thiu v phn mm ansys ....................................................................... 49
1.1 Gii thiu chung ...................................................................................... 49
1.2 ng dng ca Ansys ................................................................................ 51
2. Gii bi ton c hc kt bng phn mm ansys ............................................ 57
2.1 Cc bc phn tch ca bi ton kt cu bng phn mm Ansys ............ 58
2.2 Hai phng php lm vic vi Ansys ..................................................... 59
3. V d ............................................................................................................... 59
CHNG 4: TNH TON KH NNG PH HY CA MT KT CU HAI VT
LIU (BI MATERIAL) .................................................................................. 64
1. Phng php phn tch ph hy ..................................................................... 64
1.1 Phng php thc nghim ....................................................................... 64
1.2 Phng php tng quan chuyn v (Displacement Correlation
Methods) ......................................................................................................... 66
1.3 Phng php tch phn kn nt hiu chnh (Modified Crack Closure
Integral) ......................................................................................................... 68
1.4 Phng php tch phn J (J Integral) ................................................... 69
2. Tnh ton kh nng ph hy ca kt cu hai vt liu bng phng php tch
phn J ................................................................................................................... 71
2.1 Ni dung v phng php trin khai bi ton ......................................... 71
2.2 Code lnh chng trnh gii bi ton bng ansys .................................... 75
N TT NGHIP
2.3 Kt qu ..................................................................................................... 80
2.4 Kt lun .................................................................................................... 83
KT LUN ................................................................................................. 84
TI LIU THAM KHO .............................................................................. 85

N TT NGHIP
DANH SCH HNH V
Hnh 1.1 Cc mu th c v khng c vt nt ........................................................... 11
Hnh 1.2 So snh c hc ph hy v sc bn vt liu ................................................ 11
Hnh 1.3 Biu ng sut chuyn v trong th nghim ko t mu th kim loi . 13
Hnh 1.4 Qu trnh hnh thnh vt nt ........................................................................ 13
Hnh 1.5 S nt do ch th trong vt liu ................................................................... 14
Hnh 1.6 S nt gia cc ht ...................................................................................... 14
Hnh 1.7 S nt gia cc ht c s xut hin ca cc l trng .................................. 15
Hnh 1.8 S nt gia cc ht c s xut hin ca cc l trng .................................. 15
Hnh 1.9 Ch ph hy c bn ................................................................................ 15
Hnh 1.10 Bi ton Westergaard ................................................................................ 16
Hnh 1.11 - Tm phng vi mt vt nt bin chu ng sut ko u n trc .............. 19
Hnh 1.12 - Tm phng vi mt vt nt bin chu ng sut ko u n trc .............. 20
Hnh 1.13 - Tm phng vi vt nt bn trong chu ng sut ko u n trc ........... 20
Hnh 1.16 Khe nt ca tm phng chu ng sut u ................................................ 23
Hnh 1.17 Tch phn J ................................................................................................ 27
Hnh 1.18 - vt nt hai chiu c bao quanh bi bin ............................................. 28
Hnh 2.1 M hnh cc phn t n gin ..................................................................... 35
Hnh 2.2 Dng ni suy ca cc hm xp x theo phng php Lagrange ................. 38
Hnh 2.3 Chn dng a thc theo tam gic pascal .................................................... 41
Hnh 2.4 Tnh dm chu un bng phng php PTHH ........................................... 46
Hnh 3.1 Mn hnh khi ng Ansys ......................................................................... 49
Hnh 3.2 Kt cu trong trng hp ti tnh ................................................................ 52
Hnh 3.3 Phn tch va chm ca mt th nghim i vi t ................................... 53
Hnh 3.4 Phn b nhit trong kt cu ......................................................................... 54
Hnh 3.5 Mt dng chy in t ca van kim sot cht lng solenoid ................ 55
Hnh 3.6 Trng dng chy trong ng dn v phn b p sut ca thng trn ......... 56
Hnh 3.7 th p sut mc p m ............................................................................ 56
Hnh 3.7 Kt cu khung gin ...................................................................................... 59
N TT NGHIP
Hnh 3.8 M hnh ca gin khi cha chia li ........................................................... 60
Hnh 3.9 M hnh kt cu khi c phn t ha ................................................... 61
Hnh 3.10 M hnh ca kt cu khi t iu kin bin v ti trng ....................... 62
Hnh 3.11 Bng kt qu phn lc ti cc gi .............................................................. 62
Hnh 3.12 Chuyn v ca kt cu ................................................................................ 62
Hnh 3.13 Biu chuyn v ca cc nt trong kt cu ............................................. 63
Hnh 3.14 Biu ng sut ca kt cu ........................................................................ 63
Hnh 4.1 Cc m hnh thc nghim o gii hn ph hy ........................................... 64
Hnh 4.2 M hnh thc nghim o K
IC
....................................................................... 65
Hnh 4.3 Thit b dng o K
IC
............................................................................... 66
Hnh 4.4 Phng php tng quan chuyn v ............................................................ 66
Hnh 4.5 Phng php suy bin im phn t ........................................................... 67
Hnh 4.6 Phng php VCCT .................................................................................... 68
Hnh 4.7 Tch phn J .................................................................................................. 69
Hnh 4.8 Cc dng bin i ca tch phn J ............................................................... 70
Hnh 4.9 Kt cu hai vt liu (Bimaterial) ................................................................. 71
Hnh 4.10 M hnh mt na ca kt cu .................................................................... 72
Hnh 4.11 M hnh ca kt cu bng Ansys ............................................................... 80
Hnh 4.12 Biu bin dng ca kt cu ................................................................... 81
Hnh 4.13 Biu chuyn v ca cc nt phn t ...................................................... 81
Hnh 4.14 Cng ng xut vng gn nh vt nt ................................................ 82
Hnh 4.15 Bng Gi tr ca cc tham s ..................................................................... 82

N TT NGHIP
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V C HC PH HY
1. Gii thiu v c hc ph hy (Fracture Mechanics)
1.1 Khi nim v c hc ph hy
Ph hu l vn m x hi phi i mt k t khi con ngi bt u xy dng
nhng kin trc.Ngy nay vn ny thc s tr nn quan trng hn nhiu bi s nh
hng ca ph hy l rt ln do s ph thuc ca con ngi ngy cng nhiu vo khoa
hc k thut v my mc
May mn thay,s tin b trong lnh vc c hc ph hu v ang gip chng ta
gim thiu ng k cc nguy him tim n gy ra bi s ph hy ca cc kt cu trong
cc cng trnh, my mcNhim v ca mn C hc ph hy l tm ra nguyn nhn
ti sao vt liu b ph hu v kh nng ngn chn,bo v c s ph hu ca cc kt
cu .
C hc ph hy l mt lnh vc ca c hc ni chung, chuyn nghin cu s hnh
thnh ca vt nt trn vt liu ca kt cu c hc. C hc ph hy l mt lnh vc
ng vai tr quan trng trong vic ci thin hiu sut ca vt liu v cc thnh phn
c hc ca kt cu.
C hc ph hy (Fracture Mechanics) l mn khoa hc chuyn nghin cu v
bn tui th ca vt liu, chi tit my hoc cu kin khi c cc vt nt. Cho php nh
lng mi quan h gia tnh cht vt liu, ng sut, s hin din ca cc vt nt c
th gy ph hy kt cu v c ch lan truyn cc vt nt. N s dng cc phng php
phn tch c hc vt rn tnh ton ng lc trn mt vt nt v nhng th nghim
ca c hc vt rn m t c im chng li ph hy kt cu
[1]
Hu ht cc thnh phn k thut v cc kt cu c hc cha khuyt tt hnh hc
nh cc lin kt bng ren, khe h ca chi tit trc, rng ca bnh rngKch thc v
hnh dng ca chng ng vai tr quan trng bi v chng xc nh bn ca cu
trc vt liu. Thng thng, bn ca cc thnh phn hoc cu trc c cha cc
khuyt tt b nh hng bi hai yu t: ng sut v bn un. Tuy nhin, cch tip
N TT NGHIP
cn ny thng s cho kt qu khng chnh xc nu khuyt tt c c trng hnh hc
ln. gii thch im ny, chng ta hy xem xt cc trng hp sau (hnh1.1):

Hnh 1.1 Cc mu th c v khng c vt nt
Tt c cc mu c cng dy. Cc lc cn thit ph v bn mu c sp xp
theo th t sau: F4 < F3 < F1 < F2
R rng, cc kch thc ca cc khuyt tt cc mu C v D nh hng ln n
bn ca mu, lm gim bn ca mu.
So vi phng php tip cn sc bn vt liu, phng php c hc ph hy
(Fracture mechanics) b nh hng bi ba yu t: ng sut, kch thc ph hy v
bn ph hy. Trong phng php tip cn ny, bn ph hy thay th bn un
ph hp tnh cht vt liu. nhim v ca c hc ph hy l phi xc nh gii hn ca
ba yu t trn.

Hnh 1.2 So snh c hc ph hy v sc bn vt liu
N TT NGHIP
1.2 Phn loi c hc ph hy
i vi vt liu khng thay i theo thi gian, Fracture Mechanics c th c
chia thnh c hc ph hy n hi tuyn tnh (Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics)
(LEFM) v c hc ph hy n hi do (Elasto Plastic Fracture Mechanics
(EPFM). LEFM c p dng tnh ton cho cc vt liu c tnh n hi khng bin
dng (n hi tuyn tnh), chng b ph hy khi cha xy ra bin dng hoc bin dng
cn nh, vi cc vt liu nh: thp cng n hi cao, thy tinh, , b
tng...LEFM cho kt qu tnh ton c chnh xc kh cao. Tuy nhin, i vi vt liu
d un nh thp carbon thp, thp khng g, hp kim nhm, polyme, vv, tnh do lun
xy ra trc ph hy. Tuy nhin, khi ti trng nh, LEFM vn cho kt qu gn ng.
EPFM c p dng cho tnh ton cho cc kt cu c vt liu c tnh cht n hi-
do. EPFM l trng hp m khi xut hin vt nt, vt liu c s bin dng (chy
do).
Da theo tnh cht ca vt liu ca kt cu C hc ph hy c chia thnh cc
dng sau:
Vt liu c tnh cht c lp tuyn tnh theo thi gian (Linear time independent
materials) : C hc ph hy n hi tuyn tnh
Vt liu c tnh cht c lp phi tuyn theo thi gian (Nonlinear time
independent materials) : C hc ph hy n hi phi tuyn
Vt liu c tnh cht thay i theo thi gian (Time dependent materials) : ng
lc hc c hc ph hy, c hc ph hy nht n hi, c hc ph hy nht do

N TT NGHIP
1.3 Nguyn nhn gy ra ph hy
bn ca t chc vt nt

Hnh 1.3 Biu ng sut chuyn v trong th nghim ko t mu th kim loi
Ph hy vt liu thng c chia lm hai dng:
Ph hy gin (Brittle): Vt liu b ph hy khi bin dng cn rt nh.
Ph hy do (Ductile): Vt liu b ph hy khi c bin dng ln v c s chy
do.
i vi mt s loi vt liu nh kim loi, bn trong c tn ti nhng l hng vi
m. Khi vt liu b bin dng do gia ti, nhng l trng ny s pht trin v n mt
lc no chng s giao nhau v to thnh vt nt gy ph hy vt liu.

Hnh 1.4 Qu trnh hnh thnh vt nt
Cc thng s vt l v cu trc vi m lm bin i bn ca vt liu:
S nt do ch th (Cleavage fracture): l hin tng phn tch vt liu xy ra do
s ph v cc lin kt nguyn t dc theo nhng b mt tinh th nht nh. S
nt xy ra ti nhng b mt m s lin kt nguyn t ti yu v khong cch
gia cc mt ln. Dng nt ny c th xy ra tinh th lp phng tm khi nh
st hay thp carbon thp. i vi vt liu a tinh th, vt nt s chuyn hng
khi n gp bin ca tinh th khc. Mt phng nt ti mi tinh th c s phn
chiu cao. Khi quan st ton b mt vt nt s thy nhng vng lp lnh
N TT NGHIP

Hnh 1.5 S nt do ch th trong vt liu
S nt gia cc ht (Intergranular fracture: S rn nt xy ra dc theo bin tinh
th. Do hin tng phn tch ca nhng tinh th gin v s kt ta ti nhng bin
ca tinh th dn n s lin kt yu ti bin gia cc tinh th.

Hnh 1.6 S nt gia cc ht
S nt gia cc ht c chia lm hai loi:
+ S phn tch ti bin tinh th km theo s xut hin ca nhng l trng. Hin
tng ny xy ra trong sut qu trnh ph hy ca mt s loi thp hay hp
kim nhm
N TT NGHIP

Hnh 1.7 S nt gia cc ht c s xut hin ca cc l trng
+ S phn tch khng c l trng xut hin trong sut qu trnh ph hy ca
thp ha gin nhit cao hay vt liu kh nng chy nh tungsten hay
ph hy ro.

Hnh 1.8 S nt gia cc ht c s xut hin ca cc l trng
2. Cc ch ph hy (Fracture modes)
Trong k thut ta thng gp ba ch ph hy c bn

Hnh 1.9 Ch ph hy c bn
N TT NGHIP
Dng m rng (mode I) cc b mt ph hy b tch theo phng Y
Dng trt (mode II) cc b mt trt ln nhau theo phng X.
Dng trt xoay (mode III) cc b mt trt ln nhau v x ra theo phng Z.
Ngoi ra cn c cc dng ph hy khc l cc bin th ca 3 ch trn. Trong
ch I l loi ph bin nht thng gp trong h hng k thut.
3. ng sut tp trung ti nh vt nt, h s cng ng sut.
3.1 Bi ton Westergaard
Khi vt nt xut hin, ti vng gn nh ca vt nt c xut hin ng sut tp
trung, biu th cho mc tp trung ca ng sut ti vng gn nh ca vt nt
ngi ta dng h s K c gi l h s cng ng sut
Xt bi ton khe nt elip trong tm phng c kch thc ln v hn (Westergaard)

Hnh 1.10 Bi ton Westergaard

3
cos 1 sin sin ( )
2 2 2 2
yy
a
MPa
r
u u u
o o
| |
= +
|
\ .
(1.1)

3
cos 1 sin sin ( )
2 2 2 2
xx
a
MPa
r
u u u
o o
| |
=
|
\ .
(1.2)

3
sin cos cos ( )
2 2 2 2
xy
a
MPa
r
u u u
t o = (1.3)
N TT NGHIP
3.2 H s cng ng sut K (Stress intensity factor)
H s cng ng sut l i lng c trng cho mc tp trung ng sut ti
vng gn nh vt nt v c xc nh bng cng thc sau:

0, 0
lim 2 ( )
yy
x
I
II
III
y
r
yz
K
K
K
r MPa m
u
o
t t
t
=

=
` `

)
)
(1.4)
Vi
l cc ng sutgn nh vtnt, tng ng vi 3 dng ph hy ta s c cc

h s cng ng sut K
I
, K
II
, K
III

Kt hp (1.1) v (1.4) vi ta c:
2 2
2
I yy
a
K r r a
r
o t o t o t = = = (1.5)
Kt qu (1.5) ch ng trong trng hp tm phng v hn, i vi trng hp
tm phng hu hn vi cc m hnh nt khc nhau th :

I
K a oo t = (1.6)
Vi l hm ph thuc vo cc dng m hnh nt khc nhau.
3.3 Trng ng sut v chuyn v ti gn nh vt nt
Ch ph hy I :
Trng ng sut:

3
cos 1 sin sin ( )
2 2 2 2
I
xx
K
MPa
r
u u u
o
t
| |
=
|
\ .
(1.7)

3
cos 1 sin sin ( )
2 2 2 2
I
yy
K
MPa
r
u u u
o
t
| |
= +
|
\ .
(1.8)

3
sin cos cos ( )
2 2 2 2
I
xy
K
MPa
r
u u u
t
t
= (1.9)
Trng chuyn v:

2
cos 1 2sin (
2 2
)
2 2
I
x
K r
m u
u u
k
t
(
= +
(

(1.10)
N TT NGHIP

2
sin 1 2cos ( )
2 2 2 2
I
y
K r
u k m
u u
t
(
= +
(

(1.11)
Ch ph hy II :
Trng ng sut:

3
cos 1 sin sin ( )
2 2 2 2
II
xx
K
MPa
r
u u u
o
t
| |
=
|
\ .
(1.12)

3
cos 1 sin sin ( )
2 2 2 2
II
yy
K
MPa
r
u u u
o
t
| |
= +
|
\ .
(1.13)

3
sin cos cos ( )
2 2 2 2
II
xy
K
MPa
r
u u u
t
t
= (1.14)
Trng chuyn v:

2
cos 1 2sin ( )
2 2 2 2
II
x
K r
u k m
u u
t
(
= +
(

(1.15)

2
sin 1 2cos ( )
2 2 2 2
II
y
K r
u k m
u u
t
(
= +
(

(1.16)
i vi ph hy dng I v II:
- o
zz
Trong trng hp ng sut phng
- ( )
zz xx yy
v o o o = + Trong trng hp bin dng phng.
- l modun n hi trt.
-
3
1
v
k
v
=
+
trong trng hp ng sut phng.
- 3 4 k v = trong trng hp bin dng phng.
- Vi v l h s Poisson.
Ch ph hy III :
Trng ng sut :
sin ( )
2 2
III
xz
K
MPa
r
u
o
t
= (1.17)
cos ( )
2 2
III
yz
K
MPa
r
u
o
t
= (1.18)
N TT NGHIP
0( )
xx yy zz xy
MPa o o o t = = = = (1.19)
Trng chuyn v:

I
sin ( )
2 2 2
II
z
K r
u m
u
t
= (1.20)
0
x y
u u = = (1.21)
Ngoi ra, trng ng sut v trng chuyn v cn c biu din di dng ta
cc. Vi m hnh nt dng hn hp ta p dng nguyn l chng chp tuyn tnh
trong h ta vung gc hay h ta cc tnh.
3.4 S ph thuc ca h s cng ng sut vo cu trc ca vt nt v ph
ti.
- Tm phng vi mt vt nt bin chu ng sut ko u n trc

Hnh 1.11 - Tm phng vi mt vt nt bin chu ng sut ko u n trc

( )
I
K a MPa m oo t = (1.22)

2 3 4
1,12 0, 23 10,55 21, 71 30.38
a a a a
W W W W
o
| | | | | | | |
= + +
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .
(1.23)
- Tm phng vi hai vt nt bin chu ng sut ko u n trc
N TT NGHIP

Hnh 1.12 - Tm phng vi mt vt nt bin chu ng sut ko u n trc
( )
I
K a MPa m oo t = (1.24)

2 3
1,12 0, 41 4, 78 15, 44
a a a
W W W
o
| | | | | |
= +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
(1.25)

- Tm phng vi vt nt bn trong chu ng sut ko u n trc

Hnh 1.13 - Tm phng vi vt nt bn trong chu ng sut ko u n trc
( )
I
K a MPa m oo t = (1.26)

2 4 6
1 0,5 20, 46 81, 72
a a a
W W W
o
| | | | | |
= + + +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
(1.27)
- Tm phng vi vt nt nghing, bn trong chu ng sut ko u n trc
N TT NGHIP


2
(90 )( )
I
K a sin MPa m oo t o = (1.28)
(90 ) (90 )( )
II
K a sin cos MPa m oo t o o = (1.29)

2 4 6
1 0,5 20, 46 81, 72
a a a
W W W
o
| | | | | |
= + + +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
(1.30)
- Tm phng vi vt nt bin chu ti tp trung gia v hai gi ta

( )
I
P
K MPa m
B W
o = (1.31)
(1.32)
Vi B l chiu dy ca tm
2
3/ 2
2
3
1,99 (1 ) 2,15 3,93 2, 7( )
2 1 2 1
H a
a a a a W W
W W W W
a a
W W
o
| |
|

(
\ .
= +
`
(
| || | )
+
| |
\ .\ .

N TT NGHIP
3.5 Tiu chun ph hy th nht
Theo l thuyt c bn v tuyn tnh, ng sut ti nh ca vt nt l v cng
nhng trong thc t, lun c vng chy do ti nh ca vt nt gii hn mt ng
sut c gi tr hu hn. Rt kh khn m hnh v tnh ton ng sut thc t trong
vng chy do v so snh chng vi gi tr ng sut cho php ln nht ca vt liu
xc nh liu rng mt vt nt c pht trin hay khng.
Mt k thut tip cn l thc hin mt lot cc th nghim tm ra mt gi tr h
s cng ng sut K
C
(K
C
l mt c tnh ca vt liu c trng cho s chng li s
ph hy ca vt liu) tng ng vi mi vt liu. K
C
c gi l bn ph hy ca
vt liu. Mt vt c xc nh kh nng nt bng cch so snh K
i
vi K
iC
tng ng
(i=I,II,III). S ph hy xy ra khi K
i
K
iC.
4. Nng lng cn bng trong vt nt, T l nng lng gii phng

4.1 Cn bng nng lng trong vt nt
S thay i khi mt vt th vt xut hin vt nt l s sut hin thm cc b mt.
Khi nt to ra cc b mt mi (vt nt) s tiu th nng lng t cc b mt mang
nng lng cao hn nng lng ca chi tit v gii phng ra nng lng. Sau qu
trnh nt c tip tc din ra hay khng cn ph thuc vo vic n c cha nng
lng to thm cc b mt trong khi vn duy tr s cn bng ca n. Ni cch khc
qu trnh nt din ra khi xy ra s mt cn bng nng lng gia cc b mt vi nng
lng ca bn thn kt cu, chi tit.
Theo nh lut bo ton nng lng: Cng thc hin trong mt n v thi gian do
tc dng ca ti trng (
.
W) phi bng tng t l ca bin i ni nng n hi (internal
elastic energy) (
), nng lng bin dng do (
), ng nng (kinetic energy) (
)
ca vt nt, v nng lng cn thit tng vt nt cho mt n v thi gian (
). Ni
cch khc
[1]
:

. . . . .
( / )
E P
W U U J s K = + + +I (1.33)
N TT NGHIP
Nu qu trnh nt xy ra chm, ng nng K l khng ng k (
.
0 K = ). Hn na,
v tt c thay i u lin quan n thi gian c gy ra bi nhng thay i kch
thc cc vt nt, chng ta c:

A
A
t A t A
c c c c
= =
c c c c
(1.34)
vi A l din tch vt nt. Do vy phng trnh (1.33) c th c vit li nh sau:

P
U
A A A
c cH cI
= +
c c c
(1.35)
y,
E
U W H = l th nng ca h.
Phng trnh (1.35) cho thy vic gim th nng bng vi nng lng tiu tan
trong kt cu do v to ra b mt.
4.2 L thuyt Griffith
Theo nh lut nhit ng lc hc u tin, khi mt h chuyn t trng thi khng
cn bng sang trng thi cn bng s c s suy gim nng lng. Griffith p dng
tng ny gii thch s hnh thnh vt nt. Mt vt nt c th hnh thnh nu c
mt qu trnh no lm cho tng nng lng suy gim hoc cn li mt gi tr hng
s. Do iu kin cn thit nh ngha mt khe nt tn ti di iu kin cn bng
l khng c s thay i trong tng nng lng
Xt mt tm phng chu ng sut u v c mt khe nt chiu di 2a. Gi thit
rng chiu rng ca tm phng rt ln so vi chiu di 2a ca khe nt v iu kin
y l ng sut phng.

Hnh 1.16 Khe nt ca tm phng chu ng sut u
N TT NGHIP
khe nt c th tng trng kch thc th th nng c trong tm phng phi
vt qua nng lng b mt ca vt liu. Thuyt cn bng nng lng ca Griffith cho
s tng trng ca vng nt di iu kin cn bng c biu din nh sau:

0
s
W E
A A A
c c c
= + =
c c c
(1.36)
Hay:
s
dW
A dA
c
=
c
(1.37)
Trong A l din tch mt nt, E l tng nng lng, l th nng c cung cp
bi ni nng bin dng v ngoi lc, v W
s
l cng cn thit to ra b mt mi.
i vi tm phng nt trong hnh trn, Griffith s dng phng php phn tch
ng sut ca Inglish ch ra

2 2
0
( )
a B
J
E
to
= (1.38)
Vi
0
l th nng ca tm phng khi cha ntv B l dy tm phng. Do s hnh
thnh khe nt i hi s to thnh ca hai mt phng nn W
s
c cho bi:
4 ( )
s s
W aB J = (1.39)
Vi S l nng lng b mt ca vt liu.
Ta c:

2
a 2 1
2
2
d d aB
A aB
A da dA E B
to c
= = =
c
(1.40)

2
a
A E
to c
=
c
(1.41)
V ta cng c:
4
2
2
s s s
s
W aB da W
A Bda A

c c
= =
c c
(1.42)
T (1.41) v (1.42) ta tm c ng sut gy nt :

1/ 2
2
( ) ( )
s
f
E
MPa
a
o
t
= (1.43)
N TT NGHIP
Phng php Griffith cng c th dng p dng tnh ton cho cc m hnh nt
khc.
4.3 T l gii phng nng lng G
i vi cc vt liu n hi tuyn tnh Linear elastic materials (vt liu gin l
tng), nng lng tiu tan trong bin dng do l khng ng k v c th c b
qua (
=0). Do vy, nng lng m rng mt n v ca b mt vt nt G c th

c xc nh:
[1]

2
( / ) G
A A
J m
cH cI
= =
c c
(1.44)
Phng trnh trng thi cn bng trn chnh l th nng trong vt th cn phi
thng nng lng b mt ca vt liu (nng lng cn thit vt nt ln thm ra). G
cn c gi l t l gii phng nng lng n hi hay cng chng ph hy.
Theo cng thc (1.41) t l gii phng nng lng trong m hnh nt trn l:

2
2
( / )
a
G J m
E
to
= (1.45)
Theo l thuyt n hi tuyn tnh, vi mt vt th c ti trng khng i lun tun
theo quy lut (theo nh l Clapeyron):
2 ( )
E
W U J = (1.46)
kt hp vi (1.33) (
.
0 K = ), do phng trnh (1.44) c th c vit li nh
sau:

2
( / )
E
U
G
A
J m
c
=
c
(1.47)
ngha vt l y ca t l gii phng nng lng G l n biu th nng lng
trn mt n v din tch s c gii phng nu vt nt pht trin. Lu rng phng
trnh ch ng khi vt th nt l n hi tuyn tnh. Nu vt th n hi phi tuyn hoc
c tnh do ng k, phng trnh khng cn gi tr
N TT NGHIP
4.4 Tiu chun ph hy th hai
Vt nt s pht trin khi G tin n hoc vt mt gi tr cc i G
c
:

2
( / )
c
Ws
G J m
A
c
=
c
(1.48)
G
c
c gi l bn ph hy ca vt liu theo tiu chun nng lng .
4.5 Mi quan h gia K v G
Vi m hnh ph hy dng I v II

2
'
I
I
K
G
E
= (1.49)

2
'
II
II
K
G
E
= (1.50)
= ' E E trong trng hp ng sut phng.
'
2
1
E
E
v
=
trong trng hp bin dng phng.

Vi m hnh ph hy dng III

2
(1 )
III
III
v K
G
E
+
= (1.51)
Hay vit di dng tng qut

2 2 2
' '
(1 )
I II III
I II III
K K v K
G G G G
E E E
+
= + + + + (1.52)
5. Tch phn J (J-Integral) T l nng lng gii phng phi tuyn
5.1 nh ngha
Nh ta bit, hai phng php tip cn trn ch cho kt qu chnh xc i vi cc
trng hp vt th nt l n hi tuyn tnh hoc s chy do xy ra trong gii hn
nh. Khi cc h s K v G mi c th m t trng thi ng sut ca vng gn nh
vt nt. Tuy nhin vi cc vt liu c bn cao m vng chy do ti nh vt nt
N TT NGHIP
ln th khi cc h s K v G khng cn chnh xc trong vic m t s ng x n
do ca loi vt liu ny.
xc nh c i lng nng lng sao cho m t chnh xc ng x n do
ca vt liu c bn cao, ngi ta a ra mt cch tip cn khc l tch phn J (J-
Integral). Tch phn J l mt loi tch phn ng c James Rice nghin cu v pht
trin do s kh khn trong vic tnh ton ng sut i vi cc vt nt kn trong vt liu
n hi phi tuyn (nonlinear elastic) hay vt liu n hi do (elastic plastic)
Xt m hnh vi vt nt b bao quanh bi bin dng ty c chiu ngc chiu
kim ng h. Tch phn J c xc nh nh sau :
[8]

2
( / )
i
i
u
J wdy T d J m
x
c
| |
=
|
c
\ .
}
(1.53)
Vi : w mt nng lng bin dng
i
T thnh phn vector lc tc dng u
i
u thnh phn vector chuyn v
dI phn t vi phn dc theo bin

Hnh 1.17 Tch phn J
Trong mt nng lng c nh ngha nh sau:

N TT NGHIP

0
ij
ij ij
w d
c
o c =
}
(1.54)
y,
ij
o v
ij
c l cc tensor ng sut v bin dng.
Cc thnh phn vector lc tc dng u c tnh nh sau
.
i ij j
T n o = (1.55)
Vi
l cc thnh phn vector php tuyn ca bin dng

5.2 T l nng lng gii phng phi tuyn.
[8]

Xt mt vt nt hai chiu c bao quanh bi bin . Bn trong l vng din tch
.B qua s tc dng ca lc th tch, th nng c cho bi cng thc sau:

i i
wdy Tu d =
} }
(1.56)

Hnh 1.18 - vt nt hai chiu c bao quanh bi bin
Khi vt nt pht trin, s thay i ca th nng nh sau :

d

i i
i i
du dT dw
d T u d
da da da da
| |
= +
|
\ .
} }
(1.57)

d

u T
i i i i
i i i i
du dT du dT dw
d T u d T u d
da da da da da da
| | | |
= + +
| |
\ . \ .
} } }
(1.58)
N TT NGHIP
Do 0
i
du
da
= trn min chuyn v b rng buc 0
i
u = v 0
i
dT
da
= trn min chu tc
dng ca p lc nn cng thc (1.58) c vit li nh sau :

d

T
i
i
du dw
d T d
da da da
=
} }
(1.59)
V do mt s thnh phn tch phn b trit tiu nn cng thc (1.59) c th c
vit li trn ton bin nh sau :

d

i
i
du dw
d T d
da da da
=
} }
(1.60)
Ta c :

d x
da a x a a x
c c c c c
= + =
c c c c c
(1.61)
Do khi vt nt pht trin mt on a th : 1
x
a
c
=
c

Th phng trnh (1.61) vo phng trnh (1.60), dn n :

d
( ) ( )
T
i i
i
u u w w
d T d
da a x a x
c c c c
=
c c c c
} }
(1.62)
Mt khc, t cng thc tnh mt nng lng bin dng (1.54) ta c :

0
ij
ij ij ij
ij
w
w d
c
o c o
c
c
= =
c
}
(1.63)
Mt khc ta cng c :

ij ij
ij
ij
w w
x x x
c c
o
c
c c
c c
= =
c c c c
(1.64)
Cc thnh phn bin dng c cho bi cng thc :

, ,
2
i j j i
ij
u u
c
+
= (1.65)
Thay (1.65) vo (1.64) ta c :
N TT NGHIP

1
2
j
i i
ij ij
j i j
u
u u w
x x x x x x x
o o
(
| | c | | c c c c c c
| |
= + = ( |
| |
|
c c c c c c c
\ .
( \ .
\ .

(1.66)
Do d:

i
ij
j
u w
a x a
o
c c c
| |
=
|
c c c
\ .
(1.67)
p dng cng thc Green:

,

i i i i
Vn d V d =
} }
(1.68)

i i i
i ij j ij
j
u u u
T d n d d
a a x a
o o
c c c c
= =
c
c c c
} } }
(1.69)
Th phng trnh (1.67) vo phng trnh (1.69) ta c:

i
i i
u w
T d T d
a a
c c
=
c c
} }
(1.70)
Th phng trnh (1.70) vo phng trnh (1.62), phng trnh (1.62) tr thnh:

d

i
i
u w
T d d
da x x
c c
=
c c
} }
(1.71)
p dng cng thc Green v nhn 2 v cho (-1) ta c:

i
x i
u
wn T d
da x
c
| |
=
|
c
\ .
}
(1.72)

i
y i
u
wd T d J
da x
c
| |
= =
|
c
\ .
}
(1.73)
Vi
y x
d n d =
Nh vy t phng trnh (1.73) ta c :

d
J
da
= (1.74)
Do tch phn J c xem nh l t l gii phng nng lng phi tuyn
N TT NGHIP
5.3 S bt bin ca tch phn J
Tch phn J c xem l mt ng c lp khi :
Khng c lc th tch bn trong min ly tch phn.
Khng c p lc ln mt vt nt.
ng x ca vt liu l n hi (tuyn tnh hoc phi tuyn).
Trong trng hp c lc th tch hoc c p lc ln mt vt nt th mt vi thng
s khc phi c thm vo tch phn
Tch phn J =0 i bt k ng bin kn, i vi tch phn ng bin bao quanh
vt nt,lc ny tch phn J s khc 0 v tr thnh tch phn ng c lp.
5.4 Tiu chun ph hy th ba
Cng ging nh hai tiu chun ph hy trn, khi gi tr ca tch phn J vt qu
mt gi tr cc i J
c
( )
c
J J > . J
c
cng c coi nh bn ph hy theo tiu chun
nng lng i vi vt liu n hi do.
5.5 Mi quan h gia J, K v G
i vi vt liu n hi tuyn tnh, tch phn J cng ging nh t l nng lng
gii phng G, c hai u c mi lin h vi h s cng ng sut nh sau :

2
2
2
(1 )
K
E
J G
K
v
E
= =

(1.75)

N TT NGHIP
CHNG 2: PHNG PHP PHN T HU HN
1. Gii thiu v phng php phn t hu hn
1.1 Khi nim chung
Trong c hc vt rn, vi cc kt cu phc tp vic gii cc bi ton c hc chng
ta thng gp cc bi ton yu cu xc nh trng gi tr ca mt hay nhiu i lng
no (chuyn v, ng sut, bin dng) trong mt min xc nh. Khi xy dng m
hnh ton hc cho kt cu thc t thng nhn c mt hay mt h phng trnh vi
phn. Vi min xc nh, iu kin bin v cc ngoi lc phc tp th vic gii quyt
bi ton bng phng php gii tch l khng kh thi m cn phi s dng cc phng
php s nh phng php sai phn hu hn, phng php phn t hu hn, phn t
bin
Trong cc phng php trn, phng php phn t hu hn l mt phng php
mnh trong vic phn tch kt cu c hc.
Phng php phn t hu hn (PP PTHH) l mt phng php s, c bit c hiu
qu tm dng gn ng ca mt hm cha bit trong min xc nh V ca n da
trn tng chia mt vt th phc tp thnh cc phn t nh c kt cu n gin.
C s ca phng php ny l lm ri rc ha cc min lin tc phc tp ca bi
ton. Cc min lin tc c chia thnh nhiu min con
j
V (phn t). Cc min ny
c lin kt vi nhau bi cc im nt. Trn min con ny, dng bin phn tng
ng vi bi ton c gii xp x da trn cc hm xp x trn tng phn t, tho
mn iu kin trn bin cng vi s cn bng v lin tc gia cc phn t.
Cc hm xp x ny c biu din qua cc gi tr ca hm (hoc gi tr ca o
hm) ti cc im nt trn phn t. Cc gi tr ny c gi l cc bc t do ca phn
t v c xem l n s cn tm ca bi ton.
u im ca phng php PTHH l c th dng n gii cc bi ton k thut
phc tp, d dng cng thc ha v s ha bi ton k thut, c th ng dng gii
cc bi ton phi tuyn. ng thi . Phng php PTHH c cc bc gii c h
thng ha r rng nn c ng dng rng ri. Tuy nhin nhc im ca phng
php PTHH l kt qu tm c ch mang tnh xp x v ph thuc vo cc dng phn
N TT NGHIP
t v mt cc phn t c chn. khc phc nhng nhc im ny ta c th p
dng cc phng php kim tra nh tnh ton li bng tay hay dng th nghim kim
chng li.
1.2 Ni dung ca phng php
gii mt bi ton bin trong min V, ta chia thnh mt s hu hn cc min
con
(e = 1,..., n) sao cho hai min con bt k khng giao nhau v ch c th chung
nhau nh hoc cc cnh. Mi min con
c gi l mt phn t hu hn.
Ngi ta tm nghim xp x ca bi ton bin ban u trong mt khng gian hu
hn chiu cc hm s tho mn iu kin kh vi nht nh trn ton min V. C th
chn c s ca khng gian ny gm cc hm s
1
(x),...,
n
(x) c gi tr trong mt s
hu hn phn t
gn nhau. Nghim xp x ca bi ton ban u c tm di

dng:
c
1
1
(x) + ... + c
n
n
(x)
Trong cc c
k
l cc s cn tm.
Thng thng, vic tm cc h s c
k
ngi ta a v vic gii mt phng trnh
i s vi ma trn tha (ch c cc phn t trn ng cho chnh v trn mt s
ng song song nm st vi ng cho chnh l khc khng) nn d gii. C th ly
cnh ca cc phn t hu hn l ng thng hoc ng cong xp x cc min c
dng hnh hc phc tp. Phng php phn t hu hn c th dng gii gn ng
cc bi ton bin tuyn tnh, phi tuyn v cc bt phng trnh.
Thng thng vi bi ton c vt rn bin dng v c kt cu ty theo ngha vt
l ca hm xp x, ngi ta c th phn tch bi ton theo 3 dng m hnh sau:
Trong m hnh tng thch: Ngi ta xem chuyn v l i lng cn tm trc
v hm xp x biu din gn ng dng phn b ca chuyn v trong phn t. Cc
n s c xc nh t h phng trnh c thit lp trn c s nguyn l th
nng ton phn dng, hay nguyn l bin phn Lagrange.
Theo m hnh cn bng: Hm xp x c biu din dng gn ng phn b ca
ng sut hay ni l trong phn t. Cc n s c xc nh t h phng trnh
N TT NGHIP
thit lp trn c s nguyn l nng lng h ton phn dng hay nguyn l bin
phn v ng sut (Nguyn l Castigliano).
Theo m hnh hn hp: Coi cc i lng chuyn v ng sut l 2 yu t c
lp. Cc hm xp x biu din gn ng dng phn b ca c chuyn v ln ng
sut trong phn t. Cc n s c xc nh t h phng trnh thit lp trn c
s nguyn l bin phn Reisner.
Sau khi tm c cc n s bng vic gii mt phng trnh i s va nhn c
th cng c ngha l ta tm c cc xp x biu din i lng cn tm trong tt c cc
phn t. V t cng tm ra c cc i lng cn li.
1.3 Trnh t phn tch bi ton theo phng php phn t hu hn
Bc 1 : Ri rc ha min kho st
Trong bc ny min kho st V c chia thnh cc min con
hay thnh cc
phn t c dng hnh hc thch hp.

N TT NGHIP

Hnh 2.1 M hnh cc phn t n gin
Vi cc bi ton c th s phn t, hnh dng hnh hc ca phn t cng nh kch
thc cc phn t c xc nh r. S im nt ca mi phn t khng ly c mt
cch ty tin m ty thuc vo hm xp x nh chn
Bc 2 : Chn hm xp x thch hp
V i lng cn tm cha bit, nn ta gi thit dng xp x ca n sao cho n
gin i vi tnh ton bng my tnh nhng phi tha mn cc tiu chun hi t v
thng chn dng a thc.
Ri biu din hm xp x theo tp hp gi tr v c th c cc o hm ca n ti
cc nt ca phn t {q
e
}.
Bc 3: Xy dng phng trnh phn t hay thit lp ma trn cng phn t [K
e
]v
vect ti phn t {P
e
}
C nhiu cch thit lp: trc tip hoc s dng nguyn l bin phn, hoc cc
phng php bin phn
Kt qu nhn c c th biu din mt cch hnh thc nh mt phng trnh
phn t:
N TT NGHIP

| | { } { } .
e e e
K q P = (2.1)
Bc 4: Ghp ni cc phn t trn m hnh tng thc m kt qu l h thng phng
trnh
| |{ } { }
. K q P = (2.2)
Trong :
| |
K : Ma trn cng tng th (hay ma trn h s ton min)
{ }
q : Vect tp hp cc gi tr i lng cn tm ti cc nt (cn gi l vect
chuyn v nt tng th)
{ }
P : Vect cc s hng t do tng th (hay vect ti tng th )
Ri s dng iu kin bin ca bi ton, m kt qu nhn c l h phng trnh
sau:

{ } { }
* * *
. K q P ( =

(2.3)
y chnh l phng trnh h thng hay cn gi l h phng trnh gii
Bc 5: Gii phng trnh i s

{ } { }
* * *
. K q P ( =

(2.4)
Vi bi ton tuyn tnh vic gii h phng trnh i s l khng kh khn. Kt qu l
tm c chuyn v ca cc nt.
Nhng vi bi ton phi tuyn th nghim s t c sau mt chui cc bc lp m
sau mi bc ma trn cng [ ] K thay i (trong bi ton phi tuyn vt l) hay vect lc nt
{ }
P thay i (trong bi ton phi tuyn hnh hc).
Bc 6:Hon thin: Tnh gi tr ca cc i lng cn li (ng sut, bin dng)
N TT NGHIP
1.4 Hm xp x - Hm dng - Php ni suy
1.4.1 Hm xp x
tng ca phng php ny l cn tm cc hm tha mn iu kin bin v xp
x ha i lng cn tm ti im bt k trong min xc nh V. ng dng vo
phng php PTHH, chng ta cn tm cc hm tha mn iu kin bin ca cc phn
t tc l cc hm ny cho kt qu ng ti cc nt ca phn t v xp x ha i lng
cn tm ti im bt k trong min con V
j.
iu ny cho php ta kh nng thay th vic
tm nghim vn phc tp trn ton min V bng vic tm nghim trong phm vi mi
phn t dng hm xp x n gin. V v vy bc quan trng u tin cn ni n
l vic chn hm xp x n gin, thng chn dng a thc v nhng l do sau:
- a thc khi c xem nh mt t hp tuyn tnh ca cc n thc th tp hp
cc n thc tha mn yu cu c lp tuyn tnh.
- Hm xp x dng a thc thng d tnh ton, d thit lp cng thc khi xy
dng cc phng trnh ca PPPTHH v tnh ton bng my tnh. c bit v d
o hm, tch phn.
- C kh nng tng chnh xc bng cch tng s bc ca a thc xp x (v mt
l thuyt th a thc bc v cng s cho nghim chnh xc). Tuy nhin trong thc
t ta cng ch ly cc a thc xp x bc nht m thi.
1.4.2 Php ni suy
Trong phng php PTHH , cc h s trong cc hm a thc xp x c biu
din qua cc gi tr ca n (c nhng gi tr o hm) ti cc im nt c nh trc
trn mi phn t.
Ni cch khc l hm xp x c ni suy theo cc gi tr ( hoc c cc o hm)
ca n ti cc nt phn t. Kt qu l, trong phm vi mi phn t i lng cn tm l
hm bt k s c xp x ha bng mt a thc ni suy qua cc gi tr (hoc c cc
o hm) ca n ti im nt ca phn t.
N TT NGHIP

Hnh 2.2 Dng ni suy ca cc hm xp x theo phng php Lagrange
Ni suy hng s:

0
( ) ( )
2
x
a b
u u u
+
~ = (2.5)
Ni suy tuyn tnh :

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0
. .
( )
x
b u a a u b u b u a
u u x
b a b a

~ = +

(2.6)
Ni suy bc hai :

2
0 0 1 2
( )
x
u u a a x a x ~ = + + (2.7)
1.4.3 a thc xp x
Nh ni trn, hm xp x c chn di dng a thc n gin. C th nh
sau. [3] :
- Bi ton 1 D (mt chiu)

( )
0 1
u x a a x = + (Xp x bc nht) (2.8)

( )
2
0 1 2
u x a a x a x = + + (Xp x bc 2) (2.9)

2 3
0 1 2 3
( ) u x a a x a x a x = + + + (Xp x bc 3) (2.10)

0
( )
i
i
i
n
u x a x
=
=
(Xp x bc n) (2.11)
N TT NGHIP
Vit di dng ma trn: ( )
0
1
2
2
1 ...
...
n
n
a
a
u x x x x a
a

( =
`

)
(2.12)
Hay:

( ) { } ( ) u x P x a ( =

(2.13)
Trong :
( ) P x (

gi l ma trn cc n thc.
{ } a gi l vc t cc ta tng qut hay vc t cc tham s.
Bi ton 2 D (hai chiu)

( )
2 2
1 2 3 4 5 6
, u x y a a x a y a x a y a xy = + + + + + (2.14)
Vit di dng ma trn:
( )
1
2 2 2
6
, 1
...
a
a
u x y x y x y xy
a

( =
`

)
(2.15)
Hay:
( ) ( ) { } , , u x y P x y a = (

(2.16)
- Bi ton 3 - D (ba chiu)

( ) ( ) { } , , , , u x y z P x y z a = (

(2.17)
( ) , , P x y z (

c gi l ma trn n thc
{ }
a l vec t cc tham s hay vec t ta tng qut
1.4.4 Chn bc ca a thc xp x hay hm xp x
- Cc a thc xp x phi tha mn iu kin hi t:
Do phng phpPTHH l mt phng php s v do phi m bo c rng
khi kch thc phn t gim i th kt qu s hi t n nghim chnh xc. Mun vy
a thc xp x
e
u phi tha mn 3 iu kin sau:
N TT NGHIP
Lin tc trong phn t (
e
V ). iu ny hin nhin tha mn khi xp x l a thc.
Bo m tn ti trong phn t trng thi n v (hng s) v o hm ring ca
n n bc cao nht m phim hm
( ) I u i hi.
V nh ta bit, Phng php PTHH c th c xem nh mt phng php
xp x khi cc tiu ha mt hm dng:
( )
, ,, ( )
( , , , ,..., )
r
V
I u F x u u u u dx =
}
(2.18)
Trn bin phn t, u v cc o hm ca n n cp (r-1) l lin tc.
Vi c hc vt rn bin dng v kt cu, cc yu cu ny c th c hiu nh yu
cu lin tc ca bin dng, ni cch khc l phn t bin dng khng c s t, gy.
Nh vi dm, tm, v i hi c chuyn v v o hm cp 1 ca chuyn v l lin tc.
Nu a thc xp x tho mn tt c 3 iu kin ny, th nghim xp x s hi t ti
nghim chnh xc khi s dng li phn t mn hn. Tuy nhin thy c iu ny
khi mn ha li phn t cng cn tun theo cc qui tc sau:
Li sau c mn hn trn c s li trc, cc im nt li trc cng c
mt trong tp hp cc nt li sau.
Cc phn t c khch thc nh hn trc nhng dng hnh hc ca phn t
vn phi nh dng c.
Dng a thc xp x l khng i trong qu trnh mn ha li phn t.
- Cc a thc xp x c chn sao cho khng lm mt tnh ng hng hnh
hc.
Dng a thc c chn t tam gic Passcal ( cho bi ton 2 chiu), thp
Passcal cho bi ton 3 chiu.

N TT NGHIP

Hnh 2.3 Chn dng a thc theo tam gic pascal
a tam gic Pascal b Thp pascal
- Cc s phn t ca {a} tc s tham s ca a thc xp x phi bng s bc t
do ca phn t
{ }
e
q . Yu cu ny cho kh nng ni suy a thc xp x theo gi tr i
lng cn tm ti cc im nt.
1.4.5 Hm dng
Vect cc bc t do {q}
e
ca phn t (hay vect chuyn v nt phn t) l tp hp
tt c cc bc t do ca cc nt trn phn t. Cc bc t do ny chnh l n s cn tm
ca bi ton khi phn tch theo phng php phn t hu hn.
Sau khi la chn hm xp x, chng ta phi biu din cc a thc xp x theo vect
chuyn v nt phn t {q}
e
. Ta ni rng, cc a thc ny c ni suy theo
{q}
e
. Thc cht l ta phi m bo rng gi tr ca a thc xp x (hay o hm ca
n) ti cc im nt thuc phn t phi ng nht bng bc t do ca phn t. Hay ni
cch khc, nu ta thay th ta cc im nt trn phn t vo trong hm xp x th
phi cho gi tr ng bng chuyn v nt. Trong trng hp tng qut, nu phn t c r
nt, ta c:

N TT NGHIP
{ }
( 1)
( 2)
....
( )
e
u node
u node
q
u noder

`

)
(2.19)
Thay ta cc nt vo a thc xp x, thc hin ng nht ta c:

{ } | |{ } { }
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
( , , ) ( , , ) ( 1)
( , , ) ( , , ) ( 2)
.... .... ....
( , , ) ( , , ) ( )
e
r r r r r r
u x y z P x y z u node
u x y z P x y z u node
a A a q
u x y z P x y z u noder

= = =
` ` `

) ) )
(2.20)
T (2.20) ta c:
{ } | | { }
T
e
a A q = (2.21)
Thay (2.20) vo (2.17) ta c:
( ) { } ( ) { } ( ) | | { } | |{ }
1
, , , , , ,
e e e
u x y z P x y z a P x y z A q N q
= = = ( (

(2.22)
Trong ,
| | ( ) | |
1
, , N P x y z A

= (

c gi l ma trn cc hm ni suy hay ma
trn cc hm dng. Thc cht l ma trn [ ]N dng biu din cc hm xp x theo
vect chuyn v nt phn t {q}
e
hay ni suy theo {q}
e
. Nhn vo biu thc (2.22), c
th thy, chuyn v ca cc im bn trong phn t c tnh theo cc chuyn v nt
ca phn t bng ma trn cc hm dng [N] . i vi bi ton kt cu, cc thnh phn
ca ma trn [N] biu din dng phn b ca chuyn v trong phn t ng vi cc
chuyn v nt bng n v.
2. Cc phng trnh c bn ca phng php PTHH
2.1 Ma trn cng phn t , vc t ti phn t.
Bi ton kt cu gii gii bng PP PTHH theo m hnh tng thch tc l ta chn
n c bn l chuyn v. Sau khi tm c chuyn v, ta mi tm tip cc thnh ng
sut, bin dng. Chuyn v c xp x ha bng cc a thc xp x v c ni suy
qua vect chuyn v nt phn t {q}
e
:
Ta c trng chuyn v theo cc bc t do nt phn t {q}
e
:
N TT NGHIP

{ } | | { }
e e
u N . q = (2.23)
Theo phng trnh Cauchy ca L thuyt n hi ta c th tnh c cc thnh
phn bin dng.Theo , trng thi bin dng ca cc im trong phn t s l:

{ } | |{ } | || |{ } | |{ }
e e e e
u N q B q c = c = c = (2.24)
y,
| | | || |
B N = c c gi l ma trn bin dng
tnh ng sut ca cc im thuc phn t, ta p dng nh lut Hooke. Nu b
qua thnh phn ng sut v bin dng ban u, ta c:

{ } { } [ ]
e e
D o c = (2.25)
Thay (2.24) vo (2.25), ta c:

{ } | || |{ } { } [ ]
e e e
D B q S q o = = (2.26)
Trong : [] [][] c gi l ma trn tnh ng sut
tm c phng trnh c bn ca phng php phn t hu hn, ta dng
cc nguyn l bin phn Lagrange (tng t nh cc phng php Ritz v Galerkin
trong phng php bin phn). Th nng ton phn ca phn t s l:
{ } ( )
e e e
e
u U A = (2.27)

{ } ( ) { } { } { } { }
1
{ } { }
2
e e e
T
T T
e e
e e e e
V V S
u dv g u dv p u ds c o =
} } }
(2.28)
Thay cc kt qu t (2.21), (2.22), (2.24) vo ta c.

{ } ( ) { } | | | || |{ }
{ } { } { } { } | | | |{ } { } | | | |{ }
0 0
1
2
1 1
{ }
2 2
e
e e e e
T T
e
e e e
V
T T T T T
T
e
e e e e e
e e
V S V V
u q B D B q dv
u g dv u p ds q B D dv q B B dv c o
=
(
+ +
(

}
} } } }
(2.29)
Ta thy rng :

N TT NGHIP
{ } | | { } { }
e e
u N . q [ ]
T
T T
e
e
u q N = = (2.30)
Thay vo (2.29) ta c :
{ } ( ) { } { }
1
[ ] { } [ ]
2
T T
e e e e
e e e
q q K q q P = (2.31)
Trong :
| | | || |
[ ]
e
T
e
V
K B D B dv =
}
c gi l ma trn cng phn t.

{ } { } { } { }
| | | |{ } | | | |{ }
0 0
[ ]
1 1
2 2
e e
e e
T T
e
e e
V S
T T
e e
V V
P N g dv N p ds
B D dv B B dv c o
= +
+
} }
} }
(2.32)
[ ]
e
P c gi l vector ti phn t. Ta nhn thy do D l ma trn i xng nn
[ ]
e
K cng l ma trn i xng.
2.2 Ghp ni phn t - ma trn cng v vc t ti tng th
2.2.1 Ghp ni phn t
Gi s vt th (min V) c chia thnh
e
N phn t (min con
e
V ) bi R im nt.
Nu mi nt c s bc t do th s bc t do ca c h l n = R.s
Gi
{ }
q l vc t chuyn v nt tng th (hay vc t chuyn v nt kt cu).
N s l tp hp ca tt c cc bc t do ca tt c cc nt ca h v gm n thnh
phn.
Gi s mi phn t c r nt, th s bc t do ca r nt ca phn t gm
e
n r s = .
V vc t chuyn v nt phn t
{ }
e
q gm tt c cc bc t do ca r nt ca phn t tc
l gm
e
n thnh phn.
R rng theo m hnh tng thch, cc thnh phn ny ca
{ }
e
q l nm trong s
cc thnh phn ca
{ }
q . V do s lin h gia 2 vc t ny c th c biu din
nh sau:
N TT NGHIP
{ } | |
{ }
( ) ( ) ( )
.
1 1
e
e
e e
q L q
n n n n
=

Trong
| |
e
L l ma trn nh v ca phn t c kch thc
( )
e
n n . Ma trn ny
cho thy hnh nh sp xp cc thnh phn ca vc t
{ }
e
q trong
{ }
q .
2.2.2 Xy dng ma trn cng v vc t ti tng th
Ta c th nng ton phn
{ } ( ) { } { }
1 1
1
[ ] { } [ ]
2
e e
N N
T T
e e e e
e e e
e e
q q K q q P
= =
= =

(2.33)
{ } { }
1
1
{ } [ ] { } { } { } [ ]
2
e
N
T T
T T
e e e
e e
e
q L K L q q L P
=
=
(2.34)
p dng nguyn l Lagrange ( nguyn l th nng ton phn dng) v iu kin
cn bng ca ton h ti cc im nt :

1
2
..
.
0
0
n
q
q
q
o
c
=
c
=
c =

c
=
(2.35)
Hay dng ma trn
{0}
{ } q
c
=
c
(2.36)
Ta c :
{ } | | { } { } { } | |
1 1
{0}
{ }
e e
N N
T T
e e e e e
e e
L K L q L P
q
= =
c | |
= =
|
c
\ .

(2.37)
Hay:
{ } { } K q P ( =

(2.38)
Vi [] l ma trn cng tng th ; l vector ti tng th
N TT NGHIP
Trong phng php phn t hu hn, ta dng 2 h thng ch s nh s cho cc
bc t do ca cc nt. l:
H thng ch s tng th: C c bng cch nh s bc t do ca toan kt
cu. H thng ch s tng th ch th t cc bc t do trong tp hp tt c cc bc t
do ca ton h, tc th t ca cc bc t do ang xt trong
{ }
q (hoc
{ }
q' ). H thng
ny c nh th t t 1, 2, 3n = R s .
H thng ch s phn t: ch th t cc bc t do trong phn t hay th t
ca cc bc t do trong
{ }
e
q (hoc
{ }
e
q' ): c nh s t 1, 2, 3,..
e
n = r s (Trong
R l s nt ca c h; r l s nt ca phn t; s l s bc t do ca 1 nt).
Khi s dng ma trn ch s
| |
b xy dng ma trn cng tng th K
(

v vc t
tng th P
(

(hoc K
( '

v P
( '

) ta ch cn nh rng mi thnh phn
ij
e
K ca ma trn
cng phn t
| |
e
K s phi gp thm vo phn t mn K ca ma trn cng tng th K
(

vi
ei
m b = v
ej
n b = (trong
ei
b ,
ej
b l cc gi tr ca phn t hng i ct j ca ma trn
| |
b ). Tng t, mi phn t
e
i
P ca vc t
{ }
e
P s c gp thm vo phn t m P ca
{ } P vi m =
ei
b .
3. V d
Cho mt dm chu lc nh Hnh 2.4. Bit E = 200 gPa, J = 410
6
mm
4
, = 1000 mm,
p = 12 kN/m. Xc nh gc xoay ti B, C v vng ti im gia on BC.

p
l l
2 3 1
1 2
A B C
Hnh 2.4 Tnh dm chu un bng phng php PTHH

Q
3

Q
4

Q
1

Q
2

Q
5

Q
6

N TT NGHIP
Li gii
Chia dm ra 2 phn t; mi phn t c 2 nt; mi nt c 2 bc t do. Cc chuyn v
Q
1
= Q
2
= Q
3
= Q
5
= 0; cn tm Q
4
v Q
6
.
Ta c:
( )( )
m N
l
EJ
e
/ 10 8
1
10 4 10 200
5
3
6 9
3
=

=

(
(
(
(
= =
4 6 2 6
6 12 6 12
2 6 4 6
6 12 6 12
10 8
5 2 1
k k

p dng cng thc | |
6 6
12
T
e
e
e e
pl
f l l = ta tnh c lc nt qui i: F
4
= -1000
Nm ;F
6
= 1000 Nm
Ghp hai phn t, ta thu c ma trn cng chung ca dm
(
=
(
+
=
4 2
2 8
10 8
5
44
2
24
2
24
2
22
2
44
1
k k
k k k
K

v h phng trnh
)
`
=
)
`

1000
1000
4 2
2 8
10 8
6
4 5
Q
Q

Gii h phng trnh trn s c
)
`

=
)
`
4
4
6
4
10 464 . 4
10 679 . 2
Q
Q
(Rad)
i vi phn t 2: q
1
= 0; q
2
= Q
4
; q
3
= 0; q
4
= Q
6
. xc nh vng ti im gia
ca phn t 2, ta p dng cng thc : v = Hq, ti = 0
Suy ra:
N TT NGHIP
) ( 0893 . 0 ) ( 10 93 . 8
2
0
2
0
5
6 4 4 2
mm m Q H
l
Q H
l
v
e e
= = + + + =

N TT NGHIP
CHNG 3: TNG QUAN V PHN MM ANSYS
1. Gii thiu v phn mm ansys
1.1 Gii thiu chung
Phng php PTHH gii cc bi ton k thut c bit n t lu. Nhng
vic gii cc bi ton k thut bng phng php PTHH tng i phc tp, nht l i
vi cc chi tit ln, c kt cu phc tp. Vi s pht trin ca khoa hc my tnh v
cng ngh thng tin, vic gii cc bi ton theo phng php PTHH tr nn n
gin hn vi s tr gip ca my tnh v cc phn mm phn tch, m phng. Ni bt
trong l phn mm Ansys.

Hnh 3.1 Mn hnh khi ng Ansys
Ansys l phn mm CAE ni ting ca cng ty Ansys, Inc t ti bang
Pennsylvania, Hoa K, c pht trin t nhng nm 1970 do nhm nghin cu ca
Dr.John Swanson, h thng tnh ton Swanson. Trong h thng ny, bi ton c k
thut c gii quyt bng phng php phn t hu hn ly chuyn v lm gc.
Phng php phn t hu hn FEM (Finite Element Method) l phng php khng
nhng ch ngy cng ngy c s dng nhiu gii quyt cc bi ton c k thut,
m cn ngy cng ngy c s dng rng ri lnh vc khc trong k thut v n
mang li hiu qu cao. Hin nay phin bn mi nht l Ansys 14
N TT NGHIP
Nh ng dng phng php phn t hu hn, cc bi ton k thut v c, nhit,
thu kh, in t, sau khi m hnh ho v xy dng m hnh ton hc, cho php gii
chng vi cc iu kin bin c th vi s bc t do ln.
ANSYS (Analysis Systems) l mt gi phn mm phn tch phn t hu hn
(Finite Element Analysis, FEA) hon chnh dng m phng, tnh ton thit k cng
nghip, v ang c s dng trn th gii trong hu ht cc lnh vc k thut: kt
cu, nhit, dng chy, in, in t, tng tc gia cc mi trng, gia cc h vt l.
- Cc thnh phn ca ANSYS
Phn mm ANSYS gm nhiu modul khc nhau: ANSYS/Multiphysics, ANSYS
Mechanical, ANSYS Professional, ANSYS Structural, ANSYS LS-DYNA, ANSYS
LinearPlus, ANSYS Thermal, ANSYS Emag, ANSYS FLOTRAN, ANSYS PrepPost,
ANSYS CFX, ANSYS ED, ANSYS PTD, ANSYS TASPCB, ANSYS ICEM CFD,
ANSYS AI*Evironment, ANSYS DesignXploder, ANSYS Design Modeler, ANSYS
DesignExplode VT, ANSYS BledeModeler, ANSYS TurboGrid, ANSYS
AUTODYN
ANSYS/Multiphysics l sn phm tng qut nht ca ANSYS, n cha tt c cc
kh nng ca ANSYS v bao trm tt c cc lnh vc k thut.
C 3 sn phm thnh phn chnh dn xut t ANSYS/Multiphysics l:
+ ANSYS Mechanical : Tnh ton kt cu v nhit.
+ ANSYS Emag : Tnh ton in t.
+ ANSYS FLOTRAN : Tnh ton CFD.
Ngoi ra cn c cc dng sn phm khc:
+ ANSYS LS-DYNA : Gii quyt cc vn kt cu c phi tuyn cao (VD:bi
ton ng lc hc bin dng ln trong gia cng p lc)
+ DesignSpace : L mt cng c gn nh cho php phn tch v thit k nhanh
trong cc mi trng CAD khc nhau (v d: SolidWorks, Autodesk products,
SolidEdge, Unigraphics ).
N TT NGHIP
+ ANSYS/ProFEA : Cho php phn tch v ti u thit k trong mi trng
CAD Pro/ENGINEER
1.2 ng dng ca Ansys
Ansys l gi phn mm FEA hon chnh dng m phng, tnh ton thit k
cng nghip, v ang s dng trn ton th gii trong hu ht cc lnh vc k thut.
ANSYS c th gii c cc bi ton tuyn tnh, phi tuyn trong cc lnh vc nh c
hc vt rn, c hc lu cht Mt khc, phn mm ANSYS khng ch h tr hn 200
kiu phn t khc nhau, mi kiu phn t l mt dng bi ton, m cn kt ni vi cc
phn mm khc nh ACAD, SOILDWORK, PRO/ECc lnh vc c th dng Ansys
phn tch v tnh ton l:
- Kt cu
- c hc (Structural)
- Nhit (Thermal)
- Dng chy, bao gm c m phng s ng lc hc dng chy (Computational
Fluid Dynamics, CFD)
- in, Tnh in (Electric)
- in t (Magnetic)
- Thy kh (Fluid)
- Tng tc gia cc mi trng, gia cc h vt l
Cc lnh vc cng nghip chnh c s dng Ansys:
- V tr, hng khng
- Cng nghip t
- Y sinh
- Xy dng v cu ng
- in t v thit b
- My mc v thit b cng nghip nng
- Cc h vi c in t (Micro Electromechanical Systems, MEMS).
- Dng c th thao

N TT NGHIP
Phn tch kt cu :
Phn tch kt cu c s dng xc nh trng chuyn v, bin dng, ng sut
v cc phn lc.
- Phn tch tnh:
S dng trong trng hp ti tnh

Hnh 3.2 Kt cu trong trng hp ti tnh
ng x phi tuyn v d nh vng ln, bin dng ln, bi ton tip xc, chy
do, siu n hi, t bin ...

- Phn tch ng lc hc:
Bao gm hiu ng khi lng v gim chn.
Phn tch modal: xc nh tn s ring v dng dao ng ring.
N TT NGHIP
Phn tch iu ha: xc nh ng x ca kt cu khi ti trng c dng hnh sin
vi bin v tn s xc nh.
Phn tch ng lc hc tc thi (Transient Dynamic Analysis): xc nh ng x
ca kt cu khi ti trng thay i theo thi gian v c th bao gm c ng x
phi tuyn.
- ng lc hc bin dng ln:
Dng m phng bin dng rt ln khi lc qun tnh ng vai tr quyt nh.
Dng m phng cc bi ton va chm, ph hu, to hnh nhanh,

Hnh 3.3 Phn tch va chm ca mt th nghim i vi t
Phn tch nhit
- Phn tch nhit c dng xc nh trng phn b nhit trong mt vt
th. Cc i lng ng quan tm khc bao gm: lng nhit mt i hoc tng
ln, gradient nhit, v dng nhit.
- Tt c 3 dng truyn nhit c bn u c th c phn tch v m phng: dn
nhit, i lu, bc x.
- Trng thi n nh (Steady-State): B qua cc nh hng ph thuc thi gian.
- Trng thi tc thi hay cha n nh (Transient):
- xc nh nhit v mt s i lng khc nh mt hm ca thi gian.
- Cho php m phng s thay i pha (nng chy hoc ng c).
N TT NGHIP

Hnh 3.4 Phn b nhit trong kt cu
Phn tch in t
- M phng cc thit b s dng ngun in 1 chiu, ngun xoay chiu tn s
thp, cc tn hiu tc thi ngn tn s thp. V d: thit b khi ng t
(solenoid), cc ng c, my bin th.
- Cc thng s ng quan tm bao gm : mt thng lng t, cng t
trng, lc v m men t, tr khng, t cm, dng in xoy, cng sut mt
mt, v dng r.
- M phng cc thit b truyn sng in t.
- V d: cc thit b thu vi sng v sng radio, dn sng, thit b kt ni ng
trc.
- Cc i lng ng quan tm gm c: cc thng s S, nhn t Q, tn tht ng
v, tn hao in mi v tn hao dn in, v cc trng in v t.
N TT NGHIP

Hnh 3.5 Mt dng chy in t ca van kim sot cht lng solenoid
- Tnh ton trng in khi kch thch bng in p hoc tch in nh thit b
cao p, cc h vi c in t (MEMS), ng truyn.
- Cc i lng in hnh l cng v in dung ca trng in.
- dn in: tnh ton dng in trong dy dn khi p t mt in p
- Kt ni mch: kt ni mch in vi cc thit b in t.
- Cc kiu phn tch in t:
- Phn tch tnh: tnh ton t trng ca dng 1 chiu hoc nam chm vnh cu.
- Phn tch iu ha: tnh ton t trng ca dng in xoay chiu.
- Phn tch tc thi: c s dng vi t trng thay i theo thi gian.
Tnh ton ng lc hc dng chy
- Xc nh phn b lu lng v nhit trong mt dng chy.
- M phng dng chy tng v dng chy ri, dng nn c v dng khng nn
c, v nhiu dng chy kt hp.
- ng dng cho hng khng v tr, ng gi in t, thit k t.
- Cc i lng c trng ng quan tm l vn tc, p sut, nhit v cc h s
mng.
N TT NGHIP

Hnh 3.6 Trng dng chy trong ng dn v phn b p sut ca thng trn
m thanh
ANSYS Acoustics Structures kt hp c hc kt cu ca ANSYS vi mt th vin
phn t m hc v hn v hu hn mnh m, nhanh chng, v ng tin cy. Vic tch
hp cng ngh ACTRAN trong mi trng ANSYS Workbench gip cho vic s dng
c d dng hn rt nhiu. iu ny c ngha l cc k s c th tp trung vo phn
tch kt qu thay v tn thi gian thit lp m hnh.

Hnh 3.7 th p sut mc p m
Phn tch tng tc gia cc trng vt l
Xem xt s tng tc gia hai hoc nhiu trng khc nhau. V trn thc t cc
trng u ph thuc ln nhau, nn khng th gii quyt chng mt cch tch bit, bi
vy cn c mt chng trnh gii quyt ng thi c hai hin tng bng cch kt hp
chng.
N TT NGHIP
- Phn tch nhit-ng sut.
- Phn tch p in (in v kt cu)
- m thanh (dng chy v kt cu)
- Phn tch nhit - in
- Cm ng nhit (t v nhit)
- Phn tch tnh in - kt cu
2. Gii bi ton c hc kt bng phn mm Ansys
Trong h thng tnh ton a nng ca Ansys, bi ton c k thut c gii quyt
bng phng php phn t hu hn ly chuyn v lm gc. Trong bi ton kt cu
(Structural), phn mm Ansys dng gii cc bi tontrng ng sut bin dng,
trng nhit cho cc kt cu. Gii cc bi ton dng tnh, dao ng, cng hng, bi
ton n nh, bi ton va p, bi ton tip xc. Cc bi ton c gii cho cc dng
phn t kt cu thanh, dm, 2D v 3D, gii cc bi ton vi vt liu n hi: n hi
phi tuyn, n do l tng, do nht, n nhtAnsys cung cp trn 200 kiu phn
t khc nhau. Mi kiu phn t tng ng vi mt dng bi ton. Khi chn mt phn
t, b lc s chn cc module tnh ton ph hp, v a ra cc yu cu v vic nhp
cc tham s tng ng gii. ng thi vic chn phn t, Ansys yu cu chn dng
bi ton ring cho tng phn t. Vic tnh ton cn ph thuc vo dng vt liu. Mi
bi ton cn a m hnh vt liu, cn xc nh r m hnh l vt liu n hi hay do,
l vt liu tuyn tnh hay phi tuyn tnh, vi mi vt liu cn nhp thng s vt l
ca vt liu. Ansys l phn mm gii cc bi ton bng phng php s, chng gii
trn m hnh hc thc. V vy cn a vo m hnh hc ng. Ansys cho php xy
dng cc m hnh hc 2D v 3D vi cc kch thc thc hnh dng n gin ha hoc
m hnh nh vt tht. Ansys c kh nng m phng theo m hnh hc vi cc im,
ng, din tch v m hnh phn t hu hn vi cc nt v phn t. Hai dng m hnh
c trao i v thng nht vi nhau tnh ton. Ansys l phn mm gii bi ton
bng phng php phn t hu hn, nn sau khi dng m hnh hnh hc, Ansys cho
php chia li phn t do ngi s dng hoc t ng chia li. S lng nt v phn
N TT NGHIP
t quyt nh n chnh xc ca bi ton, nn cn chia li cng nh cng tt.
Nhng vic chia li ph thuc nng lc ca tng phn mm.
gii mt bi ton bng phn mm Ansys, cn a cc iu kin ban u v
iu kin bin cho m hnh hnh hc. Cc rng buc, cc ni lc hoc ngoi lc (lc,
chuyn v, nhit , mt ) c a vo ti tng nt, tng phn t trong m hnh
hnh hc.
Sau khi xc lp c cc iu kin bi ton, gii chng Ansys cho php chn
cc dng bi ton. Khi gii cc bi ton phi tuyn, t ra vn l s hi t ca bi
ton. Ansys cho php xc lp cc bc lp gii bi ton lp vi chnh xc cao.
theo di bc tnh, Ansys cho biu cc bc lp v hi t. Cc kt qu tnh ton
c ghi vo file d liu. Vic xut cc d liu c tnh ton v lu tr, Ansys x l
rt mnh, cho php xut d liu di dng th, nh , c th quan st trng
ng sut v bin dng, ng thi cng cho php xut kt qu di dng bng s.
2.1 Cc bc phn tch ca bi ton kt cu bng phn mm Ansys
a) Pre-processing: tin x l, bao gm:
- Xy dng m hnh (Model generation)
- nh ngha loi phn t (Define element type)
- nh ngha vt liu (Define material)
- Chia li to m hnh phn t hu hn (Meshing)
b) Solution: Gii bi ton, bao gm
- Xc nh loi phn tch (Analysis type)
- p t ti trng v xc nh iu kin bin (Specify loads and boundary
conditions)
- Gii bi ton (solver)
c) Post-processing: hu x l, bao gm:
- Phn tch hnh nh hoc a ra kt qu
- Kim tra kt qu
Ngoi 3 bc chnh trn, qu trnh phn tch bi ton trong ANSYS cn phi k
n qu trnh chun b (preferences) chnh l qu trnh nh hng cho bi tnh. Trong
qu trnh ny cn nh hng xem bi ton ta sp gii dng kiu phn tch no (kt
N TT NGHIP
cu, nhit hay in t), m hnh bi ton nh th no (i xng trc hay i xng
quay, m hnh 3 chiu y ), dng kiu phn t no (Beam, Shell, Struss,)
2.2 Hai phng php lm vic vi Ansys
Ansys cung cp cho ngi dng hai phng php lm vic: dng GUI (Graphical
User Interface) vi u im l trc quan, d thao tc v phng php dng cu lnh
APDL (Ansys Parametric Design Language), y l phng php lm vic m i hi
ngi s dng phi hiu r v cu trc ca bi ton, cng nh danh sch cc lnh v
cu trc ca n. Nhng lm vic vi ansys bng phng php dng cu lnh c nhng
u im sau:
- Ngi dng c th to ra Input file, thun tin cho vic thay i gi tr ca cc
tham s (kt hp vi cc lnh vng lp, cc lnh c iu kin), trong khi
trong ch GUI th khi thay i gi tr tham s chng ta phi tin hnh phn
tch li bi ton t u.
- To ra cc macro file v s dng chng nh mt hm t nh ngha
3. V d
Cho mt h khung gin c kt cu nh hnh 4. Xc nh chuyn v ti cc gi,
phn lc v ni lc ca h . Bit moodun n hi E=200 GPa, din tch mt ct ngang
A= 3250 mm
2
.

Hnh 3.8 Kt cu khung gin
N TT NGHIP
Vi bi ton kt cu ny, ta c th tin hnh gii theo hai phng php l
phng php GUI v phng php dng cu lnh ca ngn ng APDL.
gii bi ton, chng ta cng i xy dng cc bc nh ni phn 2.1 bao
gm:
- Xy dng m hnh ca kt cu:
- Dng lnh to keypoint trong Ansys to ra cc im c bit ca kt cu.
- Dng lnh to ng thng (Line) ni cc keypoint thnh hnh dng ca
kt cu.

Hnh 3.9 M hnh ca gin khi cha chia li
- Khai bo phn t v thuc tnh ca vt liu
- nh ngha kiu phn t ca kt cu. v d ny kiu phn t ca kt cu l
kiu thanh (LINK)
- Khai bo thuc tnh vt liu: Khai bo h s m un n hi v din tch mt
ct ngang ca thanh
- Chia li phn t
- nh kch thc phn t
1
1
2
1 3
2
3
2 4
3
4
3 5
4
5
4 6
5
6
5 7
6
7 X
Y
Z
Bridge Truss Tutorial
MAY 18 2012
00:02:57
LINES
TYPE NUM
N TT NGHIP
- Chia li

Hnh 3.10 M hnh kt cu khi c phn t ha
- Xc nh iu kin bin v t ti trng

1
1
2
1 3
2
3
2 4
3
4
3 5
4
5
4 6
5
6
5 7
6
7 X
Y
Z
MAY 18 2012
00:11:33
LINES
TYPE NUM
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
X
Y
Z
1
1
2
1 3
2
3
2 4
3
4
3 5
4
5
4 6
5
6
5 7
6
7 X
Y
Z
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 X
Y
Z
1
X
Y
Z
MAY 18 2012
00:16:03
E-L-K-N
U
F
N TT NGHIP
Hnh 3.11 M hnh ca kt cu khi t iu kin bin v ti trng
- Gii bi ton
- Xut kt qu

Hnh 3.12 Bng kt qu phn lc ti cc gi

Hnh 3.13 Chuyn v ca kt cu
1
X
Y
Z
MAY 12 2012
21:25:03
DISPLACEMENT
STEP=1
SUB =1
TIME=1
DMX =7.409
N TT NGHIP

Hnh 3.14 Biu chuyn v ca cc nt trong kt cu

Hnh 3.15 Biu ng sut ca kt cu
N TT NGHIP
CHNG 4: TNH TON KH NNG PH HY CA MT KT CU HAI
VT LIU (BI MATERIAL)
1. Phng php phn tch ph hy
[8]

tnh ton kh nng ph hy ca vt liu khi xut hin vt nt, ngi ta tin
hnh i phn tch vt nt tnh ton h s cng ng sut K hay t l gii phng
nng lng G, J ca vt nt. Sau so snh vi cc h s chng li s ph hy tng
ng ca vt liu (K
c
, G
c
, J
c
) c th d on c s pht trin ca vt nt.
tnh ton c cc gi tr , ngi ta thng dng cc phng php sau:
1.1 Phng php thc nghim
Phng php ny c p dng o gii hn ph hy ca cc vt liu. Hin nay
theo tiu chun ASTM E399, c 4 m hnh c dng o gii hn ph hy

Hnh 4.1 Cc m hnh thc nghim o gii hn ph hy
thun tin, hai m hnh sau thng c s dng th nghim o K
IC
:
N TT NGHIP

Hnh 4.2 M hnh thc nghim o K
IC

Ban u s tin hnh o ly s liu xy dng ng cong biu din chuyn v
theo ti trng. Chuyn v c o bng cch s dng thit b Strain gages. Strain
gagesc gn trn hai thanh kim loi mnh. chc chn l u cn li ca thanh
kim loi t do xoay th u ny phi tip xc vi mt cnh sc nhn. Hai dng c c
cnh sc nhn s c gn ti ming vt nt. Khi ming vt nt chuyn v dn n
chuyn v ca thanh kim loi mnh v in th u ra s thay i do bin dng thay
i trong thit b strain gages. Qua cc cng thc trung gian, ta s tnh c chuyn
v.
Mu vt dng o K
IC
phi tun theo cc quy nh v kch thc nh l chiu
rng W phi gp 2 ln b dy B. Ngi th nghim s to mt vt nt c sn trn mu
vt v t l chiu di vt nt / chiu rng mu vt (a/W) phi nm trong khong 0,45
v 0,55. Mt iu v cng quan trng l tt c cc kch thc u phi rt ln so vi
vng chy do. Qu trnh o K
IC
thng xy ra kt qu sai m li khng phi do thao
tc th nghim. l khi kch thc vng chy do qu ln th s khng bao gi t
c gi tr ng cho d ngi th nghim c k thut cao.
N TT NGHIP

Hnh 4.3 Thit b dng o K
IC

1.2 Phng php tng quan chuyn v (Displacement Correlation Methods)
y l mt phng php p dng phn t hu hn tnh h s K ca t chc vt
nt. Ni dung c bn ca phng php ny l: chuyn v ti mt im ca phn t bn
trong li c th vo biu thc gii tch tnh chuyn v gn nh vt nt, sau khi tr
i chuyn v ca nh vt nt. im c chn nm bn trn b mt nt sao cho
chuyn v l ln nht.
Khi h s cng ng sut K c tnh theo cng thc sau:

2 ( )
(2 2 )
yb ya
I
u u
K
r v
t
=
(4.1)

2 ( )
(2 2 )
xb xa
II
u u
K
r v
t
=
(4.2)

2 ( )
2
zb za
III
u u
K
r
t
= (4.3)

Hnh 4.4 Phng php tng quan chuyn v
N TT NGHIP
y b l im c chn l im tng quan, a l nh vt nt, l m un n
hi trt,
i
u l chuyn v theo phng I, v l h s poisson.
Trong phng php ny, chnh xc ph thuc vo vic la chon im tng
quan. im tng quan c la chn sao cho nm trong vng c s nh hng ln
ca h s K. Ta cng c th p dng phng php l la chn mt loi cc im tin
gn n nh vt nt v tnh K qua im . Sau v mt ng cong ni cc kim
K
r
sau suy ra kt qu K ti r =0.

Vic tnh ton h s cng ng sut c th c ci tin bng cch ng dng
phn t suy bin im phn t (quarter-point element).

Hnh 4.5 Phng php suy bin im phn t

( )
2
4
(2 2 )
I yb yd ye yc
K u u u u
r v
t
(
= +

(4.4)
( )
2
4
(2 2 )
II xb xd xe xc
K u u u u
r v
t
= + (

(4.5)
N TT NGHIP
1.3 Phng php tch phn kn nt hiu chnh (Modified Crack Closure Integral)
y l phng php do Irwin nghin cu nn c gi l tch phn Irwin. Tch
phn Irwin c s dng tnh t l gii phng nng lng qua ng sut nh vt nt
v trng chuyn v khi vt nt pht trin nh.

0
0
1
( , 0) ( , )
2
L
I yy y
L
G Lim r x u r L x dr
L
o u u t
A
A
= = = = A =
A
}
(4.6)

0
0
1
( , 0) ( , )
2
L
II xy y
L
G Lim r x u r L x dr
L
t u u t
A
A
= = = = A =
A
}
(4.7)
Vic p dng phng php phn t hu hn chuyn v tuyn tnh dn n biu
thc tnh G tr nn n gin hn

Hnh 4.6 Phng php tch phn kn nt hiu chnh

N TT NGHIP

1
( )
2
c c d
I y y y
G F u u
L
=
A
(4.8)

1
( )
2
c c d
II x x x
G F u u
L
=
A
(4.9)
1.4 Phng php tch phn J (J Integral)
Tch phn J l mt loi tch phn ng c James Rice nghin cu v pht trin
do s kh khn trong vic tnh ton ng sut i vi cc vt nt kn trong vt liu n
hi phi tuyn (nonlinear elastic) hay vt liu n hi do (elastic plastic).

i
i
u
J wdy T d
x
c
| |
=
|
c
\ .
}
(J/m
2
) (4.10)
Vi : w mt nng lng bin dng
i
T thnh phn vector lc tc dng u
i
u thnh phn vector chuyn v
dI phn t vi phn dc theo bin

Hnh 4.7 Tch phn J
c im ca tch phn J l n c th bin i thnh tch phn min din tch,
iu ny em n s thun li cho vic p dng phng php phn t hu hn.
N TT NGHIP

Hnh 4.8 Cc dng bin i ca tch phn J

1
ij 1
i
j j
A i j
u q
J n W dA
x x
o o
( c c
=
(
c c

}
(4.11)
Trong q l hm trng c xc nh trn min ly tch phn. Hm q c xc
nh bng cch quy nh gi tr cc nt c ni suy trn phn t trong min s dng
cc hm dng c bn.

i i
i
q N q =
(4.12)

i
i
j j
q N
q
x x
c c
=
c c
(4.13)
Nu c xut hin p lc trn b mt nt, tch phn J c thm vo mt h s.

2 3
i
A A i
i
u
J J J J t qd
x
I
I +I
c
= + = + I
c
}
(4.14)
i vi bi ton nt tuyn tnh, tch phn J c xem nh t l gii phng nng
lng G nn ta c:

2 2
I II
K K
J G
E
+
= = (4.15)
Ngoi cc phng php trn, tnh ton nng lng gii phng ca vt nt, hay
ng sut ti vng gn nh vt nt ngi ta cn dng mt s phng php khc nh:
- Phng php VCE (Virtual Crack Extension method)
- Phng php d on hng lan truyn ca vt nt
N TT NGHIP
2. Tnh ton kh nng ph hy ca kt cu hai vt liu bng phng php tch
phn J
M hnh kt cu c a ra tnh ton l m hnh 4PB ( Four-Point Bend)
vi vt liu ca kt cu l Cu EMC. y l mt m hnh kh ph bin trong thc
nghim tnh ton s ph hy ca vt liu. Phng php tnh ton y chng ta
dng l phng php tch phn J (J-Integral)
EMC (Epoxy Molding Compound) l vt liu phi kim loi s dng rng ri trong
cc gi vi in t. N c to ra t thnh phn ch yu l nha Epoxy kt hp vi
cc vt liu khc nh cht ng rn, cao su lu haEMC c tnh cht ca Epoxy nh
bn c hc cao, chu c n mn ha cao
2.1 Ni dung v phng php trin khai bi ton
2.1.1 Ni dung
Dng phng php phn t hu hn v phng php tch phn J (J-Integral)
thng qua phn mm Ansys tnh ton kh nng ph hy ca mt kt cu hai vt liu
(Bi Material)
Kt cu c lm t vt liu ng (Cu) c m un n hi E=135 Gpa; h s
Poison v =0,34 v hp cht EMC (Epoxy Molding Compound) c m un n hi
E=30 GPa v h s Poisson v =0,24.

Hnh 4.9 Kt cu hai vt liu (Bimaterial)
Kt cu c m hnh nh trn hnh . Cc kch thc c cho nh trn hnh v,
chiu rng ca kt cu b=8,8cm. Lc tc dng c phn b u dc theo chiu rng
ca kt cu.
N TT NGHIP
Bit chiu di vt nt a = 5 mm, ti trng tc dng l P = 5N, xc nh t l nng
lng gii phng ca vt nt hay cng chng ph hu ca kt cu.
2.1.2 Phng php gii bi ton bng Ansys
Chng ta s gii bi ton bng phn mm Ansys da trn phng php tch phn
J (J-Integral). y, chng ta s gii bi ton bng cu lnh ca ngn ng lp trnh
APDL c sn trong chng trnh Ansys Mechanical APDL ca phn mm ansys. u
im ca phng php ny l ta c th d dng tham s ha cc tham s u vo ca
bi ton, qua c th d dng chnh sa cc tham s so snh cc kt qu m
khng phi lm li bi ton t u.
Cc bc phn tch v gii bi ton
a) Tin x l
- nh ngha cc tham s
Bc u tin l chng ta s nh ngha cc tham s u vo ca bi ton, nh
kch thc, ti trng, thuc tnh vt liu d dng thay i cc tham s.
- Xy dng m hnh
Ta nhn thy kt cu cho c tnh cht i xng, nn khi xy dng m hnh ca
bi ton, chng ta c th xy dng ton b m hnh ca kt cu hoc c th xy dng
mt na m hnh ca kt cu. y, n gin ha vic xy dng m hnh ca bi
ton, chng ta s ch xy dng mt na i xng ca m hnh

Hnh 4.10 M hnh mt na ca kt cu
xy dng m hnh ca bi ton, ta s i xy dng cc im c bit (Keypoint)
trong m hnh ca kt cu, sau ni cc im thnh m hnh ca kt cu
N TT NGHIP
Trong Ansys to cc keypoint ta dng lnh c cu trc nh sau:
K,NPT, X, Y, Z
Trong : K Tn lnh to keypoint
NPT Tn ca keypoint (NPT = 1,2,3)
X,Y,Z Ta ca keypoint
ni cc keypoint li ta dng cu trc lnh sau:
L,P1,P2
Trong : L Tn lnh to ng thng
P1- Keypoint bt u
P2 Keypoint kt thc
- Chia li phn t
chia li phn t trong ansys chng ta cn khai bo kich thc phn t, c
nhiu cch khai bo phn t, y chng ta s khai bo phn t theo kch thc.
nh ngha kch thc ca phn t chng a dng lnh sau:
ESIZE,mes
Trong : ESIZE Tn lnh nh kch thc phn t
Mes Tham s kch thc phn t
Sau khi nh ngha kch thc phn t chng ta s chia li phn t bng lnh
sau:
amesh,n
Vi: amesh Tn lnh chia li
n Vng chia li (n=1,2,)
- Khai bo phn t v thuc tnh ca vt liu
N TT NGHIP
khai bo kiu phn t, Trong ansys cung cp mt th vin cc dng phn
t rt phong ph. Trong bi ton ny, kiu phn t m chng ta chn l phn t tm
phng (PLANE). Lnh khai bo phn t nh sau:
ET,1,PLANE183
Trong ET Tn cu lnh
1 Tn phn t th nht
PLANE183 Tn dng phn t c gi trong th vin
Khai bo thuc tnh vt liu Cu v EMC bng cc cu lnh sau :
mp,ex,1,ECu
mp,nuxy,1,vCu
mp,ex,2,EEMC
mp,nuxy,2,vEMC
- nh ngha tnh ton tch phn J
khai bo mt tnh ton tch phn J chng ta thc hin cc lnh theo bc sau :
- Khi to 1 tnh ton tch phn J mi
Dng lnh CINT,NEW khi to tnh ton tch phn J
- Xc nh cc thng tin v vt nt
Dng lnh CINT,CTNC,CRACKTIP xc nh nt ca nh vt nt
- Khai bo mt phng nt
Dng lnh CINT,NORMAL,,2
- Khai bo s ng bin tnh ton
Dng lnh CINT,NCONTOUR,6 trong 6 l s ng tnh ton
- Khai bo iu kin i xng ca vt nt
Dng lnh CINT,SYMM,OFF khai bo vt nt khng i xng.
b) Gii bi ton
- Khai bo kiu phn tch bi ton
N TT NGHIP
y bi ton c phn tch di dng tnh nn ta khai bo nh sau: antype,
static
- t iu kin bin
Bc ny chng ta s t iu kin bin cho m hnh bao gm
- Cc bc t do b hn ch ti cc gi v cc b mt
- Lin kt gia vt liu Cu v EMC
- t ti trng
t ti trng ln m hnh bng cu lnh: fk,6,fy,-load
- Gii bi ton
Dng lnh Solve gii bi ton
c) X l kt qu
Do kt cu c lm t hai vt liu nn y ta s tnh ton tch phn J trn tng vt
liu. Do , khi gii xong s cho ta kt qu J
1
v J
2

T l gii phng nng lng ca vt nt c tnh bng cng thc sau:
G = - (J
1
+ J
2
)
2.2 Code lnh chng trnh gii bi ton bng ansys
Fini
/clear
/filname,CT,on
/title, Structure bi_material

l = 24*1e-3
b = 8.8*1e-3
temc = 2.1*1e-3
tcu = 0.25*1e-3
c = 10*1e-3
d = 20*1e-3
a = 5*1e-3

! t tn file
! t tiu cho chng trnh
! Tham s hnh hc
! mt na chiu di ca dm
! chiu rng ca dm
! chiu dy ca lp kim loi ng
! chiu dy ca lp kim loi EMC
! 1/2 khong cch gia hai gi
! 1/2 khong cch gia 2 im t ti trng
! Chiu di vt nt
N TT NGHIP
ECu = 135e9
vCu = .34
EEMC = 30e9
vEMC = .24

load = 5/(2*b)

mes = a/25

Npt1=9
Npt2=99
delr = a/190

kctip = 0
nthet = 16
rrat = 0.75

/prep7
ET,1,PLANE183
KEYOPT,1,3,2
mp,ex,1,ECu
mp,nuxy,1,vCu
mp,ex,2,EEMC
mp,nuxy,2,vEMC

k,1,
k,2,c,
k,3,l,
k,4,l,tcu
k,44,l,tcu
! M un n hi ca ng
! H s poisson ca ng
! M un n hi ca EMC
! H s poisson ca EMC
! Tham s v ti trng
! Ti trng phn b dc theo chiu rng
ca dm
! Tham s chia li phn t
! Tham s nh kch thc phn t
! Tham s lnh KSCON
! Keypoint ti nh vt nt 1
! Keypoint ti nh vt nt 2
! bn knh ca hng phn t th nht gn
nh vt nt
! La chn phn t mc nh
! s phn t nh hng vng trn
! T l kch thc phn t: t vng th
nht n vng th 2
! Vo phn tin x l
! khai bo phn kiu phn t
! La chn kha phn t
! Khai bo m un n hi ca ng
! Khai bo h s poisson ca ng
! Khai bo m un n hi ca EMC
! Khai bo h s poisson ca EMC
! to cc keypoint
! Nhp ta keypoint 1
! Nhp ta keypoint 2
! Nhp ta keypoint 3
! Nhp ta keypoint 4
! Nhp ta keypoint 44
N TT NGHIP
k,5,l,tcu+temc
k,6,d,tcu+temc
k,7,0,tcu+temc
k,8,0,tcu
k,88,0,tcu
k,9,a,tcu
k,99,a,tcu

l,1,2
l,2,3
l,3,4
l,4,9
l,8,9
l,8,1
l,44,5
l,5,6
l,6,7
l,7,88
l,88,99
l,99,44
al,1,2,3,4,5,6

al,7,8,9,10,11,12

lsel,all
esize,mes
kscon,npt1,delr,kctip,nthet,rrat

kscon,npt2,delr,kctip,nthet,rrat
mshkey,0
mat,1
! Nhp ta keypoint 5
! Nhp ta keypoint 6
! Nhp ta keypoint 7
! Nhp ta keypoint 8
! Nhp ta keypoint 9
! to cc on thng
! ng thng ni Keypoint 1 v 2
! To thnh vng t cc ng thng
1,2,3,4,5,6
! To thnh vng t cc ng thng
7,8,9,10,11,12
Chn tt c cc ng thng
! nh kch thc phn t
! Ch nh 1 keypoint s b sai lch ti vng
li
! Ch nh 1 keypoint s b sai lch ti vng
li
! Khai bo phn t thuc tnh vt liu 1
N TT NGHIP
amesh,1
mat,2
amesh,2

nsel,s,loc,x,a,l
nsel,r,loc,y,tcu
cpintf,all,5e-6
ksel,s,kp,,9
nslk,s

cm,crack1,node
*get,n1,node,0,num,max
cint,new,1
cint,ctnc,crack1
cint,normal,,2
cint,ncontour,6

ksel,s,kp,,99
nslk,s

cm,crack2,node
*get,n2,node,0,num,max
cint,new,2
cint,ctnc,crack2
cint,normal,,2
cint,ncontour,6
fini
/solu
antype, static

! Chia li cho phn t vt liu 1
! Khai bo phn t thuc tnh vt liu 2
! Chia li cho phn t vt liu 2
! lin kt hai vt liu
! Chn cc node nm trong mt phng lin
kt ca hai vt liu
! Xc nh b dy lin kt gia hai vt liu
! chn keypoint 9
! Chn cc node lin kt vi keypoint
chn
! Nhm cc node li
! Chn node c s th t ln nht
! Khai bo mt tnh ton tch phn J
! Khai bo nhm cc node gn nh vt nt
! Khai bp mt phng nt mc nh
! Khai bo s ng vin tnh ton
! Chn tp hp cc node gn nh vt nt
ca vt liu EMC
! chn keypoint 99
! Chn cc node lin kt vi keypoint
chn
! Nhm cc node li
! Chn node c s th t ln nht
! Khai bo mt tnh ton tch phn J
! Khai bo nhm cc node gn nh vt nt
! Khai bp mt phng nt mc nh
! Khai bo s ng vin tnh ton
! Kt thc phn tin x l
! Vo phn gii bi ton
! Khai bo dng phn tch bi ton
! khai bo iu kin bin
N TT NGHIP
nsel,s,loc,x,0
nsel,r,loc,y,0,tcu-1e-6
d,all,ux,0
nsel,s,loc,y,0
nsel,r,loc,x,c
d,all,uy,0
allsel
fk,6,fy,-load
solve
fini
/post1
*get,J1,cint,1,ctip,n1,,6

*get,J2,cint,2,ctip,n2,,6

G = -(J1+J2)

P = load*2*b
lambda = ecu*(1-
vemc*vemc)/(eemc*(1-vcu*vcu))
m = P*(d-c)/(2*b)
Ic1=
temc*temc*temc/12+lambda*tcu*tcu*t
cu/12
Ic=
ic1+lambda*temc*tcu*(temc+tcu)*(te
mc+tcu)/(4*(temc+lambda*tcu))
Icu = tcu*tcu*tcu/12
G_lt=m*m*(1-vCu*vCu)*(1/ICu-
lambda/Ic)/(2*ECu)
! to tp hp con cc node
! gi tp hp con cc node va to
! t iu kin bin cho cc node
! to tp hp con cc node
! gi tp hp con cc node va to
! t iu kin bin cho cc node
! Gi tt c cc phn t
! t ti trng ln key point 6
! Gii bi ton
! Kt thc phn gii bi ton
! Vo phn x l kt qu
! Ly gi tr ca lnh cint tnh trn cho
vo bin m J1 tnh G
! y gi tr ca lnh cint tnh trn cho
vo bin m J2 tnh G
! Tnh t sut nng lng G (J/m
2
)
! tnh t sut nng lng G theo l thuyt
(G_lt)

! J/m2 hoc N/m
N TT NGHIP
*status
PLESOL, S,EQV, 0,1.0
PLNSOL,U,SUM,0,1
! In ra danh sch kt qu ca cc tham s
! In ra mn hnh bin dng ca kt cu
! In ra mn hnh biu chuyn v ca cc
nt
2.3 Kt qu
M hnh ca bi ton khi c chia li

Hnh 4.11 M hnh ca kt cu bng Ansys
N TT NGHIP

Hnh 4.12 Biu bin dng ca kt cu

Hnh 4.13 Biu chuyn v ca cc nt phn t
N TT NGHIP

Hnh 4.14 Cng ng xut vng gn nh vt nt

Hnh 4.15 Bng Gi tr ca cc tham s
T bng kt qu cc tham s sau khi gii xong ta thy c kt qu tnh ton t
l gii phng nng lng ca vt nt, cng nh kt qu theo l thuyt:
G = 20,1889461 (J/m
2
)
G_LT = 20.338207 (J/m
2
)
N TT NGHIP
2.4 Kt lun
T kt qu tnh ton ca bi ton trong chng trnh Ansys vi phng php tch
phn J ta nhn thy:
- Gia kt qu tnh ton theo phng php tch phn J v kt qu theo l thuyt
c s sai s rt nh, gn nh khng ng k.

2 2
(1 ) 1
2
Cu
LT
Cu Cu c
M v
G
E I I
| |
=
|
\ .
(4.16)
Trong :
( ) ( )
2 2
1 / 1
Cu EMC EMC Cu
E v E v
( (
=

; =
2
Pl
M
b

c
I v
Cu
I ln lt l m men qun tnh ca ton b dm v ca Cu c tnh theo cng
thc:

( )
( )
2
3 3
12 12 4
EMC Cu EMC Cu EMC Cu
C
EMC Cu
t t t t t t
I
t t

+
= + +
+
(4.17)

3
12
Cu
Cu
t
I = (4.18)
- Bi ton c gii bng phng php tch phn J trn Ansys kh n gin,
thao tc d dng. Chng ta ch cn dng cu lnh CINT khai bo tnh ton
tch phn J, sau gn nh Ansys t ng tnh ton.
Nh chng 1 chng ta tm hiu, mi vt liu u tn ti mt h s c trng
cho kh nng cn tr s nt xy ra G
c
. Vy vi iu kin no th qu trnh nt xy ra?
Qu trnh nt xy ra khi t l gii phng nng lng ln hn h s khng nt ca vt
liu G>G
c
.
Nu ti trng t vo kt cu l P
gh
m vt nt bt u m rng, th gi tr
tnh ton G thu c chnh l G
c
. Gi tr ny chnh l h s khng nt ca kt cu hai
vt liu ny. ngha ca h s khng lc ny l trong qu trnh thit k kt cu, kt
cu ch ch c ngoi lc tc dng P<P
gh
th kt cu mi khng b ph hy.

N TT NGHIP
KT LUN
C hc ph hy l mt lnh vc khoa hc ang ngy cng ch trng, n c nh
hng ln ti tui th v s ri ro ca cc cng trnh, chi tit my. Vic d on trc
c s ph hy ca chi tit s gip chng ta gim thiu tn tht v nhng tai nn do
s ph hy.
i vi mi bi ton k thut ni chung v lnh vc c hc ph hy ni ring,
phng php PTHH l mt phng php ph bin nht hin nay. y l mt phng
php gii cc bi ton k thut em li chnh xc tng i cao, d dng xy dng
thut ton v c bit l c th xy dng m hnh v tnh ton vi s tr gip ca khoa
hc my tnh. Phng php PTHH l mt phng php rt ph bin v c ng dng
rng ri, nhng tnh ton cc bi ton phc tp bng tay l tng i kh khn.
Vic ra i cc phn mm phn tch nh Ansys, Abaqus, Adams em n nhng
thun li rt ln trong vic gii cc bi ton k thut. Chng s ngy cng c ng
dng rng ri.
Vic p dng Ansys vo vic tnh ton trong c hc ph hy gip cho vic phn
tch s pht trin ca cc vt nt d dng hn. Vi phng php J-intergral, trong
Ansys gn nh h tr tnh ton hon ton. iu ny khin cho cng vic tnh ton n
gin hn rt nhiu.
Sau mt thi gian tm hiu v nghin cu, em cng hon thnh n ny, do
hiu bit cn hn ch nn chc chn cn nhiu thiu xt. Rt mong nhn c s ng
gp ca cc thy c m cc bn.
Qua y em cng xin sut hng pht trin ca ti l, nghin cu s ph
hy ca vt liu bng vic ng dng Ansys v phng php phn t hu hn vi mi
trng di dng m hnh 3 chiu. Hoc c th p dng phng php phn t hu hn
m rng nghin cu s ph hy ca kt cu.
Em xin chn thnh cm n !

N TT NGHIP
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Fracture mechanics Fundamentals and applicatinons, T.L. Anderson - 2nd
Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 1995
[2]. Sc bn vt liu - V nh Lai, Nguyn Xun Lu, Bi nh Nghi NXB
GTVT 2005
[3]. Phng php phn t hu hn,Chu Quc Thng NXB KHKT
[4]. Phng php phn t hu hn l thuyt v lp trnh, Nguyn Quc Bo, Trn
Nht Dng NXB KHKT
[5] Bi ging phng php pthh V khc by trng i hc Lm Nghip
[6] Introduction to fracture mechanics,C. H. Wang - DSTO, Australia, Jul. 1996
[8] Gio trnh h hng v ph hy 2, PGS-TS Trng Tch Thin i hc bch
khoa TP H Ch Minh

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TRNG I HC GIAO THNG VN TI

l cc ng sutgn nh vtnt, tng ng vi 3 dng ph hy ta s c cc

), nng lng bin dng do (

), ng nng (kinetic energy) (

=0). Do vy, nng lng m rng mt n v ca b mt vt nt G c th

trong trng hp bin dng phng.

l cc thnh phn vector php tuyn ca bin dng

gn nhau. Nghim xp x ca bi ton ban u c tm di

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