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Kha lun tt nghip 2011

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TM TT NI DUNG KHA LUN
Mc tiu chnh ca kha lun l thc thi thut ton MUSIC trn kit DSP
TMS320C6713 ca Texas Instrument, vi cc cu trc anten mng khc nhau nh
ULA, UCA... V vy trng tm ca kha lun l m phng thut ton MUSIC vi cc
cu trc mng khc nhau, t tm cc gii thut trin khai thut ton trn kit DSP.
Chi tit kha lun bao gm 5 chng:
Chng 1: Thc hin thut ton MUSIC vi cc cu trc anten mng ULA,
UCA: thc hin vic m phng thut ton s dng chng trnh Matlab, t nh
gi u, nhc im ca thut ton vi cc cu trc anten khc nhau.
Chng 2: Gii thiu c bn v kit DSP TMS320C6713. Chng ny phn tch
cc c im ca kit, t nu l do s dng kit thc thi thut ton MUSIC. Tip
gii thiu mi trng giao tip vi kit l chng trnh Code Composer Studio, v
nghin cu kh nng tch hp gia Code Composer Studio v Matlab qua tnh nng
Real Time Data Exchange.
Chng 3: Thc thi thut ton MUSIC trn kit TMS320C6713: nu ln cc cng
vic thc hin c v cc kt qu t c trong thc t.
Cui cng l phn kt lun v hng pht trin tip theo cho kha lun.
Kha lun tt nghip 2011
ii

LI CAM OAN
Ti xin cam oan kha lun tt nghip: Thc thi thut ton MUSIC trn kit
DSPTMS320C6713 l cng trnh nghin cu ca bn thn. Nhng phn s dng ti
liu tham kho trong kha lun c nu r trong phn ti liu tham kho. Cc s
liu, kt qu trnh by trong kha lun l hon ton trung thc, nu sai ti xin chu
hon ton trch nhim v chu mi k lut ca khoa v nh trng ra.

Tc gi kha lun
Nguyn c Anh

Kha lun tt nghip 2011
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LI CM N
c th hon thnh tt kha lun ny, em xin chn thnh gi li cm n ti
Ths.Trn Th Thy Qunh, ngi hng dn tn tnh v gip em rt nhiu trong
qu trnh thc hin bi kha lun ca mnh.
Ngoi ra, trong qu trnh thc hin kha lun em cn nhn c rt nhiu s
ng vin v gip t pha gia nh, ngi thn v tp th cc bn trong lp. Do
kt qu cng nh tnh kh dng ca bi lun vn ny trong thc t l li cm n su
sc nht ca em gi ti mi ngi v l ngun ng lc em c th t tin vo cc
kin thc mnh thu c sau khi tt nghip.

Kha lun tt nghip 2011
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MC LC
CHNG 1 L THUYT V M HNH THUT TON MUSIC .................... 2
1.1 Gii thiu v thut ton MUSIC .............................................................. 2
1.2 Thut ton MUSIC i vi dn anten ULA............................................... 3
1.2.1 M hnh dn anten ULA ................................................................... 3
1.2.2 Tn hiu thu c sau khi qua dn anten ULA .................................... 3
1.2.3 Thut ton MUSIC vi dn anten ULA .............................................. 5
1.2.4 M phng thut ton MUSIC vi dn anten ULA trn Matlab.............. 8
1.3 Thut ton MUSIC i vi dn anten UCA ............................................ 10
1.3.1 M hnh dn anten UCA ................................................................. 10
1.3.2 Tn hiu thu c sau khi qua dn anten ULA .................................. 10
1.3.3 Thut ton MUSIC vi dn anten UCA ............................................ 11
1.3.4 M phng thut ton MUSIC vi dn anten UCA ............................. 11
CHNG 2 TNG QUAN V KIT DSP TMS320C6713 ................................. 13
2.1 La chn phn cng ............................................................................. 13
2.2 Gii thiu chung v kit ......................................................................... 13
2.3 Bng mch DSP ................................................................................... 14
2.4 Code Composer Studio ......................................................................... 16
2.5 Tch hp CCS vi Matlab thng qua tnh nng Real Time Data Exchange . 18
CHNG 3 THC THI THUT TON MUSIC TRN KIT TMS320C6713.... 21
3.1 Thit k thut ton................................................................................ 21
3.2 Lp trnh thut ton .............................................................................. 21
3.3 Thc thi thut ton trn kit .................................................................... 26
3.3.1 M t qu trnh .............................................................................. 27
3.3.2 Phn vng b nh ca kit cho d liu v chng trnh ....................... 28
3.3.3 Kt qu thc thi thut ton: ............................................................. 30
Kha lun tt nghip 2011
v

DANH MC CC CH VIT TT
Thut ng Ting anh Ting Vit
DOA Direction of Arrival Hng sng ti
MUSIC MUltiple Signal Classification Phng php phn lp a tn hiu
ESPRIT Estimation of Signal
Parameters via Rotational
Invariance Techniques
Phng php nh gi cc thng s
tn hiu thng qua k thut quay bt
bin
SNR Signal to Noise Ratio T s tn hiu trn nhiu
ULA Uniform Linear Array H anten sp xp theo ng thng
UCA Uniform Circular Array H anten sp xp theo ng trn
DSP Digital Signal Proccessor B x l tn hiu s
FPGA Field-programmable gate array Vi mch cu trc mng phn t kh
trnh
RTDX Real Time Data Exchange Trao i d liu thi gian thc
API Application programming
interface
Giao din lp trnh ng dng
JTAG Joint Test Action Group
CCS Code Composer Studio

Kha lun tt nghip 2011
vi

DANH MC BNG BIU
Bng 1: Lch s pht trin ca thut ton tm hng sng n .................................. 2
Bng 3: Thng s m phng dn anten ................................................................. 12
Bng 4: Cc dng file s dng trong CCS ............................................................. 17
Bng 5: Cc lnh c bn trong th vin RTDX.h lin kt CCSMatlab ............. 19
Bng 6: Cc lnh c bn ca toolbox lin kt Matlab CCS ............................ 20
Bng 7: So snh thut ton MUSIC trn ngn ng Matlab v ngn ng C ............... 22
Bng 8: M hnh h thng thc thi thut ton MUSIC vi anten ULA ..................... 30
Kha lun tt nghip 2011
vii

DANH MC HNH V
Hnh 1: M hnh cu trc anten ULA ..................................................................... 3
Hnh 2: Lu thut ton MUSIC ......................................................................... 5
Hnh 3: Dng phn b cc gi tr ring ca ma trn tng quan ................................ 7
Hnh 5: H anten ULA trong trng hp hai tn hiu i xng ................................. 9
Hnh 6: M hnh cu trc anten UCA ................................................................... 10
Hnh 7:Kt qu m phng h anten UCA .............................................................. 12
Hnh 8: Kit TMS320C6713 ................................................................................. 14
Hnh 9: S khi kit TMS320C6713 ................................................................. 15
Hnh 10: S v a ch vng nh L2 ca kit ...................................................... 16
Hnh 11: Giao din chng trnh Code Composer Studio ....................................... 17
Hnh 12: M hnh giao tip gia kit v PC thng qua RTDX .................................. 18
Hnh 13: Qu trnh lin kt t kit n my tnh...................................................... 19
Hnh 14: Qu trnh lin kt t my tnh n kit...................................................... 20
Hnh 15: M hnh xy dng thut ton ................................................................. 21
Hnh 16: Lu thut ton Jacobi ....................................................................... 26
Hnh 17: Qu trnh thc thi thut ton MUSIC trn kit DSP ................................... 27
Hnh 18: Thc thi h thng DSP vi mng anten ULA .......................................... 30
Hnh 19: So snh kt qu thc thi thut ton v m phng trn dn anten ULA ........ 31
Hnh 20: Thc thi h thng DSP vi mng anten UCA .......................................... 32
Hnh 21: So snh kt qu thc thi thut ton v m phngtrn dn anten UCA......... 32
Hnh 22: S nhp CPU ca chip chy n khi kt thc nhn d liu......................... 33
Hnh 23: S nhp CPU ca chip chy n khi bt u gi d liu ............................ 33

Kha lun tt nghip 2011
1

M U
Anten thng minh l mt cng ngh mi c quan tm nhiu trong thi gian
gn y vi cc u im: ci thin vng ph sng, gim nhiu, tng dung lng, m
rng phm vi ca h thng...[1].
Ni mt cch n gin, anten thng minh gm nhiu phn t anten n gin kt
hp vi b x l tn hiu c th thay i bp sng mt cch t ng. Cc cu trc
anten mng ph bin l cu trc dng ng thng cch u (ULA), cu trc dng ch
nht cch u (URA) hay cu trc dng ng trn cch u (UCA).
Trong cc cu trc anten thng minh, vic x l tn hiu c thc thi bng cch
thay i cc trng s ti mi phn t anten theo mt tham s ti u xc nh. Vic xc
nh s b hng sng n (DOA) l mt trong s cc trng s ny. MUSIC l mt
trong nhng thut ton xc nh DOA vi nhiu u im nh chnh xc cao, kh
nng p dng vi nhiu cu trc anten mng. V vy thut ton MUSIC ang ngy
cng pht trin v c ng dng rng ri trong cc h thng qun s, iu khin,
thng tin lin lc, truyn thng
phc v cho vic o lng, lu tr v x l cc tn hiu thu thp t anten
trong thc t, thut ton MUSIC c thc thi trn cc b x l s DSP. Cc b x l
s DSP c la chn bi kh nng x l tn hiu s rt mnh cng kh nng ti lp
trnh n gin. Kha lun tt nghip thc hin vic thc thi thut ton MUSIC trn kit
DSP TMS320C6713 nhm mc ch tin ti thc tin ha h thng xc nh hng
sng ti.









Kha lun tt nghip Chng 3
2

CHNG 1
L THUYT V M HNH THUT TON MUSIC
1.1 Gii thiu v thut ton MUSIC
MUSIC l mt thut ton xc nh hng sng ti (DOA-Direction Of Arrival)
da vo nhng tn hiu thu thp c t mng anten. Trn th gii vic nghin cu
phng php tm hng sng bt u t nhng nm 70 ca th k trc, v rt nhiu
thut ton c tm ra v tip tc c nghin cu pht trin n tn by gi. Lch s
pht trin cc thut ton c th c trnh by tm tt qua bng sau [5]:
Bng 1: Lch s pht trin ca thut ton tm hng sng n
Nm tm ra Tn thut ton Tc gi thut ton
1967 Maximum Entropy Method Burg
1969 Maximum Likehood Method Capon
1973 Covariance Method Pisarenco
1977 Subspace Method MUSIC Schmidt
1979 Subspace Method MUSIC Bienvenu
1989 Subspace Method ESPRIT Richchard Roy,Thomas Kailath
T bng ta c th thy: cc phng php tm hng sng n hin nay c bn
da trn hai phng php khng gian con: phng php phn lp a tn hiu
(MUltiple Signal Classification MUSIC) v phng php nh gi cc thng s tn
hiu thng qua k thut quay bt bin (Estimation Of Signal Parameters Via
Rotational Invariance Techniques ESPRIT). Phng php ESPRIT ra i sau nn
tc thc hin nhanh hn MUSIC, tuy nhin MUSIC li c u im l n gin, linh
hot hn trong vic p dng cho cc cu trc anten khc nhau nn c nghin cu v
ng dng thc t nhiu hn. c tm ra bi nhng nghin cu c lp ca Schmidt
(1977) v Bienvenu (1979), thut ton ny c th xc nh s lng tn hiu n anten
cng nh hng ca cc tn hiu , ch da trn vect tn hiu u vo.

Kha lun tt nghip Chng 3
3

1.2 Thut ton MUSIC i vi dn anten ULA
1.2.1 M hnh dn anten ULA
Anten ULA hay dn chn t ng pha ULA l loi anten mng n gin nht.
Dng hnh hc ca dn anten ny c biu din qua hnh v sau:

0
Y
X
d
1 2
M-1


Hnh 1: M hnh cu trc anten ULA
Cu trc ca dn anten ULA bao gm M chn t t song song trn cng mt
trc thng vi cng khong cch d. Mi phn t trong h anten ng vai tr l mt
ngun ng hng. Cc chn t ny hot ng cng pha vi nhau to nn mt hng
bc x duy nht v cho tn hiu ti b x l gi nguyn c pha v bin so vi
tn hiu ti h anten.
1.2.2 Tn hiu thu c sau khi qua dn anten ULA
Nh vy, vi mt ngun sng n, tn hiu nhn c ti phn t 0 (phn t
tham chiu) c biu din di dng:

0
( ) ( ) os(2 ( ) )
c
u t a t c f t t o = H + + + (1.1)
vi: a(t): bin ca tn hiu
f
c
: tn s sng mang
( ) t : thnh phn mang tin
o : pha ca tn hiu.
Gi s rng khong cch t anten ti ngun tn hiu r >> d. Do vy tia sng
Kha lun tt nghip Chng 3
4

phn t th i s song song vi tia sng phn t tham chiu, nhng b tr i 1 khong
thi gian truyn dn:
t i t = (1.2)
vi l thi gian tr truyn dn gia hai phn t k tip.
Trong dn anten ULA, c gi tr bng:

cos( ) d
c
u
t

= (1.3)
y : gc ti ca tia sng xut pht t ngun
c: vn tc truyn nh sng
8
3.10 c = m/s
T cng thc (1.1), (1.2), (1.3) ta c tn hiu nhn c phn t anten th nht:

1
( ) ( )cos(2 2 ( ) )
c c
u t a t f t f t t o = H H + + + (1.4)
S dng ng nht thc Euler, ng thi loi b thnh phn sng mang ca tn
hiu ta c dng tn hiu xt phn t th nht l:

cos
( 2 ( ) )
1
( cos ( ) )
( ) ( )
( )
c
d
j f t
c
j d t
u t a t e
a t e
u
o
| u o
H ++ +
++ +
=
=
(1.5)
vi:
2
|

H
= gi l h s truyn sng
Do vi phn t th k ca h ta c dng tn hiu nhn c:

( ) cos ( )
( ) ( )
j kd t
k
u t a t e
| u o ++ +
= (1.6)
So snh vi dng tn hiu nhn c phn t tham chiu:

( ( ) )
0
( ) ( ) ( )
j t
s t u t a t e
o + +
= = (1.7)
Ta c dng rt gn ca tn hiu nhn c ti phn t th k:

cos
( ) ( )
j kd
k
u t s t e
| u
= (1.8)
Tng qut vi D ngun tn hiu c lp n dn anten, tn hiu ly mu ti phn
t anten th k lc ny s l:

cos
1
( ) ( ) ( )
i
D
j kd
k i k
i
u nT s nT e n nT
| u
=
= +

(1.9)
Kha lun tt nghip Chng 3
5

Trong : ( )
k
u nT l mu tn hiu thu c ti phn t th k ti thi im n.
( )
i
s nT

l mu tn hiu ti dn anten (mu tn hiu thu c ti
phn t tham chiu) ti thi im n.
( )
k
n nT l mu tn hiu nhiu ti phn t th k ti thi im n.
Do vy ta c biu din tng qut ca c h nh sau:

0
1
1
1
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
...
( )
D
i i
i
M
u t
u t
u t A s t n t
u t
u
=

(
(
(
= = +
(
(

(1.10)
y: ( ) A u c gi l vect li ca dn anten.

( )
( )
cos
1 cos
1
...
j d
j M d
e
A
e
| u
| u
u


(
(
(
=
(
(
(

(1.11)
( )
i
s t l cc tn hiu ti dn anten vi 1 i D =
( ) n t l tn hiu nhiu M chiu.
Cng thc thu gn ca (1.10):
U A S N = + (1.12)
y cng l cng thc th hin tn hiu thu nhn c sau khi qua dn anten.
1.2.3 Thut ton MUSIC vi dn anten ULA
Thut ton MUSIC thc hin vic tm hng sng ti DOA da trn cc mu thu
thp c t anten [6]. Thut ton gm 4 bc chnh, c th hin qua lu sau:
Tm ma trn
hip phng sai
Tnh gi tr
ring, vector
ring
Tnh ph khng
gian
Kt lun
hng sng ti
ca mi ngun
Phn chia
tn hin-nhiu
Tn hiu t
h anten
Thut ton MUSIC

Hnh 2: Lu thut ton MUSIC
Kha lun tt nghip Chng 3
6

Ni dung ca tng bc:
1. Tm ma trn hip phng sai ca cc mu tn hiu thu c
Gi thit cc ngun tn hiu ti h anten khng tng quan vi n, ngha l:
( ) ( ) 0
k l
E s t n t = (

k (1.13)
Khi ma trn hip bin tn hiu li vo s l:

H H H H
UU
R E UU AE SS A E NN ( ( ( = = +

(1.14)
V: ( ) ( )
2
0

k l
noise
l k
E n t n t
l k o
=

= (


=

(1.15)
Nn (1.14) tr thnh:

2 H H
UU SS noise
R E UU AR A I o ( = = +

(1.16)
Trong : R
SS
l ma trn tng quan ca cc ngun tn hiu ban u.
Gi thit cc ngun tn hiu khng tng quan vi nhau, ta c ng thc:
( ) ( )
0

SS k l
i
l k
R E s t s t
p l k
=

= = (


=

(1.17)
vi p
i
l cng sut ca tn hiu th i.
2. Tnh gi tr ring, vect ring ca ma trn hip phng sai
Nu gi {
0 1 1
, , ,
N


. } l cc gi tr ring ca ma trn t tng quan R
uu
th:

UU
R 0
i
I = (1.18)
Phng trnh (1.10) c th vit li thnh:

( )
2 2
0
H H
SS noise i SS noise i
AR A I I AR A I o o + = + = (1.19)
Do
( )
2
n i
o chnh l cc gi tr ring ca ma trn AR
SS
A
H
. Do ma trn
AR
SS
A
H
l i xng, cc phn t l cc s phc dng, nn cc gi tr ring ca n l
thc v dng.
V trong khng gian tn hiu ch c D ngun sng nn ch c D gi tr ring
tng ng vi ngun, N D gi tr ring cn li ca ma trn tng ng vi nhiu s
Kha lun tt nghip Chng 3
7

bng khng. Trn thc t, do nh hng ca nhiu nn kh xc nh N D gi tr
ring ng vi nhiu. Tuy nhin, khi xem xt gi tr ring ca ma trn AR
SS
A
H
ta thy
rng c th phn N gi tr ny thnh hai khng gian con [3]:
- D gi tr ring u tin hp thnh khng gian con tn hiu, c sp xp theo
th t gim dn:

1 2
...
D
> > > (1.20)
- N D gi tr ring cn li hp thnh khng gian con tng ng vi nhiu, c
cng mc:

2
1 1
, , ,
D D N n
o
+
. = (1.21)
S phn b cc gi tr ring ca ma trn hip phng sai c th hin hnh di:

Hnh 3: Dng phn b cc gi tr ring ca ma trn tng quan
3. T cc gi tr ring tm c, phn tch khng gian tn hiu v khng gian
nhiu
Phng php x l y l a ra tm gii hn
2
'
n
o >
2
n
o sao cho t tp N gi tri
ring c mt s K cc gi tr ring nh nht v s tn hiu ti h anten s l:
D N K = (1.22)
ng vi mi gi tr ring s tm c mt vect qi (i= DN-1) tha mn:
( ) 0
UU i i
R I q = (1.23)
T (1.16), (1.21) v (1.23) ta c:
2
'
n
o

2

2 D

+

' D
1

2
...
1 D

+

Khng gian con
tn hiu
Khng gian con ng
vi nhiu
Kha lun tt nghip Chng 3
8


( )
2 2 2
SS
R 0
H
UU n i i n n
R I q A A q I I o o o = + = (1.24)
Suy ra:
0
H
SS i
AR A q = (1.25)
Trong iu kin tch AR
SS
0 (*) (A l ma trn hng v R
SS
khng phi l ma
trn k d ) th:

H
A 0
i
q = (1.26)
Hay:
( )
( )
( )
0
1
1
0
0
...
...
0
H
i
H
i
H
M i
a q
a q
a q
u
u
u

(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(


(1.27)
iu ny c ngha l cc vect ring ca AR
SS
A
H
cng c chia thnh hai
khng gian: cc vect ring ng vi tn hiu th cng phng vi cc vect li, cn
nhng vect ring cn li tng ng vi nhiu th trc giao vi vect hng sng n,
hay:
( ) ( ) { } { }
0 1 1
,..., ,...,
D D M
a a q q u u

(1.28)
4. Tnh ph khng gian
Thut ton MUSIC tnh ph khng gian ca tn hiu theo cng thc:
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
H
H H
n n
a a
P
a V V a
u u
u
u u
= (1.29)
vi { }
1
,...,
n D M
V q q

= l cc vect ring ca khng gian nhiu.
Khi thay i gc u trng vi gc ti h anten ca tn hiu, do cc vect li
lun trc giao vi cc vect ring ca khng gian nhiu nn mu s ca (1.25) s tin
ti khng v ph khng gian ca tn hiu s t cc i.
Nh vy, cc im cc i trn th biu din ( ) P u cho php ta xc nh
c hng sng ti.
1.2.4 M phng thut ton MUSIC vi dn anten ULA trn Matlab
- M hnh h m phng
Kha lun tt nghip Chng 3
9

Thut ton c m phng vi dn anten ULA vi cc thng s ca ngun cng
nh ca h anten c cho trong bng:
Nhn xt: Kt qu m phng thut ton MUSIC vi h anten ULA xc nh
c 8 ngun sng ti ti cc gc ln lt l [20
0
, 40
0
, 60
0
, 80
0
, 280
0
, 300
0
, 320
0
,
340
0
].
So vi thng s cc ngun sng n c m phng, kt qu m phng thut
ton cho ta gi tr chnh xc 4 gc ti l [20
0
, 40
0
, 60
0
, 80
0
]. Ngoi ra trong ph khng
gian cn xut hin thm 4 gc ti khc cc hng [280
0
, 300
0
, 320
0
, 340
0
].
Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny l do phng trnh biu din vect li hay do
cu trc hnh hc ca h anten. T cng thc tnh vect li ca mng anten (1.8) ta c:

cos( )
( )
i
j d
i
A e
| u
u

= (1.30)
Trong cu trc dn anten ULA, v:
cos( ) cos( )
i i i
u u u = (1.31)
nn
( ) ( )
i i
A A u u = (1.32)
Li do cu trc dn anten ULA c cc phn t sp xp cch u theo ng
thng nn vect li ca mng vi cc gc v () l nh nhau, dn n kt qu ph
khng gian nh gi DOA gc cng ging vi gc (). Vn ny c th hin
r rng hn hnh sau:
Y
X
1 2

S2
S1
-

Hnh 4: H anten ULA trong trng hp hai tn hiu i xng
Kha lun tt nghip Chng 3
10

V d nh hnh trn, h anten khng th nhn ra c ngun m pha trn hay
pha di ca h. iu ny dn n vic, khi xy dng mt h ULA cn phi thit k
v tr t h thch hp c th che khut na mt phng m h khng phn bit c,
hoc phi kt hp cc h ULA li sao cho c th tm c v tr tn hiu cn nhn bit.
1.3 Thut ton MUSIC i vi dn anten UCA
1.3.1 M hnh dn anten UCA
Khc vi cu trc anten ULA, cu trc anten sp xp theo ng trn cch u
UCA c nghin cu t lu, nhng phi ti nhng nm 1960 khi m khi nim v s
kch thch ch pha bt u pht trin th cc nghin cu v h anten ny mi t
c nhng thnh tu t ph [4]. M hnh dn anten UCA c th hin hnh di:
X
2 /N
R
0
2
N
1
3
m

Hnh 5: M hnh cu trc anten UCA
Cu to ca dn anten gm N phn t anten t trong khng gian thnh hnh trn
c bn knh R = Nm/2 trong mt phng XY, trong m l di cung gia hai phn
t k nhau, bc sng .
1.3.2 Tn hiu thu c sau khi qua dn anten ULA
So vi h anten mng thng ULA, h anten mng trn ch khc cch b tr
anten trong khng gian. Do vy dng tn hiu nhn c ti mi anten ring l cng
nh cu trc tn hiu u vo h anten l ging nhau, ch khc bit thnh phn
Kha lun tt nghip Chng 3
11

vect li:
Vect li ca dn anten ULA:

( )
( )
cos
1 cos
1
...
i
i
j d
i
ULA
j M d
e
A
e
| u
| u
u


(
(
(
=
(
(
(

(1.33)
i vi dn anten UCA, phn tch tng t nh vi dn anten ULA ta cng c
c vect li ca dn l:

1
2
cos( )
cos( )
cos( )
1
( )
i
i
i N
j R
j R
i UCA
j R
e
A e
e
| u
| u
| u
u
+
+
+
(
(
(
= (
(
(
(

(1.34)
V dng tn hiu u vo ca dn anten UCA l:

0
1
1
1
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
...
( )
D
i i
i
M
u t
u t
u t A s t n t
u t
u
=

(
(
(
= = +
(
(

(1.35)
1.3.3 Thut ton MUSIC vi dn anten UCA
Thut ton MUSIC trong dn anten UCA cng c p dng ging nh trong
dn anten ULA.
1.3.4 M phng thut ton MUSIC vi dn anten UCA
Nhm so snh, nh gi hiu qu thut ton MUSIC vi cc cu trc dn anten
ULA v UCA, vic m phng c thc hin vi cng thng s v mi trng v
ngun sng vi dn anten ULA.
- M hnh h m phng

Kha lun tt nghip Chng 3
12

Bng 2: Thng s m phng dn anten
STT Cc thng s ca ngun Cc thng s ca h anten
1 S ngun tn hiu: 4 S phn t anten: 8
2
Gc ti ca cc ngun tn hiu: [20
o
40
o
60
o

80
o
]

di cung trn: m= /2
(m)
3 T s SNR: 25 dB
- Kt qu m phng
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
0
5
10
15
20
25
X: 40
Y: 21.69
MUSIC UCA DOA - degree
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

S
p
a
c
e

S
p
e
c
t
r
u
m

-

d
B
X: 60
Y: 21.73
X: 20
Y: 20.56
X: 80
Y: 19.43

Hnh 6:Kt qu m phng h anten UCA
Nhn xt: kt qu m phng h anten UCA th hin 4 nh (vi h ULA l 8
nh) tng ng vi 4 ngun sng ti. C th phn bit d dng cc nh. Nh vy dn
anten UCA khc phc nhc im ca h ULA: ph khng gian thu c khng
xut hin cc nh ph.

Kha lun tt nghip Chng 3
13

CHNG 2
TNG QUAN V KIT DSP TMS320C6713
2.1 La chn phn cng
Hin nay c nhiu gii php x l tn hiu s cho cc anten thng minh, m ni
bt nht l s dng chip x l tn hiu s - Digital Signal Processor (DSP) hoc dng
cc vi mch mng phn t logic kh trnh (FPGA), FPGA l vi mch thuc h vi mch
tch hp chuyn dng (ASIC) lp trnh c, s dng cc ngn ng c t phn cng
thit k nhng cu trc c ti u ha cho nhng ng dng c th. u vit ca
FPGA l khng th bn ci, c bit l kh nng x l nhiu tp lnh cng lc cho tc
cao, v kh nng tiu th t in nng hn chip DSP. Tuy nhin vic thc thi thut
ton trn kit DSP cng c nhng c im ni bt:
- DSP c kh nng thc hin a tc v t iu khin n x l tn hiu, vi gi
thnh r hn so vi FPGA.
- t c hiu sut ti a cho FPGA cn nhiu thi gian v kin thc ti
u, trong khi tc x l ca kit DSP ch ph thuc ch yu vo xung nhp
ca chip, do c th t c hiu sut cao hn trong thi gian ngn
- DSP s dng ngn ng lp trnh C, ASM tng i ph dng, khng i hi
hiu bit ngn ng m phng phn cng nh FPGA, khi cn thay i, lp trnh
li, chip DSP cng t ra mm do hn do ch cn chnh sa code, trong khi
vi FPGA gp kh khn hn do phi ti cu trc li cc cng logic.
Da trn nhng phn tch trn, cng vi thc t qu trnh lm kha lun trong
thi gian ngn, tp trung vo mc tiu nghin cu, khng i hi ti u in nng tiu
th, ta chn gii php thc thi trn chip DSP, c th l kit DSP TMS320C6713ca
Texas Instrument.
2.2 Gii thiu chung v kit
Kit TMS320C6713 DSP l gii php tt c trong mt cho vic lp trnh trn nn
DSP, c th y l lp trnh trn chip TMS320C6713 ca Texas Instrument. Cc
thnh phn ca kit bao gm: bng mch s dng thit k chun cho chip C6713 ca
TI, a phn mm cha driver v phn mm Code Composer Studio (CCS) lp trnh
v giao tip vi chip DSP, ngoi ra cn c sch gii thiu, cp USB v mt adapter
dng cp ngun 5V cho mch. Hnh nh tng quan v cc thnh phn ny c th
hin hnh di:
Kha lun tt nghip Chng 3
14


Hnh 7: Kit TMS320C6713
Trong chng ny s cp n tnh nng v vai tr ca hai thnh phn quan trng
nht trong kit: bng mch v phn mm CCS, ngoi ra chng ny cng cp n
vic tch hp gia CCS v mi trng Matlab thng qua tnh nng Real Time Data
Exchange.
2.3 Bng mch DSP
Bng mch DSP ca kit c th coi nh 1 h thng DSP hon chnh cho vic x l
tn hiu. N c tt c cc cng kt ni giao tip vi my tnh qua cp USB, khi
ADC vi 4 ng vo ra nhn tn hiu t bn ngoi cng nh xut tn hiu ra.
Ngoi ra trn board cn c khi JTAG gip ta phn tch chng trnh, sa li thi gian
thc. Cc yu cu phn cng cao hn cng c th c p ng vi cc khe cm m
rng c thit k sn trn bng mch. S cu to ca bng mch c miu t
hnh v di:

Kha lun tt nghip Chng 3
15


Hnh 8: S khi kit TMS320C6713
C th cu to ca bng mch gm cc thnh phn sau:
- Trung tm ca bng mch l chip x l tn hiu TMS320C6713, chy xung
nhp 225 MHz. TMS320 l tn chung cho mt lot cc b x l s n t Texas
Instrument. Nm trong dng chip TMS320C6x ca TI, y l dng vi x l tc
cao, s dng kin trc c bit p ng cc tc v x l tn hiu. Da trn
kin trc VLIW (Very Long Instruction Word), TMS320C6713 c kh nng x
l cc s thc du phy ng. v c coi l dng chip x l tn hiu mnh nht
ca TI hin nay.
- B bin i tn hiu AIC23 s dng cng ngh sigma delta, ng vai tr bin
i tng t - s v ngc li. Tn s ly mu c th thay i t 8 n 96 kHz.
- Bn cng kt ni tn hiu vo ra: MIC IN, LINE IN, LINE OUT, v
HEADPHONE.
- Bn n LED v cng tc DIPS. Cc n v kha c th cu hnh iu khin
theo nhu cu ca ngi s dng.
- Cng USB giao tip vi PC. Trn cng cng c thit k b JTAG nhng
gip ta c th sa li chng trnh chy trn chip m khng cn ni JTAG
ngoi.
- Cng PWR (+5V) cung cp ngun cho board. Cng ny cung cp in th 1,26
V cho chip C6713 v 3,3 V nui b nh v cc thit b ngoi vi khc.
Kha lun tt nghip Chng 3
16

- B nh trong: trn mch c 264 kB b nh trong. Di y l s phn vng
v a ch b nh trong ca kit [9]

Hnh 9: S v a ch vng nh L2 ca kit
- B nh ngoi: kit DSP c sn 16 Mb b nh ngoi. Cc b nh ngoi ny u
l cc b nh truy cp ngu nhin (RAM). Ngoi ra kit cng c th b sung b
nh ngoi qua khe cm m rng. Vi chiu di thanh ghi l 32 bit, kit c th
qun l 4 GB b nh ngoi.
C th thy rng tuy xung nhp khng cao nhng kit TMS320C6713 c dung lng
b nh lu tr ln, kh nng x l du phy ng, c sn JTAG nhng thun tin cho
debug v tnh nng x l thi gian thc RTDX, hon ton thch hp thc thi thut
ton MUSIC trn kit.
2.4 Code Composer Studio
giao tip gia b x l s v PC, TI c cung cp cho ta cng c l Code
Composer Studio (CCS). CCS c xy dng trn nn tng Eclipse, l mt mi
trng pht trin tch hp (IDE) kh tt. S dng CCS, ta c th thit k, chnh sa,
sa li trong code v bin dich code. CCS cn cung cp tnh nng phn tch code thi
gian thc, t c th ti u phn cng, phn mm thc hin h thng thi gian
thc.
Kha lun tt nghip Chng 3
17


Hnh 10: Giao din chng trnh Code Composer Studio
Trong CCS c nhiu dng file vi nhiu mc ch khc nhau. Bng di y gii
thiu mt s dng file v vai tr ca n [7]:
Bng 3: Cc dng file s dng trong CCS
STT Dng file Vai tr
1 file.pjt Tp tin c to khi xy dng 1 project qun l file v thng tin
ca project
2 file.c Cc tp tin cha code C, phn thut ton chnh ca chng trnh
3 file.asm Cc tp tin cha m hp ng c to ra bi trnh bin dch C,
hoc do ngi s dng
4 file.h Cc tp tin tiu h tr cho project, c th s dng cha hm
hoc d liu
5 file.lib Cc th vin h tr khi to Chip, mch, ADC v cc thit b ngoi
vi trn bng mch
6 file.cmd Cc tp tin lin kt gip phn hoch cc vng chng trnh v d
liu vo b nh
7 file.out Tp tin kh thi, c to bi CMD file c th np vo kit
8 file.cdb Tp tin cu hnh, s dng khi dng tnh nng DSP/BIOS
Kha lun tt nghip Chng 3
18

2.5 Tch hp CCS vi Matlab thng qua tnh nng Real Time Data
Exchange
tch hp mi trng Code Composer Studio vi mi trng Matlab nhm trao
i d liu mt cch lin mch gia kit v PC, ta c th s dng tnh nng RTDX.
Tnh nng ny cho php trao i tn hiu gia my ch PC v cc thit b DSP m
khng cn dng cc ng dng iu khin. M hnh giao tip gia kit v my tnh c
th hin hnh di y [8]:

Hnh 11: M hnh giao tip gia kit v PC thng qua RTDX
Tnh nng RTDX bao gm cc thnh phn nm trn c my tnh v kit DSP. N
cho php d liu c truyn trong cc knh vo ra ring bit, do gim thiu s mt
mt do xung t d liu. Khi s dng RTDX vi mi trng lp trnh khc CCS
(Matlab, Visual C), ta c th kt ni vi kit DSP, iu khin kit m khng cn qua
CCS, do vy khng cn truy cp vo CCS khi to v chy chng trnh. Vic s
dng cng n gin hn khi ta c th lp trnh giao din mi trng khc, ri kt ni
vi CCS.
RTDX kt ni vi Matlab thng qua toolbox The Embedded Target for TI
C6000 DSP v MATLAB Link for CCS. Qu trnh kt ni c chia thnh hai
phn:
- Lin kt t kit n my tnh
- Lin kt t my tnh n kit
Kha lun tt nghip Chng 3
19

Trong qu trnh lin kt t kit n my tnh, trc tin 1 knh truyn c kit
khi to, s dng cc hm API ca RTDX chuyn d liu qua knh truyn ny n
b nh m to bi th vin RTDX. Sau d liu c gi ti my tnh qua giao
din JTAG. D liu c thu thp ti my tnh, sau c ghi vo b nh m ca
phn mm my tnh, hoc ghi ra log file. Qu trnh ny din ra lin tc, t ng m
khng cn phi dng x l trn chip. S biu din qu trnh c th hin qua hnh
di.

Hnh 12: Qu trnh lin kt t kit n my tnh
kt ni vi RTDX, trong CCS ta cn khai bo th vin RTDX.h. Cc lnh
c bn thit lp lin kt v knh truyn t kit n Matlab:
Bng 4: Cc lnh c bn trong th vin RTDX.h lin kt CCSMatlab
Lnh Tc dng
RTDX_CreateInputChannel() To knh truyn t Kit n my tnh. Tn knh
truyn phi nh ngha ging trn Matlab
RTDX_CreateOutputChannel() To knh truyn t Kit n PC
RTDX_read c d liu t knh truyn
RTDX_write Gi d liu n knh truyn
c th lin kt v truyn d liu t my tnh n kit, trc tin ta phi nh
ngha mt knh nhn d liu kit (xem bng 6). Tip , khi kit yu cu d liu t
knh nhn, ton b d liu s c gi sang b nh m trn kit, sau c ghi vo
tng vng nh xc nh. Sau khi truyn ht d liu, my tnh s thng bo cho RTDX
ng knh truyn. Qu trnh ny giao tip t my tnh n kit c m t hnh
Kha lun tt nghip Chng 3
20

di:

Hnh 13: Qu trnh lin kt t my tnh n kit
Cc lnh c bn to lin kt t Matlab ti kit, khi chy chng trnh, to cc
knh truyn c m t trong bng sau [7]:
Bng 5: Cc lnh c bn ca toolbox lin kt Matlab CCS
Lnh Tc dng
ccsboardinfo Ly thng tin v bng mch v chip chun b kt ni
cc = ccsdsp('boardnum',0) To lin kt n CCS
cc.rtdx.configure(num1,num2)

To b m c kch c num1 byte cho num2 knh
truyn
cc.rtdx.open('name','sign') To cc knh truyn dng c (sign='r') d liu t
Kit hoc vit (sign='w') chuyn d liu ngc li. Tn
knh truyn (trng name) c th t ty
cc.rtdx.enable Kch hot knh truyn
cc.rtdx.set('timeout', num) t li thi gian i vic truyn d liu. Ty vo kch
c v loi d liu m thi gian ny phi t hp l
Kha lun tt nghip Chng 3
21

CHNG 3
THC THI THUT TON MUSIC TRN KIT TMS320C6713
Ngy nay vi s pht trin khng ngng ca cc phn mm m phng nh
Matlab, chng ta c kh nng thit k thut ton ch da vo cc cng c Simulink,
sau s dng cc toolbox nh Real-Time Workshop sinh ra code C, t a vo
kit thc hin. Tuy nhin code c to ra c dung lng ln v kh ty bin ti
u v sau. V vy em la chn gii php t thit k thut ton trn C, sau chuyn
code vo mi trng CCS bin dch thnh chng trnh chy cho kit DSP.
Cc bc xy dng thut ton trn nn tng DSP bao gm 4 bc c m t
bi lu di y:
Thit k
thut ton
Lp trnh
thut ton
Thc thi thut
ton trn Kit
Phn tch, sa
li, ti u

Hnh 14: M hnh xy dng thut ton
3.1 Thit k thut ton
C th v thut ton MUSIC c nghin cu chng u. Tuy nhin khi
nhng vo DSP, ta phi lm sao cho chng trnh khng qu nng n vi chip DSP,
bo m chng trnh vn cho ra kt qu kh chnh xc vi tc nhanh nht. Sau
ta c th m phng thut ton trn Matlab kim tra tnh ng n ca thut ton,
trc khi p dng vo kit DSP.
3.2 Lp trnh thut ton
Sau khi c mt gii thut ng n, c kim chng bng Matlab, bc
ny ta tin hnh chuyn i cc dng code Matlab sang code C. Tuy nhin do Matlab
c xy dng da trn hai th vin EISPACK v LINPACK [10], vn rt mnh v
x l cc phng trnh tuyn tnh, tnh ton cc ma trn (LINPACK), v gii cc gi
tr ring, vect ring ca ma trn (EISPACK), n cung cp nhiu hm tnh ton s hc
m vi ngn ng C khng th gii quyt qua mt vi dng lnh. Nhng kh khn khi
chuyn thut ton MUSIC sang ngn ng C c tm tt qua bng di:
Kha lun tt nghip Chng 3
22


Bng 6: So snh thut ton MUSIC trn ngn ng Matlab v ngn ng C
STT Cc bc thc hin Code Matlab Code C Kh khn
1 Thu nhn tn hiu
vo
C sn trng
s phc
Khng c Phi xy dng trng
s phc vi cc php
tnh thng thng v
cc php bin i ma
trn
2 Tnh ma trn t
tng quan
Thun tin
trong vic tnh
ton ma trn,
c th thc
hin bc ny
trong 1 dng
lnh
S dng cu
trc mng vi
cc gi tr
thc phc,
tnh ton
chm
Cc bin x l u l
cc ma trn kch c
ln, mi phn t u
l cc s phc nn
i hi ti u tnh
ton nhanh hn
3 Tm gi tr ring,
vect ring
S dng hm
eig c sn
trong Matlab
Khng c hm
c sn
i hi tm kim gii
thut tnh gi tr
ring, vect ring.
4 Phn tch thnh
khng gian tn hiu
v khng gian nhiu,
tnh ph khng gian
ca tn hiu
Hm eig t sp
xp cc gi tr
ring v vect
ring tng
ng
Khng c kh
nng ny
Phi sp xp cc gi
tr ring, vect ring
theo th t gim dn
T bng trn ta thy thch thc ln nht khi thc hin thut ton MUSIC bng
ngn ng C l phi tnh c gi tr ring, vect ring ca ma trn t tng quan. C 2
gii php a ra gii quyt vn ny.
- S dng cc th vin tch hp sn, c cc hm vi chc nng tng c th
vin EISPACK ca Matlab.
- Thit k thut ton ph hp tnh gi tr ring, vect ring.
Vic s dng cc th vin tch hp sn c u im v tc do c ti u
sn, tit kim thi gian tm hiu v lp trnh thut ton tnh gi tr ring, vect ring,
nht l khi cc thut ton ny rt phc tp. Tuy nhin khi p dng vo kha lun, cc
Kha lun tt nghip Chng 3
23

th vin tch hp li c nhng hn ch sau:
- Kch c: cc th vin tch hp vit bng ngn ng C thng c kch c ln, mt
phn do phi bao qut ht tt c cc trng hp (mt th vin chun nh
EISPACK c cc tin trnh khc nhau cho 9 trng hp ma trn, mi tin trnh
li c nhiu phng php tnh ton khc nhau). Do vy gp kh khn khi a
cc th vin ny vo kit DSP vn c b nh hu hn.
- Gi thnh: ngoi cc th vin trn cn c cc loi th vin c bit c ti
u cho cc hot ng x l trn DSP. Chng c kch c nh v tc x l
nhanh. Tuy nhin gi cc th vin ny khng h r, hn na do khc bit v cu
trc m nhng th vin ny ch s dng cho mt dng chip nht nh.
Thm vo , t vic phn tch dng ma trn t tng quan R
uu
cho thy vic
tm gi tr ring v vect ring cho ma trn ny ch l mt trng hp c bit, do
vic lp trnh thut ton tr nn n gin hn. Do vy em s dng phng n
lp trnh thut ton tnh gi tr ring, vect ring cho ma trn t tng quan trong
kha lun ny.
Bi ton tnh gi tr ring, vect ring
1. Tnh ton l thuyt
tm gi tr ring, vect ring ca 1 ma trn ta lm theo cc bc sau [2]:
- Bc 1: Gii phng trnh c trng
Nghim ca phng trnh tm c l cc gi tr ring cn tm
- Bc 2: ng vi mi gi tr ring va tm c, gii h phng trnh tuyn
tnh thun nht vi mi nghim va tm c trn,
Kt qu l vect ring u
i
ng vi gi tr ring .
2. p dng vo vic tnh ton trn my tnh
T nh l Anb: vi m > 5 tn ti phng trnh bc m m khng th biu din
nghim tng qut bng cch s dng s hu t, php cng, tr, nhn, chia v ly khai
cn.
nh l ny ch ra rng khng th c thut ton gii phng trnh no cho ra
nghim chnh xc ca a thc bc bt k ln hn 5 sau mt s bc hu hn. V vy
khng th p dng phng php trn tm tr ring ca cc ma trn c s chiu ln
Kha lun tt nghip Chng 3
24

hn 4. iu ny i hi ta phi s dng phng php khc, c th y l phng
php lp n Jacobi.
3. Phng php lp n Jacobi
Xt ma trn tng quan ca mng tn hiu: R
uu
l mt ma trn Hermitian c
NN, y l dng ma trn vung i xng vi cc phn t l s phc.
Mt ma trn vung i xng bt k s lun cho ha c. tng ca phng
php Jacobi trong kha lun l cho ha ma trn R
uu
thu c ma trn ng cho:

1
T
2
D O R O dia , g( ) , .
uu n
. = = (4.1)
Khi cc phn t ng cho l cc ga tr ring , cn cc ct ca
ma trn lm cho ha O s l cc vect ring tng ng vi cc gi tr ring cn tm
4. Lp trnh phng php lp n jacobi
Xy dng mt dy cc ma trn (O
k
)
k1
cc ma trn trc giao sao cho [11]:

1 1 2 1 2
... .. ) . ( ) ( 1
T T
k k k k k k
O O O O O A O A O A O k
+
= = > (4.2)
Bin i lin tc dy ny dn n ma trn A hi t v mt ma trn ng cho

1
2
1 3
n
0 0 0
0 .. ... 0
0
0
0 0 0
k
A
+
.
= . . .
.
| |
|
|
|
|

.
.

\ .
. .
|
|
(4.3)
t O
k
= l cc ma trn trc giao c ct l cc vect hi t v vect
ring ca ma trn A
Nguyn tc bin i:

1
1
T
k k k k k
A A O A O k
+
> (4.4)
Trit tiu ht cc phn t a
ij
(ij) hay cc phn t nm ngoi ng cho chnh
ca ma trn:
t:
1
ij
( )
( )

k ij
k
k
A b
A a
O O
+
=

(4.5)
Kha lun tt nghip Chng 3
25

Ta thc hin cc vic quay Jacobi cc phn t ca ma trn A da vo cng thc
quay:
nh l: nu a
pq
0, tn ti mt v ch mt gi tr ca
lm cho b
pq
= 0. Gi tr c xc nh nh sau:
cotan 2
2
qq pp
pq
a a
a
u

= (4.6)
T tnh c cc phn t ca ma trn A
k+1
theo A
k
:

2 2

2 2

cos sin
sin cos
cos sin sin2
sin cos sin2
cos2 sin2
2
ij ij
pj pi qi
qi pi qi
pp pp qq pq
qq pp qq pq
pp qq
pq qp pq
b a
b a a
b a a
b a a a
b a a a
a a
b b a
u u
u u
u u u
u u u
u u

= +

= +

= + +


+
=

= =

(4.7)
T cng thc (3.1), s dng cc php bin i lng gic ta c:
t = tan l nghim ca phng trnh bc 2:

2
t 2mt 1 0 + = (4.8)
Cc hm lng gic cn li ca theo tan :

2
2
2
2
2
1
cos
1
sin
1
2
sin2
1
1
cos2
1
c
t
t
s
t
t
t
t
t
u
u
u
u
= =
+
= =
+
=
+

+
=

(4.9)
Kt hp vi (4.10) ta thu c cng thc quay thu gn:
Kha lun tt nghip Chng 3
26

cos2 sin2
2
pi pi qi
qi qi pi
pp pp pq
qq qq pq
pp qq
pq qp pq
b ca sa
b ca sa
b a ta
b a ta
a a
b b a u u

= +

= +


= = +

(4.10)
Sau mi bc quay, cp phn t nm ngoi ng cho chnh b trit tiu, tuy
nhin cc phn t b trit tiu trc li khc khng. Tuy nhin cc gi tr ny s
ngy cng tin ti 0 n khi tha mn iu kin v chnh xc, ta nhn c ma trn
vi cc phn t nm ngoi ng cho c gi tr xp x 0. Gii thut ci t trn my
tnh c lu nh sau:
START Nhp ma trn Ruu
Xc nh phn t
ngoi ng cho
cn trit tiu
Tnh cotan
(Cng thc 4.6)
To ma trn O
Bin i ma trn
Ruu (Cng thc
4.10)
O=O*Ruu
Ly tng cc phn t
ngoi ng cho
ca Ruu
Tng > chnh
xc
ng
Gi tr ring l phn t
ng cho ca Ruu
Vector ring l ct ca O
Sai
END

Hnh 15: Lu thut ton Jacobi
3.3 Thc thi thut ton trn kit
Vi mc ch tp trung vo thut ton v kh nng thc thi ca thut ton trn kit
DSP, kha lun khng i su vo thc hin cc phn cng khc ca h thng, v d
nh h thng anten. Thay vo cc tn hiu u vo ca dn anten c m phng
trn chng trnh Matlab ri c a vo kit x l. Sau khi kit x l xong, kt qu
v ph khng gian ca tn hiu c a li tr v my tnh v ph tn hiu bng
chng trnh Matlab. Tm tt qu trnh thc thi trn kit nh sau:
Kha lun tt nghip Chng 3
27

M phng
tn hiu t
anten
Tnh ma trn
tng quan
Xc nh
vect ring,
gi tr ring
Tnh ph
khng gian
Biu din
ph trn
my tnh

Hnh 16: Qu trnh thc thi thut ton MUSIC trn kit DSP
3.3.1 M t qu trnh
1. M phng tn hiu t anten
Cc tn hiu thu thp ca h anten c tnh bi cc yu t sau:
- Vect tn hiu u vo s c xc nh theo phn b Gaussian, vi gi tr trung
bnh
- Vect li a(u ) ph thuc vo gc u trong khng gian, v tr ca mi phn t
anten trong khng gian
Vect nhiu N, vi cc gi tr n gi ngu nhin cho tng mu tn hiu thu
c.
Khi vect cui cng thu c ti mi phn t anten s c tnh bi
U AS N = + (4.11)
2. Tnh ma trn t tng quan ca vect tn hiu thu c
Gi thit nhiu khng tng quan v l cc bin ng mc:
(4.12)
Kha lun tt nghip Chng 3
28

vi N
s
l s mu tn hiu thu c.
3. Xc nh cc vect ring v gi tr ring tng ng vi khng gian nhiu: s
dng phng php Jacobi c cp trn.


Sau khi cc gi tr ring c sp xp t nh nht ti ln nht, chng ta c th
chia ma trn
R
uu
thnh hai khng gian con nh sau:
[ ]
uu s n
R V V = (4.13)
Trong :
V
s
c gi l khng gian con tn hiu v cha M vect ring kt hp vi cc
tn hiu ti. Khng gian con tn hiu l ma trn c NM.
V
n
c gi l khng gian con ca nhiu v bao gm N M vect ring kt hp
vi nhiu. Khng gian con ca nhiu l mt khng gian c N(N M).
4. Tnh ph khng gian ca tn hiu
Ph khng gian ca tn hiu c tnh theo cng thc:
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
H
H H
n n
a a
P
a V V a
u u
u
u u
= (4.14)
Trong , khi cho gc thay i t 0 n 360
0
, nu gc trng vi gc ti ca
ngun tn hiu, P() t cc i v ta s quan st c mt nh ph trong ph tn
hiu quan st bc 5.
5. Biu din ph trn my tnh
Vi d liu v ph khng gian c kit tr v, thc hin lnh plot (,P) trn
Matlab.
3.3.2 Phn vng b nh ca kit cho d liu v chng trnh
Theo mc nh ban u, kit ch s dng b nh trong lu tr cc d liu cng
nh chng trnh c np vo. Do b nh ny kh nh (264 kB), ta cn phi cu hnh
vng nh m kit c th s dng thng qua file lin kt (Linker File) [7]:
Cu trc tp tin lin kt:
MEMORY
{
IVECS: org=0h, len=0x220
Kha lun tt nghip Chng 3
29

IRAM: org=0x00000220, len=0x0002FDE0 /*internal memory*/
EDATA: org=0x80000000, len=0x0100000
SDRAM: org=0x80F00000, len=0x01000000 /*external memory*/
FLASH: org=0x90000000, len=0x00020000 */ /*flash memory*/
}
SECTIONS
{
.EXT_RAM :> SDRAM
.vectors :> IRAM
.text :> IRAM
.bss :> IRAM
.cinit :> IRAM
.stack :> IRAM
.sysmem :> IRAM
.const :> SDRAM
.switch :> IRAM
.far :> SDRAM
.cio :> IRAM
.csldata :> IRAM
}
nh x mt trng bt k sang b nh ngoi ch cn sa IRAM thnh
SDRAM. V d: .const : > SDRAM
nh x mt bin bt k trong code (c th l bin cn kch c ln m b nh
trong khng cha c) ta lm nh sau:
- nh ngha mt vng nh trong b nh ngoi. V d:
EDATA: org = 0x80000000, len = 0x0100000 nh ngha phn nh ngoi
EDATA kch thc 1Mb.
Kha lun tt nghip Chng 3
30

- Trong phn khai bo bin dng cu trc #pragma nh x bin vo vng nh
va to. V d vi bin var:
#pragma DATA_SECTION (var,EDATA);
3.3.3 Kt qu thc thi thut ton:
Tin hnh thc thi thut ton trn kit DSP vi cc dn anten ULA, UCA trong
trng hp s ngun sng ti nh hn s phn t anten,s dng m hnh ca h ging
vi trng hp m phng:
Vi dn anten ULA:
- M hnh h thng:
Bng 7: M hnh h thng thc thi thut ton MUSIC vi anten ULA
STT Cc thng s ca ngun Cc thng s ca h anten
1 S ngun tn hiu: 4 S phn t anten: 8
2 Gc ti ca cc ngun tn hiu: [20
o
40
o
60
o
80
o
]

di cung trn: m= /2 (m)
3 T s SNR: 25dB
- Kt qu thc thi:
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
0
50
100
150
200
250
MUSIC ULA DOA - degree
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

S
p
a
c
e

S
p
e
c
t
r
u
m

-

d
B
X: 20
Y: 225.3
X: 40
Y: 216.4
X: 60
Y: 223.3
X: 80
Y: 218.4
X: 280
Y: 218.4
X: 300
Y: 223.3
X: 320
Y: 216.4
X: 340
Y: 225.3

Hnh 17: Thc thi h thng DSP vi mng anten ULA
Kha lun tt nghip Chng 3
31

Nhn xt: thc thi h thng trn DSP cho kt qu xc nh 8 nh ph tng
ng vi 8 ngun sng ti. Trong h thng DSP xc nh chnh xc 4 ngun tn
hiu cc gc [20
0
40
0
60
0
80
0
]. Cc hng cn li l i xng vi 4 ngun tn hiu,
y l hn ch ca dn anten ULA m ta ni trn.
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
0
50
100
150
200
250


MUSIC ULA DOA - degree
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

S
p
a
c
e

S
p
e
c
t
r
u
m

-

d
B
X: 20
Y: 227.7
X: 40
Y: 226.6
X: 60
Y: 216.4
X: 80
Y: 228
Simulation
DSP

Hnh 18: So snh kt qu thc thi thut ton v m phng trn dn anten ULA
Nhn xt: so vi kt qu m phng, kt qu thc thi c thm hai nh vi bin
khng ng k so vi bin ca cc ngun tn hiu. Mc d c hai cng xc nh
chnh xc cc gc ti, ta c th nhn thy rng kt qu thc thi km hn mt cht so
vi m phng, th hin cc mc n cao hn. iu ny c l l do thut ton tm gi
tr ring khng c ti u nh thut ton trn Matlab.
Vi dn anten UCA:
- M hnh h thng:
STT Cc thng s ca ngun Cc thng s ca h anten
1 S ngun tn hiu: 4 S phn t anten: 8
2
Gc ti ca cc ngun tn hiu: [20
o
40
o

60
o
80
o
]

Khong cch gia cc phn t: /2
(m)
3 T s SNR: 25dB
Kha lun tt nghip Chng 3
32

- Kt qu thc thi:
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
0
50
100
150
200
250
MUSIC UCA DOA - degree
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

S
p
a
c
e

S
p
e
c
t
r
u
m

-

d
B
X: 20
Y: 223
X: 40
Y: 228.7
X: 60
Y: 228.8
X: 80
Y: 225.1

Hnh 19: Thc thi h thng DSP vi mng anten UCA
Nhn xt: thc thi trn h UCA cho ta kt qu xc nh chnh xc bn gc ti
ng vi cc ngun tn hiu [20
0
40
0
60
0
80
0
]. Kt qu nh gi chnh xc so vi
h m phng c th hin hnh di:
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
0
50
100
150
200
250


X: 20
Y: 229.7
MUSIC UCA DOA - degree
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

S
p
a
c
e

S
p
e
c
t
r
u
m

-

d
B
X: 40
Y: 219.6
X: 60
Y: 218.3
X: 80
Y: 224.2
Simulation
DSP

Hnh 20: So snh kt qu thc thi thut ton v m phngtrn dn anten UCA
Kha lun tt nghip Chng 3
33

Nhn xt: dn anten UCA, kt qu m phng so vi kt qu thc thi khng
khc nhau nhiu nh dn ULA. Khng c thm cc nh ph, cc mc n cng khng
qu cao.
nh gi tc thc thi trn kit:
y ch nh gi tc x l thut ton, nn ta b qua phn x l c d liu
ca kit.
Thi gian x l thut ton c tnh bng
t breakpoint cui khi nhn d liu ta nhn c 78.561.604 chu k chip chy

Hnh 21: S nhp CPU ca chip chy n khi kt thc nhn d liu
Tip tc t breakpoint u khi gi d liu, ta nhn c 133.283.611 chu k.

Hnh 22: S nhp CPU ca chip chy n khi bt u gi d liu

Thi gian x l thut ton t =
6
133, 283,611 78,561,604
0.216( )
225 10
s


Nhn xt: Thi gian ny l tng i ln so vi kt qu m phng, tuy nhin vic thc
thi trn chip c xung nhp 225 MHz khng th so snh vi cc h thng c xung nhp
ln c vi Ghz.
Kha lun tt nghip Chng 3
34

KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN CHO TI
T nhng phn tch v mt l thuyt ton hc v vt l, m phng bng chng
trnh MATLAB, kha lun nghin cu thut ton MUSIC cng nh m t thut
ton vi cc cu trc anten mng sp xp theo ng thng cch u, cu trc ng
anten mng sp xp theo ng trn cch u, t a ra u nhc im ca mi
cu trc. Kha lun cng a ra m hnh thc thi thut ton MUSIC trn kit
TMS320C6713.
Mc d vic thc thi thut ton trn kit c tc kh chm nhng y l iu c
th khc phc c. Trong tng lai h thng c th a vo p dng vi cc d liu
t mng anten trong thc t v c th ti u tc x l ng dng trong cc h
thng d tm, gim st thi gian thc, vi chi ph thp v kh nng di ng cao.
Kha lun tt nghip Chng 3
35


TI LIU THAM KHO
Ting Vit:
[1] GS. TSKH. Phan Anh, L thuyt v k thut anten, nh xut bn khoa hc k
thut, xut bn 12- 2007.
[2] Nguyn nh Tr, L Trng Vinh, Dng Thy V, Gio trnh ton hc cao
cp, xut bn thng 9 nm 2005, NXB Gio Dc.
[3] V Vn Ym, Lm Hng Thch, Phan Anh, ng dng thut ton MUSIC
trong vic xc nh v tr tu thuyn nh c loi va v nh hot ng vng
ven bin, ti QC.06.19, i hc Quc Gia H Ni.
Ting Anh:
[4] A.W.Rudge, K.Milne, A.D.Olver, P.Knight, The Handbook of antenna design,
volume 2, IEE Electromagnetic waves series 16, July. 1987
[5] Hamid Krim and Mats Viberg Two Decades of Array Signal Processing
Research, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, July 1996.
[6] R.O.Schmidt,Multiple emitter location and signal parameter estimation,
pp.271-280, Mar 1986.
[7] Rulph Chassaing, Digital Signal Processing and Applications with the C6713
and C6416 DSK, Copyright 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
[8] Texas Instruments Incorporated, TMS320C6713B Floating point digital signal
processor, SPRS294B, October 2005, revised June 2006.
[9] Texas Instruments Incorporated,Real-Time Data Exchange, SPRY012, Dallas,
TX, 1998.
[10]Matlab Overview, http://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab/.
[11]William H.Press, Saul A.Teukolsky, William T.Vetterling, Brian P.Flannery,
NUMERICAL RECIPES, The Art of Scientific Computing, 3rd Edition, Chap
11, Sep 2007.
Kha lun tt nghip Ph lc
- 1 -

PH LC
1. Chng trnh m phng tn hiu dn anten ULA
Ne=8; %So phan tu cua mang anten
Nb=1000; %So mau tin hieu thu duoc
lamda=0.01; %Buoc song cua tin hieu (m)
d=0.005; %Khoang cach giua cac phan tu anten trong mang ULA (m)
%THAM SO NGUON TIN HIEU DEN [S]
D=4; %So nguon tin hieu
%Goc toi cua cac nguon tin hieu
angles=[20 40 60 80]*(pi/180);
SNRs=[25 25 25 25];
%Tao ma tran vecto dau vao tin hieu ban dau S[D,Nb] va ma tran vecto lai A(D,Ne)
for k=1:D
S(k,:)=(20^(SNRs(k)/10))*exp(j*2*pi*rand(1,Nb));
A(k,:)=exp(j*2*pi/lamda*((0:Ne-1)*d*cos(angles(k)))); %ULA normal
end
% Tao ma tran nhieu N[Nb,Ne]
N=rand(Nb,Ne)+j*rand(Nb,Ne);
% Tao ma tran du lieu thu duoc boi mang anten U[Nb,Ne]
U=S.'*A + N;
% Ghi ra file
reU=real(U);
imU=imag(U);
fid = fopen('u.txt','w');
fprintf(fid,'%d ',Ne );
fprintf(fid,'%d ',Nb );
Kha lun tt nghip Ph lc
- 2 -

fprintf(fid,'%f ' ,reU');
fprintf(fid,'%f ' ,imU');
fclose(fid);
2. Chng trnh thc thi thut ton MUSIC
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include "a.h"
#define SIZE 2000
#define M 5000
#define PREC 0.001
short row,col,i,j,k,l,it,I0,L0,signal;
double delta,s,s0,t0,t1,w0;
typedef struct //define struct
{ double R,I;
} COMPLEX;
typedef COMPLEX mat[SIZE][SIZE];
typedef double vec[SIZE];
COMPLEX c0,c1,c2,c3,u0,u1,z0,z1,temp;
mat ruu,evector,b,aa,aat,c,power;
vec evalue;
mat u,ut;
void ADD(COMPLEX c1, COMPLEX c2, COMPLEX *c3){
c3->R=c1.R+c2.R;
c3->I=c1.I+c2.I;}
void SUB(COMPLEX c1, COMPLEX c2, COMPLEX *c3){
c3->R=c1.R-c2.R;
c3->I=c1.I-c2.I;}
void MUL(COMPLEX c1, COMPLEX c2, COMPLEX *c3){
c3->R=c1.R*c2.R - c1.I*c2.I;
c3->I=c1.R*c2.I + c1.I*c2.R;}
void RMUL(double alpha, COMPLEX c, COMPLEX *c1){
c1->R=alpha*c.R;
c1->I=alpha*c.I;}
double SQR(double a)
Kha lun tt nghip Ph lc
- 3 -

{ return a*a;}
double ABS(COMPLEX c)
{ return sqrt(SQR(c.R)+SQR(c.I));}
void CONJ(COMPLEX c, COMPLEX *c1){
c1->R=c.R;
c1->I=-c.I;}
void CDIV(double AR, double AI, double BR, double BI, double *ZR, double *ZI)
{
double YR,YI,W;
YR=BR;
YI=BI;
if(fabs(YR) > fabs(YI)){
W=YI/YR;
YR=W*YI+YR;
*ZR=(AR+W*AI)/YR;
*ZI=(AI-W*AR)/YR;}
else {
W=YR/YI;
YI=W*YR+YI;
*ZR=(W*AR+AI)/YI;
*ZI=(W*AI-AR)/YI;
}
}
void transpose(mat a,short cola,short rowa, mat at) //chuyen vi lien hop
{ for (i=1; i<=cola; i++)
{ for (j=1; j<=rowa; j++)
{ at[j][i].R=a[i][j].R;
at[j][i].I=-a[i][j].I;
}
}
}
void mul(mat a,short cola,short rowa, mat b, short rowb, mat c,short fac)
{
for (j=1; j<=rowb; j++)
{ for (i=1; i<=cola; i++)
Kha lun tt nghip Ph lc
- 4 -

{ temp.R=0;
temp.I=0;
c[i][j].R=0;
c[i][j].I=0;
for (k=1;k<=rowa;k++)
{ MUL(a[i][k],b[k][j],&temp);
ADD(temp,c[i][j],&c[i][j]);
}
c[i][j].R=c[i][j].R/fac;
c[i][j].I=c[i][j].I/fac;
}
}
}
void sorteigen(int N, vec R, mat Z)
{ vec Tr,Ti;
double VR;
// sort in ascending order
for (j=2; j<=N; j++){
VR=R[j];
for (k=1; k<=N; k++){
Tr[k]=Z[k][j].R;
Ti[k]=Z[k][j].I;
}
for (i=j-1; i>0; i--){
if (fabs(R[i]) <= fabs(VR)) goto e5;
R[i+1]=R[i];
for (k=1; k<=N; k++){
Z[k][i+1].R=Z[k][i].R;
Z[k][i+1].I=Z[k][i].I;
}
}
i=0;
e5: R[i+1]=VR;
for (k=1; k<=N; k++){
Z[k][i+1].R=Tr[k];
Kha lun tt nghip Ph lc
- 5 -

Z[k][i+1].I=Ti[k];
}
}
}
void output(mat a,int row)
{
FILE *p;
p = fopen("eigenvector.txt","wt");
fprintf(p,"%d",row);
for (j=1; j<=row; j++){
fprintf(p," %f ", a[1][j].R);
}
fprintf(p,"\n");
fclose(p);
}
int main()
{
FILE *p;
p = fopen("u.txt","r");
fscanf(p,"%hd %hd",&row,&col);
for (i=1; i<=col; i++)
for (j=1; j<=row; j++)
fscanf(p, "%lf", &u[i][j].R);
for (i=1; i<=col; i++)
for (j=1; j<=row; j++)
fscanf(p, "%lf", &u[i][j].I);
transpose(u,col,row,ut);
mul(ut,row,col,u,row,ruu,row);
//begin of eigen
z0.R=0.0;z0.I=0.0;
z1.R=1.0;z1.I=0.0;
for(i=1; i<=row; i++)
for (j=1; j<=row; j++)
if (i==j)
evector[i][j]=z1;
Kha lun tt nghip Ph lc
- 6 -

else evector[i][j]=z0;
it=-1; l=1;
while (l<=M && it!=1)
{
s=0.0;
for (i=1; i<row; i++)
for (j=i+1; j<=row; j++)
{
t0=ABS(ruu[i][j]);
if (t0 > s)
{
s=t0; I0=i; L0=j;
}
}
if (s==0.0) it=1;
else
{
delta=SQR(ruu[L0][L0].R-
ruu[I0][I0].R)+4.0*SQR(ABS(ruu[I0][L0]));
t0=ruu[L0][L0].R-ruu[I0][I0].R + sqrt(delta);
t1=ruu[L0][L0].R-ruu[I0][I0].R - sqrt(delta);
if (fabs(t0) >= fabs(t1))
w0=t0;
else w0=t1;
s0=fabs(w0)/sqrt(SQR(w0)+4.0*SQR(ABS(ruu[I0][L0])));
t0=2.0*s0/w0;
RMUL(t0,ruu[I0][L0],&c0);
CONJ(c0,&c1);
for (i=1; i<I0; i++){
u0=ruu[i][I0];
MUL(c0,u0,&c2);
RMUL(s0,ruu[i][L0],&c3);
ADD(c2,c3,&ruu[i][I0]);
MUL(c1,ruu[i][L0],&c2);
RMUL(s0,u0,&c3);
Kha lun tt nghip Ph lc
- 7 -

SUB(c2,c3,&ruu[i][L0]);
}

for (k=I0+1; k<L0; k++) {
u0=ruu[I0][k];
MUL(c1,u0,&c2);
CONJ(ruu[k][L0],&u1);
RMUL(s0,u1,&c3);
ADD(c2,c3,&ruu[I0][k]);
MUL(c1,ruu[k][L0],&c2);
CONJ(u0,&u1);
RMUL(s0,u1,&c3);
SUB(c2,c3,&ruu[k][L0]);
}
for (j=L0+1; j<=row; j++)
{
u0=ruu[I0][j];
MUL(c1,u0,&c2);
RMUL(s0,ruu[L0][j],&c3);
ADD(c2,c3,&ruu[I0][j]);
MUL(c0,ruu[L0][j],&c2);
RMUL(s0,u0,&c3);
SUB(c2,c3,&ruu[L0][j]);
}
t0=ruu[I0][I0].R;
t1=4.0*SQR(s0*ABS(ruu[I0][L0]))/w0;
ruu[I0][I0].R=SQR(ABS(c0))*t0 + t1+SQR(s0)*ruu[L0][L0].R;
ruu[L0][L0].R=SQR(s0)*t0 - t1+SQR(ABS(c0))*ruu[L0][L0].R;
ruu[I0][L0]=z0;
for (i=1; i<=row; i++)
{
u0=evector[i][I0];
MUL(c0,u0,&c2);
RMUL(s0,evector[i][L0],&c3);
ADD(c2,c3,&evector[i][I0]);
Kha lun tt nghip Ph lc
- 8 -

MUL(c1,evector[i][L0],&c2);
RMUL(s0,u0,&c3);
SUB(c2,c3,&evector[i][L0]);
}
t0=0.0;
for (i=1; i<row; i++)
for (j=i+1; j<=row; j++)
t0 += SQR(ABS(ruu[i][j]));
s=2.0*t0;
if (s < PREC)
it=1;
else l++;
}
}
if (it==1)
for (i=1; i<=row; i++)
evalue[i]=ruu[i][i].R;
//End of eigen*/
sorteigen(row, evalue, evector);
signal=0;
for (i = 0; i<=row;i++)
{
if(evalue[i]>evalue[row]/1000) signal++;
}
I0=row-signal;
transpose(evector,row,I0,ruu);
mul(evector,row,I0,ruu,row,b,1);
l=0;
for (signal=1;signal<=p2;signal++){
for (k=1;k<=row;k++){
aa[1][k].R=areal[l];
aa[1][k].I=aimag[l];
l++;
}
mul(aa,1,row,b,row,c,1);
Kha lun tt nghip Ph lc
- 9 -

c2.R=0.0;c2.I=0.0;
for (k=1;k<=row;k++){
CONJ(aa[1][k],&c0);
MUL(c[1][k],c0,&c1);
ADD(c1,c2,&c2);
}
CDIV(row,0,c2.R,c2.I,&power[1][signal].R,&power[1][signal].I);
}
output(power,p2);
return 0;
}

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