Physics Formulary

By ir. J.C.A. Wevers

c 1995, 1999 J.C.A. Wevers Dear reader,

Version: October 21, 1999

This document contains a 108 page LATEX file which contains a lot equations in physics. It is written at advanced undergraduate/postgraduate level. It is intended to be a short reference for anyone who works with physics and often needs to look up equations. This, and a Dutch version of this file, (johanw@vulcan.xs4all.nl). can be obtained from the author, Johan Wevers

It can also be obtained on the WWW. See http://www.xs4all.nl/johanw/index.html, where also a Postscript version is available. If you find any errors or have any comments, please let me know. I am always open for suggestions and possible corrections to the physics formulary. This document is Copyright 1995, 1998 by J.C.A. Wevers. All rights are reserved. Permission to use, copy and distribute this unmodified document by any means and for any purpose except profit purposes is hereby granted. Reproducing this document by any means, included, but not limited to, printing, copying existing prints, publishing by electronic or other means, implies full agreement to the above non-profit-use clause, unless upon explicit prior written permission of the author. This document is provided by the author as is, with all its faults. Any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited to, any implied warranties of merchantability, accuracy, or fitness for any particular purpose, are disclaimed. If you use the information in this document, in any way, you do so at your own risk. The Physics Formulary is made with teTEX and LATEX version 2.09. It can be possible that your LATEX version has problems compiling the file. The most probable source of problems would be the use of large bezier curves and/or emTEX specials in pictures. If you want to use the notation in which vectors are typefaced in boldface, uncomment the redefinition of the \vec command and recompile the file. Johan Wevers

VI

Physic s Formulary by ir. J.C.A . Weve rs

Contents
Contents Physical Constants 16 Astrophysics 16.1 Determination of distances . . . . 16.2 Brightness and magnitudes . . . . 16.3 Radiation and stellar atmospheres 16.4 Composition and evolution of stars 16.5 Energy production in stars . . . . The -operator The SI units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 1 96 96 96 97 97 98 99 100

Physical Constants
Name Number Number e Eulers constant Elementary charge Gravitational constant Fine-structure constant Speed of light in vacuum Permittivity of the vacuum Permeability of the vacuum (40 )1 Plancks constant Diracs constant Bohr magneton Bohr radius Rydbergs constant Electron Compton wavelength Proton Compton wavelength Reduced mass of the H-atom Stefan-Boltzmanns constant Wiens constant Molar gasconstant Avogadros constant Boltzmanns constant Electron mass Proton mass Neutron mass Elementary mass unit Nuclear magneton Diameter of the Sun Mass of the Sun Rotational period of the Sun Radius of Earth Mass of Earth Rotational period of Earth Earth orbital period Astronomical unit Light year Parsec Hubble constant Symbol e = lim
n

n P k=1

Value 3.14159265358979323846 2.718281828459 1/k ln(n) = 0.5772156649 1.6021773 1019 3 6.67259 1011 1/137 2.99792458 108 8.854187 1012 4 107 8.9876 109 6.6260755 1034 1.0545727 1034 9.2741 1024 0.52918 13.595 2.2463 1012 1.3214 1015 9.1045755 1031 5.67032 108 2.8978 103 8.31441 6.0221367 1023 1.380658 1023

Unit

e G, = e2 /2hc0 c 0 0 h h = h/2 B = eh/2me a0 Ry Ce = h/me c Cp = h/mp c H kW R NA k = R/NA me mp mn mu = N

C m3 kg1 s2 m/s (def) F/m H/m Nm2 C2 Js Js Am2 A eV m m kg Wm2 K4 mK J/mol mol1 J/K kg kg kg kg J/T m kg days m kg hours days m m m kms1 Mpc1

1 12

9.1093897 1031 1.6726231 1027 1.674954 1027 12 m(6 C) 1.6605656 1027 5.0508 10 27 1392 106 1.989 1030 25.38 6.378 106 5.976 1024 23.96 365.24219879 1.4959787066 1011 9.4605 1015 3.0857 1016 (75 25)

D M T RA MA TA Tropical year AU lj pc H

Chapter 16

Astrophysics
16.1 Determination of distances

The parallax is mostly used to determine distances in nearby space. The parallax is the angular difference between two measurements of the position of the object from different view-points. If the annual parallax is given by p, the distance R of the object is given by R = a/ sin(p), in which a is the radius of the Earths orbit. The clusterparallax is used to determine the distance of a group of stars by using their motion w.r.t. a fixed background. The tangential velocity vt and the radial velocity vr of the stars along the sky are given by vr = V cos() , vt = V sin() = R where is the angle between the star and the point of convergence and R the distance in pc. This results, with vt = vr tan(), in: vr tan() 10 0 R p =

-5 -4 hM i -3 -2 -1
0 1

Type 1

R =

Type 2 RR-Lyrae 0,1 0,3 1

where p is the parallax in arc seconds. The parallax is then given by p= 4.74 vr tan()

P (days)

3 10 30 100

with de proper motion of the star in 0 0 /yr. A method to determine the distance of objects which are somewhat further away, like galaxies and star clusters, uses the period-Brightness relation for Cepheids. This relation is shown in the above figure for different types of stars.

16.2

Brightness and magnitudes

The brightness is the total radiated energy per unit of time. Earth receives s0 = 1.374 kW/m2 from the Sun. Hence, the brightness of the Sun is given by L = 4r2 s = 3.82 1026 W. It is also given by: 0
Z

L = 4R

F d

where F is the monochromatic radiation flux. At the position of an observer this is f , with f = (R/r)2 F if absorption is ignored. If A is the fraction of the flux which reaches Earths surface, the transmission factor is given by R and the surface of the detector is given by a2 , then the apparent brightness b is given by: Z b = a
2

f A R d

The magnitude m is defined by:

b1 b2

= (100) 5

(m2 m1 )

= (2.512)m2 m1

96

Chapt er 16: Ast rophys ics

97

because the human eye perceives lightintensities logaritmical. From this follows that m2 m1 = 2.5 10 log(b1 /b2 ), or: m = 2.5 10 log(b) + C. The apparent brightness of a star if this star would be at a distance of 10 pc is called the absolute brightness B: B/b = (r/10)2 . The absolute magnitude is then given by M = 2.5 10 log(B) + C, or: M = 5 + m 5 10 log(r). When an interstellar absorption of 104 /pc is taken into account one finds: M = (m 4 104 r) + 5 5 10 log(r) If a detector detects all radiation emitted by a source one would measure the absolute bolometric magnitude. If the bolometric correction BC is given by R f d Energy flux received 10 10 R BC = 2.5 log = 2.5 log Energy flux detected f A R d holds: Mb = MV BC where MV is the visual magnitude. Further holds Mb = 2.5
10

log

L L

+ 4.72

16.3

Radiation and stellar atmospheres

The radiation energy passing through a surface dA is dE = I (, ) cos()dddAdt, where I is the monochromatical intensity [Wm2 sr1 Hz1 ]. When there is no absorption the quantity I is independent of the distance to the source. Plancks law holds for a black body: I (T ) B (T ) = = 2h 3 c 1 w (T ) 2 c exp( h/kT ) 1 4

The radiation transport through a layer can then be written as: dI = I ds + j

R Here, j is the coefficient of emission and the coefficient of absorption. ds is the thickness of the layer. R The optical thickness of the layer is given by = ds. The layer is optically thin if 1, the layer is optically thick if 1. For a stellar atmosphere in LTE holds: j = B (T ). Then also holds: I (s) = I (0)e + B (T )(1 e )

16.4

Composition and evolution of stars

dM (r) dr

The structure of a star is described by the following equations: = 4%(r)r2 GM (r)%(r) r2

dp(r) = dr L(r) dr

= 4%(r)(r)r2

98 dT (r) dr dT (r) dr
rad

Physic s Formulary by ir. J.C.A . Weve rs = 3 L(r) (r) , (Eddington), or

=
conv

4 T (r) 1 dp(r) p(r) dr

4r2 4T 3 (r) , (convective energy transport)

Further, for stars of the solar type, the composing plasma can be described as an ideal gas: p(r) = %(r)kT (r) mH

where is the average molecular mass, usually well approximated by: = % 1 = nmH 2X + 3 Y + Z
4 1

where X is the mass fraction of H, Y the mass fraction of He and Z the mass fraction of the other elements. Further holds: (r) = f (%(r), T (r), composition) and (r) = g(%(r), T (r), composition) Convection will occur when the star meets the Schwartzschild criterium: dT dr
conv

<

dT dr

rad

Otherwise the energy transfer takes place by radiation. For stars in quasi-hydrostatic equilibrium hold the approximations r = 1 R, M (r) = 1 M , dM/dr = M/R, % and % T (this last assumption is only 2 2 valid for stars on the main sequence). For pp-chains holds 5 and for the CNO chains holds = 12 tot 18. It can be derived that L M 3 : the mass-brightness relation. Further holds: L R4 T 8 . This results eff in the equation for the main sequence in the Hertzsprung-Russel diagram:
10

log(L) = 8 10 log(Teff ) + constant

16.5

Energy production in stars

The net reaction from which most stars gain their energy is: 41 H 4 He + 2e+ + 2e + . This reaction produces 26.72 MeV. Two reaction chains are responsible for this reaction. The slowest, speedlimiting reaction is shown in boldface. The energy between brackets is the energy carried away by the neutrino. 1. The proton-proton chain can be divided into two subchains: 1 H + p+ 2 D + e+ + e , and then 2 D + p 3 He + . I. pp1: 3 He +3 He 2p+ + 4 He. There is 26.21 + (0.51) MeV released. II. pp2: 3 He + 7 Be + i. 7 Be + e 7 Li + , then 7 Li + p+ 24 He + . 25.92 + (0.80) MeV. ii. 7 Be + p+ 8 B + , then 8 B + e+ 24 He + . 19.5 + (7.2) MeV. Both 7 Be chains become more important with raising T . 2. The CNO cycle. The first chain releases 25.03 + (1.69) MeV, the second 24.74 + (1.98) MeV. The reactions are shown below. % O + e+ 14 N + p+ 15 15

N+ O+

15

N + p+ +12 C

&

15

N + p+ 16 O +

15

C + p+ 13 N + 13 N 13 C + e+ + 13 C + p+ 14 N +
12

O + p+ 17 F + 17 F 17 O + e+ + 17 O + p+ + 14 N
16

The operator

99

The -operator
In cartesian coordinates (x, y, z) holds: ~ = x ~ex + ~ey + f ~ez , gra = ~ f = df , 2 f = 2f x2 ax az ~e
x

f f ~ex + ~ey + ~ez x y z + 2f y 2 ay + 2f z 2 ax

ax ay div ~a = ~ ~a = + + az x y z az ay ~e y z

rot ~a = ~

~a =

+
y

~e
z

In cylinder coordinates (r, , z) holds: ~ = div ~a = , 1 1 f f f ~er + ~e + ~ez , gra df = ~er + ~e + ~ez r r z r r z + ar r + 1 a + az
2

ar r

f =

2f r2

1 f r r

1 2 f r2 2 +

2 f z 2

rot ~a =

1 az a ~er r z +

ar az z r

~e +

a a 1 ar r + r r

~ez

In spherical coordinates (r, , ) holds: ~ = gra df = ~e 1 1 ~e + ~e + ~e r r r r sin f 1 f 1 f + ~e + ~e r div ~a = ar r rot ~a = 1 a +

r

r 2ar r +

r sin + a r tan 1

1 a r

r sin ~er + 1 ar a a ~e +

a r tan

r a r 2 f +

r sin ~e r

r sin

1 ar r 2 f

100 1 2 f

The SI units 1 f f = 1 2 f + 2 + 2 2 r2 2 r tan r sin 2

r2

r r

General orthonormal curvelinear coordinates (u, v, w) can be obtained from cartesian coordinates by the trans- formation ~x = ~x(u, v, w). The unit vectors are then given by: 1 ~x ~eu = , ~ev = 1 ~x v 1 ~x , ~ew = h3 w

h1

h2

where the factors hi set the norm to 1. Then holds: gra df = 1 f ~eu + 1 f ~ev + 1 f ~ew

h1 u 1 div ~a =

h2 v

h3 w

h1 h2 h3 u

(h2 h3 au ) + (h3 h1 av ) + (h1 h2 aw ) v w

rot ~a =

1 h2 h3 1 h1 h2 1 hh h
1 2 3

(h3 aw ) (h2 av ) 1 ~eu w h3 h1 v + (h2 av ) (h1 au ) u v u h2 h3 f h

1 w ~e

(h1 au ) (h3 aw ) ~ev + u w

f =

h3 h1 f h
2

h1 h2 f h
3

The SI units
Basic units
Quantity Length Mass Time Therm. temp. Electr. current Luminous intens. Amount of subst. Unit metre kilogram second kelvin ampere candela mol Sym. m kg s K A cd mol

Derived units with special names

Quantity Frequency Force Pressure Energy Power Charge El. Potential El. Capacitance El. Resistance El. Conductance Mag. flux Mag. flux density Inductance Luminous flux Illuminance Activity Absorbed dose Dose equivalent Unit hertz newton pascal joule watt coulomb volt farad ohm siemens weber tesla henry lumen lux bequerel gray sievert Sym. Hz N Pa J W C V F S Wb T H lm lx Bq Gy Sv Derivation s1 kg m s2 N m2 Nm J s1 As W A1 C V1 V A1 A V1 Vs Wb m2 Wb A1 cd sr lm m2 s1 J kg1 J kg1

Extra units
Plane angle solid angle radian sterradian rad sr

Prefixes
exa peta tera giga E P T G 1018 1015 1012 109 mega kilo hecto deca M k h da 106 103 102 10 deci centi milli micro d c m 101 102 103 106 nano pico femto atto n p f a 109 1012 1015 1018