Chng 2:

Cht thi rn th

Chng 2.

2.1. PHT TRIN TH VIT NAM

Qu trnh th ha Vit Nam ang din ra rt mnh m, rt nhiu th c chuyn t th loi thp ln th loi cao v nhiu th mi c hnh thnh. Nu nm 2000, nc ta c 649 th th nm 2005, con s ny l 715 th v tng ln thnh 755 th ln nh vo gia nm 2011 (B Xy dng, 2011). th pht trin ko theo vn di dn t nng thn ra thnh th. Nm 2009, dn s th l 25,59 triu ngi (chim 29,74% tng dn s c nc), n nm 2010, dn s th ln n 26,22 triu ngi (chim 30,17% tng s dn c nc) (TCTK, 2011). D bo, n nm 2015 dn s th l 35 triu ngi chim 38% dn s c nc, nm 2020 l 44 triu ngi chim 45% dn s c nc v nm 2025 l 52 triu ngi chim 50% dn s c nc1.

CHT THI RN TH

Bng 2.1. S lng th cc loi qua cc nm t 2005 - 2025

Nm 2005 2007 2010 2011* 2015 2025 Loi c bit 2 2 2 2 2 17 Loi 1 (Thnh ph) 4 4 9 10 9 Loi 2 (Thnh ph) 14 13 13 12 23 20 Loi 3 (Thnh ph) 22 43 43 47 65 81 Loi 4 (Th x) 52 36 43 50 79 122 Loi 5 (Th trn, th t) 621 631 624 634 687 Tng 715 729 734 755 870 1.000

Ghi ch: (*) S liu t Cc Pht trin th, B Xy dng thng 06/2011. Ngun: TCTK, 2011; Quyt nh 445/Q-TTg ngy 7/4/2009 ca Th tng Chnh ph v nh hng Quy hoch tng th pht trin th Vit Nam n nm 2025 v tm nhn n nm 2050

Quyt nh s 445/Q-TTg ngy 07/4/2009 ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic nh hng Quy hoch tng th pht trin th Vit Nam n nm 2025 v tm nhn n nm 2050.

13

Bo co mi trng quc gia 2011:

Cht thi rn

C nc c 2 th loi c bit (H Ni, Tp. HCM); 3 th loi 1 trc thuc Trung ng (Hi Phng, Nng, Cn Th); 7 th loi 1 trc thuc tnh (H Long, Hu, Vinh, Lt, Nha Trang, Quy Nhn, Bun Ma Thut); 12 th loi 2 (Bin Ha, C Mau, Hi Dng, Long Xuyn, M Tho, Nam nh, Phan Thit, Pleiku, Thi Nguyn, Thanh Ha, Vit Tr, Vng Tu); 47 th loi 3; 50 th loi 4 v hn 630 th loi 5. Tc th ha din ra nhanh chng tr thnh nhn t tch cc i vi pht trin KT-XH ca t nc. Tuy nhin, bn cnh nhng li ch v KT-XH, th ha nhanh to ra sc p v nhiu mt, dn n suy gim cht lng mi trng v pht trin khng bn vng. Cc hot ng sn xut, sinh hot tng theo v lng cht thi cng tng theo. Tnh bnh qun ngi dn th tiu dng nng lng, tiu dng, thc phm,... cao gp 2 - 3 ln ngi dn nng thn ko theo lng rc thi ca ngi dn th cng gp 2 - 3 ln ngi dn nng thn. Dn s th nc ta phn b khng ng u v c s khc bit ln theo vng. Tnh n nm 2010, dn s th khu vc ng Nam B cao nht c nc vi 8,35 triu ngi, tip theo l vng ng bng sng Hng vi 5,86 triu ngi, khu vc c s dn th t nht l Ty Nguyn vi 1,5 triu ngi. Mt dn s theo cng cao ch yu 3 vng kinh t ln l ng bng sng Hng (939 ngi/km2), ng Nam B (617 ngi/km2) v ng bng sng Cu Long (426 ngi/km2) (mt dn s trung bnh ton quc vo khong 263 ngi/km2). Nhng con s trn cho thy, pht sinh CTR th s tp trung phn ln vng ng Nam B v ng bng sng Hng (Biu 2.1).

Biu 2.1. Dn s th nc ta theo cc vng kinh t giai on 2006 - 2010

Ngun: TCTK, 2011

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Chng 2:

Cht thi rn th

2.2. PHT SINH CHT THI RN TH

Qu trnh pht sinh CTR lun i i vi qu trnh sn xut v sinh hot ca con ngi. c nhiu ti nghin cu v CTR th, tuy nhin, cc s liu thng k t cc ti nghin cu cha c thng nht.

2.2.1. Cc ngun pht sinh cht thi rn th

Pht sinh CTR th ch yu l CTR sinh hot chim khong 60 - 70% lng CTR pht sinh, tip theo l CTR xy dng, CTR cng nghip, CTR y t,... CTR th bao gm: - CTR sinh hot: pht sinh ch yu t cc h gia nh, cc khu tp th, cht thi ng ph, ch, cc trung tm thng mi, vn phng, cc c s nghin cu, trng hc,...

Bng 2.2. Cc loi CTR th ca H Ni nm 2011

TT Loi cht thi Khi lng pht sinh (tn/ngy) Thnh phn chnh Bin php x l

CTR sinh hot

~ 6.500

Cht v c: gch vn, tro x Chn lp hp v sinh than t ong, snh s... Sn xut phn hu c vi Cht hu c: rau c qu, rc nh sinh: 60 tn/ngy. bp... Ti ch: 10%, t pht ti cc lng ngh. Cc cht cn li Cn sn, dung mi, bn thi cng Mt phn c x l ti nghip, gi dnh du m, du Khu x l cht thi Cng thi... nghip X l bng cng ngh Bng bng, dng c y t nhim l t Delmonego 200 khun Italia: 100%
Ngun: URENCO H Ni, 2011

CTR cng nghip

~1.950

CTR y t

~15

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Bo co mi trng quc gia 2011:

Cht thi rn

- CTR xy dng: pht sinh t cc cng trnh xy dng, sa cha h tng; - CTR cng nghip: pht sinh t cc c s cng nghip nm trong th, hoc t cc KCN; - CTR y t: pht sinh t cc bnh vin, cc c s khm cha bnh; - CTR in t: pht sinh t cc hot ng sinh hot ca con ngi nh: in t c hng b loi b,..

Khung 2.1. Mt lot cc th c nng cp trong vi nm gn y Tng khi lng CTR th pht sinh vo khong 8.700 - 8.900 tn/ngy, trong , CTR xy dng (x bn) chim khong 1.200 - 1.500 tn/ngy v CTR sinh hot trung bnh t 6.200 - 6.700 tn/ngy. c tnh t l gia tng khong 8 - 10%/nm. Mt s loi CTR th nh: rc khu thng mi, x bn, rc cng nghip,... trc y t th nhng nm gn y mc tng (khi lng v thnh phn cht thi) ngy cng cao. T trng ngun pht sinh c th nh sau: - Rc h dn chim t trng 57,91% tng lng rc. - Rc ng ph chim t trng 14,29% tng lng rc. - Rc cng s chim t trng 2,8% tng lng rc. - Rc ch chim t trng 13% tng lng rc. - Rc thng nghip chim t trng 12% tng lng rc. Thnh phn ch yu trong CTR th l cht hu c (rc thc phm), chim t l kh cao t 60 - 75% / tng khi lng cht thi.
Ngun: S TN&MT Tp. HCM, 2011

2.2.2. Lng pht sinh cht thi rn th

Tng lng CTR sinh hot cc th pht sinh trn ton quc tng trung bnh 10 16 % mi nm. Ti hu ht cc th, khi lng CTR sinh hot chim khong 60 - 70% tng lng CTR th (mt s th t l ny ln n 90%). Ch s pht sinh CTR th bnh qun u ngi tng theo mc sng. Nm 2007, ch s CTR sinh hot pht sinh bnh qun u ngi tnh trung bnh cho cc th trn phm vi ton quc vo khong 0,75 kg/ngi/ngy (Bng 2.3). Nm 2008, theo B Xy dng

Bng 2.3. CTR th pht sinh cc nm 2007 - 2010

Ni dung Dn s th (triu ngi) % dn s th so vi c nc Ch s pht sinh CTR th (kg/ngi/ngy) Tng lng CTR th pht sinh (tn/ngy) 2007 23,8 28,20 ~ 0,75 17.682 2008 27,7 28,99 ~ 0,85 20.849 2009 25,5 29,74 0,95 24.225 2010 26,22 30,2 1,0 26.224

Ngun: TCMT tng hp, 2011

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Chng 2:

Cht thi rn th

Bng 2.4. Lng CTR sinh hot pht sinh cc th Vit Nam nm 2007
Ch s CTR sinh hot Loi bnh qun STT th u ngi (kg/ ngi/ngy) Lng CTR th pht sinh Tn/ ngy Tn/nm

1 2 3 4 5

c bit Loi 1 Loi 2 Loi 3 Loi 4

0,96 0,84 0,72 0,73 0,65

8.000 1.885 3.433 3.738 626 17.682

2.920.000 688.025 1.253.045 1.364.370 228.490 6.453.930

th ch s ny l 1,45 kg/ngi/ngy, ln hn nhiu so vi nng thn l 0,4 kg/ngi/ngy. Tuy nhin, theo Bo co ca cc a phng nm 2010 th ch s pht sinh CTR sinh hot th trung bnh trn u ngi nm 2009 ca hu ht cc a phng u cha ti 1,0 kg/ngi/ngy. Cc con s thng k v lng pht sinh CTR sinh hot th khng thng nht l mt trong nhng thch thc cho vic tnh ton v d bo lng pht thi CTR th nc ta. Kt qu iu tra tng th nm 2006 - 2007 cho thy, lng CTR th pht sinh ch yu tp trung hai th c bit l H Ni v Tp. H Ch Minh, chim ti 45,24% tng lng CTR sinh hot pht sinh t tt c cc th tng ng khong 8.000 tn/ngy (2,92 triu tn/nm) (Biu 2.2). Tuy nhin, cho n thi im hin ti, tng lng v ch s pht sinh CTR th ca th c bit v th loi 1 hin nay tng ln rt nhiu. Nguyn nhn ca s gia tng ny l do Th H Ni sau khi iu chnh a gii hnh chnh th lng CTR th pht sinh ln n 6.500 tn/ngy (con s ca nm 2007 l 2.600 tn/ngy), bn cnh , s th loi 1 tng ln 10 th (trong khi nm 2007 l 4 th loi 1). Trong cc vng trng im, vng ng Nam B (bao trm c KTT pha Nam) l ni c lng CTR th nhiu nht, tip n l vng ng bng sng Hng (bao trm c vng KTT Bc B), t nht l khu vc Ty Nguyn (Biu 2.3).

Tng cng:

Ngun: Kt qu kho st nm 2006, 2007 v Bo co ca cc S TN&MT

Biu 2.2. T l pht sinh CTR sinh hot ti cc th Vit Nam nm 2007
Ngun: D n Xy dng m hnh v trin khai th im vic phn loi, thu gom v x l rc thi sinh hot cho cc khu th mi, Cc BVMT, 2008

17

Bo co mi trng quc gia 2011:

Cht thi rn

Ch s pht sinh CTR sinh hot tnh bnh qun trn u ngi ln nht xy ra cc th pht trin du lch nh cc thnh ph: H Long, Hi An, Lt, Ninh Bnh,.. Cc th c ch s pht sinh CTR sinh hot tnh bnh qun u ngi thp nht l Tp. ng Hi (Qung Bnh), Th x Gia Ngha, Th x Kon Tum, Th x Cao Bng (Bng 2.5).
Biu 2.3. Hin trng pht sinh CTR theo cc vng kinh t ca nc ta cc nm 2003, 2008 v d bo cho nm 2015
Ngun: Vin Quy hoch th v Nng thn, B Xy dng 2010

Bng 2.5. Ch s pht sinh CTR sinh hot bnh qun u ngi ca cc th nm 2009
Cp th th CTR sinh hot bnh qun u ngi (kg/ ngi/ngy) Cp th th CTR sinh hot bnh qun u ngi (kg/ ngi/ngy)

th loi c bit

H Ni H Ch Minh Hi Phng H Long

0,9 0,98 0,70 1,38 0,83 0,67 >0,6 1,06 0,9 0,8 >0,5 1,1 1,30 0,72 0,8 0,38 >0,7 >0,6 0,5

th loi 3: Thnh ph

ng Hi ng H Hi An Bo Lc Kon Tum Vnh Long Long An Bc Liu

0,31 0,6 1,08 0,9 0,35 0,9 0,7 0,73 0,7 >0,5 >0,7 0,5 >0,6 0,35 0,91 0,73 >0,62 0,6 >0,6

th loi 1: Thnh ph

Nng Hu Nha Trang Lt Quy Nhn Bun Ma Thut

th loi 4: Th x

Tun Gio (in Bin) Sng Cng (Thi Nguyn) T Sn (Bc Ninh) Lm Thao (Ph Th) Cam Ranh (Khnh Ha) Gia Ngha (k Nng) ng Xoi (Bnh Phc) G Cng (Tin Giang) Ng By (Hu Giang)

th loi 2: Thnh ph

Thi Nguyn Vit Tr Ninh Bnh M Tho

th loi 3: Thnh ph

in Bin Ph Cao Bng Bc Ninh Thi Bnh Ph Th

th loi 5 Th trn, Th t

Ta Cha (in Bin) Tin Hi (Thi Bnh)

Ngun: Bo co Nghin cu qun l CTR ti Vit Nam, JICA, 3/2011; Bo co HTMT ca cc a phng, 2010

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Chng 2:

Cht thi rn th

Khung 2.2. Pht sinh CTR th nm 2010 ti H Ni Khi lng CTR trn a bn Th tng trung bnh 15%/nm. c tnh, t l thu gom cht thi sinh hot cc qun ni thnh t khong 95%, cc huyn ngoi thnh ch t 60%; lng CTR cng nghip c thu gom t 85 - 90% v CTNH mi ch t khong 60 - 70%. Vic x l, tiu hy, ti ch CTR hin ch yu vn da vo chn lp ti bi rc Nam Sn (Sc Sn), Xun Sn (Sn Ty), Kiu K (Gia Lm), Ni Thoong (Chng M) v nh my x l rc Cu Din, nh my t rc Sn Ty.
Ngun: Bo co Qun l CTR sinh hot ti H Ni Hin trng v gii php, URENCO H Ni, 13/5/2011

Lng CTR th tng mnh cc th ln nh H Ni, Tp. H Ch Minh, Tp. Nng, ni c tc th ha, cng nghip ha tng nhanh. Cn mt s th nh nh Thi Bnh, Nam nh, Vnh Long, Tin Giang, Sc Trng,... tng khng nhiu do tc th ha khng cao (Biu 2.4). T l CTR gia tng cao tp trung cc th ang c xu hng m rng, pht trin mnh c v quy m ln dn s v cc KCN nh cc th tnh Ph Th (19,9%), Ph L (17,3%), Hng Yn (12,3%), Rch Gi (12,7%), Cao Lnh (12,5%)... Cc th khu vc Ty Nguyn c t l CTR gia tng ng u hng nm vi t l t hn (khong 5%).

Ghi ch: S liu ca H Ni nm 2010 l s liu tnh ti thi im thng 3/2011

Biu 2.4. Lng pht sinh CTR th ca mt s tnh, thnh ph qua cc nm 2005 - 2010
Ngun: Bo co HTMT, S TN&MT cc a phng, 2010

Khung 2.3. Pht sinh CTR th nm 2009 ti Thi Nguyn Khi lng cht thi pht sinh trn a bn vo khong 354 tn/ngy, trong thu gom khong 150 tn/ngy. CTR pht sinh c thu gom v x l bng cng ngh chn lp, t l ch yu. Tnh Thi Nguyn hin ang thc hin cc d n: Xy dng 3 Nh my x l, ch bin CTR ti Th x Sng Cng, huyn Ph Yn v ng H; H tr qun l CTR sinh hot v cht thi y t cp huyn; khc phc nhim mi trng ti bi rc Thnh c,..
Ngun: Bo co tnh hnh thc hin n tng th bo v v pht trin bn vng mi trng sinh thi, cnh quan lu vc sng Cu - tnh Thi Nguyn, S TN&MT tnh Thi Nguyn, 2011

19

Bo co mi trng quc gia 2011:

Cht thi rn

2.2.3. Thnh phn cht thi rn th

Thnh phn CTR sinh hot ph thuc vo mc sng mt s th. Mc sng, thu nhp khc nhau gia cc th ng vai tr quyt nh trong thnh phn CTR sinh hot (Bng 2.6). Trong thnh phn rc thi a n cc bi chn lp, thnh phn rc c th s dng lm nguyn liu sn xut phn hu c rt cao t 54 - 77,1%; tip theo l thnh phn nha: 8 - 16%; thnh phn kim loi n 2%; CTNH b thi ln vo cht thi sinh hot nh hn 1%.
Bng 2.6. CTR pht sinh ti mt s tnh, thnh ph nm 2010
Lng CTR sinh hot pht sinh (tn/ngy) 6,500 7,081 805 225 298 262 372 142 486 164 594 166 344 246 69 459 BSCL Lng CTR sinh hot pht sinh (tn/ngy) 158 134 378 773 456 179 230 135 124 137 209 562 376 876 105 252 207 233
Ngun: TCMT, 2011

Loi th, Vng th loi c bit

n v hnh chnh Th H Ni Tp. H Ch Minh Tp. Nng Tp. Hu v huyn l Qung Nam Qung Ngi Bnh nh

Loi th, Vng

n v hnh chnh Bnh Phc Ty Ninh

ng Nam B Bnh Dng ng Nai B Ra - Vng Tu Long An Tin Giang Bn Tre Tr Vinh Vnh Long ng Thp An Giang Kin Giang Cn Th Hu Giang Sc Trng Bc Liu C Mau

th loi 1

Bc Trung B v Duyn hi min Trung

Ph Yn Khnh Ho Ninh Thun Bnh Thun Kon Tum Gia Lai

Ty Nguyn

k Lk k Nng Lm ng

20

Chng 2:

Cht thi rn th

Bng 2.7. Thnh phn CTR sinh hot ti u vo ca cc bi chn lp ca mt s a phng: H Ni, Hi Phng, Hu, Nng, Tp. HCM (1) v Bc Ninh (2) nm 2009 - 2010
Loi cht thi H Hi H Ni Ni Phng (Xun (Nam (Trng Sn) Sn) Ct) 60,79 5,38 1,76 6,63 8,35 0,22 0,25 5,07 1,26 5,44 2,34 0,82 1,63 0,05 100 55,18 4,54 4,57 4,93 14,34 1,05 0,47 1,69 1,27 3,08 5,70 0,05 2,29 1,46 100 Hi Phng Hu (Thy Nng HCM (a (nh Phng) (Ha Phc) V) Khnh) 57,56 5,42 5,12 3,70 11,28 1,90 0,25 1,35 0,44 2,96 6,06 0,05 2,75 1,14 100 77,1 1,92 2,89 0,59 12,47 0,28 0,40 0,39 0,79 1,70 1,46 100 68,47 5,07 1,55 2,79 11,36 0,23 1,45 0,14 0,79 6,75 0,00 0,02 1,35 0,03 100 64,50 8,17 3,88 4,59 12,42 0,44 0,36 0,40 0,24 1,39 0,44 0,12 2,92 0,14 100 HCM (Phc Hip) Bc Ninh (Th trn H) 56,90 3,73 1,07 9,65 0,20 0,58 27,85 0,07 -

TT

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Tng

Rc hu 53,81 c Giy Vi G Nha Da v cao su Kim loi Thy tinh Snh s t v ct X than Nguy hi Bn Cc loi khc 6,53 5,82 2,51 13,57 0,15 0,87 1,87 0,39 6,29 3,10 0,17 4,34 0,58 100

62,83 6,05 2,09 4,18 15,96 0,93 0,59 0,86 1,27 2,28 0,39 0,05 1,89 0,04 100

Ngun: (1) Bo co Nghin cu qun l CTR ti Vit Nam, JICA, 3/2011 (2) Bo co D n Tng hp, xy dng cc m hnh thu gom, x l rc thi cho cc th trn, th t, cp huyn, cp x, 2006 - 2008

21

Bo co mi trng quc gia 2011:

Cht thi rn

Ti nilon
nc ta, cc loi ti nilon c s dng trn lan trong cc hot ng sinh hot x hi, ch yu l loi ti siu mng, khi thi b rt kh thu gom ton b. Cht thi l ti nilon chim khi lng kh ln trong thnh phn nha thi. Cc ti nilon ny nh, mng, t c gi tr i vi ngi thu gom, ti ch nn tn ti kh nhiu trong cc bi chn lp v hu nh khng b phn hy. Cc ti nilon nu b t bi rc h s gy nhim mi trng khng kh do pht thi cc kh nhim nh HCl, VOC, Dioxin, Furan,... Nu tnh trung bnh, mi h gia nh th thi khong 3 10 ti nilon cc loi/ngy (c trung bnh mi ngi thi ra 0,2 1 ti nilon/ngi/ ngy, vi dn s th nm 2010 l 26,2 triu ngi) th lng nha l ti nilon thi ra mi ngy cc th l vo khong 10,48 52,4 tn nha/ngy (c tnh 500 ti/kg). Hin cha c s liu thng k chnh thc v lng ti nilon c s dng Vit Nam nhng c mt s kho st, c tnh v s lng ny. Tuy c s khc nhau v con s nhng n tng chung l rt ln v cha c qun l hu ht tt c cc khu ca vng i ti nilon: t sn xut, lu thng phn phi, s dng cho n thi b, thu gom, x l.

Khung 2.4. Tnh hnh pht thi bao b nilon kh phn hy hin nay Kt qu kho st ca Cc Kim sot nhim (TCMT) i vi 263 ngi sinh sng ti 5 tnh/thnh ph i din cho 3 vng min cho thy gn 50% s h s dng hn 8 bao b nilon 1 ngy; 35,1% s h s dng trn 10 bao b. Tnh trung bnh mi h 223 bao b mt thng, tng ng vi 1 kg bao b mt thng, trong n 98,7 % l bao b nilon kh phn hy. S liu ca Qu ti ch Tp. H Ch Minh, mt ngy, thnh ph tiu th 5 - 9 triu bao nilon tng ng vi 34 - 60 tn/ngy. H thng Siu th Maxi Mart tiu th 10 tn ti nilon/thng; Big C tiu th 20 tn/ thng. Ch ng Xun, mi h kinh doanh tiu th 200 - 300 ti/ngy gi hng.
Ngun: Cc bin php gim pht thi bao b nilon kh phn hy ti Vit Nam, Tp ch Mi trng, 10/2011

Cht thi rn xy dng

i cng qu trnh th ha, tng din tch nh xy mi th nm 2008 l 28,86 triu m2 (Bo co HTMT ngnh Xy dng, 2008). Mc th ha tng cao, cc cng trnh xy dng tng nhanh cc th ln ca c nc v ca vng min nn lng cht thi xy dng cng tng rt nhanh, chim khong 10 15% CTR th. Trong nm 2009, c tnh mi ngy c khong 1.000 tn CTR xy dng Th

22

Chng 2:

Cht thi rn th

Bng 2.8. Khi lng CTR xy dng nm 2009 ca mt s a phng

Cc th H Ni Tp. H Ch Minh Hi Phng Nng Cc th khc Khi lng CTR xy dng (tn/ngy) 1.000 - 1.500 2.000 - 2.500 400 - 450 500 - 600 100 - 200 T l thu gom (%) 70 75 40 - 45 60 20 - 30

Ngun: Bo co kho st ca Hip hi Mi trng th v KCN Vit Nam, nm 2009

H Ni v 2.000 tn rc thi xy dng ti thnh ph H Ch Minh c thi b v chn lp. i vi H Ni, nm 2010, din tch nh xy mi l trn 2 triu m2 (Nin gim thng k Tp. H Ni, 2010). Qu trnh xy dng cc cng trnh mi ny s lm pht sinh mt lng khng nh CTR xy dng t qu trnh o mng, xy dng v hon thin cng trnh. i vi cc a phng khc nh Bc Giang, CTR xy dng chim 12,8% lng CTR th (nm 2008), Tin Giang, CTR xy dng khong 40 tn/ngy (nm 2010) (Bo co ca cc S TN&MT, 2010). Cn c Ngh quyt ca Chnh ph, n nm 2015 s c bn hon thnh vic ph d, ci to cc khu chung c c nt ti cc th ln nn lng rc thi xy dng s cn tng mnh trong thi gian ti. H Ni s phi ph d khong 23 khu chung c 4 - 5 tng vi gn 1 triu mt vung sn v thnh ph H Ch Minh s phi ph d t nht 70 khu chung c xung cp nghim trng (trong tng s 155 khu chung c cn ci to) xy mi.

Cht thi rn cng nghip

Hin nay cn tn ti kh nhiu c s cng nghip nm trong khu vc th, mc d theo Quyt nh 64/2003/Q-TTg nhiu c s nhim mi trng nghim trng phi di chuyn ra khi th hoc phi ci thin tnh hnh nhim mi trng ca mnh, song do nhiu kh khn, vng mc, nn cn kh nhiu cc c s cng nghip va v nh cn tn ti trong th nh cc nh my c kh, dt may, da giy, sn xut bia, bnh ko, nc ngt,... Cc c s cng nghip nu trn chnh l ngun pht sinh CTR cng nghip thng thng v nguy hi. Vn CTR cng nghip s c trnh by k trong Chng 4.
Hot ng ti nh my ch bin cht thi

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Bo co mi trng quc gia 2011:

Cht thi rn

CTNH trong sinh hot

Theo thng k, CTNH cn b thi ln vo cht thi sinh hot mang n bi chn lp l 0,02 0,82%. CTNH trong sinh hot thng l: pin, c-quy, n tup, nhit k thy ngn v, bao b cht ty ra, v hp sn, vec-ny, v hp thuc nhum tc, l sn mng tay, v bao thuc tr su, cht thi y t ly nhim ca cc c s khm cha bnh nh l, cc bm kim tim ca cc i tng nghin chch ma ty,... Pin thi v c-quy thi: theo iu tra ca ti rc thi pin-cquy H Ni nm 2004 cho thy: Mc tiu thu pin R6 Zn-C khu vc ni thnh l 58 ci/ngi/nm, khu vc ngoi thnh l 35 ci/ngi/nm. c tnh lng pin thi R6 Zn-C H Ni nm 2004 l 200350 tn/nm (con s tng ng nm 2010 c th t ti 750 tn). c-quy chy xe gn my ch yu l loi c-quy ch-axit, tui th trung bnh l 5 nm/ci vi trng lng 2,5 kg/c-quy. c tnh lng c-quy xe my ch-axit vo nm 2004 H Ni l 580 tn/ nm (con s tng ng cho nm 2010 c th t trn 1.200 tn). Hin ti, CTNH trong sinh hot vn cha c thu gom v x l ring v b thi ln vi CTR sinh hot a n bi chn lp. Vic chn lp v x l chung s gy ra nhiu tc hi cho nhng ngi tip xc trc tip vi rc, nh hng ti qu trnh phn hy rc v ha tan cc cht nguy hi vo nc r rc. Do vy, cc c quan qun l cn c chnh sch v yu cu cc URENCO c k hoch thu gom ring bit CTNH trong CTR sinh hot.

24

Chng 2:

Cht thi rn th

Cht thi in t Lng cht thi in t v in dn dng thi ra t cc th nh tivi, t lnh, qut in, my tnh, dn dng,.. ngy cng tng. Cc cht thi in t c thi ra s c nhng ngi thu mua tin hnh mt trong cc hot ng sau: (1) Cc thit b cn sa cha c s c cc ca hng sa cha v thi gian hot ng ca cc thit b ny s c ko di. Cc chi tit hng s c thi cng vi cht thi sinh hot; (2) Cc dng hng s tho ri thnh cc b phn bn cho c s sa cha tn dng thit b nh t, bn mch,... Cc cht thi in t c tho ri v ti ch thu hi kim loi (Cu, Pb, Al, Au, Ag,...), nha, dy ng,... phn khng bn c s thi cng vi rc sinh hot. Kt qu iu tra nghin cu ca JICA kt hp vi URENCO cng b nm 2007 v kim k cht thi in t Vit Nam vi cc s liu iu tra c a ra di y:
Bng 2.9. Cht thi in t pht sinh Vit Nam t 2002 n 2006
n v: tn/nm

Nm 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Ti-vi 190,445 222,977 261,542 308,076 364,684

My tnh (PC) 62,771 77,845 90,447 110,123 131,536

in thoi di ng 80,912 86,467 103,414 472,707 505,268

T lnh 112,402 140,916 162,262 194,570 230,856

iu ha khng kh 17,778 24,706 29,853 39,157 49,782

My git 184,140 214,271 249,094 287,910 327,649

Ngun: Kim k cht thi in t Vit Nam, JICA 2007

25

Bo co mi trng quc gia 2011:

Cht thi rn

Ngoi cc in, in t dn dng thi ra, Vit Nam cn c 52 doanh nghip sn xut in v in t,... Cc doanh nghip ny khi sn xut cc mch in, n hnh, lp rp in t nh ti-vi, t lnh, my iu ha, my git,... s thi ra cht thi l cc chi tit hng, bao b,.. Vi cch thc thi v x l in t nh trn, y s l mt vn nn cho nc ta khi lng cht thi in t ngy cng tng.

CTR th c th ti ch
Cht thi c th ti ch trong CTR sinh hot nh giy, nha, kim loi,... trc ht c tch ra mt phn ti cc h gia nh bn cho ngi thu mua ph liu, sau cn c ngi nht rc thu lm tip ng ph v ngay ti cc bi rc. Hin nay, c tnh tng lng CTR c ti ch trong CTR th chim khong 8 15%.

Bng 2.10. c tnh lng CTR th pht sinh n nm 2025

Nm 2015 2020 2025

2.2.4. c tnh lng thi v thnh phn cht thi rn th n nm 2025

C s ca vic c tnh CTR th l tc tng dn s t nhin v tng dn s c hc, tc tng GDP hng nm. Lng CTR th ngy cng tng v thnh phn ngy cng phc tp do s lng dn c chuyn t nng thn ra thnh th ngy cng tng bi qu trnh th ha cao, do mc sng ngy cng cao nn tiu dng ngy cng a dng. Mc th ha tng nhanh nn s dn cc th cng ngy cng tng, nht l cc thnh ph ln c kinh t pht trin nh H Ni, Tp. H Ch Minh, Hi Phng, Nng,... c tnh ch s pht sinh CTR th trung bnh Vit Nam trong nhng nm 2015, 2020, 2025 vo khong 1,2; 1,4; 1,6 kg/ ngi/ngy.

Dn s th (triu ngi) (2)

% dn s th so vi c nc Ch s pht sinh CTR th (kg/ngi/ngy)

35 38 1,2

44 45 1,4

52 50 1,6

Tng lng CTR th pht sinh (tn/ngy)

42.000 61.600

83.200

Ngun: TCMT tng hp, 2011

2 Dn s th ly theo Quyt nh s 445/Q-TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph v Quy hoch pht trin th ca Vit Nam

26

Chng 2:

Cht thi rn th

T kt qu d bo Bng 2.10 trn th lng CTR sinh hot th nm 2015 tng gp 1,6 ln, nm 2020 tng gp 2,37 ln, nm 2025 gp 3,2 ln so vi nm 2010. y s l p lc ln i vi cng tc qun l CTR th trong thi gian ti. Thnh phn CTR cng thay i ng k do mc tiu dng tng cao, hng ha ngy cng a dng. Cht lng cuc sng tng cao ko theo CTNH cng tng, tr thnh ngun gy nhim mi trng ng k. Bn cnh , cc loi bao b nh giy, nha, chai l thy tinh s khng ngng gia tng, do vy, cn c chin lc thu gom, ti ch cc cht thi bao b, gim s dng ti nilon. Cc dng nh qun o, ging t, tivi, xe my cng c thay th vi tn sut cao hn. Mc d cht thi loi ny thng c ti s dng, song, lng cht thi ny cng vn gia tng theo thi gian,... Thnh phn cht thi hu c c trong CTR th ca Vit Nam t nay ti nm 2025 cng vn rt cao, khong > 50%. Do , Vit Nam cn pht trin cng ngh x l lm phn compost t phn hu c ca CTR th, ch trng khu phn loi CTR ti ngun gim tp cht cho nguyn liu u vo nh my ng thi gim nh khu phn loi trong dy chuyn cng ngh ch bin CTR.

Khung 2.5. Cc d n, chng trnh phn loi cht thi ti ngun H Ni v Tp. H Ch Minh H Ni: D n 3R-HN do JICA ti tr trin khai thc hin phn loi cht thi ti ngun trn a bn thnh ph ti phng Phan Chu Trinh, qun Hon Kim, H Ni (k t thng 7/2007); phng Thnh Cng v phng Lng H (nm 2008). Rc hu c c chuyn n nh my phn Cu Din sn xut phn Compost, rc v c c chuyn n chn lp ti bi rc Nam Sn. Tng cng c khong 18.000 h gia nh tham gia vo d n 3R ti cc phng th im nu trn. Ti a bn th im, lng rc thi sinh hot t cc h gia nh gim bnh qun t 31,2 - 45,1% ty tng phng, t mc tiu gim thiu 30% lng cht thi phi mang i chn lp m d n t ra. D n thu c khong 25.000 tn rc thi hu c v ch bin c khong 10.000 tn phn hu c t s rc ny. Tp. H Ch Minh: T nm 2004 thnh ph thc hin th im chng trnh phn loi CTR ti ngun 10 qun l 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, qun Bnh Thnh, qun Ph Nhun v huyn C Chi, ch u mi Bnh in... Sau khi phn loi, rc c thu gom vn chuyn n Khu Lin hp x l rc a Phc, huyn Bnh Chnh. Rc hu c sn xut phn compost, rc v c c x l bng phng php chn lp.
Ngun: TCMT tng hp

2.3. PHN LOI V THU GOM CHT THI RN TH

Cng tc thu gom CTR th mc d ngy cng c chnh quyn cc cp quan tm, nhng do lng CTR th ngy cng tng, nng lc thu gom cn hn ch c v thit b ln nhn lc nn t l thu gom vn cha t yu cu. Mt khc, do nhn thc ca ngi dn cn cha cao nn lng rc b vt ba bi ra mi trng cn nhiu, vic thu gom c phn loi ti ngun vn cha c p dng rng ri do thiu u t cho h tng c s cng nh thit b, nhn lc v nng cao nhn thc.

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Bo co mi trng quc gia 2011:

Cht thi rn

2.3.1. Phn loi ti ngun

3R (vit tt ca 3 t Reduce - Gim thiu, Reuse - Ti s dng, Recycle - Ti ch), vi nn tng c bn l hot ng phn loi ti ngun. Phn loi cht thi ti ngun s gip gim thiu lng rc thi chn lp: rc thi hu c c ti ch thnh sn phm c ch, cc cht thi nh nha, giy, kim loi c ti ch thnh nguyn liu u vo hoc sn phm ti ch. y l c s hnh thnh v pht trin th trng ti s dng, ti ch cht thi. Cc thnh ph p dng th nghim phn loi rc ti ngun, in hnh nh Tp. HCM, H Ni, Nng,... c nhng kt qu nht nh. Tuy nhin, trin khai nhn rng hot ng ny cn pht trin ng b c s h tng nh: cc thit b thu gom phn loi, a im tp kt v trung chuyn, c s h tng cho cng tc ti ch, ti s dng nh nh my lm phn hu c, cc c s ti ch cht thi, nhn lc, cc chng trnh nhm nng cao thc tham gia ca ngi dn. Hin nay, chng trnh phn loi rc thi ti ngun vn cha c p dng, trin khai rng ri v nhiu l do nh cha ngun lc ti chnh mua sm trang thit b, u t c s h tng cng nh ngun nhn lc thc hin, c bit l thi quen ca ngi dn. Ti mt s a phng trin khai th im m hnh phn loi CTR ti ngun giai on u, do c s h tng khi tin hnh th im d n l khng ng b v do hn ch, thiu u t cho cng tc thu gom vn chuyn v x l CTR theo tng loi nn sau khi ngi dn tin hnh phn loi ti ngun, rc c cng nhn URENCO thu gom v ln ln vo xe vn chuyn mang n bi chn lp chung, do vy, mc tiu ca chng trnh phn loi

Khung 2.6. Vng mc trong phn loi CTR ti ngun v nh hng thc hin ti Tp. H Ch Minh Nm 2006, Tp.HCM trin khai th im chng trnh phn loi CTR ti ngun trn 9 phng ca a bn qun 6. Kt qu cho thy c hn 80% ngi dn qun 6 tham gia thc hin d n, trong c hn 50% h dn thc hin phn loi ng. Nhng cho n nay, d n phn loi CTR ti ngun trn a bn qun 6 tm ngng thc hin v d n cha c cp vn. Quy nh v phn loi CTR ti ngun cho 24 qun, huyn ang vng v ngun vn u t (cha c ngun vn c th) v qui nh x pht vi phm khi trin khai thc hin phn loi. tng bc trin khai chng trnh phn loi CTR ti ngun trn a bn thnh ph, bc u s u tin trin khai thc hin ti cc ch u mi, Trung tm thng mi, siu th, nh hng, khch sn,... Bn cnh , Tp. HCM cng ang khn trng xy dng qui nh v phn loi CTR ti ngun trn a bn thnh ph lm c s trin khai thc hin ng b vic phn loi CTR ti ngun trn a bn vo nm 2015.
Ngun: Hin trng qun l CTR ti Tp. H Ch Minh, 2011

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Chng 2:

Cht thi rn th

Khung 2.7. Bc xc ca ngi dn sinh sng quanh cc bi rc v cc a im trung chuyn rc Tp. H Ch Minh: im trung chuyn trn ng L c Th (phng 14, qun G Vp) do doanh nghip t nhn Dng Duy u t rng khong 1.000 m, bn trong chn m hai bn thp c dung tch khong 60m3 cha bn t xe nh (khong 3 - 6 m3/xe) cc ni v, sau s bm bn qua cc xe ln chuyn v Nh my X l bn hm cu Ha Bnh (a Phc, huyn Bnh Chnh). Cng ng xung quanh t ra bc xc do mi hi pht tn t im trung chuyn do c vo bui tra v ti, mi hi bn hm cu bay vo nh khin ngi dn kh chu. Theo ng L Trung Tun Anh, Ph Phng Qun l CTR, S TN&MT th v cm quan, im trung chuyn hot ng kh tt v bo m v sinh, mi hi trong khu vc do im trung chuyn pht tn khng nhiu m ch yu l mi hi t con knh trc mt (knh Bn Thng) b nhim v c s sn xut nm bn cnh. Tuy nhin, kin ngh ca ngi dn v vic ng ca hoc di di im trung chuyn ny cn phi xem xt li. Tp. Nng: trm trung chuyn trn ng Ng Gia T phc v qu trnh thu gom rc cho hai phng Hi Chu 1 v Hi Chu 2 v hai ch ln l ch Cn v ch Hn. Rc thi vn chuyn c ngy ln m, lun bc mi hi thi d di, nht l nhng ngy nng nng. Trm c trang b h thng ht bi v kh mi bng than hot tnh, ng thi phun ch phm sinh hc chng mi vo rc thi. Nc thi ti trm c mng dn v h ga chy vo cng, khng c hin tng nc chy ra ngoi; Nc v sinh trc cng trm v va h th trn ra ng, Cng ty khc phc bng cch khng xt nc m ch qut dn. Nhiu c tri nu kin nn di di cc trm trung chuyn ra khi khu dn c m bo m quan v khng gy nhim. Tuy nhin, vic di di ang gp nhiu kh khn, bi nu di di trm trung chuyn Ng Gia T th phi xy dng mt trm khc c cng sut tng ng mi m bo a rc ca cc khu vc trn ra khi khu dn c v a im trung chuyn rc mi cng cha tm c ni hp l.
Ngun: Bo Ngi Lao ng, 01/2011; Bo in t Dn Tr, 09/2010;

rc ti ngun b hoi nghi. Do cha thc s quen vi vic phn loi CTR ti ngun nn t l ngi dn t nguyn tham gia phn loi rc ch khong 70%. Kinh ph cho cng tc tuyn truyn vn ng ban u th c nhng n khi kt thc d n th khng cn duy tr tuyn truyn. Cc URENCO cc ni c d n th im cng khng lp quy hoch tip tc duy tr v pht trin d n, nn cc d n ch dng m hnh th im.

2.3.2. Hnh thc thu gom

Vic phn loi CTR ti ngun vn cha c trin khai rng ri, v vy hu ht cc th nc ta, vic thu gom rc cha phn loi vn l ch yu. Cng tc thu gom thng thng s dng 2 hnh thc l thu gom s cp (ngi dn t thu gom vo cc thng/ti cha sau c cng nhn thu gom vo cc thng rc y tay c nh) v thu gom th cp (rc cc h gia nh c cng nhn thu gom vo cc xe y tay sau chuyn n cc xe p rc chuyn dng v chuyn n khu x l hoc ti cc ch/khu dn c c t container cha rc, cng ty mi trng th c xe chuyn dng ch container n khu x l). Tp. H Ch Minh c 2 trm trung chuyn ln: trm trung chuyn Quang Trung tip nhn 1.084 tn/ngy, trm trung chuyn Tng Vn Trn tip nhn 820 tn/ngy. Rc t 2 trm trung chuyn ny c cc xe ln chuyn ti khu lin hip x l CTR a Phc, Phc Hip v Nh my X l rc Vietstar. Mt trong nhng bc xc ca cc th hin nay trong cng tc thu gom CTR l thiu cc a im trung chuyn rc. H Ni cha c trm trung chuyn rc trong khi khong cch t H Ni ti khu x l rc Nam Sn khong 50km. Cc thnh ph khc cng cha c trm trung chuyn rc ng ngha nh Tp. H Ch Minh. Theo nh gi hin

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Bo co mi trng quc gia 2011:

Cht thi rn

nay, hu ht cc th mi ch c cc im tp kt rc, tuy vy, cc im tp kt ny cng cha m bo cc tiu chun v v sinh mi trng. Cng tc x hi ha vic thu gom v vn chuyn cht thi ang c thc hin rng ri nhiu ni. Ch cc th ln cp thnh ph mi c URENCO m nhn vic thu gom, vn chuyn v x l CTR th. Tuy nhin vn c s tham gia ca cc cng ty c phn hoc cng ty t nhn. Trn a bn Thnh ph H Ni, ngoi URENCO l n v m trch chnh cn c khong gn 30 n v t nhn v tp th khc tham gia thc hin thu gom, vn chuyn cht thi sinh hot. Ti cc th nh cp th trn, phn ln l cc hp tc x, t i thu gom, t chc t nhn m nhim vic thu gom vn chuyn vi chi ph thu gom tha thun vi ngi dn ng thi c s ch o ca chnh quyn a phng.

Khung 2.8. X hi ha vic thu gom cht thi rn sinh hot ti Tp. H Ch Minh Tp. H Ch Minh ang tn ti song song 2 h thng t chc thu gom rc sinh hot: h thng thu gom cng lp v h thng thu gom dn lp. H thng cng lp gm 22 Cng ty Dch v cng ch ca cc qun. H thng ny m nhn ton b vic qut dn v sinh ng ph, thu gom rc ch, rc c quan v cc cng trnh cng cng, ng thi thc hin dch v thu gom rc sinh hot cho khong 30% s h dn trn a bn, sau a v trm trung chuyn hoc a thng ti bi rc. H thng thu gom dn lp bao gm cc c nhn thu gom rc, cc nghip on thu gom v cc Hp tc x v sinh mi trng. Lc lng thu gom dn lp ch yu thu gom rc h dn (thng qua hnh thc tha thun hp ng di s qun l ca UBND Phng), trn 70% h dn trn a bn v cc cng ty gia nh.
Ngun: iu tra ch s hi lng v dch v thu gom, Cc Thng k v Vin Nghin cu Pht trin, 2008

2.3.3. T l thu gom

Cng tc thu gom CTR th trong nhng nm gn y c quan tm hn. Cc URENCO nhiu a phng quan tm trang b thm phng tin v nhn lc cho khu thu gom. Tuy nhin, vic u t ch c thc hin vi cc thnh ph ln nh H Ni, Tp. H Ch Minh. T l thu gom trung bnh cc th t 72% nm 2004 tng ln khong 80 - 82% nm 2008 v t khong 83 - 85% cho nm 2010. Mc d t l thu gom c tng nhng vn cn khong 15 17% CTR th b thi ra mi trng vt vo bi t, h t, ao h, hoc t l thin gy nhim mi trng.

30

Chng 2:

Cht thi rn th

Bng 2.11. T l thu gom CTR th ca Tp. Nng v Tp. Hu

T l thu gom (%) 2006 Tp. Nng Tp. Hu 90 2007 ~ 91 2008 92 2009 94 2010 90 95 2011 ~ 96

Ngun: S TN&MT Tp. Nng v S TN&MT Tha Thin - Hu, 2011

Khung 2.9. Thu gom CTR sinh hot ti Tp. Nng Mi ngy Cng ty TNHH MTV Mi trng th Nng thu gom c 630 tn CTR cc loi. T l thu gom c tnh t t 90% - 92% lng rc pht sinh trn a bn thnh ph. Trong t trng cc loi cht thi thu gom c trn a bn th cht thi sinh hot chim t trng trn 80%, cn li l cc loi cht thi cng nghip, cht thi y t khng nguy hi v nguy hi. Ti 6 qun ca thnh ph, cng tc thu gom rc thi c thc hin hng ngy, t l thu gom rc ti khu vc ni thnh t trn 97% khi lng rc pht sinh trn a bn. Ring huyn Ho Vang, cng tc thu gom CTR mi c thc hin ti cc khu dn c nm ven quc l, tnh l v cc ch ca x.
Ngun: Hin trng qun l CTR trn a bn Tp. Nng, Cc Kim sot nhim, TCMT, 2011

Khung 2.10. Thu gom cht thi ti H Ni Nm 2010, khi lng cht thi pht sinh trn a bn H Ni vo khong 6.200 tn/ngy. c tnh, t l thu gom cht thi sinh hot cc qun ni thnh t khong 95%, cc huyn ngoi thnh ch t 60%; lng CTR cng nghip c thu gom t 85 - 90% v CTNH mi ch t khong 60 - 70%.
Ngun: URENCO H Ni , 2011

Theo bo co ca cc S TN&MT nm 2010 (Bng 2.12), mt s th c bit, th loi 1, c t l thu gom t mc cao hn nh H Ni t khong 90 - 95% 4 qun ni thnh c, Tp. H Ch Minh t 90 - 97%, Hu, Nng, Hi Phng u t khong 90% khu vc ni thnh, cc th loi 2 cng c ci thin ng k, a s cc th loi 2 v 3 u t t l thu gom khu vc ni thnh t trn 80%. cc th loi 4 v 5 th cng tc thu gom c ci thin khng nhiu do ngun lc vn hn ch, thu gom phn ln do cc hp tc x hoc t nhn thc hin nn thiu vn u t trang thit b thu gom. Mt khc, thc ngi dn cc th ny cng cha cao nn c gia nh khng s dng dch v thu gom rc.

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Cht thi rn

Bng 2.12. T l thu gom CTR sinh hot ca mt s th nm 2009

th H Ni th loi c bit H Ch Minh Hi Phng Nng Hu th loi 1: Thnh ph Nha Trang Quy Nhn Bun Ma Thut Thi Nguyn Vit Tr th loi 2: Thnh ph Nam nh Thanh Ha C Mau M Tho Long Xuyn th loi 3: Thnh ph in Bin Ph Bc Ninh T l thu gom (%) 90 95 (4 qun ni thnh li) 83,2 (10 qun) 90 97 80 90 90 90 90 60,8 70 > 80 95 78 84,4 80 91 69 80 70 th loi 5 Th trn, Th t th loi 4: Th x th loi 3: Thnh ph Thi Bnh Ph Th Bo Lc Vnh Long Bc Liu Sng Cng - Thi Nguyn T Sn - Bc Ninh Lm Thao - Ph Th Sm Sn - Thanh Ha Cam Ranh-Khnh Ha Th Du Mt Bnh Dng ng Xoi-Bnh Phc G Cng - Tin Giang Ng By - Hu Giang Ta Cha - in Bin Tin Hi - Thi Bnh 90 80 70 75 52 > 80 51 80 90 90 84 70 60 60 75 74 th Bc Giang T l thu gom (%) > 80

Ngun: Bo co Nghin cu qun l CTR ti Vit Nam, JICA, 3/2011; Bo co hin trng mi trng ca cc a phng, 2010

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Chng 2:

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2.4. TI S DNG V TI CH CHT THI RN TH

CTR th c th ti s dng, ti ch thnh cc sn phm nh: cc cht thi hu c ch bin lm phn hu c, lm thc n chn nui; ti ch giy, kim loi, nha, thy tinh,... T l ti ch cc cht thi lm phn hu c v ti ch giy, nha, thy tinh, kim loi nh st, ng, ch, nhm,... ch t khong 8 12% CTR th thu gom c. X l phn hu c ca rc thi thnh phn hu c hin l mt phng php ang s dng Vit Nam. i vi cng ngh ni a x l CTR sinh hot, n nay B Xy dng cp giy chng nhn cho bn cng ngh: (1) cng ngh ch bin CTR Seraphin ca Cng ty Mi trng Xanh; (2) cng ngh ch bin CTR ANSINH - ASC ca Cng ty Tm Sinh Ngha; (3) cng ngh p CTR thnh vin nhin liu ca Cng ty Thy lc my v (4) cng ngh x l rc thi sinh hot bng phng php t ca Trung tm Nghin cu ng dng Cng ngh mi v Mi trng. Cng ngh p CTR ca Cng ty Thy lc my c p dng th nghim ti th x Sng Cng (Thi Nguyn). Cng ngh Seraphin, AST c kh nng x l CTR th cho ra cc sn phm nh: phn hu c, nha ti ch, thanh nhin liu,... Lng CTR cn li sau x l ca cng ngh ny ch chim khong 15% lng cht thi u vo. Cng ngh SERAPHIN, ANSINH-ASC v MBT-CD.08 c trin khai p dng ti Nh my X l rc ng Vinh (Ngh An), Nh my X l rc Sn Ty (H Ni); Nh my X l rc Thy Phng (Tha Thin - Hu); Nh my X l rc ng Vn (H Nam). Tuy nhin, Nh my x l rc Sn Ty (H Ni) trin khai cng ngh SERAPHIN ngng hot ng v thay bng Nh my t rc nng lng thp ca Cng ty Mi trng Thng Long vi cng sut 300 tn/ngy.

Khung 2.11. Hot ng ti ch CTR Nh my x l rc Thy Phng, Tha Thin - Hu Nh my x l rc Thy Phng c din tch 4 ha i vo hot ng t thng 3 nm 2005. Nm 2007, Cng ty c phn Tm Sinh Ngha u t, xy dng ci to nh my theo cng ngh hin i, chu trnh x l rc khp kn n u ra sn phm vi cng sut x l 200 tn rc mi ngy. Hot ng ca nh my s lm gim ng k lng rc thi phi chn lp ti Bi rc Thy Phng. Sn phm ca nh my gm c: mn hu c, phn hu c vi sinh, nha ti ch dng lm tm lt, ng nha, x chu,... Ch di 10% rc thi khng s dng c nh thy tinh, gch mi phi em chn lp ti bi rc Thy Phng.
Ngun: S TN&MT Tha Thin - Hu , 2011

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Bo co mi trng quc gia 2011:

Cht thi rn

Mc d cht thi rn ch n cc nh my lm phn hu c c thnh phn hu c t 60 65% nhng do CTR th cha c phn loi ti ngun nn lng CTR thi ra sau x l t cc nh my ny phi mang i chn lp vo khong 35 40% lng cht thi u vo. Thng k s b cho thy, khng qu 10 nh my lm phn hu c ang hot ng c cng sut khong 200 tn/ngy cht thi u vo v ch c 1 nh my cng sut 600 tn/ ngy ti Tp. H Ch Minh. Nu hot ng cng sut th s lng rc thi c x l lm phn hu c < 2.500 tn/ngy, chim khong < 10% CTR th pht sinh. Thc t, cc nh my ny u cha hot ng cng sut thit k do tiu th phn hu c cn gp nhiu kh khn. Bn cnh , vn tn ti ca cng ngh ny l nhim mi trng th cp do t cc vin nhin liu sinh ra. Cng ngh Seraphin v cng ngh ANSINH - ASC tng t nh nhau, u l ch bin CTR hu c thnh phn vi sinh, ti ch cc thnh phn cn li: kim loi, thy tinh, nilon... Vic nghin cu nhn rng cc m hnh ny trong iu kin Vit Nam cn c cc nh gi rt kinh nghim t cc d n trin khai trong thi gian qua. Ti ch cc cht thi nh giy thi, nha thi, kim loi thi Vit Nam hu ht do t nhn v cc lng ngh m nhim. Tuy l cc hot ng t pht nhng hot ng ny rt pht trin, mang li li ch kinh t cho ngi dn. Khong 90% cht thi nh giy, nha, kim loi c to thnh sn phm ti ch, cn khong 10% thnh cht thi sau ti ch. Cng ngh ti ch cc lng ngh phn ln l th cng, lc hu nn gy nhim mi trng nng n, bn cnh , cc cht thi lng ngh hu ht u khng c x l m

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Chng 2:

Cht thi rn th

u thi thng ra mi trng cng vi cht thi sinh hot v a n bi chn lp. Cc lng ngh ti ch ch chim 90/1.450 lng ngh ( ti KC 08.09, 2004 - 2005). Cn nhiu c s ti ch khng nm trong lng ngh m nm ngay trong cc th. Tp. H Ch Minh c 302 c s ti ch nm trong a bn thnh ph, ch yu Qun 11, trong 67 c s ti ch nha, 15 c s ti ch thy tinh, 9 c s ti ch kim loi, 7 c s ti ch giy v 2 c s ti ch cao su (S TN&MT Tp. H Ch Minh, 2006). Theo c tnh ca JICA, lng CTR l giy, kim loi, nha c ti ch chim khong 8,2% lng rc thu gom c. Ti thi im nm 2009, H Ni l 348 tn/ngy, Tp. H Ch Minh 554 tn/ngy, Hi Phng 86,5 tn/ ngy, Nng 56,7 tn/ngy, Hu 16,9 tn/ngy (JICA, 2011).

Hnh 2.1. Cc cht thi th c th ti s dng, ti ch

Ngun: TCMT tng hp

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Bo co mi trng quc gia 2011:

Cht thi rn

2.5. X L V TIU HY CHT THI RN TH

T l CTR c chn lp hin chim khong 76 - 82% lng CTR thu gom c (trong , khong 50% c chn lp hp v sinh v 50% chn lp khng hp v sinh). Thng k trn ton quc c 98 bi chn lp cht thi tp trung cc thnh ph ln ang vn hnh nhng ch c 16 bi c coi l hp v sinh. phn ln cc bi chn lp, vic chn lp rc c thc hin ht sc s si. Nh vy, cng vi lng CTR c ti ch, hin c tnh c khong 60% CTR th c x l bng phng php chn lp hp v sinh v ti ch trong cc nh my x l CTR to ra phn compost, ti ch nha,... t cht thi sinh hot th ch yu cc bi rc khng hp v sinh: sau khi rc thu gom c thi ra bi rc phun ch phm EM kh mi v nh k phun vi bt kh trng, rc kh ri du vo t. Tuy nhin, vo ma ma, rc b t khng t c hoc b t khng trit . c tnh khong 40 50% lng rc a vo bi chn lp khng

Hnh 2.2. Cc cng ngh hin ang c s dng x l, tiu hy CTR th Vit Nam
Ngun: TCMT tng hp

Khung 2.12. Bi chn lp rc hp v sinh v bi chn lp rc khng hp v sinh Cc bi chn lp hp v sinh: cht thi c san lp, phun ch phm EM v vi kh mi v kh trng ri c chn tng lp theo thit k. Khi chn lp y s c ph bng lp ph trn cng. chn lp c lp lt cnh, lt y nc rc khng thm ra mi trng. Nc thi, kh thi c thu gom x l trc khi thi ra mi trng. Cc bi chn lp khng hp v sinh: cc chn lp khng c lp lt y, khng c h thng thu gom v x l nc rc. Rc c ch n c vo chn lp, phun ch phm EM v vi kh mi v kh trng, kh ri du t ngay ti bi rc gim th tch, vo ma ma nc ngm qua rc to ra nc rc chy trn ra mi trng gy nhim.
Ngun: TCMT tng hp

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Chng 2:

Cht thi rn th

Khung 2.13. c trng nhim ca mt s bi chn lp ng ca Bi chn lp ng ca c mt s c trng nhim sau: - Ha cht hu c POPs t cc bao b thuc BVTV b cm s dng; - Kim loi nng Pb, Hg, Cd, Cu... t cc nhit k thy ngn v, bn thi ca cc x nghip cng nghip, pH,... - Cc hp cht hu c kh phn hy: cc dng thuc tn d (khng sinh, cc dng hoc-mn, thuc st trng, thuc BVTV, cc hp cht cha halohien nh cloro benzen, cloroform; - Coliform; - Pht tn bi, kh hi hu c, H2S, CH4; Cc cht c hi nu trn c kh nng tan trong nc rc gy nhim nc mt, nc ngm v mi trng khng kh.
Ngun: iu tra, nh gi v xut k hoch qun l, x l v phc hi mi trng ti cc im nhim tn lu, TCMT, 2009

hp v sinh c t l thin. Cng ngh t CTR sinh hot vi h thng thit b t c thit k bi bn mi c p dng ti Nh my t rc Sn Ty (H Ni). H Ni v thnh ph H Ch Minh ang c k hoch nhp dy chuyn cng ngh t cht thi c tn dng nhit pht in trong thi gian ti. Cht thi xy dng chim khong 10 15% lng CTR th pht sinh. V nguyn l cht thi xy dng c th tn dng lp ch trng, ri ng nhng do khng c s phi kt hp gia cc S GTVT, S Xy dng v URENCO cc tnh, thnh ph, hn na ngi dn thng thu t nhn thu gom CTR xy dng nn cht thi xy dng cng b ba bi ra mi trng. Cht thi in v in t pht sinh khu vc th ngoi nhng phn c ti s dng v ti ch th khu vc pha Bc, cht thi loi ny hin c URENCO H Ni thu gom v x l ti Cng ty Bc Sn - X l CTNH ti khu lin hp Nam Sn, Sc Sn. Bo co ca B TN&MT nh gi tnh hnh thc hin Quyt nh 64/2003/Q-TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph (nm 2011) cho thy, trn ton quc cn n 27/52 bi chn lp vn ang trin khai x l nhim trit ; ch c 25/52 bi chn lp khng cn gy nhim mi trng nghim trng. Rt nhiu trong s cc bi chn lp ang trin khai x l nhim trit l cc im nhim tn lu. Do , bi chn lp ng ca cn c s quan tm v cc bin php quyt lit x l, khc phc nhim. Tng hp cc kt qu iu tra nghin cu v bo co ca cc a phng cho thy rt nhiu tnh thnh ph cha c bi chn lp hp v sinh v nh my x l rc, vic x l v tiu hy rc y ch yu l chn lp v

Khung 2.14. Bi chn lp rc hp v sinh Thy Phng, Tha Thin - Hu Bi rc Thy Phng l bi chn lp rc hp v sinh, loi bi chm, nm trong vng g i c cao 28 - 40m, cch trung tm thnh ph Hu hn 10 km theo ng thng v pha Ty Nam v cch Quc l 1A theo ng tnh l 10 khong 6 km; Bi rc Thu Phng c thit k theo tiu chun k thut vi y cc hng mc, trong c chia cc rc, h thng thu, thot kh t rc, h thng ao thu gom, x l nc rc, h thng rnh thu gom nc ma chy trn v bi rc, ng vn chuyn rc... Bi rc Thy Phng gm c 2 bi chn lp. Bi chn lp s 1 c din tch 2,2 ha, hot ng t nm 1999 v ng ca hon ton vo thng 7 nm 2009. Bi chn lp s 2 c din tch 2,5 ha, a vo s dng nm 2009; Bi chn lp ny l mt bi chn lp an ton v mi trng, n gin trong vn hnh v bo dng trong iu kin c th ca a phng.
Ngun: S TN&MT Tha Thin - Hu, 2011

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Bo co mi trng quc gia 2011:

Cht thi rn

t ngay ti cc bi chn lp khng hp v sinh3. Cc bi rc khng c quy hoch v phn b nh l khp cc thnh ph, th x v cc huyn. Mt s a phng in hnh nh: in Bin, H Giang, Thanh Ha, Qung Tr, Bnh Thun, Bnh Phc, Tin Giang, Hu Giang,... Thi gian ti, cng ngh x l CTR ti Vit Nam s c pht trin theo hng gim thiu ti a lng rc thi chn lp v tng cng t l ti ch, ti s dng. Gn y, c nhiu nh u t t nhn n Vit Nam em theo cc cng ngh a dng, tuy nhin, mt s cng ngh khng p ng yu cu. B Xy dng cp giy php cho mt s cng ngh ni a trong lnh vc x l CTR sinh hot thc y cc cng ngh ph hp. Cc khu lin hp x l CTR lin tnh c B Xy dng thit k quy hoch. Tuy nhin, tnh kh thi ca cc khu lin hp ny i vi vic x l CTR th l iu cn xem xt li v i vi cc cht thi thng thng, nu x l tp trung lin tnh th chi ph vn chuyn cao s dn ti khng kh thi. Mt khc, cc a phng c xc nh trong quy hoch xy dng khu lin hp x l CTR v c bn cng khng mun cht thi t cc a phng ln cn c vn chuyn sang a bn tnh mnh x l.
Bng 2.13. Cc tiu ch c xut la chn cng ngh x l CTR th
Cc tiu ch 1.Tiu ch k thut: Nguyn l cng ngh, tnh nng k thut ca tng cm thit b trong dy chuyn x l, hiu qu x l, gii php x l cht thi th cp, mc c kh ha, t ng ha, mc thun tin trong vn hnh, bo dng, cng ngh ni sinh 2.Tiu ch kinh t: Chi ph u t mua v xy lp thit b, cng trnh, chi ph vn hnh, bo dng, chi ph x l cht thi th cp, gi tr thu li sn phm (nu c), th trng tiu th sn phm u ra 3.Tiu ch s ph hp vi iu kin th Vit Nam: Ph hp vi thnh phn cht thi, loi vt liu thit b chnh, kh nng thch ng vi iu kin kh hu, kh nng chu mi mn, iu kin kinh t k thut, quy m th,.. 4.Tiu ch an ton v thn thin mi trng: Cc ch s an ton k thut ca thit b, cc ch s v thn thin mi trng, cc ch s v bin php gim thiu tc ng xu n kinh t, vn ha, cnh quan, sinh thi im ti a(*) iu kin p dng

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Tng im 4 tiu ch > 70 im. Xp loi A g khuyn khch p dng. T 50-70 im. Xp loi B g C th p dng. < 50 im. Xp loi C g khng nn p dng

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Ngun: Bo co ca Vin Mi trng th v Cng nghip Vit Nam ti Hi tho La chn cng ngh x l CTR ph hp vi iu kin Vit Nam, ngy 21/10/2011 Ghi ch: (*) Tnh theo thang im 100
3

Xem trong Ph lc 1. Cc cng ngh x l CTR sinh hot hin ang p dng mt s tnh/thnh ph

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