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Li ni u
Nhu cu v giao tip trao i thng tin i vi loi ngi tr nn khng th thiu trong cuc sng hng ngy v nhu cu y ngy cng tng cng vi s pht trin rt cao ca tr tu loi ngi. Bt u t chic my in thoi, l mt s nhy vt ln trong thng tin ca loi ngi, con ngi dn dn tin ti vic truyn d liu ch, truyn s liu i t im ny ti im khc. tip l vic truyn hnh nh lm con ngi gn b vi nhau hn v by gi ngi ta mun dng tt c cc loi thng tin khc nhau nh ting ni, hnh nh, s liu trong cng mt lc( nh cu truyn hnh) truyn t mt im n nhiu im hoc t mt im n mt im. C mi ln nh vy, cng vi s tin b trong thng tin, nhng h thng thng tin cng vi s cung cp cho n ngy cng ln dn ln, n v ang t ra nhng thch thc mi v mt qun l cho con ngi. Mng dch v t hp s bng hp N - ISDN ra i vo u nhng nm 80 nh l mt cu cnh cho s pht trin ny. N cho php mt mng c th cung cp tt c cc dch v hin c. Tuy nhin, s pht trin mnh m ca cng ngh thng tin v nhu cu trao i thng tin ngy cng tng nhanhv a dng ho ca x hi i hi phi cp bch cc dch v truyn nh bao gm c nh tnh v nh ng cht lng cao v truyn s liu, truyn file tc siu cao m chng yu cu tc bt ti vi trm Mb/s, thm ch ti hng chc Gb/s. Ni chung mng ISDN bng hp khng th p ng, tho mn c cc yu cu b xung nu trn. mt mng vin thng thng nht p ng tt c cc loi hnh dch v vin thng v x l tin vi tc yu cu rt khc nhau t mt vi Kb/s n hng chc Gb/s, thm ch hng Tb/s gi l mng s lin kt a dch v bng rng (BISDN) v ch c B- ISDN vi c kh nng cung cp dch v a phng tin. Ngy nay mt s gii php k thut c xut nhm ci thin thc hin ca mng vin thng v tin ti thc hin B-ISDN. Trong s cc Cng ngh thng tin khc nhau phi k n cng ngh quan trng nht l phng thc truyn khng ng b ( Asynchronous transfer Mode - ATM). ATM c th ng dng trong cc mi trng khc nhau nh mng LAN, mng WAN, mng cng cng, mng cp truyn hnh. Do vy ITU-T quyt nh rng kiu truyn khng ng b ATM s l phng php truyn cho mng B-ISDN trong tng lai v a ra cc khuyn ngh v ATM, t c s cho mng ATM cng nh phn ln cc tham s ca n. Ti Vit Nam hin nay cng vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca ngnh Bu chnh Vin thng, cng ngh ATM cng bt u c ch trng nghin cu nhm p ng c nhng nhu cu ngy cng tng ca x hi. Bn n ny l mt phn trong qu trnh nghin cu, tm ti nhm tin ti nhanh chng p dng cng ngh mi nhn ny ti Vit Nam, ni dung ch yu l : nghin cu h thng ATM v ng dng ATM trong mng cc b (ATM-LAN). n gm hai phn :

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Phn A: Trnh by l thuyt chung v cng ngh truyn ti khng ng b ATM nh c im chung, cc dch v, cc tnh ton thit lp tham s ATM, cc giao thc cc tip gip khc nhau, chuyn mch truyn dn. Phn B: Trnh by cc ng dng ca cng ngh ATM v c bit l ng dng trong mng ATM-LAN. Phn ny ti c gng trnh by trong phm vi c th v kin thc mng ATM-LAN, ng dng quan trng ca ATM l m phng ATM-LAN. B-ISDN l mt k thut rt mi, ATM- LAN cng cha c s dng rng ri do cn mt s vn cn gii quyt, do bn n khng trnh khi mt s thiu st v nhiu vn vn cha c trnh by v gii quyt. V vt ti rt mong c s gp v gip ca cc thy c v cc bn.

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Mc lc
Li ni u. Phn I: C s l thuyt chung v cng ngh chuyn ti khng ng b ATM. Chng I : ATM gii php cho cc dch v vin thng bng rng 1.1 Gii thiu. 1.1.1 Cc c im ca mng vin thng ngy nay. 1.1.2 S ra i ca h thng vin thng mi B- ISDN 1.2 Gii thiu v ATM v kh nng ca ATM. 1.2.1 Khi nim c bn v ATM. 1.2.2 Cc lnh vc cng ngh mi quyt nh s ra i v pht trin ca ATM Chong II : Xy dng cc tham s c bn cho B-ISDN 2.1. Cc tham s ca h thng. 2.1.1.Tc bit t nhin, tc bit trung bnh, tc bit cc i v tc truyn dch v ca mng 2.1.2. Cc tham s c trng cho cht lng mng. 2.2. La chn kiu truyn cho B-ISDN. 2.2.1. chuyn mch knh 2.2.2.chuyn mch knh a tc 2.2.3 chuyn mch knh tc cao 2.2.4. chuyn mch gi. 2.2.5. dng truyn khng ng b ATM. 2.3. Tnh ton cc tham s c bn cho ATM. 2.3.1. tr. 2.3.2. T l li. 2.4. Xc nh di cho t bo ATM. 2.4.1. La chn gia hai gii php di c nh hay thayi 2.4.2. La chn kch thc ca t bo ATM. 2.5. Tm tt. Chng III : k thut mng ATM 3.1. M u . 3.2. c im k thut ca B-ISDN 3.3. K thut lin kt mng trong B-ISDN 3.3.1. M hnh sp xp cc lp mng ca B- ISDN 3.3.2. Mt s khi nim c lin quan n knh o v ng o 3.3.3. Cc ng dng ca cuc ni knh o v ng o. 3.4. Cu trc t bo ATM. 3.4.1.S liu nhn dng knh o VCD v ng o VPI. 3.4.2 Kiu t bo. 3.4.3 CLP 3.4.4HEC
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3.4.5GFC 3.5 Nguyn l chuyn mch v bo hiu trong ATM. 3.5.1 Nguyn l chuyn mch 3.5.2 Nguyn l bo hiu 3.6 Cu trc phn lp ca mng ATM 3.6.1Tng quan 3.6.2 Cc lp thp trong B- ISDN 3.6.3 Cc lp cao trong B-ISDN 3.7 Mng ca ngi s dng v cc vn thng tin lin mng 3.7.1c im giao din UNI 3.7.2M hnh mng CN 3.8 Tm tt Chng IV : h thng truyn dn trong ATM 4.1 Tng quan 4.2 Cc thit b truyn dn bng rng 4.2.1 Bghp knh SDH 4.2.2 B phn knh SDH 4.2.3 B hn lung thng tin ng b 4.2.4 B tp trung v b dn ATM 4.2.5 B ni xuyn ATM 4.2.6 Chuyn mch ATM 4.2.7 Cc khi dch v 4.2.8 phn t kt ni lin mng IWU 4.3 Cc chc nng truyn dn bng rng 4.3.1 To ra cc t bo ATM t dong thng tin ln tc 4.3.2 Truyn dn t bo ATM 4.3.3 Ghp knh v tp trung dng thng tin 4.3.4 Phn lung v trung chuyn dng t bo 4.4 Mng truyn dn SONET/SDH 4.5 Cu trc truyn dn bng rng 4.5.1 Cu trc mng a phng 4.5.2 Cu trc mng trung k 4.6 Tm tt

Phn B : tng quan m hnh cu trc mng bng rng Chng V : tng quan v m hnh mng ATM
5.1 Cu trc mng cc b 5.2 Phng tin truyn 5.3 Quan h gia phng tin truyn v cu trc
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5.4 Cc giao thc iu khin truy nhp phng tin truyn 5.4.1Truy nhp ngu nhin CSMA/CD 5.4.2Token BUS 5.4.3Token Ring 5.5 Kin trc ATM - LAN 5.6 M phng ATM - LAN Chng IV : M phng mng ATM-LAN 6.1 Tng quan 6.2 Kin trc giao thc 6.3 M phng LAN 6.3.1 Gii thiu 6.3.2 Client v Server trn LAN m phng 6.3.3 Ton cc ca m phng LAN 6.3.4 Dng khung LAN m phng

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Chng I : ATM gii php cho cc dch v vin thng bng rng

1.1Gii thiu. 1.1.1.Cc c im ca mng vin thng ngy nay. Cho n nay cc mng vin thng l cc mng chuyn dng, ng vi mi loi dch v thng tin li c t nht mt loi mng vin thng phc v dch v . V d ; mng telex : dng gi cc bc in di dng k t c m 5 bit ( m Baudot). Tc truyn rt thp ( t 75 n 300 bit/s ). Mng in thoi cng cng : cn gi l mng POTS ( plain old telephone service ), y thng tin ting ni c s ho v chuyn mch qua h thng mch in thoi cng cng PSTN ( Public switched telephone network ) Mng truyn s liu bao gm mng truyn mch gi trao i gia cc my tnh da trn cc th tc X25 v mng truyn s liu chuyn mch knh X21. Cc tn hiu truyn hnh c th truyn theo 3 cch : truyn bng sng v tuyn, truyn qua h thng mng truyn hnh CATV ( community antenna TV) bng cp ng trc hoc qua h thng v tinh, cn gi h thng truyn hnh trc tip DBS ( direct broadcast system ). Trong phm vi c quan vic truyn s liu gia cc my tnh c thc hin bi mng cc b LAN ( local area network ) m ni ting nht l mng Ethernet, token bus v token ring Mi mng trn c thit k cho cc dch v ring bit v khng th s dng cho cc mc ch khc. V d : ta khng th truyn h thng ni qua mng truyn mch gi X25 v tr qua mng ny qu ln. Hu qu l hin nay c rt nhiu loi mng khc nhau cng song song tn ti. Mi mng li yu cu phng php thit k, sn xut, vn hnh, bo dng khc nhau. Nh vy mng vin thng hin ti c rt nhiu nhc im m quan trng nht l : - Ch truyn c cc dch v c lp tng ng vi tng loi mng . - Thiu mm do : s ra i ca cc thut ton nn ting ni, nn nh v tin b trong cng ngh VLSI nh hng mnh m ti tc truyn tn hiu. Ngoi ra cn c nhiu dch v truyn thng trong tng lai m hin nay cha d on trc c, mi loi dch v s c tc truyn khc nhau. Ta d dng nhn thy rng h thng hin nay rt kh thch nghi yu cu ca cc dch v khc trong tng lai. - Km hiu qu trong vic bo dng, vn hnh cng nh vic s dng ti nguyn. V ti nguyn sn c trong mt mng khng th chia s cho cc mng khc cng s dng. 1.1.2.S ra i ca h thng vin thng mi B- ISDN Nh nu trn, yu cu c mt mng vin thng duy nht ngy cng tr nn bc thit, ch yu l do cc nguyn nhn sau : - Cc yu cu dch v bng ang tng ln - Cc k thut x l tn hiu, chuy mch truyn dn tc cao ( khong vi trm Mbit/s ti vi Gbit/s) tr thnh hin thc. - Nhng tin b v kh nng x l nh v s liu - S pht trin ca mng ng dng phn mm trong lch vc tin hc v vin thng.
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- S cn thit phi t hp cc dch v ph thuc ln nhau chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi vo mt mng bng rng duy nht. So vi cc mng khc, dch v t hp v mng t hp c nhiu u im v mt kinh t, pht trin, thc hin vn hnh v bo dng. - S cn thit phi tho mn tnh mn do cho cc yu cu v pha ngi s dng, cng nh ngi qun tr mng ( v mt tc truyn, cht lng dch v ). - Khuyn ngh ITU -T121 a ra tng quan v kh nng ca B-ISDN nh sau : B-ISDN cung cp cc cuc ni thng qua chuyn mch cc cuc ni c nh ( parmanent ) hoc bn c nh ( Semi parmanent ), cc cuc ni t im ti im, hoc t im ti nhiu im v cung cp cc dch v theo yu cu c nh. Cuc ni trong B- ISDN phc v cho cc dch v chuyn mch knh, chuyn mch gi theo kiu a phng tin( Multimedia ), n phng tin ( monomedia) theo kiu hng lin kt ( connectionless) v theo cu hnh n hng hoc a hng B- ISDN l mt mch thng minh c kh nng cung cp cc dch v ci tin, cung cp cc cung c bo dng v vn hnh (OAM), iu khin v qun l mch rt hiu qu. 1.2. Gii thiu v ATM v kh nng ca ATM. 1.2.1. Khi nim c bn v ATM. B-ISDN theo ITU-T da trn c s truyn khng ng b ATM. Nh vy ATM s l nn tng ca B- ISDN trong tng lai. Hnh 1.1. Cu trc khung thi gian trong ATM
Knh 1 Knh 2 Knh n Knh 1 Knh 2 Knh n

Khe thi gian Kkung thi gian 125 Hnh 1.1 : Cu trc khung thi gian trong STM
Knh 1 Knh 5 Knh1 Knh 1 Knh 5 Knh 1

Knh khng s dng Phn tiu ca t bo ATM Phn thng tin ca ngi s dng Hnh 1.2 : cu trc lung thng tin trong ATM

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Trong kiu truyn khng ng b, thut ng truyn bao gm c lnh vc truyn dn v chuyn mch, do dng truyn m ch c ch truyn dn v chuyn mch thng tin trong mng. Thut ng khng ng b gii thch cho mt kiu truyn trong cc gi trong cng mt cuc ni c th lp li mt cch bt thng nh lc chng oc to ra theo yu cu c th m khng theo chu k. minh ho, hnh 1.1 v 1.2 biu din s khc nhau gia dng truyn ng b v dng truyn khng ng b. Trong dng truyn ng b STM ( Synchronous transfer mode ), cc phn t s liu tng ng vi knh cho c nhn bit bi v tr ca n trong khung truyn ( Hnh 1 ) trong khi ATM cc gi thuc v mt cuc ni li tng ng vi cc knh o c th v c th xut hin ti bt k v tr no ( Hnh 2). ATM cn c hai c im quan trng Th nht : ATM s dng cc gi c kch thc nh v c nh gi l cc t bo ATM ( ATM cell), cc t bo nh cng vi tc truyn ln s l cho tr truyn v bin ng tr ( delay jitter) gim nh i vi dch v thi gian thc, ngoi ra kch thc nh cng s to iu kin cho vic hp knh tc cao c d dng hn. Th hai : cn c mt c im rt quan trng l kh nng nhm mt vi knh o ( Virtual path) 1.2.2.Cc lnh vc cng ngh mi quyt nh s ra i v pht trin ca ATM. C hai yu t nh hng ti ATM l : - S pht trin nhanh chng ca cng ngh bn dn cng nh cng ngh quang in t. - S pht trin cc tng mi v khi nim h thng . 1.2.2.1. Cc tin b v mt cng ngh. Cng ngh bn dn : Cng ngh CMOS l cng ngh rt c trin vng bi tch hp ln, tc cao ( khong vi trm Mbit/s ti vi Gbit/s, tiu tn nng lng thp. Cng ngh quang : Cc ng truyn dn quang c cc u im nh : suy gim thp ( dn ti khong cch truyn ln), rng bng truyn ln, kch thc nh, mn do c hc cao, trnh c nhiu ca trng in t, xc sut truyn li thp v khng c nhiu xuyn m. 1.2.2.2. Cc tng mi v khi nim h thng. Cc quan im mi v h thng oc pht trin mnh m trong nhng nm gn y, l h thng phi c mn do thch hp, rng bng ca h thng tu thuc co yu cu ca tng dch v c th, cc dch v thi gian thc oc truyn theo phng php truyn mng gi. Cc tng ny phi tho mn hai chc nng chnh ca mng l :
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- Tnh trong sut v mt ni dung ( Semantic transparency ). Tnh trong sut v ni dung l chc nng m bo vic truyn ng t u pht ti u thu ( tc l s chnh xc v mt ni dung ) u cui Nt chuyn mch u cui 3 2 1
iu khin li y

3 2 1

3 2 1

iu khin li y

3 2 1

Hnh 1.3 : iu khin li y trn mi lin kt ca mng Chuyn mch gi Trong cc mng chuyn gi khi mi ra i, cht lng truyn s liu cn thp, do m bo cht lng truyn chp nhn c, ngi ta phi thc hin chc nng iu khin li trn mi lin kt ( link by link ). Vic iu khin li nay c thc hin bi cc th tc HDL ( Hight level Data Link control) bao gm cc chc nng : gii hn khung ( frame delimiting ), m bo truyn bit chnh xc, kim tra li ( kim tra m d vng CRC - Cyclic Redundancy Check ), sa li bng cc th tc truyn li. Hnh 1.3 trnh by th tc iu khin li y ca mng chuyn mch gi thng qua m hnh lin kt cc h thng m OSI. Ta thy rng qu trnh iu khin c thc hin trn lp 2. y qu trnh iu khin li c thc hin trn mi lin kt thng qua nt chuyn mch, do nt chuyn mch phi x l rt nhiu thng tin lm nh hng ti x l v tin cy ca h thng.

u cui 3 2b 2a 1

Nt chuyn mch iu khin li y ( t u cui n u cui) 2a 1 2a 1

u cui 3 2b 2a 1

iu khin li c gia hn

iu khin li c gia hn

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Hnh 1.4 : iu khin li c gii hn mng chuyn tip khung. u cui 3 2 1b 1a 1b 1a 1b 1a Nt chuyn mch iu khin li y ( t u cui n u cui) u cui 3 2 1b 1a

Hnh 1.5 : chuyn mch t bo trong mng ATM vi cc chc nng ti thiu. Chc nng Chuyn mch gi Chuyn tip khung ATM Truyn li gi X Gii hn khung X X Kim tra li X X Bng 1.1 : Cc chc nng thc hin nt mng ca X25 chuyn tip khung ATM. i vi b- isdn tng ny cn c m rng hn na, cc chc nng iu khin li khng cn c cung cp cc nt chuyn mch trong mng na m trong trng hp cn thit, s c cung cp bi cc thit b u cui. Nh vy cc chc nng iu khin trong mng c gim t iu khin li y ( full error control ) mng chuyn gi X 25 xung cn cc k ti thiu mng ATM, do cc nt ATM c phc tp ti thiu v v th c tc truyn rt cao, c th ln ti 600 Mbit/s ( Hnh 1.5). Bng 1.1 trnh by cc chc nng c thc hin ti nt mng chuyn mch gi th h c v mng chuyn mch gi th h mi ( phng php chuyn tip khung) ca mng ATM. R rng nt mng ATM hu nh khng phi x l thng tin iu khin no trong khi nt mng ca h thng chuyn gi th h c phi x l rt nhiu thng tin. - trong sut v mt thi gian ( time transferency). Cc dch v thi gian thc yu cu dng bit c tr rt ngn khi c truyn t u pht ti u thu. C th phn bit hai loi tr : tr do chuyn mch v tr do truyn t im u ti im cui. H thng chuyn mch gi v chuyn tip khung rt kh khn khi thc hin cc dch v thi gian thc v tr cao. Do phc tp ca nt chuyn mch, chng ch c th hot ng tc va v thp. Mng ATM ch cn cc chc nng ti thiu nt chuyn mch , do n cho php truyn s liu vi tc rt cao, tr trn mng v cc bin ng gim xung cn vi trm s , do quan h thi gian c m bo nh trong trng hp chuyn mch knh. 1.3.Tm tt.
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Chng ny trnh by cc c im ca cc mng vin thng hin hu cng nh cc hn ch ca chng v nhu cu dch v bng rngang tng ln. T vn t ra l phi c mt mng t hp bng rng duy nht ( B-ISDN) thay th tt c cc mng vin thng ni trn. Chnh trn c s ny m ATM hnh thnh v pht trin. S pht trin ca k thut ATM l kt qu trc tip ca cc tng mi v khi nim h thng c h tr bi cc thnh tu to ln trong cng ngh bn dn v cng ngh quang in t. ATM c kh nng p ng c mt lot cc dch v bng rng khc nhau, k c trong lnh vc gia nh cng nh trong thng mi.

Chng II : cc tham s v c im c bn ca B-ISDN.

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2.1. cc tham s ca h thng. Sau y s trnh by mt s tham s ca cc dch v trong mng bng rng sau s trnh by ti cc tham s v tnh ton v li cng nh tr trong mng. Cc tham s ny rt quan trng v c th da vo nh gi cht lng mng. 2.1.2 . Tc t nhin, tc trung bnh, tc bit cc i v tc truyn dch v ca mng. Mng bng rng tng lai cn c truyn mt s lng ln cc dch v, t cc dch v tc thp nh : o lng t xa, bo ng t xa, ting ni, fax, ti cc dch v tc trng bnh nh : m nhc, in thoi truyn hnh, truyn s liu tc cao hoc cc dch v c tc rt cao nh : HDTV, th vin vidio... Cc dch v ny c tc t vi bit/s ti vi trm Mbit/s, thi gian truyn t va giy ti vi gi ( Hnh 2.1).

Hnh 2.1. c im tc thi gian truyn ca cc dch v bng rng. C th biu din tc bit t nhin ca dch v bng hm S(t), hm ny ko di trong thi gian truyn thng tin T. C hai gi tr quan trng l : tc bit cc i ( the peak natural bit rate ) v tc trung bnh E(S(t)) c tnh trong khoangr thi gian T. Qung thi gian T cng vi hai gi tr E(S(t)) v S l cc tham s quan trng ca dch v.
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Ta c cng thc : S = max[s(t)]

T

E[s(t)]= 1/T

s(t )dt
0

T l gia E v S c gi l i lng B ( Bustinss). B c trng cho s thay i ca tc dng bit theo thi gian. minh ho cho 2 i lng E v S c th hin trn hnh 2.2. B = S/ E[s(t)] S(t) (bit/s) S E[s(t)] 0 t(s)

T Hnh 2.2 : th minh ho i lng S, S(t) v E. R rng tc bit t nhin S(t) i vi mi phin linlc, nhng S v E(St)) nh nhau i vi mi loi dch v, bng 2.1 trnh by mt s gi tr E v B ca vi loi dch v. Dch v Truyn s liu Trun vn bn , ti liu in thoi truyn hnh/ hi ngh truyn hnh TV Truyn hnh phn gii cao E[s(t)](Mbit/s) 1,5-130 1,5-45 1,5-130 30-130 130 B 10 1-10 5 2-3 5

Bng 2.1 : Cc c im tham s E v B ca mt s dch v. Sau y ta xt mi lin h gia tc truyn v tc bit cc i ( hay tc truyn t nhin ca dch v ) v nh hng ca n n cht lng truyn. T hnh 2.3 nhn thy rng, nu tc truyn nh hn tc bit cc i S th cht lng bgim xung do mt s bit s phi ct b m bo tc bit t nhin ca dch v ph hp vi tc truyn. Tc (bit/s)
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Tc ruyn tren mng Tc truyn t nhin ca dch v 0 t(s) Hnh 2.3 : Cht lng gim do tc truyn nh hn tc bit cc i Mt khc, nu tc truyn lun ln hn hoc bng tc bit cc i ca dch v th cc thng tin v ngha s c s dng in y vo khong chnh lch gia tc bit t nhin v tc truyn, do s tiu ph rng bng truyn. iu ny c minh ho trn hnh 2.4. Tc (bit/s) tiu ph rng bng truyn Tc truyn trn mng

Tc bit t nhin ca dch v 0 t(s)

Hnh 2.4 : Tiu ph rng bng truyn do tc truyn ln hn tc bit cc i Qua hai th d trn, c th kt lun rng cn phi la chn tc truyn thch hp tu theo yu cu dch v. 2.1.2. Cc tham s c trng cho cht lng mng. Nh trnh by 1.2.2.2 truyn thng tin mt cch tin cy, mng phi m bo hai ch tiu : - Trong sut v mt ni dung. - Trong sut v mt thi gian. 2.1.2.1 : Cc tham s lin quan n tnh trong sut v mt ni dung. Tnh trong sut v mt ni dung m bo cho mng kh nng truyn thng tin mt ch chnh xc t ngun ti ch vi s li cho php. Truyn thc t c 3 loi li : - Li n v s liu d ( residual error data unit rate) : l cc li khng th khi phc c. - Li s liu b phn phi nhm (misdelivered data unit rate) : l li khi s liu b truyn ti cc ch sai. - Li s liu khng c truyn i ( not delivered data unit rate) : l li khi s liu khng c truyn ti a ch cho trc. Nh vy cc loi li trn c trng cho tnh thng sut v mt ni dung v gy ra mt t l li tr no , chng c th c nh ngha bi cc tham s sau :
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- T l li bit : c c trng bng tham s t l bit li BER ( bit error rate) : BER = Tng s bit li / Tng s cc bit c gi i Cc bit li c th xy ra ring bit ( li n) hay xy ra lin tc thnh nhm. - T l li gi : trong cc mng hot ng da trn nguyn l chuyn mng gi, mt nhm cc li c th xy ra do mt nhm thng tin b mt hoc b nh ng nhm ( misrouted). T l gi c c trng bng tham s t l li gi PER ( packet error rate ) : PER =S gi b li/Tng s gi c gi Trong thc t, li gi thng xy ra do hai nguyn nhn : cc gi b mt do nh ng sai hoc do tc nghn ; c c trng bng t l mt gi PLR (packet loss rate ) : PLR = Tng s gi b mt / Tng s gi c gi

Cc gi ti cc ch khng mong mun nhng cc ch ny li chp nhn chng nh cc gi ng. i lng c trng cho trng hp ny c gi l t l chn gi PIR (packet insertion rate ) : PIR = Tng s gi chn vo ch nhm/tng s cc gi c gi i Trong mng cc li c th xut hin phn truyn dn ti cc b tp trung knh hoc ti nt chuyn mch. 2.1.2.2 : Cc tham s lin quan n tnh trong sut v mt thi gian. trong sut v mt thi gian m bo tr nh cho cc dch v thng tin trn mng, c bit l cc dch v thi gian thc. Trong sut v mt thi gian c c trng bi hai tham s l tr D v bin ng tr J ( delay jitter). Ni chung i tr D gia u thu v u pht gia cc t bo ATM c th khc nhau c biu th bng tr cc i DM v tr cc tiu Dm. S khc nhau gia DM v Dm dn ti bin ng tr : J =DM-Dm. Ch : bin ng tr l tr khng ng u ca cc thng tin ti cng mt im cui ti cc thi im khc nhau. N dn ti vic khi phc tin hiu khng chnh xc trong cc dch v yu cu thi gian thc. Theo ITU-T, nu tr gia hai u cui ln hn 25msth phi lp thm cc b kh ting vang. Tuy vy tr trong mng phn ln c gi tr xp x mt gi tr trung bnh Do no , xc sut xy ra tr khc xa gi tr Do ny rt nh.
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Xc sut tr 1

tr D0 Hnh 2.5 : Hm mt tr ca cc dch v truyn trn mng. Tham s tr D li chia thnh hai loi gm : - Tr truyn : Dt - Tr x l : Dp. Lc D c tnh : D = Dt + Dp Tr Dt xy ra ti cc nt chuyn mch v c cu to vt l ca mi nt cng nh phng php x l thng tin cu chng. Theo ITU-T tr trung bnh trong chuyn mch s phi nh hn 450 s . Trong ATM, gi tr ny cn b hn do tc x l tng ln ng k. Bng 2.2 : Th hin t l li v tr cho php ca cc loi dch v khc nhau Dch v BER PLR PIR Tr -7 -3 -3 Thoi 10 10 10 25ms/500ms -7 -6 -6 Truyn s liu 10 10 10 1000ms -6 -8 -8 Truyn hnh qung b 10 10 10 1000ms -5 -7 -7 m thanh cht lng cao 10 10 10 1000ms -3 -3 -3 X l iu khin t xa 10 10 10 1000ms Bng 2.2 : T l li v tr chp nhn c i vi tng dch v ca mng ATM. 2.2. la chn kiu truyn chuyn B-ISDN. Nh trnh by trong 1.2.1 ITU-T chn kiu truyn khng ng b l dng truyn cho B-ISDN truyn tng lai ; nguyn nhn la chn ATM nh nn tng caB-ISDN ( gii thiu s qua 1.1) s r rng hn sau khi ta xem mt h thng thng tin khc nhau. 2.2.1. Chuyn mch knh. Phng php chuyn mch ny c s dng t lu trong mng in thoi, nhy nay n vn c s dng trong N- ISDN. Chuyn mch knh s dng phng php ghp knh theo thi gian DTM ( time division multiplexing). Chuyn mch knh rt thiu phn mm do do cc thng tin phi truyn theo mt tn s c nh dn ti gii hn v mt tc v khng thch hp cho vic truyn cc dch v bng rng c c im khc nhau. 2.2.2. chuyn mch knh a tc . khc phc s thiu mn do ca ch truyn n tc trong chuyn mch knh, ngi ta a ra h thng chuyn mch knh a tc MRCS ( Multirate circuit
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switching ). Cc ng ni trong MRCS c chia thnh n knh c bn gm cc khung thi gian vi cc khe thi gian c di khc nhau, mi cuc lin lc c th c xy dng t n knh ny. h thng chuyn mch MRCS rt phc tp do mi knh c s ca mt ng ni phi gia ng b vi cc knh khc. Do ITU-T cng khng coi MRCS l gii php cho mng bng rng. 2.2.3. chuyn mch knh tc cao. Cc ti nguyn trong h thng chuyn mch knh tc cao FCS ( Fast circuit suitching) ch c cung cp khi thng tin c gi i v khi gi xong thng tin ti nguyn c gii phng tr li. S cung cp ny c thit lp mi ln gi nh trong trng hp chuyn mch gi, nhng di s iu khin ca tn hiu bo hiu lin kt nhanh ( fast associated signalling) ch khng nm tiu nh trong chuyn mch gi. S kt hp gia FCS v MRCS c gi l h thng chuyn mch nhanh a tc MRFCS ( Multirate fast circuit switching ). Tuy vy n cng cn mt vi nhc im, c bit l phc tp khi thit k v iu khin mt h thng nh vy, v y yu cu kh nng thit lp v hu b cuc ni trong mt khong thi gian rt ngn. FCS v MRCS cng khng c la chn lm gii php cho mch bng rng. 2.2.4. chuyn mch gi. m bo cht lng truyn chp nhn c t u cui ti u cui, cn c phc tp ca X25 nhm x l li v iu khin lung gia cc ng lin kt ( Link by link). Mt khc nhng gi c di khc nhau yu cu qun l b m rt phc tp do tc hot ng khng cao. Trong X25 lp hai s dng truy nhp ng lin kt bng LAPB( balalced link access procedure ). LAPB c s dng thc hin cc chc nng nh nhn bit gii hn khung ; chn tch cc bit chng li, truyn li cc khung b mt bng th tc ARQ ( automatic repeat request) iu khin lung. Cc h chuyn mch gi sau ny c ci tin thnh hai h thng thnh chuyn mch khung ( Frame switching) v chuyn tip khung (Frame relaying). Trong chuyn tip khung vic truyn li cc khung s liu b li ch c truyn t u cui ti u cui ( gia cc thit b u cui ngi s dng). Ti nt mng ch c chc nng pht hin li hu b cc khung v khng cn thit phi truyn cc khung ny, ngoi ra cng khng c chc nng iu khin lung hoc phn knh hp knh. Trong chuyn mch khung, cc chc nng pht hin li v iu khin lung vn cn gia li nt mch do vic truyn li khung v iu khin lung bng ca s trt vn c thc hin trn c s cc lin kt. Hai h thng chuyn mch khung v chuyn tip khung c rt nhiu u im, tuy vy chng vn khng c kh nng thc hin cc dch v thi gian thc do tr lp. 2.2.5.Dng truyn khng ng b. Sau khi xem xt rt nhiu h thng khc nhau, cui cng ITU-T quyt nh ly ATM l mng phc v cho cc dch v bng rng bi v ATM tho mn c cc yu cu t ra, cc u im ca n l : - Mm do v ph hp vi cc dch v trong tng lai. - C hiu qu trong vic s dng ti nguyn. - Ch s dng mt mng duy nht cho tt c cc dch v.
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ATM cn c cc tn gi khc nh ATD( asynchronous time division ), IBCN ( intergrated broadband commulication network). 2.3. Tnh ton cc tham s c bn cho ATM. Nh cp trn cc tham s ATM u c tnh ton da trn c s hai yu chnh l trong sut v mt thi gian c trng bi tr v trong sut v mt ni dung, c trng bi t l li. 2.3.1. tr. Tr khi truyn thng qua mng ATM c quyt nh bi cc phn khc nhau ca mng, mi phn ng gp vo tr tng ca mng. Hnh 2.7 trnh by tr qua cc khu kh nhau ca mng.

TD1 PD

TD3 FD1+QD1 (a) Tr trong mng ATM thun tu

Chuyn mchAT M TD2

Mng ATM

TD4

Chuyn nch

FD2+QD2

DD

TD1 PD Trong :

FD1+QD1 (b) tr trong mng kt hp gia ATM v mng ng b +QD FD

2

Chuyn TD2 mchAT M

Mng ng TD3B

Chuyn TD4 nch

DD

Hnh a: -PD : Tr to gi -TD: tr truyn -FD : Tr chuyn mch -QD: Tr hng i -DD: Tr tho gi Hnh b: -FD: tr ca mng ng b Hnh 2.7 : cc loi tr khc nhau trong mng ATM. Trong mng ATM thun tu, thng tin c ng gi thnh cc t bo v khi phc thnh cc trng thi u ni nhn tin. Cc t bo c s dng khp mi ni trn mng. Ngoc li trong mng kt hp mt phn ca mng hot ng vi t bo phn khc hot ng, vi cc khung thi gian. Cc loi tr bao gm : - Tr truyn ( TD) ph thuc vo khong cch im u v im cui thng thng c gi tr t 4-5 s /km. - Tr to gi : ( PD) xy ra khi cc thng tin c ng gi vo cc t bo. - Tr chuyn mch c nh : (FD) xy ra khi mt t bo ATM i qua chuyn mch, n c gi tr c nh.
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- Tr hng i (QD) tr ny c gi tr thay i xy ra ti cc hng i trong h thng chuyn mch. - Tr tho gi : (DD) xy ra ti u thu ca mng ATM v ti gianh gii gia mng ATM v mng ng b trong trng hp kt hp. Nh vy ta c th tnh ton tr tng cng nh sau : - Trong mng thun tu ATM : D1=TDi +FDj + maxqQDj + PD - Trong mng kt hp. D2=TDi +FDj + maxqQDj + k.PD +SD1 Trong : i: - on lin kt ca ng truyn j: - S chuyn mch ATM k: - S ln to gi / tho gi gia mng ATM v mng ng b SD1- tr trong cc mng ng b Bng 2.3: Trnh by tr qua tng khu trong mng Tc Kch thc t bo (byte) TD() FD() QD() PD() SD() D1() D2() 150 Mbit/s 16 32 64 4000 64 200 2000 900 6264 9365 4000 128 400 4000 900 8528 13828 4000 256 800 8000 900 12256 21956 600 Mb/s 32 4000 32 100 4000 900 8123 13132

16 4000 16 50 2000 900 6166 9016

64 4000 64 200 8000 900 12364 21364

2.3.2. T l li. Cng nh cc h thng khc cc li xy ra trong ATM l do s khng hon ho ca h thng chuyn dn hoc ca h thng chuyn mch. 2.3.2.1. S mt t bo do li phn tiu . Li truyn s dn ti s thay i khng mong mun cc thng tin truyn. Nu li xy ra phn s liu ca t bo th c t bo vn c truyn ti im cui do ATM khng c bt c mt c ch chng li no khi truyn t kin kt ti lin kt. Nu li xy ra phn tiu th chuyn mch ATM s khng dch nhm phn tiu ny v
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sau t bo c th b nh ng sai. iu ny xy ra khi phn tiu mang gi tr ca mt ng ni khc. Nu phn tiu mang mt gi tr khng tn ti th t bo d b hu b. Trong c hai trng hp u c th xy ra li nhn (multiplication error) do ch cn mt bit trong phn tiu cng dn ti c t bo. T li c gi l B. 2.3.2.2. S mt t bo do trn hng i. Do kch thc thch hp ca cc hng i trong mng s mt t bo do trn hng i gim xung t gi tr chp nhn c ,gi tr ny khong 10-8. Vic tnh ton kch thc hng i c gim nh rt nhiu bi tnh cht hng lin kt (connection - oriented))ca ATM v n to kh nng mng cho php hoc t chi mt cuc ni nh hn hoc ln hn ti con li trong hng i . 2.4:Xc inh di cho t bo ATM Sau khi tnh ton cc tham s tr v t l ni ,ta i n tnh ton kch thc ca t bo ATM ,c th l la chn cc gii php : di tt bo l c nh hay thay i ra sao cho tr ,t l ni cng nh phc tp khi thc hin l ti thiu . 2.4.1La chn gi 2gii php di c nh hoc thay i. 2.4.1.1: V mt hiu xut bng truyn C hai quan im khc nhau v di gi , di c nh hoc thay i .Nhiu nhn t khc nhau nh hng ti u im v nhc im ca c hai gii php nhng cc yu t quan trng nht cn phi xem xt khi la chn l hiu qu ca bng truyn dn mc phc tp ca chuyn mch v tr. Ta c cng thc chung tnh hiu sut bng truyn : =S byte thng tin /(S byte thng tin + S byte tiu ) di gi c nh :Trong trng hp di ATM c nh, hiu sut bng truyn c tnh theo cng thc O: = X/[(int (X/L))(L+H)] trong : L : Kch thc truyn s liu ca gi tnh bng byte. H : Kch thc phn tiu . X : Tng s byte thng tin hu ch c truyn. Int(Z) : Phn nguyn ca Z. Nh vy hiu sut s ti u khi ton b thng tin c truyn i chia ht cho kch thc trng thng tin. Lc , gi tr hiu sut bng truyn s l : Fopt =L/(L+H)

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Ngi ta nhn thy rng hiu sut ph thuc rt nhiu vo cc byte thng tin hu ch c truyn i, s byte thng tin hu ch di th hiu sut ti u cng d t c. Do lung thng tin trong ATM gm : ting ni, tn hiu video, s liu tc cao ln hiu sut gn t c gi tr ti u, k c khi s dng t bo c di c nh. Gi c di thay i : - i vi gi c di thay i cc thng tin b xung v phn tiu bao gm cc c nhn bit gii hn gi mt vi bit c trn thm nhn bit cc c chnh xc. Ngoi ra cn phi cng thm vo phn u khung phn bo hiu di gi, lc hiu sut l : = X/ (X+H+hv) Trong : hv l phn thng tin bt buc phi b xung thm bo hiu di gi thay i ca gi ATM. Hiu sut truyn ca gi c di thay i rt cao, vi cc gi c di ln hiu sut ny t gn ti 100%. Kt lun : Xt v mt hiu sut truyn ni chung gi c di thay i tt hn l gi c di c nh. Tuy nhin khi xem xt trong tng trng hp c th, u th ny li rt hn ch do lung thng tin ca mch bng rng s bao gm s kt hp ca ting ni, tn hiu video v s liu u l nhng tn hiu c dng bit lin tc./ 2.4.1.2. V mt tc chuyn mch v phc tp. phc tp ca vic thc hin chuyn mch i vi gi c di c nh hay thay i ph thuc vo cc chc nng ca chng cng nh cc yu cu k thut tng ng vi cc chc nng ny. Hai nhn t quan trng nht l tc hot ng v yu cu vkch thc b nh hng i. tc hot ng : Ph thuc vo cc chc nng cn phi thc hin v thi gian thc cc chc nng . - X l phn tiu : i vi cc gi c di c nh khong thi gian x l phn tiu l c nh. Trong trng hp gi c di thay i, thi gian x l l khng c nh v ph thuc vo di gi. - Qun l b nh ca hng i : trong trng hp kch thc gi c nh, h thng qun l b nh c th a ra cc khi nh vi kch thc c nh tng ng vi kch thc ca t bo ATM. hot ng ny ht sc n gin nh trong trng hp qun l b nh t do. Trong trng hp gi c di thay i, h thng qun l b nh phi c kh nng a ra cc khi b nh c kch thc khc nhau sao cho cc hot ng nh tm cc on thng tin , tm on u tin,...c tin hnh tc cao. Vic qun l b nh t do cng tr ln phc tp hn. yu cu v kch thc hng i : trong trng hp di gi c nh, yu cu v kch thc hng i cng phi cng ln. Trong trng hp gi c di thay i, tnh ton kch thc hng i phc tp hn nhiu
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v s ph thuc vo di gi. n gin nht l nhng kch thc hng i tng ng vi gi c di ln nht, lc kch thc hng i s ln hn rt nhiu so vi trng hp gi c kch thc c nh. Vic tnh ton kch thc hng i mt cch ti u trong trng hp ny s ht sc kh khn. Kt lun : sau khi i chiu vi yu cu v tc hot ng v kch thc b nh hng i, gii php gi c kch thc c nh l hp l nht i vi cc dch v bng rng ca ATM. 2.4.1.3. tr. Nh ta bit trong mc 1.2.1 kch thc ca gi ATM cn phi gii hn khng pht sinh ra tr trong mng. Tr ting ni s rt ln nu kch thc gi ln. 2.4.1.4. Kt lun. Trong mng bng rng ni cc ng dng chnh c s dng l ting ni, tn hiu video v gi s liu li ch thu v hiu sut truyn i vi cc gi c kch thc thay i nh hn rt nhiu so vi li ch thu c khi s dng cc gi c kch thc c nh, nu so snh v mt tc hot ng v phc tp. Mt khc nu s dng t bo c kch thc thay i th di ca cc t bo ny khng nhng khng th tu m cn rt b hn ch m bo tr nh. Do vo nm 1988, ITU-T chn gii php s dng t bo ATM c kch thc c nh. 2.4.2. la chn kch thc ca t bo ATM. Sau khi quyt nh s dng gi c di c nh vn t ra l chn t bo c kch thc bao nhiu. kch thc c t bo s nh hng ti cc ch tiu sau : - Hiu sut bng truyn. - Tr ( tr to gi,tr hng i, tr tho gi, tr chuyn mch, tr truyn dn...) - phc tp khi thc hin. 2.4.2.1.Hiu sut bng truyn. Hiu sut bng truyn c quyt nh bi t l gia kch thc phn tiu v kch thc truyn d liu cng di th hiu qu cng cao ( xem 2.4.1.1.). 2.4.2.2. Tr. Tr ca h thng bao gm mt s loi tr nh tr to gi,tr hng i, tr tho gi, tr chuyn mch, tr truyn dn...nh trnh by mc 2.3.1. Tr to gi ph thuc vo kch thc ca trng s liu trong t bo. Hnh 2.9 th hin hiu sut truyn i vi cc t bo c di khc nhau ( so snh gia hai t bo H = 4 v H= 5 ) cng nh tr to gi ca chng ( so snh gia hai tc truyn ting ni l 64 Kbit/s v 32Kbit/s). Tr(s) 2 4 8
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(%) Hiu sut bng truyn 4 (H=4) 4 (H=5) 100 90 80 70

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16

60

8 16 32 64 128 Hnh 2.9 : HIu sut truyn v tr to gi i vi cc trng d liu c di khc nhau. Tr hng i b nh hng bi t l gia ln ca trng d liu L v ln phn tiu . Hnh 2.9 th hin s ph thuc ca tr hng i v t l L/H. Ta nhn thy rng tr b nht khi L/H c gi tr t 8 - 16 tng ng vi kch thc ca t bo t 32 + 4 byte ti 64 + 4 byte. Tr tho gi c quyt nh bi bin ng tr l nguyn nhn ca tr tng ca mt vi hng i. Tr tho gi cng b nh hng bi di ca t bo. Tr hng i (s) 280 240 200 160 120 80 40 L/H Trong : 0 8 10 Hiu sut ti 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 16 20 30 32 60 32+4 64+4 128+4

Hnh 2.10 : Tr hng i ph thuc vo t l L/H vi cc hiu sut ti khc nhau. Tr ton mng theo khuyn ngh Q161 ca ITU-T cn phi c gii hn sao cho gi tr ca n nh hn 25ms. Nu tng tr ln hn gi tr ny th cn phi lp thm b kh ting vng. Theo kt qu nghin cu ca ITU-T di t bo c nh hng trc tip ti tr : - i vi cc t bo c di tng i ngn ( 32 byte hoc nh hn) th tr tng rt nh. - i vi cc gi c di trung bnh khong gia 32- 64 byte, phn ln cc trng hp ta khng cn b kh ting vng. 2.4.2.3. phc tp khi thc hin.
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- phc tp ca h thng ph thuc vo hai thng s c bn l tc x l v dung lng b nh cn thit. P 2 4 8 16 32 P M 6400 3200 1600 M 16 Trong : P : thi gian x l mt t bo (s). M: kch thc b nh (bit). Hnh 2.11 : S ph thuc ca kch thc t bo ti thi gian x l v kch thc b nh. gii hn t l mt t bo, ta cn cung cp mt hng i c kch thc ln. V vy kch thc t bo cng ln th kch thc hng i cng phi cng ln. Mt khc khi c mt gi ti nt chuyn mch th phn tiu ca n cng cn phi c x l ngay trong khong thi gian mt t bo, do kch thc t bo cng ln th vic thi gian dnh cho vic thc hin cng nhiu v tc yu cu cng thp. Th d trn hnh 2.11, i vi t bo 16 byte, ta ch cn 8000 bit hng i nhng thi gian x l phi nh hn 1 s . i vi t bo 256 byte ta cn hn 64000 bit cho mt hng i nhng thi gian x l cho php hn 15 . Tuy vy, tc khng phi l vn quan trng nht bi v cng ngh hin nay cho php x l rt nhiu thng tin trong khong thi gian 1s , nh vy vn chnh l gii hn b nh. 2.4.2.4. Kt lun. Cc gi tr di kch thc gia 32 - 64 byte c a chung hn c. S la chn ny ph thuc vo ba thng s chnh cp trn. Cui cng ITU-T t c mt tho hip s dng t bo c trng s liu 48 byte v 5 byte trng tiu . 2.5. tm tt. Trong chng II, ta xem xt cc tham s quan trng ca mng ATM l cc tham s lin quan n li v tr. T cc tham s ny cng nh cc yu cu v dch v c th ngi ta xem xt v la chn cc tham s truyn trong mng ATM nh di hng i, tc x l, kch thc t bo ATM. Cui cng ITU-T chn gii php t bo ATM kch thc c nh c di 53 byte, trong trng s liu di 48 byte, phn tiu di 5 byte.
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8000 32 64 128 256 Kch thc t bo (byte)

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Chng III: k thut mng ATM.

3.1. M u. Sau khi xt cc tham s quan trng ca mng ATM chng II, chng III s tip tc cp ti cc k thut ca ATM v cc chc nng ca tng lp. y cn cp n Cc dch cu trc ca t bo ATM, nguyn tc chuyn mch bo hiu, chc nng vn hnh gim vbngrng st bo dng OAM trong mng ATM. 3.2. c im k thut ca B-ISDN.Cc dch v cho NTE hoc b ISDN c tc 64 TE LFC LFC cung cpdchv
Kbps Chc nng bo hiu

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Bo hiu ngi s dng ti ngi s dng ( hoc t ngi s dng ti mng )

LFC ( local function capability) cc chc nng c cung cp bi nt chuyn mch ca b. TE ( terminal equipment ) thit b u cui. Hnh 3.1. Cc kh nng ca B-ISDN. Cc c im chnh ca h thng B-ISDN c ITU-T a ra trong khuyn ngh I.327, theo cc kh nng v bo hiu, truyn dn ca B-ISDN bao gm : - Kh nng cung cp cc dch v bng rng. - Kh nng cung cp cc dch v cho N-ISDN vi tc c s l 64 Kbit/s. - Cung cp cc th tc bo hiu t ngi s dng ti mng. - Cung cp cc th tc bo hiu t ngi s dng ti ngi s dng . Nh phn tch phn t s liu c dng trong ATM l cc t bo ATM. chng c di c nh l 53 byte. Tnh ton vn ca chui t bo c m bo khi truyn qua mng ATM. ni cch khc cc t bo thuc v cng mt knh o lun c truyn theo mt th t nht nh. ATM s dng k thut hng lin kt. Mt cuc ni lp ATM bao gm mt hoc nhiu lin kt, mi lin kt c gn mt s liu nhn dng khng i trong sut cuc ni. Tuy vy, ATM cng cung cp th tc cho cc dch v truyn s liu khng lin kt. Cc thng tin bo hiu ca mt cuc ni s dng mt knh truyn khc vi knh truyn thng tin ca cuc ni , tc l n s dng mt s liu nhn dng khc. v vy bo hiu trong ATM l bo hiu ngoi bng. 3.3. k thut lin kt mng trong B-ISDN. 3.3.1. m hnh sp xp cc lp mng ca B-ISDN.
Cc chc nng lp cao

Mc knh o VC Cc chc nng Truyn dn lpATM

B- ISDN

Mc ng o VP

Mng truynATM Cc chc nng truyn dn vt l

Mc ng truyn dn Mc nhm tch s Mc pht

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Hnh 3.2 : Cu trc phn lp mng ca ATM. 3.3.1.1. Lp vt l. Trong k thut lin kt mng, lp vt l bao gm 3 mc : - Mc ng truyn dn : mc ng truyn dn lin kt cc phn t c chc nng lp ghp hoc bo thng tin hu ch trong h thng truyn dn, thng tin hu ch cng vi cc thng tin iu khin to ra mt khung truyn dn hon chnh. - Mc nhm, tch s : cc phn t mng c nhim v nhm hoc tch dng bit lin tc c mc ni vi nhau mc ny ( nhm hoc tch cc khung truyn dn thnh mt dng truyn). - Mc pht : l mt phn t ca mc nhm/ tch s, n c nhim v truyn tn hiu gia im k nhau. 3.3.1.2. Lp ATM. Lp ATM bao gm 2 mc : - Mc knh o : l mc c chc nng truyn n hng cc t bo ATM tng ng vi mt gi tr nhn dng chung duy nht VCI. - Mc ng o : l mc c chc nng truyn n hng cc t bo ATM thuc v nhiu knh o khc nhau nhng li c chung mt gi tr nhn dng ng o VPI. Trong mt ng truyn dn c th bao gm vi ng o VP, trong mi VP c mt vi knh o VC. Mi VP v VC trong ng truyn dn u c mt gi tr VPI v VCI ring, s cc VP v VC ph thuc vo di ca VPI v VCI trong tiu ca t bo ATM. Hnh 3.3 th hin mi quan h gia VP,VC v ng truyn dn.

VP
ng truyn dn

VC VC VC

VC VC VC VP

Hnh 3.3. Mi quan h gia ng o, knh o v ng truyn dn. 3.3.2. Mt s khi nim lin quan ti ng o, knh o. 3.3.2.1. ng o VP v knh o VC. Nh trnh by 3.3.1.2
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3.3.2.2. Lin kt knh o v lin kt ng o. Theo ITU-T lin kt knh o l s truyn n hng cc t bo ATM gia im m ti cc gi tr VCI c gn vo t bo v im m cc gi tr b thay i hoc b xo . Lin kt ng o l lin kt gia hai im m ti gi tr VPI c gn thay i chuyn xo . 3.3.2.3. Cuc ni knh o VCC v cuc ni knh o VPC. Cuc ni knh o . Cuc ni knh o VCC l tp hp ca mt s lin kt knh o. Theo nh ngha ca ITU-T : VCC l s mc ni ca cc lin kt knh o gia hai im truy nhp vo lp tng thch ATM . Thc cht VCC l mt ng ni logic gia hai im dng truyn cc t bo ATM. Thng qua VCC, th t truyn cc t bo ATM s c bo ton. C 4 phng php c s dng thit lp mt quc ni knh o ti giao din gia ngi s dng v mng : + Vic thit lp v gii phng i vi cc cuc ni c thc hin thng qua cc knh dnh sn m khng cn cc th tc bo hiu. Phng php ny c p dng cho cc cuc ni c nh v bn c nh. + Qua cc th tc bo hiu trao i : phng php ny s dng knh bo hiu trao i o thit lp hoc gii phng cc knh bo hiu a thng thng.

Lp ATM

Cuc ni kt knh o Lin kt knh o Khi knh o (OAMF5) Cuc ni ng o Lin kt ngo Khi ngo (OAMF4) Lp vt l

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ng truyn dn Mc ng truyn dn (OAMF3) Nhm /tch s Mc nhm tch s (OAMF2) Mc pht (OAMF1) u cui ca tng lp im lin kt ca cac lp Hnh 3.4 : trnh by mi lin h gia cc lp mng ATM qua cuc ni ng o, cuc ni knh o... + Qua th tc bo hiu gia ngi s dng v mng, cc VCC bo hiu c s dng thit lp hoc gii phng cc cuc ni knh o t u cui ti u cui. + Qua th tc bo hiu t ngi s dng ti ngi s dng : Nu mt VPC tn ti gia cc giao din VNI ca hai ngi s dng th mt VCC no trong VPC ny c th c thit lp hoc gii phng thng qua VCC bo hiu gia hai ngi s dng ny. - Cuc ni ng o : Cuc ni ng o VPC l s mc ni lin kt ca mt s ng o. VPC l s lin kt hp logic ca cc VCC. Trong mt VPC, mi lin kt knh o u c mt s liu VCI ring, tuy vy nhng VC thuc v cc VP khc nhau c th c cc VCI ging nhau. Mi VC c nhn dng (duy nht) thng qua t hp hai gi tr VPI v VCI. C hai phng php c s dng thit lp cuc ni ng o. + Thit lp VPC khng cn n th tc bo hiu. Vic thit lp hoc gii phng mt VPC c thc hin qua knh dnh sn. ( trn c s thu bao). + Thit lp VPC c iu khin bi ngi s dng hoc mng. Cc gi tr VPI c cung cp bi thit b ca ngi s dng hoc cc im cung cp dch v trong mng. 3.3.3. cc ng dng ca cc cuc ni knh o, ng o. Cc VPC v VCC c s dng gia : - Ngi s dng v ngi s dng. - Ngi s dng v mng. - Mng v mng. Cc t bo tng ng mt VPC v VCC s c truyn qua mng trn cng mt tuyn. Cc VCC gia ngi s dng v ngi s dng c dng mang thng tin ngi s dng v thng tin bo hiu gia hai u cui. VCC gia ngi s dng v mng c th
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c dng truy cp n cc chc nng nm nt chuyn mch a phng c lin quan ti cuc ni ( nh bo hiu ti giao din UNI). VCC gia cc nt mng dng mang cc thng tin v qun l lu lng mng nh tuyn v bo hiu ti giao din UNI. VPC lin kt nhng ngi s dng cung cp cho h nhng ng truyn dn, t chc cc VC s ph thuc vo ng ny. nhng VPC gia ngi s dng v mng c s dng kt hp nhng lung thng tin t ngi s dng ti cc phn t ca mng nh chuyn mch a phng. VPC gia mng v mng c s dng t chc lung thng tin ca ngi s dng theo cc s nh tuyn c sn cho vic chuyn mch cc tuyn hay thng tin qun l mng. 3.4. Cu trc t bo ATM. Nh bit c im ca ATM l hng lin kt. Do khc vi mng chuyn mng gi, a ch ngun v ch, s th t gi ( sp xp li th t cc gi) l khng cn thit trong ATM. Hn na do cht lng ca ng truyn rt tt nn cc c ch chng li trn c s t lin kt ti lin kt cng c b qua. ( xem 1.2.2.2.). Ngoi ra ATM cng khng cung cp cc c ch iu khin lung gia cc nt mng do c cu iu khin cuc gi ca n. V vy chc nng c bn cn li ca phn tiu truyn t bo ATM l nhn dng cuc ni o. Phn t bo ca tiu c hai dng : mt dng l cc t bo c truyn trn giao din gia ngi s dng v mng UNI, dng cn li l dng cc t bo c truyn gia cc nt chuyn mch ( gia NNI). Hnh 3.5 v 3.6 th hin cu trc ATM giao din NNI v UNI. 3.4.1. S liu nhn dng knh o VCI v ng o VPI. Do knh truyn ATM c th truyn vi tc t vi Kbit/s ti vi trm Mbit/s ti mt thi im no , do VCI c dng nhn dng cc knh c truyn ng thi trn ng truyn dn. Thng thng trn mt ng truyn c hng ngn knh nh vy v th VCI c di 16 bit ( tng ng vi 65535 knh) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 VPI VCI VCI VCI PT HEC VCI 1 2 Byte 3 4 5 1 2 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 GFC VPI VCI VCI PT HEC Phn d liu (48byte) Hnh 3.6: Cu trc t bo Ti giao din UNI CLP VPI VCI

3 CLP 4 5

Phn d liu(48 byte) Hnh 3.5: Cu trc t bo Ti giao din NNI

Do mng ATM c c im hng lin kt nn mi cuc ni c gn mt s liu nhn dng VCI ti thi im thit lp. Mi gi tr VCI ch c gi tr ti tng lin kt t
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nt ti nt ca mng. Khi cuc ni kt thc VCI cn c u im trong vic s dng trong cc cuc ni a dch v. Th d trong dch v in thoi, truyn hnh, m thanh v hnh nh s c truyn trn hai knh c VCI ring bit, do ta c th b xung hoc hu b mt dch v trong khi ang thc hin mt dch v khc. VPI c s dng thit lp cuc ni ng o cho mt s cc knh o VCC. VPI cho php n gin ho cc th tc chn tuyn cng nh qun l n c di 8 bit hoc 12 bit tu thuc t bo ATM ang c truyn qua giao din UNI hay NNI. T hp ca VCI v VPI to thnh mt gi tr duy nht cho mi cuc ni. Tu thuc vo v tr i vi hai im cui ca cuc ni m nt chuyn mch ATM s nh ng da trn ga tr ca VPI v VCI hay ch da trn g tr VPI. Tuy vy cn lu rng VCI v VPI ch c ngha trn tng chng lin kt ca cuc ni. Chng c s dng chn ng trn cc chng ny c d dng hn. Do s VPI v VCI qu nh nn chng khng th c s dng nh mt s liu nhn dng ton cc v kh nng xy ra hai cuc ni c s dng ngu nhin cng mt s VPI v VCI l s rt cao. khc phc ngi ta cho VCI v VPI l duy nht trn mi on lin kt. Trn tng on lin kt ny, hai nt chuyn mch s dng VPI v VCI nh s hiu nhn dng cuc ni trn mi on . Khi qua nt chuyn mch, VPI v VCI nhn cc gi tr mi ph hp vi on tip theo. 3.4.2. Kiu t bo. PT l mt trng gm ba bit c nhim v phn bit cc kiu t bo khc nhau nh : t bo mang thng tin ca ngi s dng, t bo mang cc thng tin v ngi gim st, vn hnh, bo dng. Nu bit u PT c gi tr th y l t bo ca ngi s dng. Trong loi t bo ny bt s 2 bo hiu tc nghn trong mng v bit 3 c chc nng bo hiu cho lp tng thch ATM AAL ( s c trnh by 3.6.3). Nu bit u ca PT c gi tr bng 1 th y l t bo mang thng tin qun l mng. Hnh 3.7 v bng 3.1 trnh by cu trc trng PT. 0 0/1 0/1 bit bo hin lp AAL

T bo ca ngi S dng Bit bo hiu tc nghn 1 nu tc nghn

Hnh 3.7 : cc cu trc trng PT trong t bo mang thng tin ca ngi s dng. Bng 3.1 : Cu trc trng PT trong t bo mang thng tin OAM. Dng bit Chc nng 100 T bo OAM lp F5 lin quan ti lin kt 101 T bo OAM lp F5 lin quan ti u cui 110 T bo qun l ti nguyn 111 Dnh sn cho cc chc nng sau ny

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Ngoi ra cn c hai kiu t bo c bit l t bo khng xc nh v t bo trng. T bo khng xc nh v t bo trng u c c im chung l chng khng mang thng tin ngi s dng. Tuy vy t bo trng ch tn ti mc vt l cn t bo khng xc nh tn ti c c mc ATM ln mc vt l ( xem 3.6.1). T bo khng xc nh c gi i khng c thng tin hu ch dnh sn trn u pht. 3.4.3. CLP. CLP l trng dng phan loi cc trng ni khc nhau theo mc u tin khi ti nguyn trong mm khng cn l ti u na. Th d trong trng hp qu ti, ch c cc cuc ni vi mc u tin thp o b mt thng tin. C hai loi u tin khc nhau l : u tin v mt ni dung v u tin v mt thi gian. Trong ch u tin v mt ni dung, cc t bo c u tin cao hn s c xc sut mt gi t hn, cn trong ch u tin v mt thi gian, vi t bo c th c tr trong mng di hn cc t bo khc. Cc mc u tin c th c n nh trn c s cuc ni ( qua mi VCI hoc VPI)hoc trn cc s mi t bo. trong trng hp th nht cc t bo thuc v mt knh o hoc ng o s c mt mc u tin xc nh. Trong trng hp th hai, mi t bo thuc v mt knh o hoc ng o s c cc mc u tin khc nhau. CLP c di mt bit. Gi tr bit ny c th c xc lp bi khch hng hoc nh cung cp dch v dng cho mc ch iu khin tc nghn. Cc t bo trong CLP =0 c mc u tin cao v CLP = 1 c mc u tin thp hn. cc t bo c CLP =1 s b loi b khi xy ra tc nghn trong mng. 3.4.4. Trng hp iu khin li tiu HEC. Tm bit cui cng trong phn tiu ca t bo l dng cho trng iu khin l tiu HEC cha m d vng CRC. M ny tnh ton cho 5 bit tiu . a thc sinh y c dng l a thc : x8 + x2 + x + 1 . a thc ny c th sa ton b cc li n v pht hin ra phn ln cc li nhm. Sa li HEC l cn thit bi v t bo trong khi truyn trn mng nu gi tr VPI/VCI ca n sai dn n c truyn i sai a ch. Ngoi ra nh trong SONET, HEC cn c dng pht hin ra bin gii gia tng t bo. Thc ra cng c hai cch x l vi HEC. Cch th nht : nu pht hin sai, t bo s b loi b. Cch th hai : l sa li bit b li. Thc ra th vic dng cch th nht hoc cch th hai ph thuc vo ng truyn. Nu ng truyn l cp quang th cch th nht c th p dng th s khng qu nhiu hoc ch mt bit li. Nhng i vi ng truyn cp xon thng thng th dng cch th nht c th khng mang li kt qu tt v nhiu c th tc ng n mt nhm cc bit. Do phn tiu b thay i theo tng chng ( thay i VPI/VCI) nn CRC cn kim tra v tnh ton li vi m chng. a thc sinh c th sa ton b cc li n v pht hin ra phn ln cc li nhm. 3.4.5. GFC. giao din gia ngi s dng v mng UNI, phn tiu c vi giao din khc bit so vi giao din NNI. S khc nhau cn bn nht l trng VPI b rt ngn li cn 12 bit ( so vi 16 bit giao din NNI) thay vo ch 4 bit ca VPI l trng iu khin lung chung GFC. ( hnh 3.6). Chc nng ca GFC c nu ra truyn khuyn ngh I-150 ca ITU-T. C ch ca GFC cho php iu khin lung cc cuc ni ATM giao din LNI. N c s dng
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lm gim tnh trng qu ti trong thi gian ngn c th xy ra trong mng ca ngi s dng. C ch GFC cn dng cho c cc cuc ni t im ti im v t im ti nhiu im. Khi kt hp mng ATM vi cc mng khc nh DQDB (Distributed queue Dual Bus), SMDS( Switched Multi- megabit Data Service); GFC a ra 4 bit nhm bo hiu cho cc mng ny, lm th no hp knh cc t bo ca cc cuc ni khc nhau. Mi mng u c mt th tc truy nhp ring, do hu nh mi mng u phi c mt logic iu khin tng ng hoc GFC thnh dng cc th tc truy nhp ca ring n. Do trong trng hp ny, GFC thc cht l mt b cc gi tr chun nh ngha cc mc u tin ca ATM i vi cc quy lut truy nhp vo cc mng khc nhau. Vic buc phi s dng trng iu khin lung chung GFC l mt nhc im c bn ca ATM, l toa s khc nhau gia cc t bo ti giao din UNI v NNI, v vy cc th tc ca ATM khng phi l th tc ng nht. Trong mng s dng cc th tc ng nht, cc thit b vin thng c th c lp t vo bt k mt ni no trong mng. Trong khi trong ATM, ta phi ch xem thit b c lp t c thch hp vi giao din cho hay khng. 3.5. Nguyn l chuyn mch v bo hiu trong ATM. 3.5.1. Nguyn l chuyn mch . Hnh 3.8 : Cuc ni knh o thng qua nt chuyn mch v b ni xuyn. Trong mi trng ATM, vic chuyn mch cc t bo c thc hin trn c s cc gi tr VPI v VCI. Nh ni, cc gi tr VPI, VCI ni chung ch c hiu lc trn mt ng lin kt. Khi t bo ti nt chuyn mch, ga tr ca VPI hoc c VPI v VCI c thay i cho ph hp vi lin kt tip theo. Vic chuyn mch ch thc hin trn gi tr VPI c gi chuyn mch VP, nt ni xuyn hoc b tp trung. Nu thit b chuyn mch thay i c hai gi tr VPI v VCI ( cc gi tr VPI v VCI thay i u ra) th n c gi l chuyn mch VC hoc chuyn mch ATM.

T
VPY =y1

VCI=a1
D1 VPX=x2 VPI=x1 a1,x2

a2,y1

VCI=a2
D2

VPI=y2 a1,x1

a1,x1

Cuc ni knh o VCC Trong :

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- D1,D2 : B ni xuyn - T : Chuyn mch ATM - A,B : Thit b u cui Hnh 3.8 Minh ho cuc ni knh o VCC thng thng. T l nt chuyn mch ni m gi tr VPI v VCI b thay i. A v B l hai thit b u cui; D1 v D2 l cc b ni xuyn, ni ch thay i gi tr VPI ; ai, xn ln lt l cc gi tr VCI, VPI tng ng. Hnh 3.9 : S gii thch nguyn l chuyn mch VP.

Hnh 3.10 gii thch nguyn tc chuyn mch VC.

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3.5.2. Nguyn l bo hiu 3.5.2.1. Tng quan : B-ISDN s dng nguyn tc bo hiu ngoi bng ging nh ca N-ISND. Trong B-ISDN, knh o VC l phng tin logic tch cc knh bo hiu ra khi knh ngi s dng . Ngi s dng c th c cc thc th bo hiu khc nhau c ni vi h thng iu khin qun l cuc gi ca mng thng qua cc VC ring r. 3.5.2.2. Cc yu cu bo hiu trong B-ISDN Bo hiu ca B-ISDN phi cung cp v h tr cho cc dch v c tc 64kbit/s ca N-ISDN cng nh cc dch v bng rng, nh vy c nggha l bo hiu ca B-ISDN phi bao gm cc chc nng bo hiu c ca N-ISDN theo khuyn ngh Q-931 ca ITU-T, ngoi ra cn phi c cc chc nng bo hiu mi. Cc chc nng bo hiu mi ca ATM c nhim v: Thit lp (hoc thit lp li ) cc tham s v lu lng ca cuc ni i vi cc cuc gi a truyn thng (multi-media) mt vi ng ni cn phi thit lp gia hai im cng mt lc truyn ting ni , hnh nh v s liu . Lc ny bo hiu ATM cn phi c kh nng gii phng mt hoc vi ng ni trong cuc gi ng thi b sung cc ng ni mi. Cc chc nng c thc hin chuyn mch i phng ca cc u cui tham gia vo cuc gi ch khng phi cc nt chuyn mch trung gian . Trong dch v thng tin hi ngh, mt vi cuc gi nhiu ng (multi-connection) cn phi thit lp gia vi im . Lc ny bo hiu c nhim v thit lp v gii phng mt cuc gi hi ngh cng nh b sung hoc loi b mt thnh vin no . Ngoi ra trong ATM, cc cuc ni khng i xng rt quan trng ( th d nh truyn chng trnh TV) do bo hiu trong ATM cng cn h tr cho cc cuc ni ny. Ch : Cuc ni khng i xng l cuc ni ch truyn s liu theo mt chiuhoc truyn tc thp mt chiu v tc cao trong chiu ngc li. 3.5.2.3.Bo hiu trn knh o SVC (signaling virtual channel ) Cc thng ip bo hiu trong ATM c truyn trn knh o bo hiu SVC, knh SVC l cc knh o c nhim v truyn cc thng tin v bo hiu. Cc loi knh SVC khc nhau c th hin trn bng 3.2
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Hnh 3.2: Cc knh bo hiu trn giao din gia ngi s dng v mng UNI
Kiu SVC Knh bo hiu trao i SVC truyn thng chung SVC truyn thng c la chn SVC t im ti im Hng 2 hng n hng n hng 2 hng S SVC/UNI 1 knh 1 knh c th mt hoc mt vi knh mt knh trn mi im cui bo hiu

Knh bo hiu trao i (Meta - signalling SVC-MSVC) trn mi giao din UNI c mt knh MSVC. MSVC c nh v c truyn theo hai hng. N l mt kiu knh qun l giao din c s dng thit lp, kim tra v gii phng cc knh SVC t im ti nhiu im v cc SVC truyn thng c la chn. Knh bo hiu t im ti im (point to point SVC). Knh bo hiu im ti im c dng thit lp iu khin v gii phng cc cuc ni knh o VCC ca ngi s dng. N l knh bo hiu hai hng. Knh bo hiu truyn thng (broadcast SVC-BSVC) BSVC l knh bo hiu n hng (t mng ti ngi s dng), n c dng gi cc thng ip bo hiu cho tt c cc im cui nh trong trng hp SVC truyn thng chung (General Broadcast SVC) hoc cho mt s im cui c nh trc trong trng hp truyn thng c la chn (Selective Broadcast SVC). truyn thng c la chn, tn hiu bo hiu c gi ti tt c cc u cui c cng mt loi dch v. Trong cu hnh bo hiu cho cc cuc ni t im ti im, mng s dng mt knh bo hiu o c thit lp t trc (bi MSVC). Trong cu hnh truy cp bo hiu t im ti nhiu im, mt knh bo hiu trao i c x l qun l cc SVC. Knh bo hiu trao i khng c s dng trong trng hp bo hiu gia cc nt mng. Trong trng hp mt v d lin kt gia hai nt mng c cha mt s knh o bo hiu SVC th cc gi tr VCI b sung cho bo hiu trn VP ny s c thit lp t trc (pre established) 3.6.Cu trc phn lp ca mng ATM 3.6.1 M hnh tham chiu th tc B-ISDN: Cu trc phn lp logic c s dng trong ATM a trn m hnh tham chiu lin kt cc h thng m OSI. M hnh ATM s dng khi nim cc lp v cc mt phng ring r cho tng chc nng ring bit nh chc nng dnh cho ngi s dng, chc nng iu khin qun l mng. Khi nim ny c gi l m hnh tham chiu th tc B-ISDN (B-ISDN protocol refrence model hay B-ISDN- PRM). B-ISDN- PRM c cu trc phn lp t trn xung, bao gm cc chc nng truyn dn, chuyn mch, cc th tc bo hiu v iu khin, cc ng dng v dch v. M hnh tham chiu th tc B-ISDN bao gm 3 mt phng c trnh by nh trn hnh 3.11, cc mt phng l: mt phng qun l, mt phng ca ngi s dng v mt phng iu khin (hay bo hiu)

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Mt phng qun l: Bao gm 2 chc nng chnh l chc nng qun l lp (layer management) v chc nng qun l mt phng (plane management) tt c cc chc nng lin quan ti ton b h thng (t u cui ti u cui) u nm mt phng qun l. Nhim v ca n l to s phi hp lm vic gia nhng mt phng khc nhau. Trong khi chc nng qun l mt phng khng c cu trc phn lp th chc nng qun l lp li c chia thnh cc lp khc nhau nhm thc hin cc chc nng qun l c lin quan ti cc ti nguyn v thng s nm cc thc th c th tc (nh bo hiu chng hn). i vi mi lp, qun l lp x l dng thng tin OAM tng ng, s c trnh by trong 3.8.2 Mt phng ngi s dng: Nhim v ca mt phng ny l truyn thng tin ca ngi s dng t im A ti im B trn mng. Tt c cc c ch c lin quan nh iu khin lung, iu khin tc nghn, chng li u thc hin mt phng ny, n cng c cu trc phn lp, mi lp thc hin mt chc nng ring bit lin quan n vic cung cp dch v cho ngi s dng. Mt phng iu khin (hoc bo hiu): Mt phng iu khin cng c cu trc lp. Mt phng ny c nhim v thc hin cc chc nng iu khin ng ni (connection control) v cuc gi (call control). Chng thc hin cc chc nng bo hiu c lin quan ti vic thit lp, gim st v gii phng ng ni hoc cuc gi.

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3.6.2: Cu trc chc nng ca ATM Cu trc tham chiu chc nng ca ATM ch ra cc chc nng c thc hin bi mng ca mi lp c th trn B-ISDN- PRM. Bng 3.3 trnh by cc chc nng :

Q u n A A l L m n g

CS

SAR

ATM

Cc lp cao hn Nhn /gi cc PDU ti cc lp cao hn v to dng CS PDU Kim tra s khi phc chnh xc cc CS-PDU Pht hin s mt cc t bo ca CS-PDU Cung cp mt vi chc nng AAL trong phn tiu CS PDU Chn mt vi t bo b sung vo CS PDU iu khin lung, gi cc thng ip tr li hoc yu cu truyn li cc t bo li To cc t bo t CS-PDU, khi phc cc CS-PDU t t bo To ra trng kiu on nh BOM, COM, EOM, SSM Kim tra m d vng CRC ca trng d liu ca t bo To ra 2 byte tiu v 2 byte cui ca SAR-PDU iu khin lung chnh To ra hoc tch phn tiu ca t bo c v thay i phn tiu t bo Thc hin phn knh/hp knh cc t bo
- 38

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Lp con L Lp hi t vt truyn p l

Lp con ng Thu pht s liu truyn vt l

Thm vo hoc ly ra cc t bo trng To v kim tra m HEC Nhn bit gii hn t bo Bin i dng t bo thnh cc khung ph hp vi h thng truyn dn Pht/khi phc cc khung truyn dn ng b bit

Bng 3.3: Chc nng cc lp ca B-ISDN y: AAL l lp tng thch ATM PDU: n v s liu th tc CS: Lp con hi t truyn dn SAR: Lp con to v tho t bo 3.6.2. Cc lp thp trong B-ISDN 3.6.2.1. Chc nng lp vt l: Lp vt l c chia thnh hai lp con ng truyn vt l v lp con hi t truyn 3.6.2.1.1. Lp con ng truyn vt l l lp thp nht, cc chc nng ca n hon ton ph thuc vo mi trng vt l c th. Lp ny cung cp cc kh nng truyn dn bit, no cng lm nhim v m ho ng truyn v nu cn thit thc hin bin i quang in. Lp con PM cn c nhim v ng b bit. Trong ch hot ng bnh thng, cc bit ng b trn ng truyn thng da vo cc bit ng b thu c qua giao din, tuy vy h thng cng c th s dng h thng ng b ring ca mnh. Mng B-ISDN trong tng lai s ch yu s dng cc ng truyn dn l cp quang, k c mng trung k v mng truy nhp ATM. Cc t bo ca ngi s dng, cc t bo bo hiu v OAM (tr t bo OAM lp vt l) c tc l 149,760 Mb/s trong trng hp giao din 155,520 Mb/s. i vi giao din 622,080 Mbit/s, tc thc t ca dng thng tin hu ch l 599,040 Mb/s (bng 4 ln 149,760 Mb/s ) 3.6.2.1.2 Lp con hi t truyn (transmission convergence TC) Lp con hi t truyn l lp con th hai thuc v lp vt l. N c 5 chc nng sau: - Khi thm vo hoc ly ra cc t bo trng (call rate decoupling). Khi khng c cc t bo cha thng tin hu ch, t bo khng xc nh hoc t bo OAM mc vt l th cc t bo trng s c truyn trn cc ng truyn cho tc dng cc t bo ph hp vi tc truyn dn cho trcca ng truyn. Mi octec ca t bo trng trong phn trng thng tin s l 01101010, cu trc ca phn tiu ca t bo trng c th hin trong bng 3.4 octet1 octet 2 octet3 octet 4 octet 5
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00000000 00000000 00000001 M HEC Bng 3.4: Cu trc phn tiu ca t bo trng - To v kim tra m HEC: u pht, m HEC c xc nh bi 4 octet u trong phn tiu ca t bo ATM, kt qu tnh ton c a vo octet th 5 . Gi tr HEC l phn d cho php chia mun 2 ca tch 4 octet u tin nhn X8 vi a thc sinh X8 + X2 +X +1. a thc sinh trn c kh nng sa cc li bit n v pht hin li chm tiu ca t bo. 2 kh nng ny c s dng u thu theo gin trng thi c m t hnh 3.12. Bnh thng u thu c t ch sa sai. Khi pht hin ra mt li n trong tiu ca t bo ATM th li ny s c sa. Nu xut hin li nhm th c t bo s b hu. Trong c hai trng hp, sau khi tm ra c li n hoc li chm, h thng t ng chuyn qua ch pht hin li. trng thi ny, khi c li n hoc li chm xut hin th t bo s b hu. H thng duy tr ch pht hin li cho ti khi khng tip tc pht hin ra t bo li na, lc n s t ng quay tr li ch sa sai

0000000

pht hin ra li (gi b hu) Pht hin ra li nhm (gi li b ph hu)

Ch sa sai
khng c li

pht hin ra li n(sa sai)

Ch pht Khng pht hin thy li hin li

- Nhn bit gii hn t bo (cell delimition): chc nng ny cho php bn thu nhn bit gii hn ca mt t bo. S nhn bit ny da trn c s s tng quan ca cc bit tiu v m HEC tng ng. Trong c ch nhn bit gii hn t bo, u tin trng thi HUNT thc hin vic kim tra tng bit ca tiu t bo va nhn c, nu lut m ho HEC c tun th, c ngha l t bo khng b li th h thng hiu rng phn tiu c nhn dng ng v chuyn sang trng thi PRESYNCH. Presynch h thng thc hin kim tra lin tc m HEC ca cc t bo lin tip. Nu ln lin tip m HEC c nhn bit l ng th h thng chuyn sang trng thi SYNCH, nu khng n tr li trng thi HUNT. T trng thi SYNCH, h thng li quay v HUNT nu tm ra ln lin tip m HEC sai (xem hnh 3 vn t ra l lm sao nhn bit c im bt u ca t bo) Hnh 3.13: C ch nhn bit gii hn khung HEC ng Kim Kim tra tng t bo HUNT tra tng bit PRESYN

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HEC sai ln m HEC sai ln m HEC ng

- Bin i dng t bo thnh cc khung truyn dn (transmission frame adaption). Ti u pht , chc nng ny c nhim v lm cho dng t bo ti t cc lp trn thch ng vi cc cu trc khung s liu c s dng trong h thng truyn dn. Ti u thu, dng t bo c khi phc li t cc khung truyn dn. Cc h thng truyn dn thng c dng l h thng phn cp s ng b SDH v h thng truyn dn da trn c s cc t bo. - Chc nng di cng trong lp con TC l pht v khi phc cc khung truyn dn. N c nhim v to ra cc khung truyn dn v ghp cc t bo ATM vo nhng khung ny. Kch thc khung truyn dn ph thuc vo tc truyn. Ti u thu cc khung truyn dn c nhn bit v khi phc li. T cc khung ny ta c th khi phc li dng t bo ATM. Cu trc cc khung truyn c th khc nhau tu thuc vo tng h thng truyn dn c th. Trong ch truyn SDH cc t bo ATM c ng vo cc khung truyn gi l container, phn u ca cc container ny cha cc thng tin iu khin. Hnh 3.14a minh ho khung SDH giao din 155,520 Mbit/s. 9 octet 261 octet STM-1 3 byte 1 byte 5 byte
SOH AU4-PTR
J1 B3

SOH

C2 G1 F2 H4 Z3 Z4 Z5

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Trong phng php truyn khung trn c s t bo, cc t bo ATM c truyn lin tc m khng tun theo cc khung thi gian nh kiu truyn ng b. Trn ng truyn, c nhiu nht sau 26 t bo hu ch li c mt t bo lp vt l c chn vo, mc ch l lm dng t bo truyn ph hp vi tc bit cho ca giao din. T l 26 : 27 tng ng vi t l 149,760 Mbit/s :155,520 Mbit/s v 599,040 Mbit/s : 622,080 Mbit/s do n p ng c yu cu v tnh tng thch vi ng truyn (xem hnh 3.14b) k<=26 T bo lp vt l 1 2 .......... k T bo lp vt l 2

t bo lp vt l Hnh 3.14b : Cu trc giao din da trn c s t bo 3.6.2.2. Chc nng lp ATM: - iu khin lung chung (GFC) : nh trnh by, chc nng iu khin lung chung GFC ch c giao din gia mng v ngi s dng UNI. N cung cp cc th tc iu khin lung thng tin ti t mng ca ngi s dng CN (customer network ) hoc t cc thu bao. GFC cn c th c s dng gim bt tnh trng qu ti tc thi ca mng. - To v tch trng tiu ca t bo: Chc nng ny c thc hin im kt thc hoc bt u ca dng thng tin lp ATM. Ti u pht sau khi nhn c phn d liu 48 byte t lp AAL, phn tiu s c ghp vo trng d liu ny tr byte HEC. Cc gi tr VPI v VCI s c to ra da trn s liu nhn dng ca im truy nhp dch v SAP (Service Access Point). Ti u thu trng tiu c tch ra khi t bo ATM, ch c trng thng tin 48 byte c gi ti lp AAL. Ti y, gi tr VPI v VCI c dng nhn dng im truy nhp dch v. - c v thay i gi tr VPI, VCI: Thay i gi tr VPI v VCI l chc nng c bn ca chuyn mch ATM. N c th hin nt chuyn mng hoc ni xuyn trong mng. Trong nt ni xuyn, mi gi tr VPI ca t bo n u vo s nhn c mt gi tr mi u ra, gi tr VCI c gi nguyn. Mt khc ti nt chuyn mch ATM, c VPI v VCI u c thay i. - Phn knh v hp knh cc t bo: Ti u pht cc t bo thuc v knh o VC v ng o VP khc nhau s c hp knh thnh mt dng t bo duy nht. Ti u thu, dng t bo ATM c phn knh ng o c lp i ti thit b thu. 3.6.3.Lp cao trong B-ISDN: 3.6.3.1.Chc nng v phn loi AAL:
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Lp AAL c nhim v to ra s tng thch gia cc dch v c cung cp bi lp ATM vi cc lp cao hn. Thng qua lp AAL, cc n v s liu th tc PDU cc lp cao hn c chia nhv a vo trng d liu ca t bo ATM. AAL c chia nh thnh hai lp con l lp con thit lp v tho t bo SAR (Segmentation and Reassembly) v lp con hi t (Convergence sublayer). Chc nng chnh ca SAR l chia cc PDU ca lp cao hn thnh cc phn tng ng vi 48 byte ca trng d liu trong t bo ATM ti u pht. Ti u thu SAR ly thng tin trong trng d liu ca t bo ATM khi phc li cc PDU hon chnh. Lp con SC ph thuc loi dch v. N cung cp cc dch v ca lp AAL cho cc lp cao hn thng qua im truy nhp dch v SAP (Service Access Point). gim thiu cc th tc ca lp AAL, ITU-T chia AAL thnh 4 nhm khc nhau tu thuc vo c im ca chng. S phn nhm cc lp AAL ny ch yu da trn 3 tham s l: mi quan h v mt thi gian, tc bit v dng truyn (hay kiu lin kt ). Bng 3.4 trnh by s phn loi ny

Bng 3.4: Bng phn loi cc nhm AAL

Nhm A Nhm B Nhm C Nhm D Mi quan h thi gian C yu cu Khng yu cu gia ngun v ch Tc truyn Khng i Thay i Kiu lin kt Hng lin kt Khng lin kt

- Nhm A (m phng chuyn mch knh): phc v cc dch v yu cu thi gian thc, tc truyn khng i kiu truyn hng lin kt. Cc dch v thuc v loi ny thng l ting ni v tn hiu video c tc khng i. - Nhm B: L cc dch v thi gian thc, tc truyn thay i, kiu truyn hng lin kt. Cc dch v ca n thng l tn hiu audio v video c tc d thay i. - Nhm C: l cc dch v khng yu cu thi gian thc tc truyn thay i, phng php truyn hng lin kt v bo hiu. - Nhm D: Bao gm cc dch v khng yu cu thi gian thc, tc thay i, kiu truyn khng lin kt. c s dng cho cc dch v truyn s liu khng lin kt. Da vo phn loi trn ITU - T a ra mt vi kiu AAL. Sau y ta s ln lt xem xt tng loi. 3.6.3.2. Cc loi AAL 3.6.3.2.1: AAL kiu 1 AAL kiu 1 phc v cho cc dch v thuc nhm A bi v n thu hoc pht cc n v s liu dch v SDU (Service data unit) ca lp trn thi gian thc vi tc truyn khng i. Cc chc nng c bn ca AAL 1 bao gm phn tch v to li
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(Segmentation and reassembly ) thng tin ca ngi s dng, x l tr truyn v to t bo, x l li khi mt hoc chn nhm t bo, khi phc ng b u thu, pht hin li trng thng tin iu khin t bo v khi phc li cu trc thng tin ti bn nhn. - Lp con SAR: 4 bit C SC 4 bit SN CRC 47 byte SNP P Trng d liu ca SAR PDU

Tiu SAR PDU

C: bit CSI

Hnh 3.15: Dng SAR PDU ca AAL kiu 1 n v s liu th tc SAR - PDU gm c 48 byte. Octet u tin l trng thng tin iu khin th tc PCI. PCI bao gm 4 bit ch th t SN (sequence number) v 4 bit m chng li SNP (sequence number protection ) cho SN. Trng SN li c chia nh thnh bit bo hiu lp con hi t CSI (Convergence Sublayer Indication) v 3 bit m th t SC (Sequence counted). Hnh 3.15 th hin dng SAR- PDU ca AAL 1. Gi tr SC to ra kh nng pht hin cc t bo b mt hoc truyn nhm. Bit CSI c th c s dng truyn thng tin ng b hoc cc thng tin v cu trc d liu. Trng SNP cha m CRC pht hin v sa li cho SN, bit cui cng l bit P (parity) kim tra chn l c 7 bit u ca PCI. - Lp con CS: Cc chc nng lp con CS hon ton ph thuc vo dch v, bao gm mtt s chc nng c bn nh x l gi tr tr t bo, x l cc t bo b mt hoc chn nhm sa li theo c ch FEC, khi phc ng b theo phng php nh du thi gian d ng b SRTS (Synchronous residual time stamp ). Trong phng php STRS, mi thi gian d (residual time stamp), c s dng o c v mang thng tin v khc nhau gia ng h ng b chung ly trong mng v ng h ca thit b cung cp dch v. 3.6.3.2.2. AAL kiu 2 AAL kiu 2 s dng cho cc dch v c tc thay i c truyn theo thi gian thc (thuc v nhm B). Cc chc nng ca AAL 2 vn cha c nh ngha r rng. Tuy vy c th cho rng AAL 2 c pht trin t AAL 1, n c cc chc nng sau: Trao i s liu c tc d thay i gia cc lp cao hn vi lp ATM, x l tr t bo, phn tch v khi phc li thng tin cho ngi s dng, x l cc loi li t bo cng nh tch tn hiu ng b u thu. 3.6.3.2.3. AAL kiu 3/4 AAL kiu 3/4 c pht trin t AAL 3 (phuc v cho cc dch v loi C) v AAL 4 (phc v cho cc dch v loi D). Ngy nay 2 kiu AAL trn hp li thnh AAL 3/4 tho mn cc dch v thuc loi C v D. Hnh 3.16 l cu trc chnh ca AAL 3/4 trong

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lp con CS c chia thnh 2 phn l phn chung CPCS (common part CS ) v phn ph thuc dch v SSCS (service specific CS).

SSCS CPCS SAR

CS SAR

-SAP: im truy cp dch v -CS: lp con hi t -AAL 3/4 cung cp 2 kiu dch v c bn l dch v kiu thng ip (message mode service) truyn cc s liu c ng thnh khung (nh cc khung HDLC) v dch v kiu dng bit truyn s liu tc thp vi yu cu tr nh

AAL - SDU CS - PDU 48 octet SAR-PDU

s liu

Phn ui ca CS - PDU

Khi m

Phn tiu ca SAR PDU Phn ui ca SAR PDU

Phn tiu ca CSPDU Khng s dng

Hnh 3.17: Dch v kiu thng ip

48 octet

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Hnh 3.18: Dch v kiu dng bit Trong dch v kiu thng ip, mt n v s liu dch v AAL - SDU c truyn trong mt hoc vi SAR - PDU li c to ra t cc CS - PDU ny. Hnh 3.17 minh ho phng php ny. Trong dch v kiu dng bit, mt vi AAL - SDU c kch thc c nh c truyn trong mt CS - PDU (hnh 3.15) Hai th tc hot ng ng cp (peer to peer )c s dng cho c hai kiu dch v trn, l hot ng c bo m (assured operation) v hot ng khng bo m (none - assured operation). Trong hot ng c bo m, cc AAL - SDU b mt hoc c li s c truyn li. hot ng khng bo m khng c vic truyn li gi. - Lp con SAR: Ni chung cc CS - PDU c di thay i, v vy SAR PDU bao gm 44 octet l s liu ca CS - PDU. 4 octet cn li c dnh cho cc trng thng tin iu khin. Trng kiu on ST (Segment type) c di 2 bit, n ch ra loi ca CS - PDU c cha trong SAR - PDU nh : phn u ca CS - PDU BOM (beginning of message), phn cui EOM (End of message) v cc CS - PDU n SSM (single - segment message). Ch th di trng thng tin LI (length indicator) ch ra s octet ca CS - PDU c cha trong trng d liuca SAR - PDU. LI c di 6 bit. Ngoi ra trong SAR- PDU cn c trng s th t gi SN (sequence number) di 4 bit. Mi khi nhn c SAR - PDU thuc v mt cuc ni, gi tr ca SN li tng ln mt n v. Pht hin li l chc nng th hai ca lp con SAR. Trng chng li CRC di 10 bit thc hin vic kim tra li bit trong SAR - PDU. Gi tr CRC c tnh cho trng tiu , trng d liu, LI. Lp con SAR cn c kh nng pht hin cc gi SAR - PDU b mt hoc chn nhm. Chc nng th 3 ca SAR l ng thi phn knh hoc hp knh cc CS -PDU ca cc cuc ni n mc ATM. Chc nng ny s dng trng s liu nhn dng hp knh MID (Multiplexing Indetifier )di 10 bit. Cc SAR - PDU vi s liu nhn dng MID khc nhau s thuc v cc CS - PDU ring bit. Vic phn/hp knh phi c thc hin trn c s t u cui ti u cui. Nhng ng ni lp ATM bao gm cc cuc ni lp AAL khc nhau s c x l nh mt thc th n. Hnh 3.19 trnh by cu trc khung SAR - PDU ca AAL 3/4. ST SN MID Trng thng tin ca SAR-PDU LI CRC 2bit 4bit 10bit 44 octet 6bit 10bit Phn tiu SAR - PDU Phn ui SAR-PDU SAR - PDU Hnh 3.19. Dng SAR - PDU ca AAL 3/4

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- Lp con CS:
CPI Btag Basize Trng thng tin ca CPCS-PDU PAD AL Etag Length

8bit 8bit 16bit Phn tiu SAR - PDU SAR PDU

Phn ui SAR-PDU

Hnh 3.20. Cu trc ca CPCS PDU ca AAL 3/4 Nh bit, lp con CS c chia thnh 2 phn l phn chung CPCS v phn ph thuc dch v SSCS. Chc nng nng v cu trc ca SSCS hin ti vn cha r rng, n i hi cn phi nghin cu thm. Phn CPCS truyn cc khung s liu ca ngi s dng vi di bt k trong khong t 1 octet n 65535 octet. Cc chc nng ca CPCS nm trong 4 octet phn tiu (header) v 4 octet phn ui (tailer). Trng ch th phn chung CPI (Common part indicator) c s dng qun l phn cn li ca tiu v phn ui. Trng nhn hiu u Btag (beginning tag) v nhn hiu kt thc Etag (Ending tag) cho php to nn s lin kt mt cch chnh xc gia phn tiu v phn ui ca khung. Trng kch thc b m cung cp BA size (Bufer Allocation Size) bo hiu cho du thu b m kch thc ti a cn thit nhn CPCS - SDU. Trng m PAD (padding) m bo sao cho trng d liu ca CPCS - SDU l mt s nguyn ln ca 4 octet do n c di t 0 octet n 3 octet. Trng sp xp AL(Aligment) c s dng sp xp phn ui 32 bit ca CPCS - PDU. Trng di (length) ch ra di trng d liu. Hnh 3.20 minh ho cu trc CPCS - PDU ca AAL kiu 3/4 3.6.3.2.4. AAL kiu 5: AAL kiu 5 phc v cho cc dch v c tc thay i, khng theo thi gian thc. Cng ging nh AAL 3/4, AAL 5 c s dng ch yu cho cc nhu cu truyn s liu. Tuy vy, ITU - T a ra kiu 5 nhm mc ch gim di trng thng tin iu khin th tc (PCI - bao gm phn tiu v phn ui). AAL 5 c cc chc nng v th tc nh AAL3/4. im khc nhau chnh ca hai loi ny l AAL 5 khng a ra kh nng phn hp knh, do n khng c trng MID. AAL 5 ch yu s dng cho bo hiu trong mng ATM. - Lp con SAR: Lp con SAR chp nhn cc SDU c di l mt s nguyn ln ca 48 octet c gi xung t CPCS. N s khng b sung thm cc trng thng tin iu khin (nh phn tiu v phn ui) vo cc SDU va nhn c. SAR ch thc hin cc chc nng phn tch (sementation) u pht v to li gi u thu. nhn bit c im bt u v kt thc ca SAR - PDU. AAL 5 s dng trng AUU. AUU nm trong trng PT (payload type - xem 3.4.2). tiu ca t bo ATM, gi tr AUU = 1 ch ra im kt thc, trong khi AUU = 0 ch ra im bt u hoc tip tc ca SAR - SDU - Lp con CS:

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Trng thng tin ca CPCS - PDU

PAD UU 0-47octet 8bit

CPI Length CRC 8bit 16bit 32bit Phn ui ca CPCS-PDU

SAR PDU Hnh 3.21. Cu trc CPCS - PDU ca AAL5 Phn CPCS cung cp chc nng truyn khung s liu ca ngi s dng vi di bt k t 1 octet ti 65535 octet. Thm vo , trong CPCS - PDU cn c trng UU (CPCS user to user indication) di 1 octet mang thng tin CPCS ca ngi s dng. Trng di length ch ra di ca phn d liu trong CPCS - PDU. Mi CRC di 32 bit c s dng chng li. Hnh 3.2.1 th hin cu trc ca CPCS - PDU ca AAL 5. 3.7. Mng ca ngi s dng v vn thng tin lin mng: 3.7.1. c im ca giao din B-ISDN UNI Hnh 3.22 m t cu hnh ca giao din B-ISDN UNI. N bao gm: - Cc khi chc nng: Bao gm thit b kt cui mng B - NT1 (Broadband network termination 1), thit b kt cui mng B - NT2 (Broadband network termination 2) v thit b u cui bng rng B - TE 1 (Broadband terminal equipment 1) - im truy nhp: Tb v Sb
MngCN B-TE1 B-NT2 B-NT1 Mng cngcng

Tb

Sb

UNI

Hnh 3.22 : Cu hnh giao din UNI B-NT1 ch thc hin cc chc nng truyn dn lin quan ti ng truyn. B-NT2 c th l tng i c quan hoc mng ATM - LAN, chng thc hin cc chc ng nh phn hp knh v chuyn mch cc t bo ATM. Mng CN chnh l ni s dng dng truy cp vo mng cng cng thng qua thit b u cui ca mnh. N trng vi khi chc nng B-NT2 (i khi c BNT1) 3.7.2.M hnh mng CN Khuyn ngh I.413 ca ITU - T a ra cc cu hnh vt l khc nhau cho CN (hnh 3.23). Hnh 3.23a minh ho cu hnh hnh sao trong thit b u cui c ni trc tip vo B-NT2 B-NT2 c s dng nh h thng tp trunghoc phn phi. Ngoi ra, ITU - T cn a ra mt s cu hnh mng CN mi trong cc thit b u cui c ni trc tip vo mt knhdng chung (trong hnh 3.23b,c,d). u im chnh ca cc m hnh knh dng chung cn phi c thm cc chc nng truy cp ng truyn. Trong ATM, nhng chc nng ny c thc hin qua cc th tc trong trng iu khin lung chnh GFC. C ch GFC cung cp kh nng truy cp mt cch cng bng v c trt t vo knh chung cho cc thit b u cui

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B-TE B-TE B-TE B-TE B-TE B-TE BNT2 BNT1 B-NT2 B-NT1

B-TE B-TE

B-TE B-TE

B-TE BNT2 B-TE BNT1

B-TE

B-TE

BNT2 B-TE
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3.8. Tm tt : Chng 3 trnh by tt c cc khi nim c bn nht xy dng nn mng ATM. Ta xem xt m hnh lin kt mng B-ISDN v cc khi nim lin quan ti cuc ni (VCC,VPC,VC...). Nguuyn tc bo hiu v chuyn mch cu trc t bo ATM. M hnh tham chiu ATM - PRM v chc nng ca tng lp trong m hnh quy chiu ny c c bit ch trong chng 3 v n th hin c th cch thc hot ng ca ATM.

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Chng 4: h thng truyn dn

4.1.Tng quan Chng ny xem xt phng php truyn thng tin trn mng truyn dn bng rng .Nh bit trong mi trung chuyn mch ATM,thng tin ucng gi thnh cc t bo 53 byte, Tuy nhin mng truyn dn bng rngATM ,khng phi tt c cc thng tin dng t bo bi v mng truyn dn bng rng phi c thit k sao cho dng thng tin ca cc h thng ng b ang tn ti cng c th c truyn trn cng mt mng vi lung thng tin ATM. Nhim v chnh ca mng truyn dn ny l truyn cc thng tin t ngun ti ch vi tr v xc sut li ti thiu. hon thnh nhim v trn ,chng c cc chc nng sau: To ra cc t bo ATM t cc dng thng tin lin tc , Truyn cc t bo ATM v thng tin ca cc h thng truyn dn ng b STM(Synchronous Tranfer Mode) ang tn ti . Ghp knh v phn knh dng t bo cng nh dng thng tin s ng b hin ti. Phn lung v trung chuyn( cross- connecting) dng t bo ATM v cc dnh thng tin ng b . Chuyn mch t bo v cc thng tin ca h thng ng b STM hin hu. p ng c cc chc nng trn , ITU-T chn mng cc quang ng b SONET v h thng phn cp s ng b SDH lm c s cho mnh truyn dn B_ISDN,tuy vy chng khng phi l h thng truyn dn duy nht trong mng ATM. Cc h thng truyn dn dng vai tr thc s quan trng trong B_ISDN,rt nhiu tin b t c lnh vc chuyn mch ,cc mng thng minh l nh s ci tin h thng truyn dn . Mt trong cc ci tin ny l p dng ca cc quang v cc thit b truyn dn quang. 4.2 Cc h thng truyn dn bng rng H thng truyn dn m thanh ATM bao gm rt nhiu thit b khc nhau ,mi thit b thc hin mt chc nng truyn dn nhtnh.Sau y s trnh by mt s loi thit b truyn dn bng rng. 4.2.1 B ghp knh SDH 1
155,520Mb/s p*155,520Mb/s STM-1 155,520Mb/s MUX STM-n

B ghp knh SDH c p u vo v 1 u ra duy nht nh trn hnh . Cc nhnh u vo vo c th c tc khc nhau .u ra c tc bng tng tc ca cc nhnh du vo .Cc b ghp knh cng c th c kt hp vi nhau thnh nhiu tng
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ghp nhiu loi knh c tc khc nhau mt u thnh mt knh tc cao u ra. 4.2.2.B phn knh SDH B phn knh SDH thc hin chc nng ngc li vi b ghp knh . N phn knh mt ng b dng thng tin n u vo thnh p u ra ng vi cc u vo ca b ghp knh SDH.
155,520Mb/s P*155,520 Mb/s

1 p

STM-1 DEMUX

STM-1
155,520Mb/s

STM-1 4.2.3 B phn lung thng tin ng b ( Synchronous transport Signal Crossconnect) B phn lung thng tin ng b c p u vo v p u ra nh hnh v . B phn lung c kh nng ni mt u vo vi mt hoc nhiu u ra tc l n c th gi cc tn hiu t mt u vo ti nhng u ra khc nhau . Chc nng chnh ca n l nhm nhng lung thng tin t cc nhnh u vo c cng a ch ch thnh mt lung thng tin duy nht a chng ti cc u ra thch hp . 1 2 p
B phn lung thng tin ng b

1 2 p

4.2.4 B phn tp trung ( ATM concentror) v b dn ( ATM expender) B phn tp trung ATM c p u vo v mt u ra , n nhn cc t bo ATM ti cc u vo vi tc khc nhau . Tt c cc t bo trng u b loi b . Cc t bo ATM hu ch nm b m u vo cho ti khi chng c trn vi nhau nhng t bo nhnh khc thnh mt dng duy nht u ra . Tc u ra ph thuc vo c im ca lung thng tin cc nhnh u vo v mc tp trung cc nhnh ca b tp trung . Nh vy tc u ra lun nh hn tng tc cc nhnh u vo . B dn ATM thc hin chc nng nguc vi b tp trung . Dng ATM u vo c tch thnh cc lung thng tin khc nhau v c chn cc t bo trng ti to li cc u ra tng ng . 4.2.4 B ni xuyn ATM ( ATM Cross-connect)

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B ni xuyn c p u vo v q u ra . Nhim v chnh ca n l phn hoc ghp lung cc ng o VP (xem 3.3.2.1) u vo v a chng ti cc u ra thch hp. Vic phn / ghp lung ny da trn gi tr VPI ca cc t bo,do b ni xuyn cn c gi l chuyn mch VP.B ni xuyn ATM cn thc hin chc nng loi b t bo trng ra khi dng thngtin u vo ( y cng l chc nng ca b tp trung ) . 4.2.5 Chuyn mch ATM Cu trc chuyn mch c trnh by chng 3 , tuy vy trong thc t chuyn mch ATM cn bao gm b tp trung ,b dn ,b ghp knh v phn knh lm cho dng t bo v u ra thch hp vi tc bn trong c xc nh trc . Ti u vo ,phn tiu ca cc t bo ATM c kim tra nh ng u ra thch hp. Thng tin phn tiu c s dng nh mt con tr trong bng truyn t , bng ny cha cc thng tin nh ng cho t bo .
Nt chuyn mch ATM

1 2 p

1 2 p

Hnh 4.1. Nt chuyn mch ATM 4.2.6 Cc khi dch v Cc khi dch v l mt phn ca mng , chng thc hin cc chc nng ca cc lp cao hn lp ATM nh lp AAL,mt phng iu khin ( xem 3.6.1) . Di y l mt s khi dch v in hnh : - Khi dch v thu nhn cc thng ip bo hiu , thc hin cc chc nng x l cuc gi v iu khin bng ma trn chuyn mch . - Khi dch v phc v cho vic truyn s liu khng lin kt ( Connectionless data service) c tc cao ,chng thc hin cc chc nng to v tho gi , kim tra phn tiu gi lp 3 v nh ng cho cc gi ti ch cn thit hoc ti mt kh dch v s liu khng lin kt khc. Cu phn phi (Multicast bridge) thu nhn t bo t mt u vo ,nhn bn cc t bo ny v gi chng ti nhiu ch khc nhau . 4.2.7 Phn t kt ni lin mng IWU (Interworking Unit) Phn t kt ni lin mng IWU c nhim v kt ni cc mng khc nhau vo mng B-ISDN. Thng thng n thc hin cc chc nng bin i cc th tc ca mng hin hu cho ph hp vi cc th tc ca mng bng rng. 4.3 Cc chc nng truyn dn bng rng Sau y ta s xem xt chi tit cc chc nng c trnh by 4.1 4.3.1 To ra cc t bo ATM dng thng tin lin tc

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Thng thng cc thit b u cui bng rng gi vo knh truyn thng tin c ng thnh cc t bo ATM di 53 byte . Trong trng hp ny khng cn b xung cc chc nng ng gi . Tuy vy vic to gi cn thit khi kt ni cc thit b thng tin khng phi l ATM vo mng bng rng .Lc ny b ch to t bo ATM s ct knh truyn nh b STM ( Synchronous Transfer Mode) thnh nhiu mu nh thch hp vi trng thng tin ca t bo ,n cng lm cc thng tin dng chuyn mch gi ph hp vi kch thc t bo ATM . S chuyn i ny thng c thc hin thit b kt cui mng B-ISDN ( xem 3.7.1.1) hoc bt k u trong mng bng rng ,ni c lin kt vi mt mng khng ATM. Ngc li ,ta cng cn c nhng thit b tho gi chuyn cc t bo ATM thnh dng thng tin thng . Hnh 4.2 th hin vic tho v to t bo ti B-NT2. Sn Tn
B-NT1

S hoc R

B-NT2

B to / tho t bo ATM

Hnh 4.3 S dng b to / tho t bo ti B-NT2 4.3.2 Truyn dn t bo ATM 4.3.2.1 Cc tiu chun ca h thng truyn dn V nguyn tc ,t bo ATM c th c truyn trn h thng truyn dn khc nhau.ITU-T nh ngha 2 ch truyn dn ti giao din ngi s dng- mng , l ch truyn dn SDH v ch truyn dn da trn c s t bo ATM(xem3.6.2.1.2), in hnh l h thng phn cp s cn ng b PDH, c nh ngha trong khuyn ngh G.703 ca ITU-T. H thng PDH hot ng tc 2,3,34,140 Mb/s theo tiu chun CHU U hoc 1,5 v 45 Mb/s theo tiu chun BC MY. Cc giao din ca h thng truyn dn phi lun tun theo chun vch ra bi ITU-T. Nhng giao din khc nhau s c s dng vo loi dch v c truyn , tc v lu lng truyn ti cc thu bao hoc nt truy nhp chuyn mch a phng . Ti mng trung k v ng di, cc giao din nh nhau cng c s dng truyn ting ni ,s liu hnh nh, mi loi giao din li c phng thc truyn khc nhau ( v mt khung truyn ,cch truyn l cp quang hoc in v m ng truyn) . Bng 4.4 Minh ho cc giao din ca h thng truyn dn bng rng.

Tn giao din T1
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Tc truyn 1,544Mbit/s
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DS3 OC1 OC3 OC12 OC24 OC48 OC192

45,76Mbit/s 51,84 Mbit/s 155,52Mbit/s 622,08Mbit/s 1,244Mbit/s 2,488Mbit/s 9,6Mbit/s

in in Quang Quang Quang Quang Quang

4.3.2.2 ng b mng Nh trnh by trong 3.6.2.1.2 c hai h thng s c ng dng rng ri trong k thut truyn dn ATM l h thng truyn dn trn c s t bo v h thng truyn dn ng b m in hnh l mng SONET/SDH. Mng truyn dn da trn c s t bo ATM cn phi c kh nng ng b tng bit cng nh ng b c t bo . Ti mi u vo ca b ghp knh hoc nt chuyn mch ATM cn phi cung cp cc tn hiu ng b c lp ng b t bo u vo vi h thng bn trong .Khi gii hn khong cch cc i gia mt chu k con l 26 t bo ( xem 3.6.1.2) , lch ng b gia ng h bn ngoi v ng h bn trong s c iu chnh ( t bo OAM mc vt l mang cc thng tin ng b ngoi ) . trn nguyn tc ,mt ng truyn dn trong h thng truyn ny khng nht thit phi ng b vi cc ng truyn dn khc. Ngc li trong cc mng truyn dn ng b ca B-ISDN tn hiu ng b mng phi c to ra t nhng ngun ng h tin cy v n nh .Tt c cc phn t trong mng u c ng b trc tip t mt ng h n .Tuy vy do khng th c ng lin kt trc tip t ngun ng h n ti mi phn t trong mng nn thng tin ng b ca mt nt mng thng c ly t nt k vi n .Nt mng ny ti lt n li chuyn tn hiu ng b ti nt tip theo ,nh vy ton b thit b trong mng u c ng b.Bi v ng h l phn t rt quan trng trong cc mng truyn dn ng b nn cn phi c mt ngun khc d tr. Trong B-ISDN ,mi nt mng cn c kh nng nhanh chng chuyn sang s dng ngun ng b d tr trong trng hp ngun chnh b hng hay thit b b mt ng b trong mt khong thi gian ngn. Thng thng ngun ng b d tr nm ngay bn trong nt mng .Hnh 4.5 minh ho mt v d ng b trong mng B-ISDN

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Ngun ng h d tr Ngun ng h d Mgun dng h d Ngun ng h d tr

Thitb

u cui

Nttruynhp mngATM Ngung ng H chnh

Nt mng

Nt mng ATM

Nt Truy nhp ATM

Thit b u cui

ng cung cp ngun ng b chnh ng cung cp ngun ng b d tr Hnh 4.5:Cung cp ng b cho mng truyn dn ATM 4.3.3 Ghp knh tp trung dng thng tin Trong b ghp knh SDH cc t bo trng khng c loi khi lung thng tin u vo ,nh vy c ngha l b ghp khng c chc nng x l cc container SDH mang t bo ATM( xem 3.6.2.1.2).Hnh 4.6 trnh by mt b ghp knh SDH. 1
155,520Mb/s

STM-1
155,520Mb/s P

B tp trung
ATM

155,520Mb/s

STM-1

STM-1

Hnh 4.6. B tp trung ATM Ngc li b tp trung ATM ,tt c cc t bo trng u c tch ra khi dng t bo mang thng tin c ch .V vy dung lng thngtin ti u ra ca b tp trung ATM nh hn tng dung lng thng tin u vo , iu ny c minh ho trn hng 4.6. B tp trung ATM tho cc t bo ATM ra khi khung truyn dn ( trn hng v l khung STM-1).Loi b nhng t bo trng hoc b li sau ghp cc t bo mang thng tin hu ch vo khung STM-1 . Trong th d trn hnh 4.6 t l tp trung l 1/p,tuy vy t l ny ch ng vi s p nh (cho ti 8) v tc truyn ca dng thng tin hu ch ti mi nhnh khng qu 20 Mb/s . 4.3.4 Phn lung v trung chuyn dng t bo
Dng dy thu bao Lung A Lung B ng dy thu bao Nt ni xuyn ATM Chuyn mch a phng

Hnh 4.7. Phn lung thng tin nt ni xuyn Chc nng phn lung thng tin v trung chuyn dng t bo c thc hin nt ni xuyn .cng nh chuyn mch ATM ,nt ni xuyn c th c d dng lin kt cc knh o VC , ng o VP u vo vi cc VC,VP u ra v do cho php thit lp cc
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cuc ni knh o VCC v cuc ni ng o VPC qua mng (xem 3.3.2.3) . N cn thc hin cc chc nng vn hnh ,qun l ,bo dng OAM cn thit lp vt l v lp ATM . B ni xuyn c th c s dng trong mng truy nhp phn tch lung thng tin ca khch hng thnh mt lung i ti nt chuyn mch a phng v cc lung c nh i ti mt im no trong mng . Hnh 4.7 minh ho vic phn lung thng tin lp ni xuyn . Trong khi chuyn ATM thit lp v gii phng cuc ni thng qua cc th tc bo hiu th nt ni xuyn li c iu khin bi mt phng qun l . 4.4 Mng truyn dn SONET /SDH SONET/ SDH l mt h thng ng vai tr quan trng trong s pht trin B-ISDN . SONET (Synchronous Optical network ) l mt giao din truyn dn quang c hng Bellcore a ra v c chun ho bi ANSI (American Nation Standard institude ) . Tng ng vi SONET , ITU-T cng a ra chun ring ca mnh l h thng phn cp s ng b SDH (Synchronous Digital Heachy ), Nhng tiu chun ca h thng ny nm trong khuyn ngh G.707, G.708, G.709. Trong qu trnh pht trin hai chun truyn dn trn , ngi ta nhn thy iu ht sc cn thit l phi ng nht v mt tiu chun cng nh yu cu ca c ITU-T cng nh ANSI . Cui cng hai t chc trn i n mt tho hip cho php to tnh tng thch gia hai h thng SONET v SDH . V vy v mt cu trc cng nh tc truyn , hai h thng ny c rt t im khc bit v mt thc t , h thng SONET/ SDH c xy dng v pht trin nhm t mt s mc ch sau : a ra cc chun phn cp phn cp truyn dn mi c th mang cc knh truyn dn c s ca c CHU U v BC MY (th d : Cp DS3 45,76 Mbps ca BC MY hoc knh PCM 2.048 ca CHU U ). To nn cc chun truyn dn quang ng nht kt ni thit b ca cc nh sn xut khcnhau . a ra kh nng gim st , vn hnh v bo dng mi . To ra giao din thun tin , n gin vi nt chuyn mch , nt ni xuyn v b ghp / tch lung thng tin . a ra mt cu trc mn do nhm tho mn cc dch v a tc bng rng ca tng lai . Cung cp kh nng truy nhp d dng vo mt vi knh thng tin no nm trong khi thng tin a knh tc cao 4.5 Cu trc mng truyn dn bng rng 4.4.1 Cu trc mng a phng Cu hnh mng a phng n gin nht l cu hnh hnh sao . trong cu hnh ny , mi thu bao u c mt ng dy truy nhp ring. Hinh 4.9 trnh by cc cu hnh mng a phng khc nhau . Cu hnh hnh sao kp,v hnh vng cng ng vai tr quan trng trong mng a phng . ti u ho lung thng tin ti ngi s dng ,cc ng truy nhp t thu bao thng c ni vi b ni xuyn trc khi i ti nt chuyn mh cng nh cc ni khc nhau trong mng
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u cui u cui u cui Chuyn mch a phng

u cui Chuyn mch a phng

u cui

Nt ni xuyn

u cui u cui Mng u cui u cui

u cui Chuyn mch a phng

Hnh 4.9 : Mt s cu hnh mng a phng

4.4.2 Cu trc mng trung k

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Mng trung k l mng dng lin kt cc nt chuyn mch ( hoc mng a phng ) li vi nhau . T thu bao , mt cuc gi ng di s c truyn qua nt chuyn mch a phng v mng trung k ti c thu bao b gi . Mng trung k thng c to thnh t b ni xuyn v nt chuyn mch ATM, trong cc nt ni xuyn hoc b ghp knh dng vai tr trung gian gia chuynATM v cac thit b truyn dn SONET. Thit b ny c nhim v bin i dng t bo ATM thnh dng thng tin quang thch hp vi ng truyn . Hnh 4.10 l mt v d v Mng trung k.
Thit b truyn dn

ng trung k Lung thng tin Ti mng a Phng Nt Ni xuyn

Lung thng tin T mng a Phng

Lung thng tin Ti mng a Phng

Chuy n Mch ATM

Hnh 4.10 Mng trung k 4.5 Tm tt chng ny chng ta cp n ti cc vn c lin quan ti h thng truyn dn bng rng v chc nng ca chng . Cc giao din ca mng truyn dn v vn ng b mng cng c nghin cu. Phn cui ca chng trnh by cc nguyn tc c bn thit lp cu hnh cho mng a phng v mng trung k.

Chng 5: tng quan v mng my tnh

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Chuyn Mch ATM

Chuyn Mch ATM

Nt ni Xuyn

Nt ni Xuyn

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5.1 kin trc ca mng cc b cc mng cc b thng c 3 loi kin trc chnh (hnh5.1)

Cc b (lan )hin hu

hnh sao (star)

Hnh vng (ring)

Hnh cy (tree) Bus l trng hp c bit ca hnh cy c mt thn , khng c cnh ,nn ta s dng t ghp bus/cy.
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Trong dng hnh sao ,mt phn t chuyn mch trung tm c dng ni vi tt c cc nt trong . Mt trm mun truyn d liu cn phi gi mt yu cu lin kt vi mt trm ch no ti trm chuyn mch trung tm v trm trung tm ny s dng chuyn mch knh thit lp , d liu c trao i gia hai trm nh th chng c ni vi nhau bi mt lin kt im- im. Dng hnh vng bao gm mt chu trnh trong mi nt c ni vi mt phn t lp .d liu lu thng quanh vng theo mt chui lin tip cc lin kt d liu im im gia cc phn t chuyn tip . Mt trm mun truyn phi i n lt v gi d liu vo vng di dng mt packet trong c cha cc a ch ca ngun v ch cng nh d liu cn chuyn . Khi packet ti , trm ch s sao d liu vo b nh m ca n v packet tip tc lu thng cho n khi n tr v li nt ngun , to ra mt kiu xc nhn t nhin. Dng bus/cy c c trng bi vic s dng mt phng tin truyn tin dng qung b ,a truy nhp .V tt c cc thit b phn chia mt phng tin truyn thng chung nn mi thi im ch c mt thit b c th truyn v cng ging trng hp dng vng , d liu c gi trong mt packet c cha cc a ch ngun v ch. Mi trm kim sot phng tin truyn v sao cho cc gi dnh cho n . 5.2 Phng tin truyn Bng 2.1 cho ta danh sch cc phng tin truyn thch hp vi mng cc b : cp dy xon ,cp ng trc v si quang .Cc c tnh c ch ra trong bng cho php so snh hiu qu cng nh kh nng ng dng ca mi loi phng tin .
c tnh phng tin Cp dy xon Cp ngtrc (50) Cp ng trc(75) Cp si quang Tc truyn d liu ti a (Mb/s) 1-2 10 20-50 10 ? Tm cc i ng vi tc ( km) Vi Vi 1-10 1 ? S lng thit B ghp ni 10 100 10-1000 10 ?

Bng 5.2 Cc c tnh ch yu ca cc phng tin truyn dng cho mng cc b 5.3 Quan h gia phng tin truyn v kin trc Vic la chn phng tin truyn tin v kin trc cho mt mng cc b khng th lm c lp vi nhau .Bng 5.3 cho cc t hp mong mun .
Hnh dng Phngtin Cp dy xon Cp ng trc bng hp Cpng trc bng rng Cp si quang Bus x x x x Cy Vng x x Sao x

Bng 5.3 Cc quan h gia truyn tin v kin trc Kin trc bus c th c ci t i vi hoc cp dy xon hoc cp ng trc . Kin trc cy c th dng vi cp ng trc bng rng . Tnh cht n hng ca tn hiu bng rng cho php xy dng mt kin trc cy ,cn tnh cht song hng ca tn
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hiu bng hp trn cp dy xon hoc cp ng trc ni chung khng thch hp vi kin trc cy. Kin trc vng i hi cc lin kt im - im gia cc b chuyn tip . Cp dy xon , cp ng trc bng hp v si quang c th c s dng cung cp cc lin kt . cp ng trc bng rng khng thch hp vi kin trc vng v mi b lp trong trng hp cn c kh nng tip nhn v truyn li mt cch khng ng b cc d liu trn nhiu knh . Gi thnh cao ca nhng thit b nh vy s c chp nhn . Kin trc sao i hi mt lin kt gia mi trm v trm chuyn mch trung tm . cp dy xon s thch hp nht vi nhim v . Tc truyn cao ca cp ng trc hoc si quang c th vt qu kh nng ca cc b chuyn mch thng thng . 5.4 Cc giao thc iu khin truy nhp phng tin truyn Tt c cc mng cc b u bao gm mt tp cc thit b cng phn chia kh nng truyn d liu ca mng . Do vy cn phi c cc phng php iu khin vic truy nhp vo phng tin truyn cho hai thit b bt k c th trao i d liu khi mun . Hnh 5.4 cho s phn loi cc giao thc iu khin truy nhp phng tin truyn. iu ny dn ti vic ghp knh hoc theo thi gian hoc theo tn s . Cc k thut iu khin truy nhp c th l ng b hoc khng ng b . Ghp knh

TDM ng b PBX Truy nhp ngu nhin CSMA CSMA/CD Vng c khe Khng ng b

FDM

Truy nhp c iu khin TOKEN TOKEN BUS RING Trnh ng

Chn thanh ghi Hnh 5.4 Cc k thut iu khin truy nhp mng cc b

5.4.1 truy nhp ngu nhin CSMA/CD Trc khi xem xt giao thc CSMA/CD ta tm hiu phng n n gin ca n l CSMA/, hay cn gi l phng php LBT(listen before talk - nghe trc khi ni ).

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Mt trm mun truy nhp phng tin truyn , phi nghe xem phng tin truyn ri hay bn . Nu phng tin truyn ri th trm bt u truyn packet i . Nu phng tin truyn ang bn th trm thc hin mt trong ba gii thut c gi cc gii thut kin tr -Persitent algorithms sau y: Gii thut tm rt lui none- persitent . Trm tm thi rt lui ch i trong mt thi gian ngu nhin no ri bt u nghe phng tin . Gii thut 1- persitent : Trm tip tc nghe n khi phng tin ri th truyn d liu . Gii thut P- persitent : trm tip tc nghe n khi phng tin ri th truyn d liu i vi xc sut P nh trc no . Ngc li n tm rt lui ch i trong mt thi gian c nh ri truyn i vi xc sut P hoc tip tc ch i vi xc sut (1-P). Gii thut none- Persitent c hiu qua trong vic trnh xung t v hai trm cn truyn khi thy phng tin truyn s cng rt lui ch i trong cc thi on ngu nhin khc nhau . Nhc im ca n l c khong thi gian cht sau mi cuc truyn .ngc li gii thut 1- persitent c gng gim thi gian cht bng cch cho php mt trm i c th truyn ngay sau khi mt cuc truyn khc kt thc . Song nu c nhiu hn mt trm ang i th xung t xy ra . Gii thut P- persitent phc tp hn ct ti thiu ho c xung t ln thi gian cht v ch nghe trc khi ni cn trong khi ni th khng nn mc d c xung t nn cc trm khng hay bit g m vn c tip tc truyn nt cc packet ca mnh , gy ra vic chim dng v ch phng tin truyn . Nhc im r rng ca CSMA c khc phc bi gii thut CSMA/CD m ngi ta gi l phng php LWT( listen while talk- nghe trong khi ni ), trong c hai qui tc sau c b xung vo giao thc CSMA: * Trong khi mt trm ang truyn n vn tip tc nghe trn phng tin truyn . Nu pht hin thy c xung t th n ngng vic truyn v tip tc gi tn hiu thm mt thi gian na m bo tt c cc trm u nghe c s kin xung t . Sau trm tm ch i trong mt thi on ngu nhin no ri th truyn li bng cch s dng CSMA. 5.4.2 token bus (bus dng th bi) Token Bus l k thut trong cc trm Bus (hoc cy ) to nn mt vng logic : l cc trm c xc nh theo dy th t m trm cui cng ca dy s tip lin sau bi trm u tin . Mi trm c bit a ch ca trm k trc v sau n .Hnh 5.5 Mt packet iu khin m ta gi l th bi ( token) c dng cp pht quyn truy nhp phng tin truyn , n c chy trn vng logc ny . Khi mt trm nhn c Token th n c trao quyn s dng phng tin trong mt thi on xc nh , trong thi on n c th truyn mt hoc nhiu packet d liu . Khi cng vic song hoc ht thi hn cho php , trm s chuyn Token n trm k tip trong vng logc . Cc trm khng s dng Token vn c th c mt trn Bus nhng chng ch c th tr li cho cc yu cu xc nhn ( nu chng l ch ca packet no ) .
Trm A
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Trc= C Sau = B
Trm B

Trc = B Sau = A
Trm D

Trc= D Sau = C

Trc = A Sau = B

Hnh 5.5: Token Bus Cn nhn mnh rng th t vt l ca cc trm trn BUS l khng quan trng v c lp vi th t Logc . Phng php ny i hi mt cng vic kh khn : l vic duy tr vng logic . Ti thiu cn phi thc hin cc chc nng sau : cn b xung trm vo vng logic : Cc trm khng tham d cn c xem xt nh k c chp nhn b xung vo vng logic. Loi b trm khi vng logic : Mt trm c th tch ra khi vng bng cc ni trm trc v trm sau n vi nhau . Qun l sai st: Mt s sai st c th xy ra . Chng hn : a ch trng ( hai trm u ngh n lt mnh) ,vgy vng(khng trm no ngh tilt mnh) . Khi to vng logic : Khi thit t mng hoc sau khi vng logic b gy , cn phi ti to li vng .Cn c mt gii thut phn tn no vo trm u , trm no th hai Nhc im ca Token Bus l qun l phc tp ,nhng n c u im l iu ho lu thng , thch hp khi lu lng ln. 5.4.3 Token ring Truy nhp c iu khin Phng php Token ring da trn vic lu chuyn trong vng mt Packet Token nh . Trong Packet c mt bit biu din trng thi s dng ca n ( bn hoc ri -Busy or free). Khi tt c cc trm u ri th Token c t v trng thi Free ( ri ). Mt trm mun truyn s liu phi i n khi Token i qua , thay bit trng thi ca Token t Free thnh Busy v truyn mt gi d liu i cng vi token . Lc ny khng cn Token Free trn vng na v do vy cc trm cn truyn phi i . Gi d liu c truyn i mt vng v c trm ch ( c a ch ghi trong gi d liu ) sao li ri i tip cho n khi quay v trm pht . trm pht s xo b gi d liu , thay i Token sang trng thi Free v gi n vo vng cc trm khc c th nhn c quyn truyn d liu trn mng.

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Free Token

Hnh 5.6: Token ring K tut Token ring cng c mt s u im ging nh k thut Token Bus . Cc u im chnh l kh nng iu ho lu thng . Nhc im ch yu l cc yu cu duy tr Token: Vic mt th bi lm cho trn vng khng cn th bi lu chuyn na. Mt th bi bn lu chuyn khng dng trn vng . i vi vn mt th bi , c qui nh trc mt trm iu khin ch ng . Trm ny s pht hin tnh trng mt th bi bng cch dng ch ngng thi gian v phc hi bng cch pht i mt th bi ri mi. i vi vn th bi lu chuyn khng dng , trm monitor s dng mt bit trn th bi ( gi l monitor bit) nh d ( t gi tr 1) khi gp mt th bi bn i qua n . Nu n gp li mt th bi Kin bn vi bit nh du th c ngha l trm ngun khng nhn li c n v d liu ca mnh v th bi bn c quay vng mi . Lc ,trm monitor s i bit trng thi ca th bi thnh ri v chuyn tip trn vng . Cc trm cn li trn vng s c vai tr b ng : chng theo di pht hin tnh trng s c ca trm monitor ch ng v thay t vai tr . Cn c mt gii thut chn trm thay th cho trm monitor hng. 5.5 .ATM- LAN 5.5.1 Kin trc ATM LAN C ba th h ca LAN : th h th nht : c c trng bi CSMA /CD v token ring .N cung cp ni kt t u cui ti host v h tr cho kin trc khch - ch . Th h th hai : c c trng bi FDDI . N p ng cho nhu cu trc xng sng ( backbone ) ca LAN v h tr cho cc trm lm vic tc cao . 1. Th h th ba : c c trng bi ATM- LAN . N c thit k cung cp thng lng s liu tng (aggregate throungput) v bo m truyn theo thi gian thc , c dng trong ng dng a phngtin. ATM rt thch hp cho vic p ng cc yu cu h tr a dch v bo v cc lp ng dng video thi gian thc,tin li cho hot ng giacng ngh LAN v WAN,cung cp thng lng ln. Bng cch s dng ng dn o , knh o , c th d dng to ra cc lp dch v ATM ,d dng phn cp bng cch b xung thm nt (node) chuyn mch ATM v s dng tc d liu cao hn ( hoc thp hn ) trong trng hp ni thm cc thit b . Thut ng ATM - LAN c dng bi cc nh cung cp v nghin cu ng dg cho cu hnh khc nhau .ATM - LAN l mt cch s dng n gin ca vic s dng ATM nh l mt giao thc truyn s liu .
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FDDI
100Mb/s 622Mbps 155 Mb/s 10- Mb/s Ethernet

Lin kt
ATMLAN khc 155Mbps Ti mng ATM Cng cng 155 Mb/s

100Mb/s

Hnh 5.6 Cu hnh ca ATM-LAN 5.5.2 Cc dng ca ATM LAN Bao gm cc dng sau : Cng ni ti ATM - WAN : Chuyn mch ATM hot ng nh mt Router v b tp trung lu lng ni kt ton mng ti ATM- WAN. Chuyn mch ATM xng sng ( backbone) : Hoc l chuyn mch ATM n hoc l chuyn mch ATM-LAN ni ti cc LAN khc. Nhm lm vic ATM : Cc trm lm vic a phng tin tc cao v h thng u cui khc ni trc tip ti chuyn mch ATM . Trong thc t vic trn ln 2 hoc 3 kiu trn y ca mng to ra ATM- LAN. Hnh 5.7 cho thy ATM - LAN backbone ( xng sng ) bao gm ni kt ra mng bn ngoi . Trong hnh ny ATM - LAN c 4 chuyn mch ni vi nhau theo phng thc im - im ( point- to-point) tc cao vi tc ATM chun t 155Mbps v 622Mbps . Vi gi thit ny , c 3 LAN khc , mi ci ni vi mt trong cc chuyn mch ATM , Tc d d liu t chuyn mch ATM ti LAN ni kt ph hp vi tc d liu ca LAN . V d ni kt ti FDDI l 100Mbps . Do chuyn mch phi bao gm mt vi b m v kh nng chuyn i tc ti bn tc d liu t LAN ni kt ti tc d liu ATM . Chuyn mch ATM cng thc hin vi loi chuyn i giao thc t giao thc MAC ( Media access control) s dng cho LAN tr thnh dng cc t bo ATM dng trn mng ATM ( l cu ni v nh tuyn ) . phng php n gin ny c dng cho mi chuyn mch ATM gn vo LAN thc hin chc nng nh tuyn hoc cu ni . ATM - LAN trong hnh 5.7 cho thy phng php chn trc xng sng tc cao vo mi trng ni ht . Khi nhu cu trn pht trin , ch n gin l pht trin dung lng ca
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trc xng sng bng cch a thm chuyn mch , pht trin thng lng chuyn mch , pht trin tc d liu ca trung k gia cc chuyn mch . Vi cc chin lc ny ,ti ca LAN ring bit vi gi thit c th pht trin v s lng LAN cng c th pht trin. Tuy nhin vi trc chnh ATM n gin khng th p ng tt c nhu cu ca LAN . Trong cu hnh ny , h thng u cui dng chung phng tin v dng chung mi trng c hn ch tc d liu . Cch tip cn thun tin v hiu qa l s dng cng ngh ATM vi Hub. Hnh 5.8 a ra mt cu hnh c th ca phng php ny .Mi ATM Hub gm c mt s cc cng hot ng vi cc tc d liu v giao thc khc nhau . Mi Hub nh bao gm mt s lng module v mi module cha cng vi d liu v gao thc cho . S khc nhau ch yu gia ATM - Hub (trong hnh 5.8) v nt ATM (trong hnh 5.6) l cch thc iu khin h thng u cui khc nhau . Trong ATM - Hub mi h thng u cui c mt ni kt im - im ti Hub . Mi h thng u cui bao gm phn cng v phn mn truyn thng giao tip vi cc kiu ring bit ca LAN , trong mi trng hp LAN ch c hai kiu thit b h thng u cui v Hub. V d : Mi thit b ni kt ti cng Ethernet 10Mbps dn ra giao thc CSMA/CD vi 10Mbps . Tuy nhin mi h thng u cui u c ng ring ca mnh tc dng ca n l cung cp 10Mbps . Do mi h thng c th hot ng gn vi tc d liu ti a 10Mbps.

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Chuyn mch ATM

n tt ATM Cng ni Etherne nghip Tip

t

Cng

Cng token ring Cng Cng FDDI Cng Etherne t Server

ATM Hub

155Mbps

100Mbps Ethernet

155Mbps WAN line

16Mbps Token ring 100Mbps Ethernet

100Mbps FDDI

B iu khin module chun mch 155Mbps S dng cu hnh nay nh trong hnh 5.6 v 5.7 c thun li l vic ci t LAN ang

Hnh 5.7 : Cu hnh ca ATM- LAN- Hub

tn ti v phn cng ca LAN,c th c s dng li vi cng ngh ATM . iu bt li l vic s dng mi trng trn ln cc giao thc yu cu phi ci t mt vi loi chuyn i giao thc . Phng php n gin hn l yu cu h thng u cui phi c t chc vi kh nng ca ATM v y gi l ATM- LAN thun tu . Hnh 5.8 Biu din cu hnh mt nt n trong ATM - LAN thun tu v cng a ra ngha ca vic ci t chuyn mch ATM, y mi h thng u cui ni trc tip ti chuyn mch ATM vi tc d liu chun (155Mbps). Ma trn chuyn mch trong hnh 5.8 l mt nhmcc phn t chuyn mch .Khi tn hiu truyn ti phn du ca thit b , phn t chuyn mch chn ngu nhin chuyn n ti mt trong hai u ra . u ra ca tng u l u vo ca tng tip theo , c tip tc nh vy . X l ny m bo vic truyn xuyn qua ma trn chuyn mch , gim tc nghn .
Giao din cng Giao din cng

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Hnh 5.8 : LAN da trn chuyn mch ATM Mi phn t chuyn mch u c b m ln gi mt vi t bao ATM. Cc t bo c gi li trnh tc nghn v c nhn ln cho vic thc hin a phn pht . Trong trng a phn pht , phn t chuyn mch kim tra xem n cn phi copy hay khng . Nu vy phn t chuyn mch chuyn t bo copy qua c hai cng ra . Lu c phn gi ln nhau ca cc ng dng ATM - LAN v knh thng tin quang . C hai u dng si quang nh mi trng truyn dn . C hai da vo cng ngh chuyn mch v u t c tc d liu ln hn 100Mbps. im mnh ca ATM- LAN l tc cao , thi gian phn b v tch hp vi mng ATM- WAN . im mnh ca knh thng tin quang l tc cao , truyn d liu v khi lng ln c hiu qu , tch hp knh I/O v h tr mng . 5.6 Kt kun Trong chng ny ta tm hiu s b v mng cc b ,phng tin truyn ,ng thi xem xt cc giao thc iu kin truy nhp phng tin truyn v cui cng vic kt hp ATM LAN em li hiu qu ra sao .
Chng VI: m phng mng ATM- LAN

6.1 Tng quan H thng u cui c gn trc tip vi LAN hin hu c ci t lp MAC ph hp vi kiu ca LAN . H thng u cui c gn trc tip ti mng ATM c ci t giao thc ATM v ALL. Nh vy c phn cn phi xem xt :
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1. Tng tc gia h thng u cui trn mng ATM v h thng u cui trn LAN hin hu . 2. Tng tc gia h thng u cui trn LAN hin hu v h thng u cui trn LAN hin hu khc , cng kiu. 3. Tng tc gia h thng u cui trn LAN hin hu v h thng u cui trn LAN hin hu khc , khc kiu . Gii php chung nht cho vn ny l Router. Router hot ng mc IP ( Internet Protocol) . Mi h thng u cui u ci t IP . Mi mng u kt ni qua router . Nu d liu lang thang u trong phm vi ca LAN ring bit th n trc tip nm trn router ni ht . Lp LLC v MAC b ct ra ,do IP PDU c nh tuyn qua mt hoc nhiu mng khc ti LAN ch ni m lp LLC v MAC thch hp vi yu cu . Tng t ,nu mt hoc c hai h thng u cui ni kt trc tip vo ATM, lp AAL v ATM b ct hoc ghp vo IP PDU. Mc d phng php ny c hiu qu , n cho thy chc chn s lng x l tip v tr ca mi router. Trong mng rng tr ny tr ln qu ln . Mng c 1000 router l tng trngbnh thng , mng c 10000 router cng c thit lp . Nhng k thut khai thc ATM c hiu qu th yu cu gim s lng ca router. Mt cch khc c th gii quyt l chuyn mi h thng u cui ln trc tip hot ng trn ATM , lc s khng cn s phn cch cng ngh s dng cho mi mng bao gm cc LAN v WAN thnh phn . Tuy nhin vi hng triu nt Ethernet v token ring ci t trn LAN dng chung mi trng , hu ht cc t chc n gin u khng p ng c cho mi h thng vo ATM , hn na mc d gi c ca card giao tip ATM ang gim nhng Ethernet v token ring vn ang r hn . p ng yu cu ny ,ATM Forum a ra cc c tnh m bo s cng tn ti ca LAN hin hu v cc ATM - LAN , cn gi l m phng ATM LAN . i tng ca ATM LAN dng chung mi trng ang tn ti giao tip vi mng ATM v thit b ni trc tip qua chuyn mch ATM. Hinh 6.1 Cho thy cc kiu cu hnh c xy ng t m phng ATM LAN . N c nh ngha nh sau : 1. Lm cho h thng u cui ca hai mng LAN ring cng kiu ( cng lp MAC ) c th trao i khung MAC qua mng ATM . 2. Lm cho h thng u cui ca LAN c th tng tc vi h thng u cui LAN m phng cng kiu v kt ni trc tip ti chuyn mnh ATM . M phng ATM LAN vn cha p ng c yu cu th 3 trn .

6.2 Kin trc giao thc Hnh 6.2 th hin kin trc giao thc lin quan ti mng ATM LAN m phng , y chng ta xem xt tng tc gia h thng ni kt ATM vi h thng u cui ni kt vo LAN hin hu .Lu rng h thng u cui ni kt ti LAN hin hu khng b nh hng .n cho php s dng cc k so ca giao thc , bao gm giao thc MAC ch nh
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ti LAN v LLC chy trn nh ca chng . Cc giao thc mc ng dng s khng c bit l chng chy trn nn ATM. C th ni 2 LAN bng giao thc MAC s dng cu ni . Nu cu ni c kt ni vo 2 LAN , khong a ch MAC s phn chia cho 2 LAN s dng , mi a ch duy nht s dnh cho mt h thng ni kt vo . Nu c mt khung MAC truyn trn mt LAN c nh a ch ti mt LAN khc , cu ni s ly khung MAC t mt LAN u tin v truyn n ti LAN th hai .qu trnh s l ny coi nh trong sut i vi cc h thng u cui .

Lp p dng TCP/IP LLC

MphngLAN

Mng ATM

Cu ni

LA

TCP/IP LLC MAC

Bridge LANE

Lp p dng

AAL5 ATM Lp vt l ATM

Lp vt l Lp vt l

AAL5 ATM
Lp vt l

Lp MAC
Lp vt l

Lp vt l

ATM Host

Chuyn mch ATM

Chuyn i ATM-To-LAN

Ethernet Hoc Token ring host

Hnh 6.2 : Kin trc giao thc m phng LAN Trong hnh 6.2 cu ni logic phi tng thm do kh nng chuyn i khung MAC n v t bo ATM .y l mt trong nhng chc nng chnh ca module m phng LAN. Ngi ta ch ng dng AAL5 phn on khung MAC thnh ATM t bo v ti to li t bo n thnh khung MAC .i vi t bo ATM ra ,b chuyn i ATM-To-LAN ni kt ti chuyn mch ATM thng thng nh l mt phn ca mng ATM. Hnh 6.2 cho thy Host trn LAN hin hu ang trao i d liu vi Host gn vo mng ATM . thc hin vic ny Host ATM phi bao hm Module m phng LAN chp nhn khung MAC t AAL v chuyn ni dung ln lp LLC . Do Host cn thit phi m phng LAN khi n c th nhn v truyn khung MAC cng mt dng ca LAN hin hu . T quan im ca h thng u cui trn mng LAN hin hu , Host ATM l h thng u cui khc vi a ch MAC .Ton b x l ca m phng LAN trong sut i vi h thng ang tn ti c ci t LLC v MAC. 6.3 M phng LAN
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6.3.1 Gii thiu Vi kin trc giao thc c m t trn y , giao thc c th thit lp s lng cc LAN m phng c lp . LAN m phng s cung cp giao thc MAC n v c hai kiu hin thi : ETHERNET/IEEE 802.3 ETHERNET/IEEE 802.5 LAN m phng c mt vi kt hp nh sau : Cc h thng u cui trn mt hoc nhiu LAN hin hu Cc h thng u cui gn trc tip vo chuyn mch ATM Mi h thng u cui trn LAN m phng u c mt a ch MAC duy nht . D liu trao i gia cc h thng u cui trn cng LAN m phng lin quan n giao thc MAC v n trong sut i vi lp cao hn . C ngha l xut hin LLC cho tt c h thng u cui trn LAN m phng l LAN dng chung mi trng . Giao tip gia cc h thng u cui trn LAN m phng c thc hin qua Router v Bridge . Lu rng Router hoc Bridge c th ni cc t bo hnh gi v phn chia chng thnh cc t bo v gi chng ti LAN m phng khc. 6.3.2 Client v servert trn LAN m phng Chng ta tho lun vn sau : 1. Thit b gn trc tip ti chuyn mch ATM v h thng chuyn i ATM- To LAN c a ch ATM c s . Lm th no dch gia a ch ny vi a MAC. 2. ATM s dng giao thc hng lin kt lin quan ti ng o v knh o . Vy lm sao c c giao thc LAN MAC hng khng lin kt t hng lin kt. Thc th Khch hng LAN (LEC) Cu hng mng LAN (LECS) Dch v LAN (LES) Dch v qung b v khng xc nhn M t Thit lp u ni ti cc dch v ca LAN , thit lp u ni liu ti cc khch hng ,a ch MAC ti a ch ATM Tr gip khch hng trong vic la chn LES Thit lp khi ng a ch bn , chp nhn khch hng Thc hin a truyn thng

Bng 6.3 nh ngha cho ba loi khch ch (Client v server) 3. a phn pht v qung b trn mng LAN dng chung phng tin truyn l iu d dng thc hin . Vy vic a kh nng ny vo mi trng ATM nh th no ? thc hin iu ATM Forum m rng kh nng da trn phng php Client - Server . ATM LAN m phng yu cu hai thnh phn khch - ch (client - server) Client hot ng thay mt cc thit b gn vo LAN hin hu ,v s dng a ch MAC . Mt client c th p ng cho vic a thm thc th MAC vo cu hnh
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chung c lin quan n cng vic dch a ch MAC v a ch ATM . Mt client c cung cp router , server gn vo ATM, hoc c th chuyn mch ATM ni kt trc tip ti mt trong nhng ci sau y . Server p ng cho vic tch hp mt thc th MAC vo cu hnh chung v qun l mi cng vic c lin quan , nh tm kim a ch ,m phng qung b .Server c th c ci t thnh hai thnh phn ring bit hoc trong chuyn mch ATM. Mi LAN m phng gm c mt hoc nhiu client v dch v m phng LAN n. Dch v LAN m phng trong thc t bao gm 3 kiu ca server , n thc hin cc nhim v ring bit : LECS ( LAN Emulation Configuration server),LES ( LAN Emulation Server), BUS ( Broadcast and Unknown Server). L do phn chia Server thnh 3 module l nhi qun l c th quyt nh c mt hoc nhiu loi server cho vic iu hnh c hiu qu , v c th quyt nh phn b xc nh Server ti thiu ho gnh nng truyn thng . Bng 6.2 a ra tm tt cho 3 loi ca Server v client . Hnh 6.3 ch ra rng client v 3 kiu ca server tng tc vi nhau . Client c th thit lp ni kt knh o , gi l ni kt iu khin ,ti LECS v LES . Ni kt ti LECS dng bi LEC khuych i u vo cho LAN m phng v nh v cho LES. LES p ng vic ng k client mi v a ch MAC ca chng vo LAN m phng v vic thit lp bn gia a ch MAC v a ch ATM. LECS Trm lm vic LEC LES BUS Mng ATM LANhin h Hnh 6.3: u ni khch hng LAN thng qua LUNI Mi khi client v h thng u cui ca n hi nhp vo LAN m phng , hu ht cc cng vic c thc hin qua kt ni knh o gi l kt ni d liu. Khung MAC phn on thnh t bo ATM , truyn qua ni kt d liu gia h thng u cui trn cng LAN m phng . i vi vic truyn thng bo , ni kt knh o c thit lp gia hai client , y l vic thit lp giao thc th hin trong hnh 6.2 . Cui cng , ni kt d liu gia client v Bus dng cho qung b hoc phn pht cng c dng iu khin vic truyn m client gi khng biet a ch ca client nhn. 6.3.3 Ton cc ca m phng LAN r rng khi nim lin quan ti LAN m phng , chng ta c cc s kin sau : Khi ng ( Intialization): Hi nhp vi LAN mo phng ,mt client phi bt u bng vic duy tr a ch ATM ca server LAN m phng ( LES )cho LAN m
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phng . Client xc nh ni kt knh o ti server cu hnh LAN m phng ( LECS). C 3 k thut ,trong Client pht hin ra a ch LECS ATM do vy n th thc hin vic khi ng : 1. Client c th dng th tc qun l mng nh mt phn ca giao tip qun l cc b tm thi (ILMI) ATM Forum . Th tc ny c v tr gia client v phn mm ILMI trong chuyn mch ATM lin kt . Nu phn mm ILMI c a ch LECS yu cu LAN m phng , n cung cp a ch ti client . Client s thit lp ni kt knh o ti LECS. 2. Nu th tc ILMI tht bi , client th danh sch a ch tin nh ngha trong c tnh gi l a ch thng dng . a ch nu c cung cp p ng LECS trn bt k mng ATM, thng bo ti c tnh ATM Forum. Client dng a ch ny thit lp ni kt knh o ti LECS. 3. Nu a ch thng dng tht bi , Client th nhn dng ng o / nhn dng knh o thng dng nh ngha trong c tnh ATM Forum. Khi mng ATM c xy dng, ngi qun l mng thit lp ng o / knh o ny mt cch bn vng. Cu hnh (Configuration ) : Khi mt cuc ni kt c thc hin gia client v LECS, client c th gn vo mt thng bo ca LECS. LECS gn client ti dch v LAN m phng ring bit bng cch cho client a ch ATM ca LES . LECS tr v client thng tin v LANm phng . Tn ny (LAN)c th nh ngha bi ngi qun l cu hnh cho mt nhm lm vic . Hi nhp (Joining): Client c thng tin nhn bit cho vic hi nhp vo LAN m phng . Client pht JOIN RESQUEST ti LES bao gm a ch ATM ca client , a ch MAC , kiu LAN , kch thc khung ti a , s nhn dng client v ch th u nhim . thng s sau cng thng bo rng client p ng ti h thng u cui gn trc tip vo chuyn mch ATM hoc l b phn chuyn i LAN - To- ATM h ttr cho h thng u cui trn LAN hin hu . Nu LES chun b chp nhn client, n s gi tr v thng bo chp nhn JOIN RESPONSE. Nu khc n s gi tr li bo hiu t chi JOIN REFUSE ng k v khi ng Bus(Registration and Bus Initilization) Mi khi client ni kt vi LAN m phng , n thc hin qua th tc ng k. Nu client u nhim cho s lng cc h thng u cui trn LAN hin hu , n gi danh sch ton b a ch MAC trn LAN hin hu , v l mt phn ca LAN m phng ti LES. Tip theo , client yu cu LES cho a ch ATM ca Bus . a ch ny c chc nng nh l a ch qung b i vi LAN m phng v n s dng khi khung MAC tr thnh qung b cho mi trm lm vic trn LAN m phng . Client s thit lp ni kt d liu ti Bus. truyn d liu (Data transfer) : Mi khi client ng k ,n sn sng gi v nhn khung MAC . Trong trng hp h thng u cui gn vo chuyn mch ATM, h thng ny s pht sinh khung MAC ca n cho vic truyn ti mt hoc nhiu h thng khc trn LAN m phng . Trong trng hp Client u nhim , n c chc
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nng l cu ni nhn khung MAC t h thng u cui trn LAN hin hu ca n v s truyn nhng khung MAC . Trong c hai trng hp khung MAC i ra phi phn mnh thnh t bo ATM v truyn qua knh o . C 3 trng hp cn xem xt : - Frame MAC duy nht , bit c a ch ATM - Frame MAC duy nht , khng bit c a ch ATM - Phn pht , qung b khung MAC Nu client bit a ch ATM ca khung duy nht n kim tra ni kt d liu o thit lp sn sng cho client ch . Nu vy n gi khung qua nikt ny . Nu khc , n s dng bo hiu ATM thit lp ni kt v gi cc khung . Nu a ch khng xc nh , client gi thc hin hai hot ng . u tin , client gi khung qua ni kt d liu c duy tr ti Bus . Bus truyn khung ti ch MAC c ch nh hoc qung b khung ti mi ch MAC trn LAN m phng . Trong trng hp sau , ch c ch nh s nhn ra a ch MAC ca n v chp nhn khung . Th hai , client th nhn bit da ch ATM cho MAC ny tham chin sau ny . N thc hin bng cch gi LE - ARP - REQUEST ti LES, cu lnh bao gm a ch MAC m a ch ATM ang cn . Nu LES bit c a ch ATM n s gi a ch ti client trong LE - ARP - RESPOSE. Ngoi ra , LES gi yu cu trong lc th nhn bit a ch ATM . LES gi ra LE - ARP - REQUEST ti tt c client trn mng ATM m phng . Client th hin a ch MAC di dng cu hi s tr v a ch ATM ca n ti LES, c th gi tr a ch ti Client yu cu ban u . Cui cng, nu khung MAC l phn pht hay qung b , client gi s truyn khung ti Bus qua ni kt d liu o .Bus s lp li khung v gi n qua ni kt d liu o ti client trong LAN m phng. 6.3.4 Dng khung LAN m phng LAN m phng c hai dng khung : Dng khung d liu : S dng ni kt d liu gia cc client v gia client vi BUS Dng khung iu khin : qua ni kt iu khin gia cc client vi LES v LECS. Hnh 6.4 cho thy dng khung d liu : - Dng 1: Cho IEEE 802.3 - Dng 2 : Cho IEEE 802.5 Trong mi trng hp dng khung d liu c rt ra t dng khung MAC . Kho st trng bhp IEEE 802.3. Khi client nhn c LLC PDU t mc k tip cao hn , n xy dng mt khung MAC truyn i . Khung ny c chung dng vi khung MAC thng thng , ngoi mt vi khc bit , trng tun t kim tra khung b b qua ,iu ny loi tr tiu khng cn thit , tiu LE c c a vo ,
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16 bit ny cha nhn dng client . Khi khung c nhn bi client ch, phn u LE c ct i nu ch l h thng gn vo ATM , n b qua trng MAC duy tr v chuyn ti thng tin LLC . Nu ch l b chuyn i ATM - To- LAN gn vi LAN IEEE 802.3 n bc phn u cng vo trng FSC vo khung MAC v truyn khung MAC ti LAN. M t cho khung MAC IEEE 802.5 cng tng t , mt ln na phn u LE c xen vo . Trong trng hp ny 3 trng cui ca khung b qua : FCS ( Frame check sequense),ED( Ending delimiter),FS ( Frame status). Tt c cc trng ny c khi phc li nu khung c truyn li trn LAN Token Ring. 8 bit LE Header (2) 8 bit LE Header (2) AC PAD (1) a ch ch (6) FC (1) a ch ch (6)

a ch ngun (6)

di (6) n v d liu giao thc LLC ( PDU)

a ch ngun (6) Trng thngtin nh tuyn (0-30) n v d liu giao thc LLC (PDU)
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(a) IEEE 802.3

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(b) IEEE 802.5

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Hnh 6.4 : khun dng khung d liu ca LAN

Hnh 6.4: khun dng khung d liu LAN Hnh 6.5 cho thy dng khung iu khin chung , gm c cc trng : marker: thng xuyn X FFOU ch th khung iu khin. Protocol : Thng xuyn X 01 ch th giao thc ATM LANm phng. Version: Thng xuyn X01 ch th version 1. Op code: Kiu khung iu khin .(Chng hn : LE Configure Request v LE- ARP- Request. Trng thi : Thit lp zero theo yu cu , dng cho p ng .( V d : Thng s yu cu khnghp l lp li a ch ATM LAN ch khng hp l) . Transaction ID : Gi tr tu bin , gi tr tu bin c gn bi vic yu cu s dng p ng c yeu cu khc nhau Requester- LECID : Nhn dng yu cu Flag : Thay i yu cu Sourse LAN- destination Target LAN address : a ch ATM ca ngi gi LAN type : Dng LAN 802.3 hoc LAN 802.5. Max frame size: Kch thc khungti a cho php ca LAN m phng hoc client c th chp nhn Number TVLS : S lng gi tr chiu di kiu u vo ELAN name size : S lng byte ca trng tn
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Target ATM address: a ch ATM ca ngi nhn ELAN name : Tn c gn cho LAN m phng TLVS: l mt dy cc thng s c th cho OP- CODE nh trc , cc tham snhn dng chiu div gi tr . 32 bit

Marker Op - Code

Protocol

Version

Status Transaction

Requester LECID

Ngun- LAN -ch Mc tiu - LAN - ch Ngun - ATM - a ch

Kiu LAN Max Frame size S lng TLVs ELAN Name size

Mc tiu - ATM - a ch Tn ELAN Hnh 6.5 Khung iu khin LAN TLVs

Kt lun
Cng ngh ATM / B-ISDN ngy cng khng nh n l cng ngh hng u ca ngnh cng nghip vin thng , c bit trong l trong th k th 21 ny ,k nguyn thng tin th n cng phi c tr trng nghin cu khng ch nc ta
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m trn ton cu . nhn thy tm quan trng ca n nh vy v c s chp nhn ca nh trng ti xin c nghin cu mt phn nh trong lnh vc cng ngh ATM . Ni chung ng dng ATM LAN n cn rt mi m cha c p dng ph bin Vit Nam nhng ti tin trong tng lai khng xa th h sing vin Vit Nam s c th p dng mt cch trit ,ton din gp phn xy dng t nc ta tr nn hng mnh hn snh vai vi cc cng quc nm chu. Cui cung ti xin chn thnh cm n c gio Trn ngc Th ,v tt c cc thy c trong khoa gip ti hon thnh xut sc n ny.

Ti liu tham kho

1. Access to B-ISDN via Pons ATM Communication in Practice ULRICH KILLAT Willeyand Teubneur - 1996 2.Mng my tnh v cc h thng Nguyn thc hi
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3.ATM solutions for enterprise interworkinh David Ginsbung 4.ATM network concept, protocols, applications Rainer Handel 1994 5. ATM theory and Application RAINER HANDEL MANFRED N.HUBER, STEFAN SCHRODER Addison Wesley 1994 6. Cng ngh ATM Gii php cho mng vin thng bng rng GS.TS. trung T (ch bin) Th.s. Nghim ph Hon Ks. L c Kin Ks. Nguyn c Trung 7. K thut chuyn mch Tng cng ty bu chnh vin thng I 8. Gigabit networking CRAIG PARTRIDGE Addison- Wesley 1994 9. Cng ngh ATM v CDMA LG INFIRMATION and TELECOMMUNICATION,LTD Nh xut bn Thanh Nin 1996 10.Local and Metropolitan area network WILLIAM STALLINGS Upper saddle river, New Jersey 1997 11. Nghin cu k thut chuyn mch khng ng b Trng quang dng , nguyn kim lan , mnh quyt , trn V h ,nguyn thnh phc . 12. Cc tp ch bu chnh vin thng

Nhn xt ca gio vin hng dn

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Nhn xt ca gio vin c duyt ti

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