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It's often more convenient instead of multiplying by 5 to multiply first by 10 and then
divide by 2. For example, 1375=1370/2=685.
(2) Division by 5
Similarly, it's often more convenient instead to multiply first by 2 and then divide by
10. For example, 1375/5=2750/10=275.
(3) Division/multiplication by 4
Replace either with a repeated operation by 2. For example 124/4=62/2=31. Also,
1244=2482=496.
(4) Division/multiplication by 25
Use operations with 4 instead. For example, 3725=3700/4=1850/2=925.
(5) Division/multiplication by 8
Replace either with a repeated operation by 2. For example
1248=2484=4962=992.
10
11
12
13
14
16
25
36
49
64
81
100
121
144
169
196
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
225
256
289
324
361
400
441
484
529
576
625
get, say, a. Then A2=a2+100x. For example, if A=26, then x=1 and a=24.
Hence 262=242+100=676. Similarly, if A=37, then x=37-25=12, and a=2512=13. Therefore, 372=132+10012=1200+169=1369. Why does this work?
(25+x)2-(25-x)2=[(25+x)+(25-x)][(25+x)-(25-x)]=502x=100x.
Squares of numbers from 51 through 99.
The idea is the same as above. (50+x) 2-(50-x)2=1002x=200x. For example,
632=372+20013= 1369+2600=3969.
Squares of numbers from 51 through 99, second approach (this one
was communicated to me by my father Moisey Bogomolny).
We are looking to compute A2, where A=50+a. Instead compute 100(25+a)
and add a2. Example: 572. a=57-50=7. 25+7=32. Append 49=72. Answer:
572=3249.
In general, a2 = (a + b)(a - b) + b2. Let a be 57 and, again, we wish to
compute 572. Let b = 3. Then 572 = (57 + 3)(57 - 3) + 32, or 572 = 6054 +
9 = 3240 + 9 = 3249.
If the numbers are not too far apart, and their difference is even, one might
use the well known formula (a+n)(a-n)=a2-n2. a here is the average of the
two numbers. For example, 2824=262-22=676-4=672 since 26=(24+28)/2.
Also, 1931=252-62=625-36=589 since 25=(19+31)/2.