WEEK 1 SOC 102 READING: SOCIAL PROBLEMS CHAPTER 1: Learning Objectives To understand what a social problem is.

. To learn how sociologists think about the sociological imagination. To find out how sociologists think about social change. To recognize the importance of the historical context of social problems. To discover the value of information as a social resource. To learn the competing theories that clarify aspects of social problems. Anomie social cohesion decreases and so we begin to disregard norms - normlessness Social problems strengthening norms of society Institutional Ethnography Deconstruct fancy language -demystify rulings of rulings and change so they serve ordinary people Added: habitus a habituation gained thru prolonged, usually lifelong process of learning and socialization within a [articular context. A habitus can be seen as a cultural competency an ability to live properly and effectively within a given culture SIMPLY: habit is something that within a specific culture goes without saying doesnt need explanation bc it is understood by most in group Social Problem: social condition or behaviour pattern believed to warrant public concern and collective action EX: sex workers, inside traders, interplanetary abduction, arm sales The political terrain is jammed fullcloggedwith political actors and activists trying to influence our views and political lives (Taft, 2009). Sociology (systematic study of societies) forces us to make connections among problems in order to seek out the answers Studying Social Problems Social problems was the basis of early sociology (Marx, Weber) and sociology has always regarded social change, conflict, cohesion Rise of modern societies = rise in sociology 19th century Western Europe/North America had common view of progress = urbanization, industrialization, invention, exposure to

culture, possibility of social improvement aka amelioration Sociologist: possible to improve society by riding it of ignorances: research is key in finding solutions Social problems have 2 (sometimes contradictory) elements:

Objective Elements: measurable features of a negative social condition. Ex: crime, poverty, alcohol abuse positivism = studying changes in social life which cause numbers or rates of events to increase/decrease Subjective Elements: Peoples evaluations of objective conditions and the processes that influence their evaluations. They include the moral labels that people apply to particular acts or situations, and the accounts they give for these acts and situations. Social Problems and the Social Imagination Social Imagination: According to sociologist C. Wright Mills (1959), the sociological imagination is the ability to see connections between ones own life (micro-events), the social world in which one lives (macro-events), and between personal or private troubles and public issues macro-micro link = key to understanding how social issues impact us social imagination connects our personal lives to the larger public issues (ie unemployment impact consumers, workers, business owners ect Reality is analysed at 2 levels: Microsociology, or micro-level analysis, focuses on the interactions between individuals in small groups. -based around social problems at a personal level Macrosociology, or macro-level analysis - focuses on the societal level. It explores the ways that social trends occurring within major bureaucratic organizations and social institutions, such as the economy or the government, affect the population as a whole *Using both levels of analysis we see that private issues (unemployment) ultimately become public issues Living on the street: most street youth from abusive homes, crime stems from need of basic items, paid work discourages such crimes

Social Problems Research As a Moral Enterprise Sometimes our attempts to improve society (modernization,

freemarket system) cause problems in society that do not preserve the quality of life (discrimination, poverty) Much of the sociological research on social problems is guided by seven value preferences (Alvarez, 2001): life over death; health over sickness; knowing over not knowing; co-operation over conflict; freedom of movement over physical restraint; self-determination over direction by others; freedom of expression over restraint of communication. Sociologists identify what makes people vulnerable to certain personal troubles as well as what social structure conditions can increase likelihood of events (homelessness + mental illness) and (risky sexual actions can increase teen pregnancy and school incompletion)

Social Constructionism -A sociological research approach that examines the ways people interact to create a shared social reality. In the view of social constructionists, human beings react not to physical objects and events themselves, but to the shared meanings of these objects and events. But, the meaning of anything depends on the dominant cultural/symbolic practices Social constructions arent real problems Moral entrepreneurs- Term describing those who publicize deviant behaviour and are troubled by evil seen in world and wont rest until the problem is corrected Claims-making- promotion of particular moral vision of social life anything people do to propagate a view of who/what is a problem and what should be done about it Symbols gestures, words, artifacts that represent something Roles- The duties expected of something in a specific position/social status Theoretical Perspectives on Social Problems George Herbert Mead (1934) wrote that children learn to interact with others by learning a system of symbols, including

language, which allows them to share and negotiate meanings among those who share the system Another symbolic interactionism, Erving Goffman (1959), proposed that we can think of society as a theatre in which people compose and perform social scripts together We believe in the truth of the roles we play (become the person we pretend to be) Whistle-Blowers Employees in beauracratic organization who bring forward valid info about illegal conduct/activity by their organization and are often punished for doing so Moral Panics Public attitudes based on exaggerated perceptions that a cultural behaviour or group (usually minority) is dangerously deviant / menace to society. Spin doctors - through the mass media, we have all become familiar with the work of professional spin doctorsin politics, advertising, and elsewhere whose job it is to promote a self-interested concern, belief, or wish, often at the expense of the truth. Lying has become full-time professional work for many of the most financially successful people in our society. Only the most naive people believe everything they read/see.

NEED TO KNOW THEORIES****

Biological Perspectives Point to genetic aspect to violence noting that many primates (ex chimpanzees) go to war with one another for control of resources and social position Psychological Perspectives - Psychologists are concerned mainly with cognitive, perceptual, and affective (emotional) processes Both centre on individuals Sociological Perspectives: Structural Functionalism theoretical paradigm emphasizing the way parts of society function to fulfill the needs of the entire society. (AKA Functionalism) -A macro-sociological approach that focuses on societal level instead of individual Robert Merton (1968), a key figure in developing this perspective, argued that social institutions perform both:

Latent Function- Hidden, unstated, unintended consequences of activities in an organization/institution

EX: schooling babysitter and play matcher maker Manifest Functions visible, intended consequences,goals,effects of social structures + institutions EX: schooling to teach kids Norms Rules + expectation of society pertaining to appropriate behaviours under various social circumstances Regulate behaviour Norm violation seen as a social problem Conflict Theory theoretical paradigm derived from writings of Marx + Engels that emphasizes conflict+change as the permanent features of society Macrosociological research approach that focuses on processes within entire society Symbolic Interactionism - A theoretical paradigm that studies the process by which individuals interpret and respond to the actions of others and that conceives of society as the product of this continuous face-to-face interaction; Microsociological: focuses on small-group interactions. The symbolic interactionist sees society as made up of the shared meanings, definitions, and interpretations held by interacting individuals. In studying social problems, followers of this perspective analyze how certain behaviours and conditions come to be defined or framed as social problems and how people learn to engage in such activities. EX: Georg Simmel (1976) studied urbanization effect on community Connection below: Labelling Theory - a major social theory originating in the symbolic interactionist tradition, rests on the premise that a given activity is viewed as a social problem if groups of people define it as such. Close to social constructionist view discussed earlier Population Health Perspective A broad approach to health with goals of improving the health of the entire population and reducing health inequalities between social groups Determinants of health: income, stress, coping skills, quality of life, living conditions Chapter Summary The goal of sociology today, just as it was two centuries ago when the discipline began, is to use knowledge to improve social life. Sociologists are concerned about all the social problems that harm

peopleespecially, those that can be shown to do major harm to our health and quality of life. Often, the government and other powerful agencies are doing too little to address these problems. So, one job of sociology is to issue a wake-up call. Our goal here is to create an understanding of the roots of social problems, their health outcomes for individuals and society as a whole, and how these can be addressed. For this ask, it is important to explore facts and theories about how problems develop and are preserved and about how problems are interrelated. After all, this bridge between private troubles and public issues is at the heart of sociological study. As we will see, the individual social institutionsfamilies, the economy, government, education, and otherseach contribute to the larger functioning of society. Often, the cause of social problems is a failure of institutions to fulfill their roles during times of rapid change, as functionalists suggest. However, sociologists who support competing explanatory approaches hotly debate this view. In particular, conflict theorists insist that social inequalities are the key to understanding social problems. Accordingly, we have organized this book around this insight. The central section of this book is concerned with identifying important social inequalities of class, race, gender, and so on and their social effects. The controversial search for suitable explanations and solutions for each problem makes the study of social problems fascinating to newcomers and professional sociologists alike. The great harm caused by many social problems and their continuing threatto individuals and societygive this area of study a pressing importance.

WEEK 2 SOC 102 READING: STARTING POINTS 9 Class & Work ExploitationEric O Wright happens in 3 steps according to inverse interdependence principle well being of capitalists require economic deprivation of workers since profits shared. 2. Exclusion principle keep pressure on workers by excluding them from access to resources (try to stop them from making own busineses) 3. Appropriationg principle capitalists take advantage of workers by valuing their labour for a fraction of its true worth Class -Marx: group of people sharing same relationship to means of production -Weber: group of people sharing common economic situation -Work = defining feature of ones life, part of ones social/personal identity -Functionalism poverty motivates people to work harder so inequality is good because it brings out excellence - also need work to be able to receive necessary material items -poverty/inequality has important purpose doesnt justify/explain why athletes have inflated salaries EX: doctors vs tim Horton workers -unemployment = failure vs Critical theory unemployment = manipulation of structure by capitalists Critical Theory first developed by Marx + Weber -popular outside N.America focused on class conflict within industrial economies Who benefits from power organization esp. in work place?

Reserve army of labour People who because they are impoverished + often unemployed form an easily mobilized, easily disposable workforce at the mercy of employers Feminist Theories -women regardless of class occupy lesser-paid, less fulfilling positions and both men and capitalists profit even more so from women. Symbolic Interactionism -focus on ways that meanings are attached to social inequality EX: wealthy + poor are constructed through social interaction unspoken stereotype of poor = lazy, undeserving, freeloading, minority member relying on welfare -Also focus on meaning of work and unemployment for the individual work is part of our identity, status symbol based on occupation Social Constructionism how did things emerge? -interested in charting the changes in ideologies about work and worker control, & the evolution of popular thinking about work EX: 1950s working like robots in factories, 1970s exploitation of workers, computers replacing workers Harry Braverman Labour and Monopoly Capital -explores the evolution of capitalist production over last 2 centurieswork despite needing more education is becoming mindless, bureaucratic, alienating Labour + Classes In Marxs logic there are 2 classes that are linked and have conflict (paradoxical, each gain at expense of others) : Bourgeoisie controlling class which owns the means of production Proletariat subordinate class who work for wages from bourgeoisie For united action must develop class consciousness -groups awareness of their common class interest and their commitment to work together to attain collective goals EX: unions employers try to prevent the discussion of worker concerns * Workers may think they cant unite due to the influence of false consciousness - a willingness to believe that the ruling class ideologies support workers when in fact they are disadvantageous to the workers concerns

Marx provided basics for class analysis and Weber built on them: Weber there is also the petit bourgeoisie -lower middle class who own the means of production on a small scale (small shop owners) EX: Dentist owns business but hires small staff (secretary, hygienist) *Marxs portrayal is too simple for a post-industrial society post-industrialism -an economic system based more on services and information that on manufactured goods/primary products -most work involves computers today less repetitive work to be done but also increased workplace inequality non-standard work arrangements Dead-end low-paying insecure jobs AKA precarious employment! usually jobs of women, minorities, youth (vulnerable society members) - fastest growing type of employment in developed countries Durkheim - Division of Labour in Society -without social cohesion + support we are less productive, fulfilled, secure -even though we are individuals we need society! ADD?? Pp. 255! Durkheim argues that modern industrial societies have diff moral codes and social volume and material density are associated with growth in moral density. Social volume total number of members in society Material density frequency of social connections which increases when spatial distance btwn individuals in decreased (like in cities) -in industrial societies people depend on one another to help complete goals, work and from this interdependency comes organic solidarity (diversity is necessary) -Past societies had repressive laws but in modern times society depends on co-operation of all so laws are flexible but changes tend to weaken moral fabric and people disregard society norms leading to anomie (normlessness) and another consequence is reliance more on non-traditional units of organization (occupational groups instead of kin or tribe) -we all need society (but durkheims concern about apparent loss of social cohesion has led some to citizen him for favouring society over individual)

Shift from 20th century politics to 21st century status group based politics Durkheims theory of connection btwn work: THIORYlll? **WHATS THE

Alienation and Collective Action 4 steps: alienated from product (dont receive credit), alienated from act of production (items taken after done), alienation from himself (feels like robot) alienation from other workers (replaceable, feel not human) Unions (more in Canada than US but less than UK) Largest Union - Canadian Union of Public Employees (CUPE) has 570,000 members more women than men, older people more likely to be in unions Unions reinforce Weber approach to understanding power outside class boundaries -Concerned with regulating entry into jobs, improving pay, job security -Union formation correlated to class consciousness + awareness (significance people place to class in politics ex: working classworker conditions) -Drop in union membership in Canada among industrial sectors (mainly men) Culture of Poverty see lecture notes Oscar Lewis - culture of poverty theory has polarized scholarly opinion Some say it portrays poor as deserving their poverty bc they do not make enough to escape it supports stereotype of poor as lazy or incapable but the idea that certains views hinder people/keep them in poverty is still held in sociology. Classic Study- White Collar Crime Edwin Sutherland white collar crime = crime committed by individuals of high socio-economic standing (crimes of corporations) -70 corporations researched committed 779 offences within 45 years 158 (criminal convictions), most offending corps (60%) had at least 4 convictions, habitual criminals in most states -white collar crime not only deliberate but also organized, and argues crime undermines the ideological justification for capitalism -traditional theories of crime (inequality, poverty, racism, lack of opportunity) cant account for white collar crimes theory of differential association applies well to these criminals as it does to street crimes Criminal behaviour learned in associated with those who define such behaviour favourably and in isolation from

those who define it unfavourably Weber- patrimonial rule =using business money as personal and forgetting the line Modern Forms of Capitalism -managers not bourgeois factory owners in control of capital (the control workers, investors, pensioners Marx didnt predict this) -non-capitalists (profs, doctors, lawyers, cabinet ministers) power sometimes equal to capitals, knowledge is important thing to possess allowing people to gain social importance and these people called upper middle class or middle class -not all inequality due to exploitation like Marx thought! The Relationship Between Class & Health -poverty + income inequality have neg effects on ones mental and physical health urban poor are worst off street experiences intensify existing conditions -economic inequality increases stress thus damaging ones health -higher income smoker is healthier than lowerclass smoker Lenski non vertical dimensions of status - absence of crystallization causing tension in society -how social stratification exists due to how scarce goods are dispersed technological innovation drives social innovation leading to social inequality -like Durkheim inequality is rooted in terms of production -influencial: conc of power controls conc of material wealth status inconsistency take neoliberal views people with low paying jobs more likely to move (rural area goes to city for better job ect.) How do social forces affect peoples life chances Social Class + Crime -crime is a response to social inequality and poverty - psychological stress -inequality supports migration highly educated people in low paying jobs migrate to look for better employment - class mobility hard to change your class gain access in or out SOC 102 READING: 7 -Workplace violence- any act in which an employee is abused threatened intimated harassed during course of employment -more incidents in Canada maybe we report it more? **MORE VIOLENCE IN DAYTIME SHIFT! CH 26: Violence in group homes -accepted as part of the job told to suck it up when actually the workers should have to deal with this violence

-night shift has more violent encounters -those who suck it up get promoted -open door policy/ team attitude/ more staff = fix the problem CH 27: Medicaid extensive interview process for coverage, contributed heavily to the unsustainable budget deficit in the US public sphere asks private sphere to send workers to be trained to handle the Medicaid forms for their facility view them as friends instead of scam artists work within 2 accountability circuits the boss text and the local accountabilities -only get after all other money is gone CH 28: - profession payment but also occupation with special status + privilege - profession emphasis on power, status groups in the Weberian sense -successful professions held in high esteem, social status, privileged legal status, -universal characteristics found in study: 1. establishment of regulatory body to govern the profession 2. limitation of the right to practice (need to obtain license) -professions have special status whereas occupational groups do not Freidson profession from other occupations distinguished by practioners ability to control their occupation, their work, and labour of those who work for them Study: 1. What professions regulated and when? -Theres 36 regulated professions and legislation regulating them granted status to professional groups as a special category and granted practise privileges and also had special legal status -Self regulation 2. What factors distinguish professional regulation from regulation of other occupations CH 29: Male vs Female Lawyer Paid/Unpaid Time Role strain- difficulty in simultaneously fulfilling the demands of family and work life. Women motherhood is selfless, work as well, little time for leisure, sleep in order to raise children as well as at work Men- higher paid + more leisure activities.

Control Experiment: -accounted for marital status, preschool-aged children, number of kids as well as work salience, age and health -married women with young children have least amount of leisure while single men get most leisure time -men spend more time in paid vs women in non-paid sectors (childcare,house) -when men contribute to the nurturing/household duties it is viewed as more valuable and rewarded as such -more housework they do the more leisure they do SOC 102 READING: READING SOCIOLOGY 10: Inequality & Stratification CH 37 Pay Equity Pay equity- equal pay for work of equal value in past women were paid much less - womens low wages and poor conditions during WW1 led to creation of minimum wage and conditionseasier to ask in a post-war age because focus was on justice -cant divide workforce men vs female or use the fact that women raise kids and are less available than men? women are majority in lowest paid jobs CH 38: Low-Income Youths Spatial Accounts of Olympic Host Cities -Their experiences of space are subject to surveillance and control by adults -world wide events put pressure on the host city to clean up urban spaces -police presence amped up to clean up streets before + during the games -Red Zone youth not allowed entrance to certain areas where their services are usually located forced out of place of affluent tourists CH 39: Parents + Traffic Safety Unequal Risks and Responsibilities to and from School -parental traffic safeguarding- ways in which parents protect their children diverse motilities from dangers of traffic -usually hold parents accountable for any traffic mishaps that befall children -East side school 6moms, 4 dads interviewed more equal involvement in school, + school located near truck routes therefore more safety risk based on social class of school -West side 10/11 moms danger is of parents dropping of kids

ironically the moms worry about safety but are the ones causing it with free-for-all driving practises CH 40: Neo-liberal Urbanism in Canada -neo-liberalism- range of uneven processes in urban environments where we work and live EX: cutting services, shifting costs of public maintenance onto the working class common sense of neo-liberalism (Paulson +Fanelli) cult like privileging of individual economic liberties and personal responsibility to market social services with attached user fees + tax shifting from business to costumer -want to cut social services due to recession + shift taxes from owners/corporations to residents and consumers -unionized public sector workers go on strike but then are portrayed has greedy people holding the city hostage -have to decide whose benefits will be cut, whose taxes will be raised and to what proportion -we need to demand the opportunity to restructure the city to serve our need than those of the capital -instead of attacking one issue at a time, do it in tandem public sphere needs more money not just bus gets it while parks is cut -dont treat cities as mean to capital its where people live and play people need buses!!! Tutorial Answer: neoliberalism- dictates the economy, how people are given social services youve achieved so you make money and reap the benefits of what you deserve -Critiquing neoliberalism showing that in diff municipalities Toronto, Ottawa, Vancouver our biggest cities are still following neoliberalism and perpetuating inequalities among people -if neoliberalism is said to be declining and leads to inequality why is it still happening? -these guidelines are making people poor over all classes From website http://www.brooklynsoc.org/courses/43.1/durkheim.html *** Anomie is usually translated as normlessness, but it best understood as insufficient normative regulation. During periods of rapid social change, individuals sometimes experience alienation from group goals and values. They lose sight of their shared interests based on mutual dependence. In this condition, they are less constrained by group norms. Normative values become generalized, rather than personally embraced.

The developments in the division of labor associated with industrialization facilitated anomie. As work became routinized, broken down into dull, repetitive tasks, workers lose the sense of their role in production, and are less committed to the process and the organization. As a result, the norms of the workplace exert less influence on their activity SEPT 25 READING SOCIOLOGY Section 11 Sex and Gender CH 41 Gold Digger and Moms, Representations of Womens Identities in Fort McMurray in Chatelaine -author uses feminist post-structuralist discourse analysis (careful reading of texts for contradictions, details, patterns) to explore gender images -Frontier masculinity largely male population, emphasis on frenetic larger-than-life opportunities from resource development luring hordes of down-and-outers hoping to strike rich Women are seen as objects and posses the antithesis traits to frontier masculinity they are dependent and incapable of physical labour -Opportunities of resource extraction limited to white heterosexual males who are the frontier heroes womens only access to money from oil sands in through relations with the men -Women have 2 frontier options: 1. Good woman (helpmate, subservient to the male, help in the household and the community) EX: mothers, stay at home, childcare, the mayor 2. Bad woman (tainted by her independence, seeks wealth and property, focused on sex, at the margins of society) EX: escorts, waitresses in bars, hookers -Any woman displaying personal ambition over commitment to family is seen as gold diggers Thesis: Author argues (using feminist post-structural discourse analysis of McMurray media sources) that frontier masculinity is the primary organizing frame through which gender relations and identities in the community are constructed and represented to the outside world gold digger and devoted mother are more legendary gold rush days than real life CH 42: Hyperheterosexualization, Masculinity, & HIV/AIDS Challenges in Caribbean - objectives: see how cultural ideas of manhood affected HIV education, how religious and historical events have impacted

homophobia in Trinidad + Tobago -Caribbean masculinity: Caribbean men understand their gender identity in relation to how they see women and their roles Heterosexual conquests and a hatred of homosexuality are performed by men who do not want to be outed in order to secure their own masculinity -implication for AIDS: Homosexuality is illegal which drives these men underground and make them pretend to be heterosexual (and some older feminize their partners) lack of education, dont want to tell their parents or partners about HIV status because they will be rejected and not have love Social construct: -One reaches manhood after first sexual experience, emphasis placed on having own home or child is an importance marker of manhood (not education, work!!) -Richer, older, darker skinned partner takes on the dominant role to act out heterohypermasculinity while the younger becomes the submissive partner Conclusion must legalize homosexuality, soften the masculinities, develop HIV/AIDS education and a system of human rights to alter this view that hypermasculinity will get rid of homosexuality! risk of HIV driven upward by a lack of legal and sexual protection, homophobia, and an openness to having multiple partners(maximum $ $) causing serious health problems. CH 43: Reading Muslim Women and Muslim Women Reading Back; Transnational Feminist Reading Practices, Pedagogy, and Ethical Concerns - since 9/11 many books have claimed to go beyond and demystify the Muslim woman Muslim women see as objects of concern, expertise, and liberation by Western secular feminists -imperial feminism standpoint which claims solidarity with Third World women and women of colour, but in actuality contributes to the stereotyping of Third World cultures as barbaric + uncivilized Partibha Parmar contradiction - western feminists want to liberate these women by writing stories of their experiences through distorted stories provided by native informants - but at the same time express aversion and pass judgment on many

aspects of their lives and identities native informants -some Muslim feminist scholars have also framed their analysis of Islam and gender in imperialist feminist terms, thus replication the colonial discourse of Muslim women rather than undermining it -First world readers need to change their viewpoint around what they are taught/hear about Muslim women -we need an anti-colonial pedagogy grounded in a close attention to political aesthetic and psychic dynamics of reception and response, critically read of/about Muslim women, and we need feminists anticolonial pedagogy to examine the production of differently embodied reading subjectivities (how claims are normalized) CH 44: Spinsters and Suspects: Gender + Moral Citizenship in Poison Pen Mystery Novels -focuses on works of anonymous killers (stalker, pen pal gone bad) -mysteries are important to sociologists because they can regard the crimes as a plot device that invites reflection on the issues of moral order tensions/antagonisms to modern communities, shows how we work through social system + problems -Durkheim social cohesion is occasioned not by material environment but through collective association and conscience that exceed the individual -men are authority figures in the mystery roles based on media,culture spinster suspect: cozy setting, small town, letters sent outing community members, threatens community solidarity, show as being crabby, gossiping, silly their gossiping leads to problems men are seen as quiet, reflective, intelligent, leaders of community CH 45: Fleshy Histories: Fatness, Sex/Gender and the Medicalized Body in the 19th Century Sander Gilman/ Hillel Schwarts consider the stigma towards obesity to be the result of prejudice vs. Eric Oliver + Jan Wright saying obesity is unhealthy Normate body the assumption that bodies throughout the world should conform to one identifiable standard configuration based on truth regime that embodies historically and culturally specific grounds that make it possible for certain claims to be asserted + accepted as valid in any socio-cultural context

Bourgeois body 18th century emerging class lacking aristocratic blood focused on their bodies instead (not for labour capability) but on political/economical symbolism of their bodies that signified health, strength, longevity Bio-political strategies directed towards management of health of populations through technology of regularization in doing so society moved towards a utopia of the norm (Lennard Davis) Thomas Laqueur: 1 sex model male + female conceived of as differing manifestations of a single bodily prototype EX: 2 sex model male + female subjects became conceptualized as wholly different from one another EX: deposit of fat affected class, African features=low class, fatter Jewish men = effeminate Big focus of 19th century science was the difference between African and white female bodies lower class women with African-like features seen as degenerates and most likely prostitutes accumulation of flesh marked certain classed/raced bodies as inferior Fat women both biocitizen failures, endanger procreative health of nation biopolitical value based on reproduction Fat men fell outside normative economical/social masculinity, seen as vulnerable biopolitical value based on production African Khoikhoi and European prostitute marked by unnatural fatness while white bourgeois lady was moderately/attractively plump = healthy reproduction bodies viewed with scrutiny by doctors to determine if they were useless to community or important Fat men were subject to the process of pathologization but not as much as women

STARTING POINTS Section 5 Chapter 5 Gender Relations -look at how gendered social roles have changed over time women physically smaller/weaker, responsible for child bearing = vulnerable for extended periods of time so men act as protectors/hunters BUT: roles are changing declining fertility, in animal world females

hunt (lioness) sexism- the perceived superiority of one sex (most often men) over the other (usually women) gender- the expectations of behaviour/appearance that we describe as feminine or masculine; a set of social expectations gendered information placed in media receive different kinds of encouragement women to try and have kids (limited time before menopause) and a career (ie: school teacher) vs men who are high-ranking, CEOs. Ways of Looking at Gender Functionalism Asks what function des it perform for society? Parsons: gender division of labour effective for society to carry out reproduction/socialization Critical Theories Asks: Who holds power and benefits from a particular social arrangement Marxist: families are cheapest way to reproduce workforce, women to serve men patriarchal view Feminist: women are exploited by men and capitalists Symbolic Interactionism Asks: How is social arrangement symbolized? how is gender inequality negotiated and symbolized in our society Sexual double standard the expectation that women will feel or behave differently from men in sexual matters Social Constructionist Approaches -historical When and how did the arrangement emerge? EX: historical, womens movement was successful in 1960s because of social protest throughout the Western World involved getting women out of home, into work force as full members of society Types of Feminist Sociology -Usually a branch of critical theory, states that most foster differences are socially constructed and pose problems for society and female individuals Table 5.1 Comparison of Types of Feminism ***

Liberal Gener al Believes men/wome n are essentially the same Concerned with equal rights

Marxist -Believes women are the 1st exploited class Subordinati on of women comes with (advent) arrival of private property -Capitalism and private ownership

Radical -Believes men and women are different -Patriarchy is not specific to capitalism, it is universal

Socialist -Combines Marxist and radical feminism

Anti-racist/ Post modern -Criticizes essentialism in other feminisms (not all women are the same, no single source of inequality) -Some men and women share oppression in complex ways -Multiple inequalities: race, class, gender, sexuality, ability -These inequalities overlap in unique ways for diff women -Post-colonial exploitation of women of colour

Why does gende r inequ ality exist?

Discrimina tory legislation bars women from entering public life

-Patriarchy

-Capitalism and patriarchy

Key issues

-Right to vote, -Access education -Paid employme nt -Pay equity

-Male control of female sexuality -Womens reproductiv e capacity

How do we fix inequ alities

Do not change structure of society, just remove legislation barring women from public life -The best women like the best men will

-Need to change social structure (EX: abolish capitalism)

-Inequality as a result of intersection of race, class, gender -Inequality in paid and unpaid work, in home and outside -Need direct -Attack both action patriarchy political and opposition capitalism and radical social change

-No single solution for all women -Need to address differences among women in nonuniversalizing and nonessentialist way

imperial feminism standpoint which claims solidarity with Third World women and women of colour, but in actuality contributes to the stereotyping of Third World cultures as barbaric + uncivilized

Sociology of Housework Ann Oakley housework was taken for granted and now is emerging as a whorthwhile work, spoke of domestic inequality Women in study had same views despite class, view housework as unpleasant, still the case today: women still are responsible for majority of housework Oakleys conclusion: women are imprisoned by their beliefs about proper role of women, of mothers in modern society they feel obliged to play an alienating frustrating role in society despite being unhappy Empirical contradiction- Bonney and Reinach analyses attitudes and expenses of 300 homemakers few left work to care for children thus dont see the kids as holding them back from their careers, most are indifferent to paid work. Gendered Socialization Sex-the biological characteristics that make one male/female fact at birth Learn about sex through socialization mothers teach their daughters etiquette, older brothers teach the secrets of manhood, cross-sex relationships dad and daughter is different than dad and son Gain ideas about proper behaviour from reference groups (ex: girls look to Hannah Montana on how to dress,act) Hidden curriculum defines gender roles/encourages stereotypes girls take certain feminine classes while boys dont go into nursing (gender regime) Mass Media Women are objectified, and not permitted to age, have to be beautiful and quiet while the men are the breadwinners, successful, have good jobs, fit and aging is becoming more attractive Beauty Standard Women expected to be thin, delicate facial features, symmetrical while men are expected to be muscular Spitzer: study on N. Americans 18-24 vs. Playboy, Playgirl and Miss America models the weight of contestants has decreased

over the years while the weight of men and women has increased in society - thin is beautiful because it is so rare due to obesity epidemic glass ceiling any sex-based barrier to equal opportunity, hiring, promotion blatant sex-discrimination has been outlawed but this concept may still exist in businesses

Conflict btwn Sexes: Divorce and family Gendering of Crime Men more likely than women to commit any kind of crime, drink to excess, get into fights take dangerous risks This observation is interesting in light of Robert Mertons strain theory of adaptions to anomie (men are more likely than women to behave as so-called innovators; people who seek new antisocial ways of gaining success in our cultures goals Men more likely to take on role as rebel while women more likely to choose non-criminal Adaptions like ritualism or retreatism they are less likely to break societies rules in an obvious way, and more likely to internalize disappointment as depression, illness, addiction Men and Women of the Corporation (Kanter) women act more feminine in subservient roles (smaller chance for promotion) and so do men! But in authority roles women act manly Tokenism theory outnumbered, minority groups will face greater stress at work Gender influences in work place very few women in legal profession, politics, 60% in labour force vs. Scandavian 70% and women often associated with emotional labour, comforting costumers, Earning Gap women make less than men, in less jobs of authority, 1 in 5 Canadian women after divorce are at risk of poverty Women under 40 at highest risk of poverty because they also have dependents (kids) to look after -Wage Gap is decreasing has more women enter male dominated jobs Gap wont be completely eliminated (Shannon and Kidd) because as women enter male-dominated jobs income and prestige lessens whereas the ooposite is true for men in women

dominated jobs Against Kanter: Gender scripts not oppressed by opportunities but by gender scripts bc they choose family over work! Double Ghetto Armstrong and Armstrong like Jewish venetian ghettos women occupy female ghetto at work then come home and occupy unpaid ghetto for housework Gender discrimination is socially constructed and not biological

Second Shift (double shift heavy workloads at home and work that women are more likely than men to experience) -women and men lead unequal lives housework women 70% and is necessary (feeding family) while men do 30% (mowing lawn) not as demanding women have more stress and are 2x as likely to be depressed (10% Can female vs. 5% Can male) Conflict between Sexes -women are more likely to be abused than men this occurs most in communities that are patriarchal and moving from male-dominant to equality and done by people with little education, and people whose wives depend on them financially, immigrants -higher in immigrant communities -gov: inform immigrant women of gender roles Gender and Health -women more likely to suffer health issues when unhappy with marriage or job -paid work is worse for them while non-paid depends on how long and often you do them to contribute to bad health (stress) -single mom most likely to have health problems -men is about lifestyle choices -Institutional ethnography Dorothy Smith any sociological inquiry that studies peoples experiences in the everyday world, how people in power life, Goal: to make the invisible visible question what we take for granted and promote overlooked people -local embodied knowledge to discover experiences as those of subordination -domestic work freed men to have income jobs -relies on firsthand accounts

-Approach proves its success in Intersectionality convergence and interaction of multiple identities and experiences of exclusion and subordination (Ex: saying someone is a women is not as descriptive as saying a young immigrant woman more details, can imagine her issues, problems) -one of most influencial contributions to feminism sociology combats discrimination -Post-modern feminism: doubts universal truth, science based on mens believe -impairs criticism and hard to make conclusions bc they doubt universal truth -Feminism moved towards individualism argue post-modern doesnt have agenda but this could give hope toward the future OCTOBER 2 READINGS: READING SOCIOLOGY 12 CH 46: Bridging Understandings: Anishinaabe and White Perspective on the Residential School Apology & Prospects for Reconciliation Jeffrey S. Denis 1. Residential schools were funded by gov + run by Christian churches for purpose of assimilation Denis interviewed 70 First Nations including 14 res school survivors and 70 white EuroCanadians 2. *Dominant white frame reflects a Canadian style of colourblind racism an ideology that justifies racial inequality, avoids responsibility, and demands dominant group interest without sounding racist 3. Apology: Whites see apology as final act of closure while Natives see its as one step in an ongoing healing journey 4. Monetary Settlement: Whites say its excessive and they need to stop dwelling on past vs. Natives who say its insufficient and they offer practical healing suggestions 5. Feelings toward Apology: Aboriginals majority of reactions ambivalent (unsure) and some do not think apology can undo the damage Whites on surface many had positive reactions apology necessary but many were abrupt because they want the issue put to rest already Framing the Settlement: Aboriginals some view money settlement, as positive symbolic gesture while others think the hush money isnt enough for

them its not about the money, its about being recognized for the wrongdoing committed against them and people accepting responsibility, and wanting to heal, Whites most said compensation is appropriate but like with the apology they are defensive and negative with their tone and large amount say the money is too much or shouldnt be given (Why should taxpayers pay for ancestors mistakes? Res school had good intention Res school students are dead now anyways Res school accounts are exaggerated) Next Steps: Gov created TRC Truth and Reconciliation Commission to facilitate truth and learn accounts of Res schools yet many dont know of the TRC or are suspicious if anything will come from it Aboriginals Want confessions from teachers, nuns, bushpilots, and policymakers who didnt close the schools despite abysmal living conditions and Canadians must acknowledge their complicity in the system and resulting privileges and must find a way to apply apology on local level Many aboriginals feel unless Government honours the treaty, signs UN Declaration of Rights of Indigenous People and fixes the education/child welfare deficit of the Aboriginal people the apology wont be sincere Whites Move on already! Conclusion: Anishinaabe frame of view hostilic, fluid, processual. The apology is an early step in the healing journey which will take seven generations to complete healing is an individual and collective process White frame of view individualistic, dualistis, ahistorical suggest the past is the past and the apology has been made so nothing more can be done start from a new slate reflects broad sense of colour-blind racism (laissez-faire) As the historically more powerful group, Whites have responsibility to support Aboriginals in healing process

CH 47: Informal Settlement Sector: Broadening the Lens to Understand Newcomer Integration in Hamilton William Shaffir and Vic Satzewich Study 30 interviews of newcomers or professionals familiar with immigration scene or leaders of church/community programs Focus: how do informal, faith organizations and ethno-cultural groups help settlement

Previous newcomer settlement research focused on significance of language barriers, education credential recognition this paper focuses on understanding how newcomers go about trying to solve the challenges of settlement and integration through their participation in religious or ethnically specific organizations Main Questions: 1. What role do religious institutions and ethnocultural associations play in helping newcomers adjust to Hamilton society? 2. What is the relationship between formal sector and religious institutions in city? Formal settlement sector- organizations that receive government or foundation funding to provide services to newcomers (EX: Settlement and Integration Services Organization SISO, Circle of Friends for Newcomers, Mohawk College) Informal sector organizations and institutions not funded by government or foundation resources but still play a role in settlement and integration of newcomers Newcomers are not passive receivers of these services they have agency the ability to act and react and to change circumstances Support Provided by Informal Settlement Sector: SISO is a community-based organization, serves as the formal settlement services usually first people immigrants interact with upon arrival Faith-Based Institutions and Social Integration Blend of spiritual, emotional support within the informal environment of these places of worship help people feel settled they trust worship places more than organization because of spiritual link, provide opportunities (job) Ethno-Cultural Associations Some critics say multiculturalism policies prevent people from becoming fully Canadian however these organizations promote integration not halt it **BUT: they dont provide evidence that these groups introduce them to other cultures not a good statement? Help immigrants feel comfortable, can relate to these people of same race, can help find employment networking, making connections Prefer informal networks because they are going through same issues, newcomers may not understand/be intimidated by bureaucratic structure (EX: Cab drivers help each other) *These informal networks might not be the best information source but they are more likely to listen to it because they feel more

comfortable/like they belong Conclusion: immigrants are resourceful and are entrepreneurial they benefit from the services in place to aid in their transition CH 48: The New Relationship between the Social Sciences and the Indigenous People of Canada Cora J. Voyageur Focus: changes that can help set the stage for a new relationship btwn First Nations and the social science community Social Change o First Nations people now more visible population has tripled in past 30 years many families left reserves and integrated into urban settings (increased presence in mainstream Canada) o Increase in First Nations students in post-secondary (up 49%) and also beginning to enter diverse fields of study as well Economic Change Creation of Aboriginal financial institutes and banks which is a positive development that supports First Nation economy Aboriginal business once viewed as risky now seen as viable investments and corporations They are enthusiastic about business (partnering with Non-Native partners EX: Toronto Dominion Bank to make First Nations Bank) but policy changes need to occur as well Political Change 1. Policies ruling their lives come from people who do not understand First Nations and First Nations groups (Assembly of First Nations) lobby for policy changes Legal Changes 2. Gov policies now require provincial/regional staff planning industrial management activities to examine if the actions infringe on Aboriginal or treaty rights 3. Academics must change the lens thru which they examine First Nations given these important changes Curriculum 1. Include accurate, un-biased information on First Nation not a homogenous group (625 First Nations in Canada!) and do not speak only of negative facts, invite guest speakers from reserve Research 2. Researchers must get to know people, culture and reflect communitys perspective in report they should be research partners and not just subjects and decide to participate on their terms only

Publishing and Dissemination of Data 3. Research findings should be distributed in ways that are accessible to the First Nations (DVDs, CDs, Posters, booklets) have to be understandable Researchers must ensure the indigenous voice comes through in published material Conclusion They are in control of their lives, have more freedom and power, can tell their stories to academics on their terms and decide for themselves how to live their life CH 49: Changing Canadian Immigration and Foreign Worker Programs Implications for Social Cohesion Alan Simmons Focus: examine new developments in Canadians welcome to foreigners, the nation-building ideology that shapes these developments and how they impact social cohesion Canadas welcome/stay out policies All those admitted are carefully chosen (some lesser skilled foreigners admitted only temporarily to fill jobs others wont work) New Developments: 1. The 1960s and Following Decades Immigration policy emerged following end of racist national preferences for immigrants and operates as a points system without regard for race Dependent parents and family can be admitted under Family Class, Refugees get admitted under certain conditions, and temporary workers admitted under Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program and the Live-in Caregiver Program, as well as foreign students Majority from Non-European (Africa, Caribbean) Official policy discourse says Canada is a multicultural country as a support to social cohesion 2. The 1990s 1) Shift of selection criteria to privilege higher educated workers, less Family Class admitted (people not selected for their skills in that category) 2005 and Following 2) State approval must be given to hire more temp foreign workers and widening skill spread in immigrants now 3) Companies can recruit foreigners if they show their positions arent filled

4) Skilled workers who have worked in Canada can apply for permanent residence and students who post-secondary diplomas can stay, work, and apply for immigrant status 5) Nominees Class fast tracked immigration for immigrants going to work for companies who need positions filled The Role of Nation-Building Ideology 1) In late 1980s Canada adopted a neo-liberal nation building ideology that included powerful assumptions about the role that international migration could play in expanding Canadian exports and economic growth 2) Ideology assumes nations are like businesses (expand by greater sales/exports and cutting government costs) and this ideology led to diverse labour policies 3) At the same time as the neo-liberal nation shift, Canada entered its first Free Trade agreement with US and adopted new immigration policies 4) Ideology views multicultural social cohesions as rising automatically and designer immigrants (those fit to Canadian culture) will arrive who have high education and can quickly begin contributing to society 5) From these ideas, native Canadians should welcome immigrants and help facilitate their integration into society Consider the following results of Policy Change: -Foreign work programs expanding, immigration method for this is quick and efficient in order to meet temporary worker shortages -Provincial Nominee Class: Provinces make decisions on who they admit, while firms and universities choose the students they admit and they can apply for immigrant status within the Canadian Experience Class (foreign students pay more, and firms who hire workers must pay the fees for training) Challenges to Social Cohesion 1) Canadas recent immigration/worker policies have negative implications for social cohesion: Marginalization of recently arrived workers (low wages force them to live in lower-cost outskirts with other immigrants) and have less interaction with native-born Canadians Lower the amount of Skilled Worker Class (only the most-skilled allowed to become who can become landed immigrants after demonstrating contribution to Canada) and rising numbers of Foreign Workers who work on contract creating inequalities Foreign work programs look like promising avenue from neoliberal perspective but create social cohesion issues not

protected by same working laws guaranteed to native Canadians, can be sent home for need of medial attention or protesting, and foreign workers may work many years in Canada by renewing temporary contracts but never be allowed to receive the rights/benefits of being a permanent resident. CH 50: Voting Across Immigrant Generations Voting interest among immigrant generations depends on 2 rationales: Voting is an important indicator of political participation Political participation is widely considered a crucial mechanism in securing immigrants economic, social, and political foothold in host society Immigrants arrive, have Canadian born children = large part of population under 15 political participation becomes framed within large context of immigrant integration Generation Status, Political Participation and Voting Patterns 1. Straight Line Model: Political participation of immigrants increases as each successive generation becomes more acculturated to dominant host society values (less likely for first generation immigrants to vote because they arent familiar enough with political norms, the language, or are too busy getting adjusted) 2. Second Generation Advantage model - However: driven by higher rates of education, rapid acculturation and drive to have higher stake in election outcomes the Second Generation may have highest participation (model now is like an inverted V) SUPPORT: 1984 Canadian National Election Survey found 2nd gen most likely than parents or members of generational cohorts to vote, volunteer, have active role, which contradicts the Straight Line Model saying that deep-rooted Canadians participate the most. But: more recent Election Survey found no difference between 2nd and 3rd gen *However: 3. Second Generation Decline Model - may also be less likely to vote because theyve been denied the opportunities to participate in large society thanks to hierarchal stratification (this model is a V 2nd gen has lowest voting numbers) SUPPORT: visible minority 2nd generation offspring have lower voting percentages compared to 3rd gen Whites or immigrants arriving before 1991 but the 2nd gen of immigrants is younger and young people have a low voting rate

Our Study and Findings found at end of chapter * Dont know whether the Inverted V or V models best describes voting patterns conducted an analysis of the 2002 EDS (Ethnic Diversity Study) of people 25+ EDS allows the study of variations across 8 generations 1st (immigrants with 3 arrival periods), 1.5(foreign arrive before age 15), 2nd (Canadian born to 2 foreigners), 2.5 (Canadian with one foreign parents), 3rd (born to 2 native-born parents), 4+ (born in Canada to 2 native-born and 4 native-born grandparents) take in to account social, economic variables, demographic, age, province, residence, marital status, home language, minority/visible minority, education, income, citizenship (dual vs. Canadian only) Found: Few differences across generation relative to rates of 4th plus group, evidence weakly supports a second gen. advantage model (in federal election 2 and 2.5 have higher percentages) higher pattern observed only at federal and municipal not provincial but recently arrived immigrants have least percentage but much has to do with group differences in characteristics not just voting! No evidence for second gen. decline model: but different cultures may have different customs and practises regarding political participation of offspring

STARTING POINTS 7 RACIAL AND ETHNIC GROUPS Learning Objects: Learn that racial and ethnic classifications are historically specific an socially constructed -Consider the influence of past and present immigration trends on Canadian society, as well as on social policies, including multiculturalism -Discover that the social distance btwn racial/ethnic groups has shrunk over last century pointing to brighter future of human interaction FOCUS ON: Where do the questions come from? Bolded terms

Sociology can be defined as_____ Important Sociological Figures According to C. Wright Mills, the sociological imagination is ________ Major theoretical applications Functionalist theory would interpret population growth as________ Sociologists studying this topic are concerned with questions surrounding the effect of race or ethnicity on educational attainment, employment opportunities, and health and well being. What are the causes/effects of strained relationships btwn racial groups?

Race- A set of people commonly defined as belonging to the same group by virtue of common visible features, such as skin colour or facial characteristics Ethnic group A set of people commonly defined as belonging to the same group by virtue of a common birthplace, ancestry, or culture Racial variations Differences in behaviour, which some people attribute to differences in race Functionalism According to functionalists, even the inequality between racial or ethnic groups has a social purpose functionalists stress that social inequality provides incentives in the form of status/material rewards that prompt people to take on important social roles They see exclusion, prejudice, and discrimination as providing benefits for society as a whole and for particular groups within it. Ethnic solidarity increases social cohesion Dissolving of ethnic boundaries might reduce inner-group conflict but also be the end of ethnic group identity and cohesion Critical Theory Focus on how one group (more powerful group) benefits more than another from differentiation, exclusion, and institutional racism they explore how economic competition may promote the creation and preservation of racial stereotypes Critical theory proposes that majority groups seek to dominate minorities, gain economic advantage because domination makes them feel superior (EX: Chinese workers admired while building railroad and then were feared in case they took peoples jobs which led to the Chinese Exclusion Act) regulatory practises like these lead to racialization

Racialization tendency to introduce racial distinction into situations that can be managed without such distinction preventing racialization means saying on the lookout for stereotypical descriptions and explanations (EX: black athlete has natural talent while white athlete has a lot of effort or cops pulling over black men not white men) Racial (or ethnic) socialization - the process by which we learn to perceive and evaluate people (including ourselves) according to presumed racial or ethnic differences Symbolic Interactionism Focuses on microsociological aspects of race and discrimination, such as the ways people construct ethnic differences and racial labels to suppress minorities racial slurs (whop, jap, nigger) cause minorities to believe these are true about their culture, and can make them reject their group/hate self) Point to racial socialization as a factor that contributes to ongoing racial conflicts and creating a constant awareness of race in daily social interaction (racialization of reality) can increase likely hood of racial conflict Structural Theory Helps us understand the economic experiences of racial/ethnic minorities Generally people who are most similar racially, culturally, educationally, to members of host society will enjoy the easiest assimilation into work market and get jobs faster to contribute to economy (economic opportunities are often structured on racial grounds) Schools and job markets sort people into different career paths and foreign credentials are not valued here many immigrants have to start at lowest entry positions or become middle men (brokers, entrepreneurs, agents) Classic Study: Emory S. Bogardus (12 century) devised the concept social distance to measure the extent of intergroup segregation and willingness of groups to mix. Uses a scale to measure the extent someone would allow another ethnic group to form social relationships Social distance like ladder: group that is accepted at level A is accepted at level B,C,D,E,F. (Canadian allows daughter to marry Pakistani thus also fine to have Pakistani neighbours) Admired for its usefulness, effective measuring of intergroup sentiments

Key Findings: 1. Some groups tolerated less than others (Gypsies we need research as to what sociological factors cause this wide spread prejudice) 2. Some groups less tolerant than others (esp. small religious communities) 3. Tolerance in a society tends to increase over time (Can in 1910 vs. Can 2010) *but also: another way to look at it is if intergroup marriage is increasing, all other social distances are decreasing The History of Racial and Ethnic Relations 1. Religion, especially Christianity justified the European conquest of all unbelievers very imperialistic, wanted to build colonies, saw self as superior 2. Cultural parochialism (narrow-mindedness) and a commitment to nation building and advances in technology allowed Europeans to conquer less powerful/advanced civilizationsgreat military/economic benefits 3. Misunderstood version of Darwinism maintained that European imperial success proved their natural superiority of Western European societies over primitive societies. (EX: In India and the USA, lighter-skinned dark individuals are seen as more desirable and attractive sell skin lightening creams) History of Immigration Policy Immigration policy favoured Northern European groups considered more likely to survive in cold climate regardless, policies discriminated against Non-Christians and all other ethnic groups (besides White British/Northern Europeans) Immigration aimed at satisfying particular needs not for the benefit of the immigrants 1920s for railroad, 1950-1970 for building cities & roads, 1980s to supplement low fertility of baby boomers in the native population. Immigration in the 21st Century Current main source countries for immigration to Canada are India and China Since immigrants rated on a points system- points awarded based on age, education, work experience, English/French language skill and the applicants origin country is not considered relevant informationeliminate racist concerns during immigration process 4 categories: Skilled worker (highest %), family class (not

assessed on points, reunites families), refugees (Canada obliged by international treaty to provide asylum for refugees) and business immigrants Immigrants follow similar patterns, settle in growing cities (Victoria, Calgary, Ottawa) and where they know people mostly ONT, BC, and QUEBEC Classic Study: The Polish Peasant in Europe and America William I. Thomas and Florian Znanieckis (1918-1920) Examined the social/family lives of Polish immigrants, why they struggled, failed to overcome the challenges of assimilating into a new culture We cannot understand problems of adjustment unless we understand the society they grew up in Many immigrants had trouble altering their social customs which is necessary to assimilate into American culture and achieve economic success were neither Polish or American (Park called them marginal men) Inter-Ethnic Interaction Canadian cities are less ethnically concentrated/segregated than American ones, more ethnic mixing as well Ethnic communities allow for economic and linguistic benefits but they also preserve the cultural heritage against assimilation Ethnic communities-share common characteristics that distinguish them from other people in society, shared history and common fate, shared ancestry, common cultural beliefs) Anderson: Ethnic groups are imagined because the borders they draw around themselves are socially constructed (imagined by group vision) Imagined communities often take form of ethnic enclvaes (large cities have Koreatown, Little Portugal, Little Italy, Greektown, Little Jamaica) Many immigrants choose to live in ethnic enclaves and then move to more prosperous areas as they become assimilated In enclaves they develop institutional completeness Pg. 208, add more detail? Assimilation The process by which an outsider or immigrant group becomes indistinguishably integrated into the dominant host society; similar to acculturation Imagined communities Social groupings, like races or ethnic groups, that are treated as real because they are widely believed (or imagined) to be real (Benedict Anderson)

Ethnic enclave A neighbourhood that is mainly or exclusively populated by people who belong to the same ethnic group. ******John Porters classic work The Vertical Mosaic called attention to historical link between ethnic immigrant origins and current class location Institutional completeness The degree to which a community/enclave has established services aimed at a particular ethnic community, often in their traditional language Diaspora A dispersion of people through migration resulting in the establishment and spread of same-ethnicity communities throughout the world Diasporic group Any ethnic group that has established multiple centres of immigrant life throughout the world. Multiculturalism A Canadian political and social policy aimed at promoting ethnic tolerance and ethnic community survival Ethnic enclaves are the product of multiculturalism, which ensures all citizens, can keep their identities and promotes tolerance. Argument: Some say the policy emphasizes group differences and creates cultural borders Canada will never build a national-identity! Multiculturalism (MC) and Aboriginal People Aboriginals dont favour the notion of multiculturalism: 1. An official policy of MC will turn them into another minority and fail to recognize them as first settles of this country, Land claim settlements and alternate Native justice system give them power to govern themselves as nations within the nation of Canada Multiculturalism and French Canadians Nationalists claim they are treated as merely national minority, not one of the 2 founding groups of Canada In Quebec some see multiculturalism as an attempt by fed gov. to undermine legitimate Quebec aspirations for nationhood and instead Quebec governments have promoted a different policy in Quebec called interculturalism (encourages tolerance for diff cultures but demands their forceful acceptance and incorporation into Quebec society EX: make all immigrants must learn French

Classic Studies: An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem & Modern Democracy Karl Gunnar Myrdal W.E.B Du Bois stated the problem of the 20th century is the problem of the colour line Myrdals study tries to trace racial discrimination from beginnings of American history, shows how attitudes have changed, Whites did not think equality for all should apply for Blacks made to be slaves Myrdal proposes several solutions to Americas racist dilemma: 1. expand the role of fed government in education, housing, income security, enact policies of racial equality, 2. Suggests the encouraging of migration of Blacks from rural south to industrial north 3. Urges Americans to practise equality He was right : 1. American Civil Rights Act of 1964 and 2. Large numbers of Blacks moved to the north where decent jobs were more available. 3. However, racism still exists because Americans are not putting forth an effort for equality for all Sociologists should work harder for its vulnerable members, try to improve humanity. Racialization Rationalization to differentiate or categorize people according to race often an unnecessary and suspicious activity. 2. It means to impose a racial character or context on a situation that can be interpreted in other terms. 3. It means to perceive or experience the world in racial terms This occurs because people view those of being from other races as different but according to The Human Genome Project we are more alike than different Prejudice and Discrimination Explanations 1: racial socialization what it means culturally to be a Jew, Sikh a constant awareness of race/ethnicity in daily social interaction one possible result of racial socialization increases the chance we will perceive differences and racial differences with potentially harmful results. Explanation 2: they confer economic or social advantages on the discriminating group people like us vs. people like them Protection or advancement of ones own ethnic group is more about discrimination than about prejudice however some discrimination is based on prejudice and here we have to turn to the troubled concept of racial profiling EX: driver spot checks Theory 3: (by Gordon Allport) adapting Freudian thought, he argued that racial and ethnic minorities sometimes become a

kind of blank screen onto which we project our fears/fantasies. Abuse and Violence Violence against black people has moved from lynching and slavery to take on the legal form of Capital punishment (highest in states that held slaves and practised lynching) Many ethnically fuelled mass murders (Kosovo Muslims by Serbian leadership of Slobodan Milosevic and Hutu tried to eliminate Tutsi tribe in Rwanda) People are Talking about Edward Said Orientalism -like Gunnar Myrdal (Negro study not deserve rights) he took practical interest in politics and policies of inter-ethnic conflict New Insights: found at end of chapter * New Insights: -The more we stress the difference btwn humans and animals the more likely we are to mistreat them -Critical Race Theory (CRT) helpful in unpacking racial themes around domination theory can be applied to study of immigration (they still continue to use theoretical categories like race, immigration, ethnicity to investigate assimilation, conflict btwn generations, social mobility CRT can be used (According to Campel and Kumari) to examine how disabled people cope with ableism which can be used to discriminate a group like us/normal and other) Chapter Summary: -Race and ethnicity are socially constructed / historically specific and people have used many diff physical, social, religious markers to discriminate -On other hand, over last few decades the intergroup relations btwn minorities/majorities have grown positively in NAmerica social distance is decreasing because people learning to be more understanding/tolerant TRY ANSWERNG CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AT ENDS OF CHAPTERS**

OCTOBER 9 READINGS: AGE RELATIONS AND AGEISM (*this reading content and on will be on TEST 2) READING SOCIOLOGY: SECTION 8 AGING AND THE LIFE COURSE Chapter 30: Childlessness and Socio-Economic Characteristics: What Does the Canadian 2006 General Social Survey Tell Us? (Zenaida Ravanera and Roderic Beaujot) Increase in Levels of Childlessness Childlessness decreased to lower than 15% among women who gave birth during baby boom, increased for those born 1952-56, and continues to increase for those born in 1960 -Study based on data from 2006 General Social Survey on Family

Transitions to compare the influence of education/income on childlessness and desire by age to remain childfree -At 30-39 effect of education is similar for men and women but at 4049 education has opposite effect (women-highest intent and childlessness , men-lowest)effect of income have same results for men/women Childlessness and Constrained Decision Making High priority placed on: having satisfying work, enduring union, and children but most dont decide to be childlessresults from waiting game or postponements of child-bearing Stages of Not Wanting Kids: 1) Postponement for definite time 2) Postponement for indefinite time 3) Period of weighing pros/cons 4) Acceptance of permanent childlessness) Schooling and work impose structural constraints on family life more women in workforce, less earnings for men, less full-time positions for both which affects entry into marriage and parenthood *women classified as family-centred(most likely to have kids), workcentred (most likely to have few/no kids), adaptive (Hakim) Data and Methods Data taken from 2006 General Social Survey on Family Transitions (GSS) based on 15 yrs and older excluding the territories Life Course Constraints: The Waiting Game Intent to be childfree is low among young Canadians, many become parents in their 30s, as age increases proportion tending to remain childfree also increases Structural Constraints: Effects of Education and Personal Income Acquiring education and establishing career=major time commitment Affordability ability to provide financial resources required to raise children Structural Constraints of Work Orientation or Work Status Men working full-time least likely to be childfree, while women working full-time are most likely to be childless but have highest percentage wanting to have kids of those 30-39, and also highest proportion wanting to remain childfree Summary/Conclusion Women with university education/full-time work most likely to be

childfree The economic situation men have faced over past few decades have led to postponement of stable relationships/children Work --- relationship ---- children CH 31: Choice in Filial Care Work: Moving Beyond a Dichotomy (Laura M. Funk and Karen M. Kobayashi) Filial care work- is used to describe assistance and support provided by adult children for their adoptive, birth, or stepparents (ie: it encompasses informal or family caregiving rather than formal or paid work) Argument: in order to understand filial caregiving there is a need to move beyond a focus on a dichotomy btwn choice and obligation, as they arent mutually exclusive concepts. We first illustrate how theoretical and empirical discourse maintains the idea of a dichotomy Second: Propose that distinction btwn voluntary and involuntary motivations does not capture the complexities of filial care work Third: explore how the choice-obligation dichotomy operates ideologically and discuss implications for the moral-political understandings of filial care work Deconstructing the Dichotomy Choice/obligation not mutually exclusive: caring for parents include aspects of both Feminist approach: highlights interaction btwn of macro(social, political) and micro (family relationships) contexts Life course theorists (Elder) events in one family members life has effects on other members linked lives this is one way interrelationships btwn family members have been explicated in terms of familial work The Choice- Obligation Dichotomy as Ideological Cutbacks in home care programs in Canada over the years represent an example of the offloading of the state onto the family families are constructed as providing care as a loving choice opposed to obligation In contemporal neo-liberal context, care becomes recoded as having little market value, to be provided out of love, voluntarily or for minimal compensation forced to be a society that should want to voluntarily provide care but meanwhile are pressured into responsibility for family members as well as self Conclusion -individualization thesis: importance of understanding how

normative and structural contexts affect how we view fam commitments, how we view choice and how we experience caregiving for aging parents this perspective highlights changes that may have increased to some degree the amount of choice or flexibility in North American society for some adult children. -Given empirical research findings indicating constraints on choice, to maintain that family care work is voluntary is perhaps overstated -Choice isnt a individualized activity, it takes place in a wider social arena and micro-social family context -Distinction between voluntary/involuntary motivations and debate of choice is not reflected well in the complex family caregiving experiences Empirical: Korean American, Japanese/Chinese Canadian and South Asian families values on filial care share a strong sense of obligation to support young adult children ?typo in book? CH 32: From Divergence to Convergence: The Sex Differential in Life Expectancy in Canada, 1971-2000 (Frank Trovato and Nirannanilathu Lalu) In early 20th century male-female mortaliy differential was 2-3 years, by 1950 it rose to 4.5, and 7 years by 1971 since then its declined to 5.3yrs Canadian experience parallels that of Sweden and USA Purpose: Paper expands on recently published works in mortality analysis and instead of looking at diff countries they look at Canada over 30yr period and am paying attention to the sex differential in terms of mortality with a focus on smoking Circulatory and Chronic diseases and cancer account for many deaths, accidents are high in young adults (esp. men), alcohol involved in motor accidents and suicide/homicide also concerns Western world societies, including Japan, have passed 3 stages of epidemiological transition: (Omran) 1) the age of pestilence and famine, 2) the age of receding pandemics, and 3) the age of the man-made and degenerative disease

As part of this process popns experience widening sex diffs in mortality, resulting from faster life expectancy gains by women (large scale improvements in maternal mortality) while men are more likely to have work accidents and unhealthy behaviours (drinking, smoking) Olshanskuy and Ault introduced new stages of epidemiological transition: 4) the age of delayed degenerative diseases

at this stage survival improvements in men/women tend to occur at same pace of intensity Rogers and Hackenbery suggests we are now in a hybristic stage due to chronic/degenerative diseases and morbidities linked to unhealthy habits In USA: cause of death tobacco>poor diet/activity>alcohol>car crash> firearms> sexual behaviours> illicit drugs thus for Canada large portion of deaths are from preventable lifestyle causes! Smoking and the Sex Differential in Life Expectancy The same societies are in the midst of a second demographic transition characterized by pluralisation of living arrangements among young adults, tendency to postpone marriage, declining marriage and increasing divorce rates, high contraceptive use, tendency to give birth outside traditional marriage As women entered the work force they adopted some features of male gender role like smoking and countries with the highest female smokers (Denmark) had lowest life expectancy increases for women Japan (low female smoking rate) with the highest life expectancy increase during this time Increased instance of female smoking and its associated lagged negative effects (lung cancer, diseases) can help account for the shrinking sex differential in mortality between men and women Note: breast-cancer (mainly female) would have negative effect on life expectancy differential whereas prostate cancer (male) would have a positive effect on life expectancy (increases females advantage) *10 cause-of-death components and rates of men/female chart (pp.179) Findings Increase in tobacco usage by females decreasing the gap, while men experience less fatalities from accidents Two Possible Contradictory Reasons for this: 1. Abandoning risk-taking aspect of male gender role and more aware of safety concerns 2. Gains in life expectancy may also be from implications of public health measures which influence men to change behaviours (tobacco harm campaigns, no smoking in restaurants, seat-belt legislation external forces acting as change agents not the men themselves)

STARTING POINTS 8 AGE GROUPS Objectives: -learn how population age is measures/ways it is influence by fertility,mortalitiy and immigration -recognize Canadas popn is aging more quickly than others -Identify ways in which aging and age groups change in response to changes in demography and society -Recognize concerns of aging society Aging takes place in a historical context to be a teen today involves MP3s, Harry Potter not having a family and getting a job (diff gens grow up in diff times) Cultural meanings specific to time and place make it hard to relate to diff generations *As you get older, age differences matter less (have marriage age restrictions on young but a 43yr old and a 55 yr old can marry) Classifying someone by age leads to discrimination (teens seen as rowdy, irrational) Ageism all types of prejudice or discrimination against members of society based on an individuals age, whether old or young Functionalism: Functionalists think society made up of supporting parts working together to become an efficient whole society only as strong as its weakest members Disengagement theory (Cumming and Henry 1961) Holds that elderly people are among societies weakest and for the good of themselves/society they will give up their position (retire so younger can have it) Withdraw to edge of society to prepare for death seen as natural/crucial change for societies effectiveness

Critical Theory: Critical theorists believe that ageism does not serve society (no point in excluding old from important roles) as a whole but is just

a form of inequality exercised by middle ages (20-60) for their own interests Criticize disengagement theory too simplistic, depicts humans as robots and theory is wrong because: many elderly remain active in community, wont retire (and only some do because employers push them and without these pushes elderly would remain active for many years! Critical theorists also recognize that age groups have diff interest which compete against each other to enlarge its society resources Problem: middle-age have most power to influence policy, children/old ignored Also a wrong assumption that elderly are financially dependent on society Symbolic Interactionism: Symbolic interactionists focused on how we symbolize elderly people and enact aging in our societyhow socially constructed definitions of age affect a persons experience of aging stress age is state of mind influenced by stereotype Say that satisfaction with aging means rejecting definition of old age as disabling Examine how media portrayals reflect stereotypes of society double standard around sex/romance (old men in movies + young women but rarely see older women+ young man) Active Theory (Havighurst and Albrecht) Contrary to disengagement theory (saying people readily give up their social roles as they age) people in fact take on new roles with age, continued activity preserves sense of community Feminist Theories For women aging within our cultural means loss of youth/glamour Women are paid less but their husbands usually die sooner meaning they are at risk of living alone on a meagre income/exhausted savings (may have to sell home) Different role in family division of labour more likely to be involved with child care, withdraw from labour meaning limited pension benefits which can = poverty in retirement leads to feminization of poverty Classic Studies: Centuries of Childhood (Philippe Aries) - influential in sociology of childhood Argues that childhood as we know it as a cultural invention or a social construction

 Not until 16century did people view children as diff than adults emergence of childhood as a distinct stage in life segregated kids from adults, those with pre-adult developmental needs like formal education In schools (closed-communities) children further segregated 19th century mandatory public education forced parents to give up kids for part of their youth Extended education has expanded length of cultural childhood (period of non-adulthood characterized by social marginality, economic dependence, irresponsibility) In late 19th and early 20th century cultural label was used to cover new life stage btwn childhood and adulthood marked by prolonged education called adolescence involves visible changes (hormones, increased attraction, secondary sexual characteristics-breasts) Aries analysis of how age groups become distinct over time in response to social conditions is crucial to understanding group relations Youth: A Time of Risk-Taking -common, risky behaviours defined by age/sex, Many people drift into delinquency without a strong motivation to do harm armed with little more than techniques of neutralization (these techniques provide varied excuses or justification for rule-breaking and make the drift into delinquency morally easier) (David Matza) (Travis Hirschi) theory explaining why individuals choose to conform to conventional norms or break them everyone has potential to be delinquent but social controls preserve law and order, otherwise bad things would happen 4 Social bonds promoting conformity: (if these are weak teens will act out) -attachment (to others) -commitment (time/effort spent on things) -involvement (in activities that support society interests sports,music) -belief (in laws of society) -weak stake in conformity Age Group Relations not always linears, some form alliances (grandparents+grandkids align against middle-age group) Good reason for fertility reduction: financially parenting is very demanding while benefits are psychological, schooling is expensive, so people have less reason to put their time, money, and effort into child-

raising Changing Age Relations 1. Baby boom (1947-67) resulted in a lot child birth that had been regulated previously by Great Depression and WW2 2. High rates of immigration slowed and masked movement toward older society most immigrants are of childbearing age BUT: with rapid assimilation of immigrants and potential hardships, birthrate is declining called baby burst West younger than east Maritimes/Saskatchewan have most elderly population while Alberta is Canadas youngest province (many leave their provinces and go there for work) and Calgary (youngest city) has median age 35.7 Territories and Nunavut have high fertility and high rates of youthful immigration (resource jobs) but life expectancy is lower due to harsh terrain and many living below the poverty line but life expectancy among Aboriginals has recently been increasing Median age The point that divides a population into 2 groups of equal size based on age, which half population below and half above that age With decrease in young dependents there an increase in aged dependents with those over 65 rising and in next few decades the dependency ratio will increase! (researchers fear an Agequake, economic/medical crisis) Dependency ratio the proportion of people who are considered dependants (under 15 or over 65) compared to people 15-64, who are considered working age. Classic Studies: Children of the Great Depression Glen H, Elders Life Course Perspective describes the ways historical/biographic forces act together and on one another to influence life decisions within specific contexts aging seen as an accumulation of experiences/influences and how early life influences later life Classic study of 167 11yr olds (split into deprived [working or middle class] and non-deprived) Found that shortened childhood and earlier entry into adulthood didnt harm deprived children in long run (they became successful members of society and were more satisfied than non-deprived counterparts) With fathers out of work, sons stepped up, women became decision makers and daughters had to take on house chores more equal sharing of power in family Study shows how individual experiences are connected to

socio-historical contexts social context influences experiences of a particular age Relations between Young and Old Cross-age cooperation key in family: Youth are more likely to use guilt and terror tactics (like other disempowered groups in society) to their advantage and parents feel guilty Elders will also use guilt towards grown children but are less likely to use terror tactics and are more independent than youth bc they know what its like to be a middle-aged person caught btwn kids and parents Age in School and Workplace In schools old(give instructions-teachers) while kids are young (do hw,avoid punishment) and in workplace there are also age dynamics seniority and rank (age and power) closely related Some jobs young lawyers give orders to older/more experienced secretaries A Family Business, Francis Iannis classic book is an ethnographic student of an American crime family Should they trust young low ranking Danny with economics degree or older experiences, yet slower Vito? Classic Studies: Mean Streets Youth Crime and Homelessness Age and Crime Jackson Toby tendencies toward crime/addiction weaken as people develop a stake in conformity which happens as they pursue educational/occupational plans, form relationships, develop life purpose criminal skills techniques promoting crime, offenses Toronto shelters them, Vancouver jails neither work, revolving door and you need to provide basic needs to solve this A more general version called Social Control Theory we are inclined to break the rules but are less likely to break these rules if we accept legitimacy of social control, which can be rules from mate as well as internalized values from relations Age and Mental Health Thought that seniors have depression but they are most likely to say they are satisfied with life while teens say opposite How happy you are depends on how high you set your expectations Age and Physical Health Children & Elderly are most accident-prone lack of supervision (one-parent homes), time-consuming interests (depression, addiction) or bad neighbourhood (income and class

disadvantage) Better health than previous senior generations but higher occurrence of health problems in seniors (women more so than men because we live longer) taxes healthcare system, becomes bigger economic problem (seniors- 44% of health-care spending) Low-income seniors no more likely than wealthy seniors to use health services Abuse and Violence People who experienced violence as kids most likely to dole out as adults Patriarchal theory explains why women/children are punished but not seniorsmaybe they punish seniors for abuse when they were kids Senior abuse may be long-term effect of caregiver burden felt by adults People are Talking About Karl Mannheim -played crucial role in 20th century development of generation 3 Building blocks of Mannheims theory of generation: 1. Generational Site or Location generation can be defined by the shared experience of a traumatic event/catastrophe (German youth losing a war) 2. Generation as Actuality Mannheim critiqued the Marxist tradition of class analysis as being too narrow because age groups are able to be agents of social change just as important as social classes! 3. Generational UnitsEach generation may include within itself differentiated generation-units but they belong together bc of their orientation toward each other Like Webers debate with Marx about importance of status groups, Mannheims debate with Marx about importance of generations effects an attempt to reconceive politics/power in an age of upheaval Mannheim focused attention on social education as means of forming, focusing generations of young around political issues Communications can bring people together: (Internatonal generations linked by books/newspapers in early 20th), (Transnational generations linked by tv and radio in mid 20th) and (Global generation of late 20th linked by electronic media) New Insights (Phillipson and Biggs) note that developments in social

gerontology have brought increased confusion about social identity later in life Gerontology scientific study of aging and old age (Powell) uses Foucauldian gerontology to show how the discourse of health care providers creates a social construction of aging/constrains older people (Powell and Longino) postmodern gerontology looks at how aging is culturally depicted and attempts to see aging in a positive light CONCLUSION Population age due to decreased fertility (and decreased mortality secondarily) and immigration can conceal the dramatic drop in fertility making it less noticeable Glen Elders Life course theory says that aging is always situated in socio-historical context and that diff generations socialized in different social contexts have different expectations (and if unresolved can lead to depression, violence, abuse) CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS: 1. What main factor contributed to significant rise in older ppl worldwide- how do we know? 2. How do you think large popn old in future will affect your own role as citizen (given current econ. Situation) 3. How is aging experiences diff for aboriginal seniors, immigrant seniors and Canadian seniors 4. How are aging experiences likely diff for men/women 5. Stats Canada survey found that poorer/less educated seniors arent more likely to seek health-care than riche Why do u suppose this? Why is this surprising? 6. Why were adolescence and childhood soc. Constructed? How did society or social groups benefit from construction?

NOV 23 Victimization: Neighbourhoods and sexualities Points 6: SEXUALITY p 156-181 Sexuality is socially constructed not innate or given in our biology product of social context (interaction btwn biological, chemical, psychological, social factors) Heterosexuality is labelled the norms while homosexuality is the deviation monogamy is norm and multiple partners the deviation, procreation the norm and sex for pleasure the deviation People more liberal, open to viewing nudity in media, accepting marketing of films with pornographic context points to the Sexualisation of our culture Sex: both biological characteristics that define a person male or female as well as the act of sexual intercourse Sexuality feelings of sexual attraction and any behaviours related to them

-Generally people view sex as a normal/healthy part of human relations, People are becoming more open around sexuality, having sex younger with more partners, outside of marriage -Sexual double standard is on the decline and the stigma for premarital sex is on the decline (some view it as useful in gaining experience esp. if sex is part of a loving intimate relationship) PG 157 Functionalism Although people may claim to negatively view sexual deviances (porn, prostitutes) they play valuable role in society All deviances test boundaries of socially acceptable behaviour and thus help society to promote social cohesion Prostitution fixes boundaries of acceptable morality within society by calling prostitution immoral and stigmatizing people who practise it, our society clarifies boundaries btwn acceptable and unacceptable behaviour Prostitution - The provision of sexual services for reward (usually money) Critical Theory who benefits from the existing social order? Who suffers? Many types of sexual deviance (prostitution) reflect social inequality

Dominant groups have biggest influence over what kinds of sexual activities are seen as norm and control whether they will be illegal or legal Men gain income or pleasure through exploiting women (ex: owner of escort service)

Symbolic Interactionism Sexual norms and values change over time esp. thru social (and sexual) interaction bwtn individuals this change occurs in rewriting rules and restriction on sexual behaviour (takes the form of sexual scripts) One of dominant sex scripts in society is man is sexually assertive and women is resistance and passive and expected to desire sex much less than her partner or be less forthcoming in desires Interaction with members of minority groups (including minority sexual groups) makes members of majority more accepting of deviance ( EX: people who live in areas with many homosexuals are more accepting of homosexuals) Useful in studying socialization of prostitutes and studying the social construct of social problems around sexual activity EX: sociologists in this tradition would be interested in tracking public discourse around changes in prostitution and pornography, including demands for increased policing and persecuting and changes of age in sexual initiation Sexual scripts the guidelines that describe socially acceptable ways of behaving when engaging in sexual activities Feminism Argue that Canadian society is patriarchal, unfair, maledominate, exploitive of women + their bodies Sexual behaviour expresses/indicates the unequal roles of men and women Many blame teenage sex and pregnancy on the sexual actions of girls while boys are treated very differently they gender the blame around sexual behaviour Boritch fallen woman one who has violated her gender role, losing her culturally required purity thru sexual looseness This tripe serves as an example of what can happen to a woman or girl who doesnt display the normal female purity (Also justice system targets prostitutes not johns called blaming the victim)

*Feminists have good reason to criticize sex industry but also they should support moral social rights and protections for sex workers! Postmodernism Questions our thinking of normality what we think is normal and how we came to think that key figure in development of this approach = Michel Foucault He wrote History of Sexuality, and his goal is to compare ancient pagan and Christian ethics of sexuality and trace the development of Christian ideas about sex to the present day He believes modern thinking about sexuality is associated with power structures of modern society Our goal should be the liberation of bodies and pleasure fro their imprisonment in conventional sexuality (Focault and conflict theorist Marcuse) Classic Study: The Social Organization of Sexuality Edward Laumann, John Gagnon (created term sexual script), Robert Michael, Stuart Michaels 1992- nationwide survey of 3432 American men and women age 18-59 Used script theory, network theory, and choice theory and topics discussed were sexual satisfaction, sexual dysfunction, STDs, fertility, marriage, cohabitation Contrary to expectations study showed a sexually conservative nation Americans favour monogamy in principle and practise norm is to have one sex partner for lifetime More people engaging in sexual diversity than in past but very few evidence of unconventional sexuality (homosexuality) and it was found people are most likely to have sex with others like themselves, same race, religion, class, similar age also idea that with age, sexual activity decreases. Critics: Sample size not large enough to provide info about minority groups like homosexuals and Jews Sexual Double Standard and (Other) Changing trends in Sexual Behaviour Canada like rest of world becoming more permissive towards sexual behaviours and attitudes - shown in gradual decline of sexual double standard (notion that women are supposed to act/feel different from men when sexual matters are concerned) Women-centered approach to family planning now being slowly enhanced by one that encourages male responsibility and planning as well willingess to practise safe sex also depends on cultural/social factors

(EX: African American girls 10-13 who were more involved in school, religiosity, family cohesion less likely to have risky sex behaviours, Filipino-American girls held important moral convictions toward sexuality) Age of initiation into sexual activity depends on family influences: 1) maternal monitoring 2) mother-adolescent communication on general & sexual matters 3) maternal attitudes about adolescent sexual behaviour have a great influence! Societies with a single standard of sexuality have more gender equality, women take on more leadership roles, and societies that value romantic love

Martial Infidelity Sexual infidelity continues to receive widespread public disapproval and is thus considered a form of sexual deviance frequency of sexual infidelity is hard to discover because it is stigmatized/disproved of Women with children see infidelity has being not only cheated but also abandoned and abandonment of the kids as well Cyberspace relationships have increased likelihood of marital infidelity Respondents attached as much importance to emotional infidelity as sexual infidelity which supports the evolutionary theory that men will be more concerned about a womens sexual infidelity while women more concerned with husbands emotional infidelity Sexual infidelity: sexual relations btwn a married (or cohabiting) person and someone other than his or her spouse Classic Studies: The Sociology of Prostitution Kingsley Davis credited with term of population explosion and was central in developing the demographic transition theory and functional theory of stratification As a functionalist he asked: what does social phenomenon of prostitution contribute to society that would account for its survival/universality? He argues that when prostitutes fill the need for sexual satisfaction without imposing socio-economic ties of relationship and marriage but it threatens marriage because it fulfils sexual intimacy = social evil!!

Flaw: Davis pays too little attention to human side of prostitution reasons why women become prostitutes he only focuses on economic incentive but it calls attention to the fact that prostitution is criticized and yet prostitution is practised everywhere

Pornography the explicit description, exhibition of sexual activity in literature, films, or elsewhere, intended to stimulate erotic, rather than aesthetic, feelings People concerned with if it is healthy or not, the effects it can have on children, and porn is a multibillion dollar enterprise with alleged links organized crime Essence of pornography is easy sex abundance of attractive, obedient women, accessible to anyone become easy to obtain in mass culture Media: Are they to blame? Some say they reflect societies behavioural norms while others say media shapes these norms Porn reinforces patriarchy and sexist views feminist scholars interested with role of pornography and the female naked body Great corner is display and consumption of child pornography Ost says there may have been a moral panic about this topic, child porn may also help contribute to child sexual abuse, pedophilia, incest Classic Studies: American Gay Stephen Murray Homosexuality A sexual or romantic attraction to people of same sex (males homosexuality & females lesbianism) Discusses the formation of gay communities Murray discuses role of gay bars, bath houses in providing safe meeting places for homosexuals as well as the cultural issues that have arisen (EX: problem of gay promiscuity, multiple versions of sexuality like transgender, bisexual, sadomasochism S&M) and cross-class, cross-racial relationships in gay community Fundamentally concerned with problems of setting up stable roles/relationships for those who have had to hide their relations for so long Many Latino and African-American or African-Canadians have two faces: in public they are heterosexual and in private they are homosexual. Asian gays also likely to separate their gay lifestyle from their community to avoid family conflict Homosexuality and Heteronormality

Valverde: suggest arguments normalizing heterosexuality are really arguments that favour procreation, monogamy, traditional family life see women as weak, sexually passive, men as predators concerned with sex By defining sexual intercourse of man & women as privileged form of intimacy (the only natural form) our society undermines potential for humans to engage in wider variety of sexual experiences Martin mothers teach young kids that heterosexuality is normal 1. Moms create world where only heteros exist for their kids (EX: labelling their friends as girlfriends or boyfriends if of a different gender, and only friends if of the same gender) 2. When they have to consider the possibility that their kid may one day be gay or lesbian, some mothers prepare, some will hope they turn out straight, while most will try to prevent homosexuality Influential People: Henry Havelock Ellis Psychopathia Sexualis challenged accepted sex norms of repressive Victoria England and assured readers masturbation doesnt cause illness and that being gay is not a amoral choice or disease its an innate variation of norm Alfred Kinsey critical of biologists/psychologist who assumed hetero responses are part of n animals innate equipment He was the first scientific opponent of heternormativity. Conducted a survey finding huge differences in sexual behaviour among men of diff social classes (including masturbation, oral sex, premarital, prostitutes, extramarital, homo) while variations in women were much more influenced by age and views of gender equality Biggest contribution: Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale seven point continuum depicting wide range of sexual inclinations he thought people attached labels of homo or hetero to their lifestyles and histories rather than themselves. Found that 1)sexuality not an either-or matter (some have tendencies of both) 2) it recognized peoples preferences may change over time (start in middle and move to one side later in life) 3)no position on continuum is normal or abnormal Anna Koedt Myth of the Female Orgasm quickly became feminist classic because it deals with issues of female sexuality (sexual freedom, political meanings of sexual pleasure) affirmed that pleasure, not reproduction is goal of sex.

With passing of homosexuality policies (ie: legalization of samesex marriage in 2005) ideas around homosexuality are changing homophobes now becoming the sexual deviants in society Like any minority group there were many protests, worked hard to educate people EX: Mattachine Society group that wants recognition of homosexuals as oppressed minority want members to be proud of sexuality Richard Florida cities with large homosexual populations have higher levels of intellectual creativity leading to economic growth in service sector and high quality of life

*One world many societies blurb: 2001- Netherlands first country to legalize gay marriage, 2003Belgium, 2004- state of Massachusetts, 2005- Spain, India homosexuality still illegal Homophobia An overt/covert hostility toward gays and lesbians sometimes stemming from irrational fear or hatred of homosexuals People remain homophobic because 1. Still unfamiliar with homosexuality or dont know any gay people personally (first hand experience will reduce fear!) 2. People with first-hand or second-hand knowledge of premarital sex, extramarital sex, or homosexuality are less homophobic than those with limited experience or sex knowledge 3. People with more education and higher incomes less homophobic (through networks more likely to know homosexual people) 4. Religiosity and social conservatism authoritian personality (homophobes tend to be conservative, anti-democratic, racist) 5. Dwelling urban people more tolerant than rural areas (no gay community) More likely found among men than women and hetero men more hostile to gays than to lesbians gender homophobia linked to male bonding Best single predictor of anti-gay sentiment: sex-role rigidity a learned belief that men and womens roles are clearly defined, and there should be no confusion or blending between the two (men have to be real men and women real women) Homophobia may be fed by sex-role confusion (peoples uncertainty about own sexuality) Homophobia linked to homosociality since male homosocial groups exclude both women and gays (homophobia and antifemininity) both are related to inability to form intimate nonsexual relations

Homosociality a social preference of members of ones own gender Paraphilia any sexual deviation or departure from the norm Exhibitionism Frotteurism Pedophilia Sexual Masochism Sexual Sadism Voyerism Fetishism Transvestic festishism Sigmund Freud among the first to describe sexual fetishism it is a form of sexual deviance where object of affection is a specific object or body part like other types of sexualities it can be varied and affect almost any aspect of human behaviour Voyeruism is another type of deviance that is non-criminal if its a consenting act voyeurs seek pleasure by waching other people either in states of undress or sex most often practised by males Sadism taking pleasure by inflicting physical pain and suffering on another personconsent is a principle of the behaviour. Masochism people take pleasure from being beaten, humiliated, bound, made to suffer/tortured names from Marquis de Sade and Count von Masoch S&M describes dominant (sadist) elements and submissive (masochist) elements often role playing involved Paraphilia that is consensual is not considered criminal but some are criminal and or non-consensual (IE: Exhibitionism, pedophilia, bestiality, lust murder [pleasure from murder] and necrophilia)

People are Talking about Judith Butler Work centers around idea that gender is not innate-derived from narrative based on patriarchal culture Gender Trouble is most influential work tries to separate identity from notion that human gender is binary (either male or female) Feminists accept this notion and view women as a homogeneous group with same traits/interests (and reject idea that biology controls sexuality) By accepting a natural binary for sex, binaries for gender and heterosexuality are likewise constructed as natural

Talks about queer theory gender does not cause performance but performance defines gender Butler uses performativity to explain gender identity- it is argued that persons gender is continually performed which is key idea to development of queer theory peoples identities arent fixed and dont determine who they are and argues sexuality is socially constructed and historical factors affect our judgments Performativity can be used to describe behaviours of resistance within social work, to movies, to study of same-sex marriage

New Insights Post-modernism has taken signifigant strides in area of sexuality modern world is Sexed up and so we must pay attention to how sex affects our society postmodern researches look at sexuality from all sides: formation, democratization, sexual citizenship, spread of porn Postmodern can be applied to porn seen by postmodern feminists as supporting the diversification of sexuality, liberating for minorities and women Summary

OCTOBER 30 - Colonization: Regional and national inequalities Points 10 (276-290) We are citizens of multiple regions/ territorial units (EX: Winnipeg, Manitoba) chapter about relations btwn diff territorial units and these territories often compete with one another for dominance but sometimes make effort to cooperate Cooperation btwn smaller regions (West Canada and East Canada or Alberta and Manitoba) make it possible for the achievement of social solidarity in the large territories (Canada as a whole) Globalization - current version of international co-operation btwn territories but what are defining features of global or globalized economy? Globalization is part economic + part technological which has helped improve co-operation btwn territories (computer, phone) but cooperation doesnt always occur due to prejudice Conflict btwn regions can lead to war and terrorism, war crimes women are especially vulnerable to war and war crimes (ie: rape and kill women to force submission of foe) People have always fought to protect their territory of birth

Regions Large land areas that may encompass portions of a country or extend over several countries. They usually share a few distinctive topographical features (EX: mountain, flatland, coastal terrain) and economic experiences Nations Large land areas where people live under rule of a national government Empires Sets of nations, regions and territories controlled by a single ruler Ways of Looking at Nations, Regions, Empires

-Topics of this chapter (war, peace, diplomacy,ect.) are marcosocialogical so symbolic interactionism has little to say about them mostly focused on critical theory (Wallerteins world-systems theory) and Marx capitalism Critical Approach Capitalism an expansionist economic system, looking for new markets, lower-cost labour the governments of leading capitalist nations (England, France, Germany, USA, Canada) will sometimes support aggressive economic/military intrusions of foreign countries Capitalism did not invent Imperialism but capitalism after 1800 intensified these imperial efforts Functionalist In contrast to this critical approach, functionalists take a modernization approach to globalization they focus on spread of Western lifestyles and Western values thruout world = general desire for Western-style democracy and culture Functionalists and critical theorist debate over nature of global system (good or bad) and role of force vs choice in establishing global order

Classic Study: The modern world-system 1: Capitalist agriculture and the origins of the European world-economy in 16 century Immanuel Wallerstein: surveys economic developments in Europeargues that since 16 century important worldwide social system developed thats economic and organized on capitalist principles which results in worldwide division of labour and system of stratification Before 16th century world economies didnt exist and were typically parts of world empires (Roman empire) which were short-lived due to great expense to maintain, politically and militarily but changed when new world economy emerged based on capitalist mode of production that didnt need political or military rule to maintain itself Important aspect of model: He divides the world nations into 3 categories: core states, periphery states, and semiperiphery states whose shifting relationships maintain a dynamic tension that caused the system to grow as a whole

Difference btwn core and periphery: type of labour organization employed Core = more detailed and modern division of labour & Periphery has the least if not for these divisions and different organizations of labour control capitalist system wouldnt flourish

Core states: Governments of industrialized, rich, powerful, relatively independent societies; the dominant states in the world (*core has manufacturing, commercial wealth due to this organization) Periphery states: The governments of less developed, relatively poor, weak societies that are subject to manipulation or direct control by core societies Core states were source of manufactured goods and the beneficiary of slave labour in the periphery Another distinguishing feature: emergence of beauraucratic organizations in core states these organizations allowed the core to control/exploit the periphery more effectively bureacucracy oversee the flow of goods/control of slaves, indentured workers allow capaitalism to maneuver freely because economy can operate in an area bigger than that controlled by any political entity *nothing more efficient at overseeing colonial empire than the modern army and civil service Wide historical view, detail talks of relations btwn borgeouis, the nobility, and state in France and England Criticism: omission of reference to role of ideas and beliefs in human history hes closer to the Marxist than Weberian analysis of social change

Networks of Dependency Regions, nations, empires connected in network of interdependence and control this interconnection creates tension btwn 2 sources of control: control that emanates from inside territorial unit from local government and ruling class and control that emanates from core nations outside it Each region, nation, empire has its own political/legal jurisdiction but also within the orbit of much larger imperial players core states pursuing their own interests (EX: British Empire dominions ruled from London) Imperial rules purpose = enrich core states especially, capitalists in core states at expense of peripheral states (investors of core states control economies of weaker peripheral profits made here drain out and flow back to core)

World economy doesnt give peripheral states an opportunity to improve situation but rather exploits its disadvantage Semi-peripheral states (Canada) are sometimes exploited in the same way, serve as middlemen for core states but more independent, self-controlling Semi-peripheral states the governments or industrial or semiindustrial societies that though prosperous, are often subject to control by core societies because of their economic or political dependency Core periphery relation can also exist btwn regions or btwn cities World-system perspective helps us understand relations btwn regions, nations, empires requires us to be aware of relations among units sociologists must understand importance of interdependence among nation-states & all regions, nations, empires are characterized by exchange and domination Geographic units that provide units with capital, manufactured goods, political decisions are core units & periphery units are recipients of these things and provide labour, profits to core, and materials Wallerstein domination especially under capitalism does not always require military conquest and colonization ** In networks of connected geographic units conflicts arise for 2 main reasons: 1. Inequalities of power, wealth, influence result in unequal exchanges some region,nations,empires more powerful than others 2. Important ecological, cultural, social differences divide units one from another Wallersteins work on global relations draws on earlier work of Marx/ Weber Like Marx hes trying to build theory of historical development driven by relations of inequality Differentiating between Nations, Regions, and Empires Though empire, state, region are all geographic units, these names cant be used inter-changeably history shows they work differently (EX: Roman empire taxed their colonies but didnt force religious conversion or meddle in cultural affairs unlike the British) Nations are mainly political units smaller than empire in some societies the nation and state dont coincide neatly (Canada and Aboriginal traditionalists or Quebec sovereignists, Tamil in Sri Lanka, Kurds in Turkey/Iraq)

Regions are variable: often a combo of political/jurisdictional units mainly regions are geographic, ecological, economic unified ecosystems most nations and all empires span multiple ecological, and geographic zones, economic variety

Global Economy Supporters of globalization view it as a new mechanism of cooperation and the construction of a single world market and source of increasing interdependence among world societies Globalization =the development of a single world market and the accompanying trend to increased interdependence among the economies (and societies) of the world The global economy of today is a form of world organization with 6 defining features: 1. Global economic interdependence (people are both buyers and sellers) 2. Globalization characterized by scientific and technological innovation (new ways of making goods) 3. Features polycentric cultures + polities (diff cultures contribute to forming a new global culture) 4. Globalization leads to homogenized human ambitions (world culture with similar values, way of life) 5. Nation states are changing (losing influence over local culture/economy 6. Corporate entities (like multinational company Toyota and not individuals or governments are the key actors in global economy) Due to economic globalization, todays gov have less influence multinational corporations (transnational corporations) and nongovernmental organizations NGOs have assumed increased economic/political influence thus reducing historical influence of regions, empires as political actors and supporters say globalization doesnt result in loss of cultures but rather cultural mixing (ex: food sushi, crepe, curry) Non-governmental organizations NGOs Legally constituted organizations that are independent of any national gov, often mechanisms through which diff nations try to solve common problems Blurring Social Distance through Technology -important to see how technology affected reations of diff societies: Telephone: used to create and preserve close relations even at a distance

Email: not as simple as phone, online, but doesnt require both people be home at same time makes relations possible to those bound to home

Classic Study: The Manifesto of the Communist Party Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels predicted inevitable collapse of capitalist system of production and thus the end of social strife/inequality Manifesto split in 4 sections: 1. Capitalist system splits society into 2 opposing classes (bourgeoisie and proletariat) past societies preserved the production modes but instead for Marx, bourgeoisie must constantly revolutionize relations of production 2. As worker becomes more attached to a machine, the individual character of work is lost and workers paid low wages abolishing private property will end class conflict bourgeois has all the land! Always been struggles btwn oppressed and their oppressors but the struggle btwn B and P will be the last: 1. The rich (Bourgeoisie) will exploit existing areas as it expands across the globe 2. In capitalist manufacturing worker becomes more and more like the machine low pay = profit making 3. Exploitation can only end through abolition of private property which would also end alienation, oppression, inequality (humanity will reach end of history no class = no conflict = no change) Manifesto criticized: Materialistic concept of history (challenged by Weber) and predicted a revolution of the impoverish working class overthrowing the capitalist state never happened! But Marx and Engels did predict globalization, exploiting of poor countries by capitalists in rich countries Conflict in Society -regions have conflict which makes Canadian provides have an enormous importance in Canadian politics -Dramatic split: Francophones (who identified as Quebecois and as Canadian second) vs. English-Canadians -Francophone popn declining and Anglophones increasing -Compared with regions, nations are better able to survive and preserve historical culture bc they are better at establishing themselves institutionally

some have applied Marxist Analysis (Manifesto) to examine nationstate behaviour (promotes idea that national governments, politicians, politics are mechanisms for promoting interests of ruling class) International Politics and Discrimination Intergroup conflict can be aggravated by large-scale (international) conflict [EX: war or threat of war] in war time, truth is first casuality propaganda and news stories slant stories in a way suggested inferiority of a particular group Most evident: in treatment of Muslims by Western Media or of Americans by Islamic media America: suicide bombings and war evidence of clash of civilizations of backward Islamic nations and secular, progressive USA BUT: Islamic people say theyre fighting American imperialism, single-minded country focused on securing oil and protected Israel NO evidence found of increased hate crimes in Canada related to these national depictions The relative absence of visible discrimination in Canada suggests: 1) success of human rights legislation 2) Canadians are moderate and tend to avoid conflict (unlike Americans) 3) suggest that American efforts to label conflict in Middle East as culture wars have failed in Canada International Violence and War Nations and empires breed war, thrive on war, and organized for war many countries have a war system where social institutions, economies, governments, and cultural practices promote warfare as a normal aspect of life war becoming more technologically complex War An openly declared armed conflict between countries or between groups within a country Terrorism Terrorism The calculated use of unexpected, shocking, and unlawful violence against civilians and symbolic targets Best accepted theory: terrorist choose violence as best course of action after considering alternatives generally these acts carried out by secret subnational groups to publicize religious or political cause and intimidate people/coerce governments into accepting demands Middle to upperclass people with high education with Western connections will recruit poorer people and these terrorists are their only role models and they promise them adventure, commitment + upward mobility

Ana Siljack Angel of Vengence terrorism in 19th century Russia media social construction portray terrorism as unique to our times its not! Terrorism relies on friendship, networks, secrecy, the motive of protecting ones home and country, and also motivated by glory, and supposed rewards in afterlife State-sponsored terrorism is the state-sanctioned use of terrorist groups to achieve foreign-policy objectives (US could be viewed as state that sponsors terrorism thru CIA with aim of destabilizing foreign governments)

People are Talking about: Immanuel Wallerstein Best known for world-systems theory which draws on dependency theory, encompasses the entire global economy since 16century rather than that of one nation or continent World system is a culturally differentiated system with single division of labour International capitalism ability to profit from disparities in development around the world Sees globalization as a variant of neoliberalism a cover for capitalist imperialism which asserts that countries must allow corporations to transfer goods and capital across any border they wish, that govs not own property, and they must reduce if not stop social support Spohn wants to save modernity through a use of world-system thinking; highlights structural and cultural multiplicity of forms of modernity and globalization in emerging world society - Develops own approach and argues in diff ways for unity of world society develops his own historical-comparative approach that highlights impact of culture religion, inter-civilization relations = more inclusive than Wallersteins idea Paic hopes to salvage globalization notes that any attempt at a transformation of social, political, cultural development would require end of globalization as neo-liberal ideology or traditional modernization strategy -Culture has become means and end of identity in a global age Gunaratne applies concept of centre, semi-periphery and periphery to academic research FINISHHHH PG 296 - 299!!!!!!!!!!!!!

NOV 6 READINGS - Stigmatization: Consequences for health READING SOCIOLOGY: SECTION 9 HEALTH Chapter 33: Biocitizenship and Mental Health in a Canadian Context PURPOSE: Paper uses concept of biologicigal citizenship (biocitizenship) to examine reports of the Standing Senate Committee on Social Affairs, Science and Technology Out of the Shadows at last: Transforming Mental Health, Mental Illness, and Addicticion Services in Canada aka Kirby Report described the current functions of mental health in Canada and was part of a larger project to develop a Mental Health Commission of Hamilton introduces new meaning of being a citizen Biocitizenship: describes relations btwn citizen and state that depend upon biomedical knowledge of body/its capacities [relates to civic, political, social citizenship which indicate a contract where rights are protected and guaranteed by the state (freedom of speech, right to vote) in exchange for citizen obligation (pay taxes, military service, mandatory education) Within cultural citizenship suggests its not enough for state to ensure civic, political, social rights idea is significant because it suggests full citizenship is not just contractual but also emotional and deals with identity

*Biological citizenship emerges out of recognizing that people are increasingly crafting identities around biological problems (in this study mental health) this citizenship merges with the politics of citizenship Biological Citizenship is: 1. Individualistic 2. Activist 3. Based on science education Individualistic: distinguishes contemporary bio citizens from previous ones where population health regulated from above Kirby report committed to individualism (the capacity for autonomous self-care and aims to develop services) Science education: biocitizens understand themselves as biological beings responsible for biological self-care. Sci education puts premium on knowledge and we should create a mental health information exchange Activist: 1st they are active in managing their own mental health and 2nd: bio citizen as part of larger group lobbies government for research against mental health Kirby: Why is choice so important for patients: Choice is a political (all modern democrat political systems obliged to provide citizens with a wide range of options but report says: Canadian mental health care limits choice! Kirby says its a psychological ideal serves therapeutic goal of promoting well-being What is biological multiculturalism how is it sim/diff from cultural multiculturalism biological multiculturalism in which ones biological type constitutes a unique identity offering unique cultural contributions Stepnisky: what are the possible consequences of Canadians considering themselves potentially mentally ill? social construction, stigma Kirby recommends creating a anti-stigma campaign to educate Canadians about mental health the mentally ill in Canada can play a part in contributing to education and awareness this recommendation introduces a biological multiculturalism Stigma will be reduced by showing Canadians they are all susceptible to mental illness at any time in their life its not a divide btwn ill and healthy concerns that ill people make to the government are also concerns of all Canadians SO: Biological citizenship used to establish basis for analysis of emerging mental health programs/treatment in Canada

Present analysis limited: by adopting biocitizenship it equates psychological problems with physical problems

CH 34: Love and Changes in Health The link btwn love and health has been examined in studies of broken heart syndrome after the unexpected death of a loved one lead to stress cardiomyopathy Durkheim: disappearance of fam member increases chance of suicide Their Research: examined effects of love on changes in health among 9442 people from Canadas National Population Health Survey age 25+ compared scores based on vision, dexterity, hearing, emotion, speech, cognition, ambulation, pain 1.00 = perfect and lower = worse and 0 = death, - = worse than death Being married, in contact with family, as well as attending religious services influenced loving relationships being born in Canada, being older, and female all increased odds of loving relationsihps food insecurity, smoking lowered it and increased food insecurity (lack of food) Discussion and Conclusion Supports other studies indicated social capital affects changes in health Loving relationship shown to be directly related to change in health state maritual status, fam contact, religious attendance all related to changes in health thru perceived love not just romantic but altruistic love Females more likely than males to report feeling loves may reflect greater female tendency to form emotionally close relationships Link btwn food insecurity and changes in health may reflect poor nutrionton, effects of stress Findings: suggest that we need to expand understand of changes in health by reviving the tradition of assessing social effects of love CH 35: Menstruation by Choice: The Framing of a Controversial Issue Social constructions frames arent just ideological, they do things uses this idea to examine document Canadian Consensus Guideline on Continuous and Extended Hormonal Contraception shes concerned with how the issues of concern that count as relevant in menstrual suppression discussion are framed by certain expert groups Frame 1: Manipulating Technology or How to Cheat on the Pill

Menstrual suppression can be accomplished thru CHCS Combined hormonal contraceptives like pills, patches, vaginal rings and have a seven day hormone-free interval where one gets a pseudo period Viewing menstrual suppression as a technological issue is compelling biomedicaly technology is entrenched in western society and many take menstrual suppression for granted because western women are used to its access Frame 2: Not Menstruating as the New Normal Constructs menstruation as abnormal for contemporary women built on a frame of medicalizing womens reproductionchallenge traditional thinking menstruation is natural and essential to being a woman Compares pre-industrial hunter-gather women to 21st centuryin past 150 ovulations + todays women have 450! no need for pregnancy = no need for menstruation! Link btwn fertility and menstrual suppression Frame 3: Women Want This Wishes, rights of women having control over their menstrual cycles Framing menstrual suppression as something women want: 1) doctors no longer able to tell them what to do 2)moves issue from realm of medical to that of personal preference or lifestyle choice This non-medical/ non-contraceptive use of birth control pills stands to generate huge profits from pharmaceutical industry Frame 4: We Have No Reason to Believe That This is Risky Frames it as not risky as concerns for long-term safety of C/E CHCs not much evidence of scientific safety of taking hormones long-term New products could never be introduced if long-term safety was a pre-marketing requirement main health concerns: cancers, cariovasculare disease- affect of CHCs increasing risk is thought to be miniscule! This frame needs ongoing attention and updates the no reason to believe frame enables doctors to go ahead prescribing Frame 5: Benefits outweigh Costs Both society and individual women gain from womens suppressing menstrual cycles reduced stress on health system, less absence from school/work, cost-saving dont need to buy period products or iron supplements, higher level of productivity and quality of life Relies on other frames in order to work moves discussion into the economic realm

CH 36: Placentations If humanities centre of sociological thought placentas have important role In biology placentation = process of forming placenta, dividing/multiplying of cells to form structures enabling maternalfetal exchange not only biological, also about sharing relationship, cultural, technical, political realms Placentations are examples of Chris Thompsonss ontological choreography -what appears to be a undifferentiated mess is actuallty well-balanced coming together of things that are generally considered different parts of diff ontological orders (nature, part self, part society) Argument: the manner in which placenta traverses these realms begs for a reformulation of a number of key topics in sociology fetus receives nutrients thru mothers blood/umbilical cord Mother, baby, and placenta participate in process of production + exchange Placenta also has social and cultural productions: Thought to be a spiritual double with healing powers can be buried under a tree, used in rituals with certain herbs and objects, eaten, hung from a tree also biovaluable [saved for lab work by hospitals] Feminst theory would ask: is placenta a feminist organ? Simone de Beauvoir says: growing fetus is a kind of parasite that threatens womans body and her subjectivity Placenta proves body cannot be understood as singular entity resonantes with feminist politics [emphasize interconnectedness of oppressions and feministic ethnics that emphasize mutual care] Placental in sociology: also about distinction between self [mom] and other [baby] placenta is a resilient organ [resilient in expressing mutations that could kill the baby] and a species shape-shifter [human placentas related to knowledge of animal placentas] THUS: Placentation driven by ontological politics (Annemarie Mol notion that reality is not given but emerges from relations btwn matter and practise in ways that are political because they could be otherwise Placentas have implication for concepts of feminism, for ontological politics, understanding body, self, genetics, human/non-human divide

SOCIAL PROBLEMS CH 8: Addiction Addiction socially disapproved behaviour that is uncontrollable, repetitious, and possibly harmful *Answering yes to any of the three.

Why is addiction a social problem Social effects of addiction (drugs, alcohol, or gambling) are huge, in broken families, health consequences for addicts and their loved ones, lost days at work, and the cost of treating and fixing the addicts, crime and safety issues at stake Health perspective: The other factor that turns this personal trouble into a public issue is recognition of the social causes of addiction. Argues: we need to understand what it is about our society, and our social policies, that promote harmful, addictive behaviour, and how we can change society to reduce these risks. Gambling: Surveys suggest that roughly one Canadian adult in 50 has a serious gambling problem CGI Scale used to measure problem or addictive gambling Gambling has become a public health issue, in the usual sense: it has social causes and health outcomes (Afifi et al., 2010)

Gambling is not merely the expression of a personal taste, individual psychopathology, or genetic inclination. It is a behaviour learned socially in the usual waysthrough observation, experimentation, reward, and emulation, or through the modelling and example of social role models Often, people learn to gamble in families during childhood Psychological model of behaviour change places the burden of responsible gambling squarely on the shoulders of the individual gambler, citing personality weaknesses or cognitive distortion as the cause of gambling problems (Westphal, 2007). Policy-makers industry representatives, and the public all share this viewpoint

Labelling - The process of defining and treating others as deviant. Labelling theory explores the effects of negative labels on individuals self-conceptions and is interested in the development of a deviant identity. Social reactions of condemnation and criminalization can lead actors to alter their individual characteristics and to adopt the values of their labelled identity. Classic Study: Howard Beckers Outsiders Learned ethnographic sociology Becker set groundwork for labelling theory Social groups create deviance by making rules whose infraction constitutes deviance and by applying these rules to certain people and labelling them as outsiders Deviance result of dominant group insiders applying moral rules to less powerful outsiders who respond by further entrenching themselves secondary deviation Need to pay as much attention to the violator as the rule enforcer Are Drugs and Alcohol Social Problems? Drug any substance that causes biochemical reaction in the body What people define as legal/illegal drugs are less to do with chemical properties and more so with surrounding economic, social, political factors legal drugs like alcohol, cigarettes can do as much harm and yet they only treat illegal drugs as a major issue Opinions can change as cultural sensibilities change EX: opium used as a pain killer until 1900s. In this and other instances, a commonly used drug was restricted or criminalized when prevailing attitudes changed.

Changes rarely due to new medical research but instead [like cocaine, marijuana] had to do with attitudes towards immigrants/racial minorities associated with the drugs reflected new economic/social concerns Drug abuse depends largely on what people define as acceptable drugs at a certain time/place Drug abuse = This concept begins with the notion of excessive or inappropriate drug use resulting in social, psychological, and/ or physiological impairments. It stems from a chronic physical and psychological compulsion to continue taking a drug in order to avoid unpleasant withdrawal symptoms.

*Alcohol use decreased since 1970s in adolescents cannabis/cigarette use has increased 2 Aspects of idea of abuse: 1. Subjective peoples evaluation? Idk 2. Objective relies on physical, mental, social evidence that drug use harms individuals and society (EX: leads to drug dependency) related to this is tolerance which increases with repeated use of substances Drug Dependency the routine need for a drug for physiological/psychological reasons Tolerance A symptom of repeated/ frequent drug use refers to decreased effectiveness Medicalization and Transformation of a Problem Medicalization the process through which behaviours are reconceived as instances of illness and are deemed no longer sinful since they are outside personal control Very important science over religion because addicts once considered sinners but now medicalization is a means by which medical profession extends its influence on society Historic conflict between clean vs dirty (clean vs dirty community native born vs immigrant and clean vs. dirty class middle/upper vs. working class) Those who use moderate alcohol = clean and those who use illicit drugs = dirty part of drug subculture = A group of people who share common attitudes, beliefs, behaviours surrounding drug use these attitudes differ significantly from those of most people in wider society EX: Cocaine Social and Physical Characteristics of Addiction: Alcohol Men more likely than women to drink heavily/ suffer physical outcomes such as injury, death higher education are least likely of all to report regular heavy drinking Less than high school education = heaviest drinker Age is also an important determinant of alcohol use Back in history: Why do women turn to pills? Tranquillizer pills [Ritalin, metzl, miltown] used to cure anxious women unhappy with their baby boom housewife lives Tobacco: Most adult smokers begin habit before age 20 men more likely then women, but gender gap getting smaller Before 18 girls more likely than boys to smoke! And people with less education smoke more

Family that smokes, friends that smokes, many people at school smoke = increased smoking chance Illicit Drug Use Strong family bonds, strong religious commitment, normative boundaries around adolescents all help to reduce drug abuse chances Increase the likelihood: friends who are users or parents who use tobacco or alcohol, married people may have used when they are stressed Drug use is a learned behaviour that depends on social opportunities, inclusion where drugs are used, likelihood of drug use increases with age- males tend to have more opportunities to use marijuana, crack cocaine Male drug offerings likely in public, males, parents and females tend to be other females or dating partners in private Substance Abuse among the Aboriginal Population Poor living conditions, illicit substances provide an escape for aboriginals many aboriginals suffer from sexual abuse, fam violence + have families who abuse substances The age of first alcohol use has become younger for Natives in past 50 years Marijuana use higher among Natives poor academic results, stress, delinquent behaviour Theories surrounding Addiction:

Structural Functionalism -hold that drug/alcohol abuse [like all social probs] result from way social structure influences the individual try to explain why theres substance abuse Social Disorganization Theory Argues that institutions act to discourage deviant behaviours have become less effective during rapid social change abuse= more common (EX: Canadian Aboriginals forced off traditional land they turned to alcohol, suicide, drugs as a result of social disorganization Mertons Strain Theory (Anomie) -cause of excessive drinking/abuse = not in absence of values but a conflict btwn them excessive drinking is driven by a cap between cultural defined goals and socially approved means of reaching such goals

-primary goal of society is success [money, materials] but social inequality ensures most wont succeed because the dont have socially approved [legal] to obtain success this gap btwn goals and means = anomie -State of anomie allows for various solutions called possible adaptation [this include: ritualism, retreatism, rebellion, innovation -substance abuse is a result of retreatism Conflict Theory -focus on labelling/criminalization process in a capitalist economy the powerful in society define whether a substance is legal or illegal Benefit from widespread drug use tobacco and alcohol are billion dollar enterprises Symbolic Interactionism -focus on social meanings/values associated with alcohol and drug use labels that are attached to people (EX: alcoholic = low education, unemployed whereas social drinker = drinking code of middle-class, capitalist, modern people Social Consequences Crime/Violence The illicit drug trade is most prominent criminal market for organized crime groups [Vietnamese and Hells Angel prominent in Canadas marijuana trade and Southwest Asians = heroin] 1980-2000 = no correlation btwn rate of drug use and rate of violence alcohol more likely to be associated with violent acts than marijuana and heroin Poverty and Income Alcohol use rate higher among well-educated, high-income people than among poorly educated, low-income people alcohol abuse and problem drinking reported more among poor vicious circle: poverty = substance abuse = joblessness reinforcing poverty! Racism war on drugs [esp. in USA but also Canada] increased racial/class injustices by targeting poor and racial minorities African Americans 4x more likely to be arrested for drug abuse violations and 10x more likely to be arrested in major city Although most crack cocaine users were white, 96% of defendants in court were non-white Health Consequences of Addictions Alcohol + Drug Abuse social/family disfunction, poor eating habits + malnutrition linked to heavy drinking + binge drinking worse than overall drinking

Pregnant women who drink could give their baby FAS and health outcomes of illegal drug use shorter lifespan, vomiting, weight lost, brain lesions, HIV rate is very high, phobias, anxiety disorder, depression Tobacco Smoking = primary cause of lung cancer, smoking kills more than AIDS, alcohol, car crash, murders, suicides, illegal drugs! Claims Making + Construction of Addiction Some argue whether drugs kill construction of drug deaths not a neutral statistic, but on shaped by political ideas + designed to justify the war on drugs social construction calls us to see it as a uncontrollable disease, individual fault or social problem Policy Debates- Exam Cheating Alert over Brain Drugs Cognitive enhancers meant to improve memory and attention span in those with Alzheimers, ADD, narcolepsy but could be taken by students eager to bump test scores Solution to Addiction Legalizing Drugs Punishment/fines/prison are not as good a strategy as the progressive one used by countries like Canada focus on minimizing harm rather than punishing offenders [insite safeinjection place] Alternative is worse: like prohibition when quality-controlled substances are illegal leads to any means people will take to buy it, crime, bad quality do more harm Media and technology on Addiction All hours spent on internet, tv, vdeogames = poor activity, poor eating, smoking, alcohol use, sexual behaviour, violence advertisements tell people, kids, teens hat excess drinking is the social norm Canadas Drug Strategy 4 pillars Prevention teach about dangers of harmful substance us/ provide information on how to adopt healthy behaviour Treatment for those with unhealthy dependency on substance Harm reduction limit the secondary effects of substance use, such as spread of infectious diseases [Hep C + HIV/AIDS] Enforcement to prevent the unlawful import, export, production, distributions, and possession of illegal drugs

First 3: recognize drug abuse is public, medical, social issue that should be discourgarged while 4th pillar recognizes that supply of illicit drugs must be controlled/limited for first 3 pillars to work! EX: government can sell oft drugs to regulate quality, use taxes from sales for drug education and also reduce penalties for using hard drugs, drug-selling and educate public against drug overuse/ using illegal drugs Decriminalization of marijuana [15grams] Pressure from Canadian Medical Association not full legalization but even tho it would still be illegal to have for personal use, it would be considered a non-criminal offence like a parking violation and have ticket fine

Chapter Summary Harmful substance addictions not like tv show addiction they alter the mind and behaviour and interfere therefore with ones life our response and perception of drug use are social constructions and the laws that garner them are also socially constructed/influenced by politics -criminalizing may be causing more harm than good creates black market, organized crime, prevents quality control, puts heroin users at higher risk of hi/aids -high socio-economic people are more likely to be heavy drinkers but are safe from the law because it is legal!

NOV 9 CONTINUED - SOCIAL PROBLEMS CH 9: Health Issues -social construction and labelling goes into the process of framing disease which is a mechanism for the social patterning of health Health/illness are social problems because 1. Many diseases are common affecting millions 2. Health/health-care resources are unequally divided throughout society - one of the main areas of research in medical sociology involves social factors that promote illness Medical sociology The field of sociology that examines the social context of health, illness, and healthcare Defining and Measuring Health Definitions of health and illness

Biomedical view of medicine a medical perspective that emphasizes Westers scientific principles, defines health as the absence of illness, views the human body as a machine that sometimes requires repair, and promotes the use of therapeutic intervention [drug, surgery] to cure disease and injury Defining health in somatic terms/ of curing illness rather than prevention ideas of health have moved towards a holistic understanding synonymous with well-being (a positive state of existence characterized by happiness, prosperity, and the satisfaction of basic human needs, and not simply the absence of negative conditions such as illness or injury Health A state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing Biopsychosocial view of health and illness A medical perspective that considers health and disease as products of the interaction between body, mind, and environment = perspective recognizes health+disease are products of interaction of body, mind, environment, not just biology Measuring Health and Illness Epidemiology an applied science that examines causes, distribution, control of disease in a population measure health with quantitative indicators [like life expectancy] Life expectancy the average number of yrs remaining to a person of particular age, given current age-specific mortality rates Global life expectancy has increased dramatically with medicine/health/tech advances (47 50yrs ago then in 2005 it was 65) Botswana 37yrs old, Japan 82, Canada 80yrs [women life longer than men but gap slowly decreasing] Also examine Mortality Rate death rate of a given disease or population typically measured in deaths per year per 1000 people Maternal mortality rate - The number of deaths of women due to complications during pregnancy, childbirth, abortion, measured deaths/year/1000 people - We have contraceptives and safer abortions 99% of deaths happen in developing countries where maternal mortality is leading cause of death of 15-49yrs old Infant mortality rate - # deaths of children under 1 per 1000 live births

Under-five mortality rate [U5MR]- # of deaths of children under 5 per 1000 live births -these good indicators of populations health [focus on societys youngest and most vulnerable] both numbers higher in developing world (EX: Sierra Leone highest U5MR at 283 deaths per 1000 and Canadas is 6 per 1000) Morbidity Rate: The extent of disease in a population, reported by incidence [the # of new cases in a given population during given period] and/or its prevalence [the total number of cases of a disease in the popn at a particular point in time]

Threats to Canadian and Global Health: The AIDS Pandemic AIDS too often labelled as a disease for them not us but now we know better: heterosexual intercourse is primary mode of transmission worldwide but in Canada: homosexual intercourse between 2 men carries greatest risk SARS, Pandemic Influenza, and the Globalization of Infectious Disease Malaria [disease almost exclusive to poorest nations] kills over one million lives a year and Tuberculosis has made a comeback Example of how globalization has increased risks posed by communicable disease = 2003 outbreak of SARS from China, Singapore, Hanoi, Toronto through airplanes and trade routes Tourism volumes and speed of global commerce/air travel has increased risk of major infectious pandemics (H1N1) **major influenza occur 3-4x a century Mental Health + Mental Illness Mental Health the capacity for individuals to feel, think, act in ways that enhance the quality of daily functioning, the range and depth of social relationships and the ability to adapt to both positive and negative life changes Mental Disorder a condition characterized by alterations in thinking, mood, or behaviour [or some combo] associated with significant distress and impaired functioning over an extended period of time Mental Illness clinical diagnosis of mental disorder requiring medical and/or psychotherapeutic treatment International Comparisons: Swine Flu Vaccine: Competition or Co-operation? - wealthiest countries will snap up more than their share of vaccines leaving poorer nations to miss out

Occurrence and impact of mental illnesses in Canada and Worldwide Mental illness with alcohol and drug addiction comprise the leading cause of disability large amount of people rely on antidepressants to get through the day (Scandanavia at high end & Central Europe at low end) Co-morbidity the predisposition of an individual with an illness to additional health conditions Mental illness rates higher among women than among men while substance dependence higher among men & mental health poorer among marginalized ethnic and cultural groups esp. Aboriginals higher suicide rate than rest of popn Some think link btwn mental disorders and social class can be explained by social selection (A correlation suggesting but not proving causation because a third, unmeasured factor is involved; also known as adverse selectivity) and various downward drift hypotheses propose mental illness prevents some from functioning effectively = poor educational outcomes Social causation theories Common social factors that produce widespread health problems. Prime examples might include the effects of epidemics and other infectious diseases and the effects of poverty, access to health care, and workrelated health problems related to social determinants of health Obesity Rates increasing due to energy-dense, nutrient-poor diets high in saturated fats, sugar, sedentary lifestyles and larger portions, more tv viewing, urban environment encouraging driving rather than walking Rates increasing especially in Atlantic Canada and Prairies provinces Body mass index (BMI) = most common measure of obesity Weight in kilograms divided by the square height in metres overweight 25kg/m2 and obesity 30kg/m2

THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES

Structural Functionalism Good health = normal, desirable allowing one to be productive and benefitting society while sickness is deviant and threatens societys ability to work effectively -Emilie Durkheim Suicide we must explain personal health issues like suicide in social-structural terms -health-care industry is social institute responsible for populations health Talcott Parsons sick role people who are sick take on specific role and must fulfill this role to be according sympathy, assistance, exemption from normal daily roles that sick people are without blame for illness Conflict Theory Conflict theorists see health and medical services as goods that are unequally distributed among different social groups According to this view, health inequalities are largely the result of income, economic, and social inequalities that expose vulnerable populations to harm and hinder access to medical services and health-affirming lifestyles. Symbolic Interactionism How views of illness/health vary from society and culture how

we shape these views through socialization and our beliefs/values Symbolic interactionists examine microsociological issues connected with health. For example, they might look at the ways medical and nursing schools teach students their new professional identities, or the ways doctors and patients talk during medical visits, following a predictable script that reflects the power difference within these relationships

Feminist Theory Perhaps the single most important social factor affecting health, aside from social inequality (or poverty), is gender. Men have always controlled womans bodies doctors Womens illnesses (menopause) considered more shameful Social Determinants of Health - the complex casual relations btwn various social, economic, political factors and population health outcome Materialistic approach argues that disadvantaged popns suffer from higher levels of total exposure to negative conditions over lifetime=poorer health Neo-materialists- agree material conditons are important but also point to social structural contributions (systemic racial/gender discrimination and government social spending cuts) as playing key role in health disparities Social comparison theories have been developed to explain noted health inequalities that exist even among well-off (EX:British civil servants middleclass , white-collar)

Key Social Determinants of Health in Canada 1. Early Life benefits of healthy development begin at earliest stages 2. Education solid education obtains in adolescence/early adulthood helps build skills linked to health outcomes later on 3. Food security the inability to acquire or consume an adequate diet quality or the uncertainty of when one will be able to do so 4. Housing shortage of affordable rental housing = poor must live in substandard conditions or rent costly apartments 5. Employment and work conditions- good jobs has pay, job security, work-life balance, low demand, high control women/minorities in unskilled labour/services 6. Income inequality as income increases health increases 7. Social exclusion marginalization of some groups from economic, social, cultural, political resources that effect quality of life 8. Aboriginal status have higher than avg mortality, infant mortality, suicide, infectious disease, abuse drugs/alcohol/gamble 9. Social safety net unemployment benefits, welfare, pensions, universal health-care supports people who cant cope on their own 10. Health-care services unequal access prominent among poor/marginalized Claims-Making and Social Construction of Health Issues Medical industries partake in claims making [sleep disorders, physical inactivity] and one study said people seem to take an individual blame for health but media also constructs health problems [EX: second-hand smoke] Pharmaceutical companies are complicit in process of medicalization (the process whereby medical profession comes to be viewed as being relevant to an ever-widening range of traditionally non-medical aspects of life] Solutions to Problems in Health Outcomes and Health-care Delivery: Public Health Promotion -most of advances focused on prevention rather than treatment Population health perspective- approach to health that focuses on social determinants of health and societal, preventive strategies and societal responses to health problems Primary prevention proactive steps taken to prevent a disease from occurring

Louria 4 aspects to primary prevention: 1. Immunization 2. A well-functioning public health infrastructure 3, prudent use of antimicrobial medicines 4. the amelioration of the societal variables that provide the milieu in which emerging and reemerging infections rise and flourish [aka improve social determinates] Improving health in developing world: Honouring global commitments -Get rid of 90/10 research 90% of money spent on research disease that impact 10% of the worlds (wealthiest) population Health-Care reform in Canada Working towards getting rid of barriers for immigrants to hold their medical license in Canada People in far North have little access to doctors- need people in these areas Telehealth the use of computer /communication technoloiges to facilitate health-care delivery across geographic space (EX: access X-Rays, MRI scans, disease tissue electronically from rural/remote locations as well as video-conferencing for consultations) Waiting Times: How Long is too Long? Long waiting due to few servers, slow service, too many customers demography of waiting and people react negatively to waiting because if they wait longer than they thought they would/arent calm personality/ or pain worsens they can become anxious, depressed Managing Costs Is For-Profit Health Care the Answer? Most of Canadas health care is already privatized but the universal public health system is a health insurance program that uses public money to pay for privately delivered [ie: doctors, hospitals] care. Canada is the only OECD country that so strictly divides healthcare services into public/private spheres debate over whether healthcare s a private commodity or public good Pro-privatization: system governed by free-market principles will inspire more efficient delivery, provide more access and choice for treatment and produce economic benefits thru job creation Against Privatization: allowing for-profit medicine into regime will result in 2 tier system for-profit would give better-quality service to rich and the not-for-profit tier would suffer from decreased funding, burned-out healthcare professionals

Professionalization When used to refer to the medical industry, the gradual process whereby physicians establish autonomous control over the institution of healt care and elevated their collective status in society to become authoritative judges of disease definitions and gatekeepers of medical services

November 27 Punishment: Consequences for crime Probs 7/RS 4

Reading Sociology Chapter 4: Deviance CH 14: Emotions Contests and Reflexivity in the News Examining Discourse on Youth Crime in Canada Focus. Purpose: Examine how 2 Canadian newspapers Alberta Report and Calgary Herald address appropriate reactions to the youth crime *Paying attention to the argument that the media play a significant role in generating moral panics regarding youth crime, especially by promoting public fear that youth crime is increasingly serious and spiralling out of control Media react to moral panics in complex ways he will focus on whether or not rhetoric related to youth crime takes on emotion or rational forms and the news awareness contexts that involve reactions to emotions as central to the social problem News Reflexivity and Emotions Discourses Most research shows crime is exaggerated needlessly in newspapers that are indicative of distortion and ideology little evidence of rational information in reports absence of crime causation

Moral panic theorists say that focus n youth crime as target for channelling broader anxieties is complex scholars point to social differentiation audience segmentation and disparate perspectives by wider range of media rather than the media acting as the puppet master telling public what to think Todays moral panics are more knowing/reflexive media often making a story of a story recent studies dont address this Canadian media involved in politics of child=hating and involves deliberately constructed conspiracy against marginalized bc media decontextualizes youth crime stories to direct public perceptions Constructionist scholars point to ambiguous formulations that often play out as victim contests by drawing on broader cultural/emotional discourses of young offenders as cold-blooded, calculating predators, incapable of remorse, or innocent victims of the social conditions robbed of youthful innocence suggested that they pay more attention to how emotion discourses render deviant people types How emotional discourses are formulated to, reacted to, resisted in Canadian newspapers emotiosn contests involve claims-making about emotions reporters try to undermine emotional discourses of competitors he explores how media reactions highlight the process thru which ideology is accomplished Calgary Herald underscored rational assessments of youth crime vs. Alberta Report favoured emotional responses

Emotonal vs. Rational Assessments of Youth Crime Emotions Discourses as Rational Alberta Report brutal violence by young offenders justifies outrage uses emotions discourse to criticize youth crime policies and access severity of crimes - article suggests that sociologists dont favour emotional reactions - Edmonton Journal - criticized for relying on advice of social workers, youth lawyers, sociologists, and psychologists to conclude that if you look at stats theres a problem - but this is wrong! - Creates mornal panic with reference to dissenting expert sources and other media outlets Alberta Report reproduces sensational and emotive discourse, writing about what they think is serious problems in society constitutes emotional responses as rational and legitimate! Contesting Emotional Responses to Youth Crime - Calgary Herald appeals to contextualizing factors that strain youth toward deviance and they reject emotional reactions to crime - They challenge emotionally infused positions of youth offender identities and states that other media has tendency to incite moral panics thru sensational coverage Discussion Calgary Herald and Globe and Mail contrast in their reactions to reactions regarding emotional and rational responses to youth crime

Canadian papers polymorphous and reflexive this reflexivity perhaps the norm with late media has led to narratives demonstrating ability of media to not only adopt rhetoric of moral panics but to do so in novel ways - media forms emotional contests CH 15: Dirty Harry and the Station Queens: A Mertonian Analysis of Police Deviance By Patrick F. Parnaby and Myra Leyden Purpose: apply Robert Mertons anomie on realm of policing, where cultural definitions of success and opportunity structure are different Argument: that police deviance can be understood as a function of anomic social structure where cultural emphasis of police as novel, masculine crime fighters is disproportionate to availability or efficacy of institutional means outcomes relate to Mertons classifications (Innovation, Retreatism, Rebellion, Ritualism) Machismo, Heroism and the Thin Blue Line - Prime time TV reveals officers chasing dangerous suspects in alleys, helicopters, racing through streets constructing police work as nonstop adrenaline rush with clear line btwn good and evil where cops catch the bad guy - Merton terms- NA social system promotes values that equate successful policing with fighting crime BUT the extend of opportunity accommodating officers in their struggle varies The Structural Impediments to Crime Fighting Argue that opportunity structure varies as a function of 3 overlapping phenomena: 1. The organizational capacity of police departments to respond effectively to criminal activity as function of their resource base 2. The extent to which the legit means are supported by other criminal justice institutions 3. Willingness/capacity of communities to assist state in greater project of order: The Economics of Fighting Crime Canada altho spending has increased on law enforcement but police departments are not flush with money - as organizations want to scale back spending patrolling in the US has reduced, fewer recruits, and civilian staff being told to work more efficiently -- hard to work without enough funding! Institutional Support Soon after joining force police realise there unable to bring about permanent reductions in crime system fails to prosecute, convict them as highly as police think they deserve Johnsons police frustration study lawyers revealed to have underhanded tricks and courts unwilling to prosecute Canada courts backlogs result in case dismissals

 SO: according to our cultures emphasis on fighting crime, the

extent to which institutions maintain the integrity contributed to anomie

Public Assistance Decades of racial tensions and social disorganization turn some communities into anti-police areas closing down the communication from public thats crucial in fighting crime forms of police deviance are outcomes of structural conditions as per Mertons model The Innovator Police beating suspects to get information, unethical tactics adoption of questionable means to achieve noble ends is more systemic under less extreme circumstance Skolnick and Fyfe use of deceptive practises is common in police work esp. when needing a confession Goldschmidt police confessed to searching without cause, planting narcotics and wanted to legitimize their activity by emphasizing the noble cause of their objective in Mertonian Sense they were classic innovators Rebellion When police disregard human rights in favour of a violent discriminatory social order so they can be the noble masculine crime fighter Police partake in self-interested corruption [selling drugs, theft, taking bribes, negotiating kickbacks want personal gain over ethical standards] Ritualist Examine female and retiring police: those who want to be female first must be softer, more empathetic officer while those who want to be police first strictly observe formal regulations and procedure to avoid being seen as soft by coworkers Men identify strongly with work so retiring means loss of job, identity, colleagues - soon to be retirees choose less risky supervising duties absence from street = old timer or station queen for desk workers Retreatist Unable to live up to cultural definition of success they are in a reclusive world outside society for police retreatism = substance abuse due to stress on themselves, emotions, family Deviant in 2 ways: 1. Officers experience stigmatization accompanying mental/physical illness 2) find themselves living a life no longer resembling the idealized image that lured them to the occupation CH 16: Legislative Approaches to Prostitution: A Critical Introduction Purpose: 4 most common approaches to prostitution- provides framework for analysis of sex industry

Regulation of Sex Work 1. Most common approach = criminalization sex work regarded as immoral activity that should be prohibited [US South Africa laws prohibit all forms of sex work] or tolerated [Can England] activities associated with prostitutions/pimps is illegal 2. Swedish model prostitution = social ill, form of mens violence against women law criminalizes profiting, advertising, working within sex labour 3. Make sex legal legalization sex work seen as morally repugnant but inevitable activity some criminalized, some licensed [mandatory health checks, registration, size limitations on bawdy houses 4. Make sex legal sex private matter btwn consensual adults decriminalization- preferred model, regulates sex work activities without using criminal law while recognizing labour rights and responsibilities reduces risk/dangers associated with other approaches but risks to emotional health from stigmatization isnt addressed Law focuses on highly visible street-based prostitution Research showed this is unlikely to occur under decriminalization Prostitution Reform Bill = New Zealands sex industry regulated by provincial labour standard, health and safety codes, only most abusive regulated by criminal law [assault, kidnapping] The Debate House of Commons Subcommittee on Solicitation Laws (SSLR) stuck between models of law reform of sex work as victimization and sex work as work Lowman favours sex as victimization harms women, sex slavery, they wouldnt choose it --- favours Swedish model Seeing prostitution as work support decriminalization and use of generic crime laws to control violence in industry persons right of freedom to own body means they can choose to sell it! Terminology Words used to describe PWSI can reinforce abuse/discrimination words like prostitute and prostitution carry stigma they prefer sex work and sex worker making it a legit money making activity who deserve rights like other workers more likely to increase respect/protect rights Legislative Approaches + Benefits Table on pg 84 Concerns related to removing stigma, fostering respect, secure work environment, good health, well-being, labour rights, economic security some benefits supported by legistaltion [1,2,3, approaches] but poor application Eliminating stigma and making respect are highly unlikely since goal is to prohibit prostitution clients often criminalized/shamed Secure work locations almost impossible [1,2 approach] may be possible under [legalization] but health checks not required Vancouver has safe-injection site, condoms workers often harassed after leaving, frisked for drugs with legalization testing may e false sense of security

Swedish method lacks support for harm reduction programs Access to legal/health under [1,2,3 approach] but stigma limits them from access Moving to decriminalization model while beneficial to all stake holders leaves key issues unaddressed legal reform not enough on its own to dispel myths, improve relations Only 2 areas are problematic under decriminalization = ongoing stigma and opportunities to develop social programs to eliminate it need to couple this method with social reform!

Conclusion CH 17: Moral Panic and the Nasty Girl by Christie Barron + Dany Lacombe Purpose: why despite evidence to the contrary, recent events of female violence have been interpreted as sign of todays girls are increasingly nasty - arguing that nasty girl is the product of moral panic Reforms from panic result in techniques that foster risk society Female violence heavily discussed after Holmoka/Bernardo and murder of Reena Virk by Victoria teen girls Increase of female criminals [minor, moderate] + girl violence increasing Recent alarm of girl violence is moral panic which identify and denounce a personal agent responsible for the condition that is generating widespread public concern Warning phase: predictions of doom, sensitization to cues of danger, frequent overreactions, rumors speculated about whats happening, statistical manipulation of data to establish amplitude of girl violence many articles failed to note that increase was due to small events like slapping Increase in both formal and informal mechanisms of control social/educational programs focus on informal mechanisms of control targeting society and legal reform focuses on repressive measures targeted at youth deliquents Secure Care Act in BC provide means of assessing children who have emotional or behavioural conditions that puts them at high risk to themselves substance abuse, sexual exploitation Finding.. - transition from modernity to present late modernity [1960+] led to big structural/psychological changes producing social anxieties moved from inclusive to exclusive society - shift from social-based communitarian labour force to individualism Conclusion

-We would be better able to deal with girl violence if we deconstruct true sources of fear behind moral panics taken from the conclusion the framework can be used to deconstruct sources of fear to demonstrate the concern is unfounded!

SOCIAL PROBLEMS 7: CRIME AND VIOLENCE Why is it a social problem? crime has effects on peoples health, safety and sense of well-being victimization can be traumatic causing people to withdraw from society and also causes people to loss trust in social institutions and willingness to take part in community life Fear of crime reduces communitys vitality and cohesion, damages central institutions [family, work, school] and can hinder our ability to carry out social actitivities p learning, raising kids, earning] -Crime is social activity with social causes/effects -Men more likely than women to be involved in violence crimes, both as victims and offenders more likely to commit murder, rape, robbery, assault, arson =>believed that diff socialization provides explanation for these patterns -Griffin and Miller crime control theatre moral panics run rampant in crimes involving sex, violence, kids Defining Crime, Laws, and Social Orders Laws-Rules of conduct that may provide punishment for violators- formal rules about what society members can and cant do developed societies like Canada make formal rules [law] Crime-Any behaviour in a given time/place is prohibited by applicable statutory law; when law violated a crime is committed Social Order Prevalance of generaly harmonious relations; used synonomously with social organization condition exits when rules obeyed/social situations controlled and predictable. Rules indicate acceptable behaviours and allow participants to anticipate behaviour of others Social Disorder Uncertain/unpredictable condition where rules arent obeyed this environment generally unsafe, boundaries of acceptable behaviour are broken Crime in Canada and Elsewhere simple assaults, property crimes- street crimes account for most of criminal stats changes in crime rate reflect changes in victims willingness to report, police ability to investigate, and changes in reporting Victimization stats is better indication crime is like a funnel many incidents but only few reported, even fewer arrests and convictions hard to know if rate is due to more crimes or more reporting! Self reporting victim reports authorities that a crime happened most direct method of measuring crime but its not most accurate since crime rate changes reflect victims willingness to report Victimization Surveys samples of people asked how many times within given time they have been victims of particular crimes more prcise victims have closer connection to crimes committed Crime fell by 20% from 1998-2008 with 40% drop in break-ins Crimes of Violence

 Account for only 10-12% of crimes reported and refer to these as

conventional crimes traditionally illegal behaviours most people think of as crime (homicide, sexual assault] given most media coverage but only small % of crimes Homicide killing of human by another human, direct or indirect by any means [killing with malicious intent, manslaughter, killing without intent to constitute murder] 2 categories: manslaughter and homicide men more likely to be victims and offenders most likely killed by family, friend than stranger Assaults common, account for 90% of violent crimes, sexual assault, rape, sexual harassment most dont report Stalking new social problem, associated with gender harassment/violence/abuse most likely former intimate male partners homicide, sexual violence, leads to depression, traumatic stress disorder Non-violent Crimes Vice crimes Deviant behaviour that may be immoral [gambling, prostitutes, drug trafficking] provide greatest opportunity for organized crime White-collar crimes crimes committed by white-collar workers and management during course of occupation. Always distinguished from conventional crimes like robbery and murder. White-collar crimes performed in course of normal work and occur in reputable organizations (EX: fraud, embezzlement, computer crime, profit from crimes Organized Crime: Ag window on our culture? Organized crimes Group or systems of professional criminals practise illegal activities as a way of life, criminal activities are co-ordinated and controlled thru hierarchal system of bosses Rings existing in Canada Sicilian Mafia, Chinese Triads, Big Circle Boys [Chinese]. Colombian Mafia, Russian Mafia, motorcycle gangs like Hells Angels and Outlaaws involved in drug trafficking, prostitution, extortion, kidnapping, porn, contract killing, counterfeiting, auto theft, illegal arms trade gross value of $600billion- 1.5 trillion William Whytes Street Corner Society previously though poverty crime and disorganization = crime but with his book, they realised crime esp in poor neighbours is highly organized and connected to :organized crime:, and social, political, economic life of people in community basic part of city life Strong connections to white-collar and vice crimes draws on talents of pros and amateurs, old and young grounded in kinship, friendship, honour, duty 4 key conditions: 1. Flourishes under conditions of inequality poor communities 2. Its common where poverty and prejudice keep people from moving elsewhere for work

3. Provides protection in communities that lack good access to welfare, health care, education, and police protection 4. Flourishes among people who lack human and cultural capital North America produces these conditions as well as South America and Russia, and failing states like Iraq, Albania, Afghanistan Demography of Crime Members of Canadian popn not all equally likely to commit crime or be victims young, less-educated men more likely to be offenders and victims of crimes Likelihood of victimization Aboriginals > Youth> Low Income> Disabled> Women> Visible Minorities Gender: Offenders Women commit less crimes and the gender gap in crime is universal one exception is rate of females killing intimate partners is nearly as high as men killing intimate partners in North America women 2x more likely to be arrested for prostitution men commit more crimes than women by gender gap matters **Gender gap may be closing increased for women and violent crime from 17 to 26%! Some say gap is due to higher testosterone causing aggression others say its Differential socialization processes by which individuals learn to behave in accordance with prevailing cultural and gender standards EX: men learn to be less inhibited in using aggressive/violent acts could account for high number of men in criminal activity Gender Victims Domestic abuse [women kids] is serious social problem and problematic in pa in cultures that have patriarchal world view Canada with many immigrants is caught in this dilemma they should have free religious, ethnic expression but also the rights of people should be protected Ameliorative hypothesis Whaley and Messner increased gender equality may reduce sexual abuse rates but backlash hypothesis radical feminists says theres often greater risks in short run as sex assault increases Age Young more likely than old to commit crimes as Canadian popn ages, crime rate has dropped older society = more law abiding because young are more likely to be unemployed or low-paid = find criminal ways to achieve their goals [Merton] and aggressiveness is cultural norm for young men 3 realities reflected in crime rates: 1. actions of criminals 2. activities of victims they may or may not report information of crimes 3. actions of police in investigated/may or may not give charges

Victimization From Crime Demographic and Community Correlates of Victimization Some people at higher risk being male, young, unmarried, unemployed socio-economic vitality, social cohesion, trust, resources, informal socil control determine riskiness of a neighbourhood community cohesion down = crime up Suitable Targets Taxi drivers due to repeated interaction with strangers at night, gay/lesbian high risk due to public hostility, tourists more likely than natives to be targeted 3 characteristics of vulnerability 1. victims vulnerability [weakeness, distress] 2. gratifiability [female sex assault] 3. antagonism [ethnic difference that could spark resentment] rich more likely to have property stolen but poor more vulnerable Women targeted more by intimates, men targeted more by strangers Elder at greater risk than middle-aged to have robbery, vandalism, fraud women and men equally likely to be robbed Juveniles more likely to know their offenders and more likely to report offenses the younger they are Immigrants/minorities + gays at high risk of hate crimes Inmates of total institutions high risk of victimization assault, robbery, theft, exclusion, verbal abuse at hands of other prisoners and guards Classic Work: Richard Ericsons Reproducing Social Order (1982) Examined how police preserve, reinforce and restore social order what do police concentrate on and ignore and how do they deal with public -police main job is not crime fighting but instead reproducing social order! Studied police force, looked at how contact btwn police and citizens worked, which violations recorded or ignored Very little criminal activity occurs during shift often boring can decided who they apply the law to usually minority or young men did so to maintain status quo Secondary Victimization Victimization that occurs thru response of institutions [police] and individuals [family] to victims experience EX: refusal by officers to recognize someones experience as a victim of crime psychological stress

Theoretical Perspectives on Crime Structural Functionalism

Theoretical Perspectives

Strain (Anomie) Theory Merton holds strain is produced when social structure prevents people from achieving culturally defined goals thru legit means according to Durkheim anomie is characterized by breakdown of norms and personal disorganization which can lead to crime. Merton outlines various adoptive strategies: ritualism, conformity, retreatism, rebellion, innovation Innovation is most commonly associated with crime [theft, tax fraud, embezzlement, organized crime] Social Bond Theory type of control theory strong social bond prevents most from succumbing to temptation to engage in crime Subculture Theory this approach to deviance investigates the norms that set a group apart from mainstream society Specifically, gives special insight into subculture of the criminal looking into values and belief system that may be conducive to delinquent and criminal action Differential Association Theory Can be viewed as functionalist its about ways people thru association are socialized into criminal environment and reproduce prevailing order 2 features: 1) sociological rather than psychological proposes people are social and imitate one another to gain approsl 2) theory assumes social organization not disorganization; crime is result of too much of the wrong kind or organization, not too little of right kind: Social Consequences of Crime and Violence Poverty and Inequality

Crimes in media are usually street crimes most undereducated/poor Conflict theorists say police target lower-income criminals and if they explored upper-income corporate crimes more, theyd see equal rates among wealthy John Braithwaite crimes of poor motivated by need to get goods for personal use VS. crimes of wealth greedy desire to obtain goods for exchange poor treated worse than rich people

Racial Dimension

Over-representation of Aboriginals in criminal justice system esp. Manitoba/Saskatchewan 9% of popn but 69% of prison common explanation: Aboriginal are poor and driven to crime conflict btwn Canadian and Aboriginal culture, oppression by European settlers
Need more cultural sensitivity on the part of non-Aboriginal policy-makers than in past healing, sentencing circles, elders courts but race vs crime hard to show quantitatively Black males 15-24 most likely to be pulled over by officers

Policy Box: Racial Profiling Economic Consequences of Crime Costs include loss of productivity by workers injured, medical costs, illegal spending on drugs takes money from legit businesses Identity fraud leads to financial losses Amount spent on police in Canada is 10.5 billion, costs 240/day to house one inmate in prison so $87000 a year Health Consequences of Crime and Violence Victims report low levels of well-being after being victimized, lower levels of health physical pain, more distress, more stress, rape heavy psychological toll, fear of stigmatization, trouble trusting men again and emotional problems (Post traumatic stress disorder) Health of Criminals Life of crime is stressful, prisons harmful to health- drug abuse, HIV, violent assaults, staff brutality, rape, depression Some aspects of prison intended to pose health risks the use of medical care to humiliate prisoners [invasive procedures] 2)withholding medical care for HIV 3) withholding medical care 4) subjection of inmates to sleep deprivation and temp changes 5) use of dental care as torture 6) falsification of prisoners medical records

Psychological Effects Not all crimes are violent but those that are bred fear and wear down neighbour hood cohesion at societal level lead to increased isolation and social distance Psychological issues for criminal being labelled as a criminal could make them become a repeat offender! Solutions to the Crime + Violence Reducing Crime - Communities better at preventing then punishing crime improving education, supplying daycare, creating jobs, upgrading low-income housing, increasing health care and poor family support can all hep reduce crime Criminal Justice System - maybe feel dissatisfied with public officials/institutions [lawyers, courts, police] and dislike crime/criminals but also those in authority - though crime rates have been decreasing over decade, Canada legal system is inadequate in deterring crime - deterrence = A justice system based on this assumes crimes re rational acts in which offender weights perceived benefits against odds of being caught/punished. Assumes that probability of getting punished is high and that law enforcement agencies are competent in apprehending offenders Victims Rights Movements - Grew out of feminist movement in response to domestic/sexual abuse all of Canadas provinces/territories have a victims Bill of Rights access to info throughout trial, right to file a victim impact statement, compensation for damages, notification of parole ect. - Only in Manitoba are victims rights rigorously enforced in legislation - Critics by giving injured party an equal voice movement has resulted in demands for harsher punishment some groups more concerned with lobbing for sever penalties instead Chapter Summary..

HERE
DEC 4: Destruction Consequences for conflict Purpose [big picture] why article is important *first page 2. Argument/findings how does it relate to big picture 3. Implications what are authors using info to do? *very end/conclusion Reading Sociology 13: Globalization Globalization process by which diverse populations around world come increasingly into contact through movement of people, ideas, goods CH 51: United Nations and Early Post-war Development: Assembling World Order Suzan Ilcan and Rob Aitken Introduction: International relations notion of world order remains important to this field as well as globalization studies World order- political mythology enabling certain forms of global political action Purpose: contribute to recent attempts to situation political mythology in a more complicated critical context advance the argument that: liberal governing rationality of rule shaped nascent development practises specific social political efforts that consist of government actors establishing new ideas and visions for direction/vitalizing vulnerable populations, created arious institutional sites, managed vulnerable populations central to emerging conceptions of post-war world order

Their perspective: world order is not a singular kind of project rooted n power of US but its an assemblage cobbled together of diverse forms of expertise, innitatives pursued in variety of institutional states

This chapter based on historical research will examine United Nations institutions and their post-war development efforts that influenced notion of world order analyses ways in which certain popn were administered thru liberal/authoritarian governing techniques organized around UN initiatives key to post-war planning and early discourses of development 1. role of mass communication in post-war moment associated with UN info organization UNIO and UN educational scientific/cultural organ. UNESCO sought after other popn in terms of notion of social security and governance 2. the UN relief and rehab admin UNRAA invoked conception of biopolitical management in attempt to link human life and word order to manage popns More specificially: argue that broader conception of world order was assembled in relation to very particular rationalities of how popn should be imporved, made vital Social governance and World order: Early mass communication initatives Argument/Findings: a particular rationality of social governance was key to another set of UN initiatives that sought to address post-colonial popns as part of process of post-war planning: early UN mass communications organized around UNIO and UNESCO UNIO originally clearinghouse for allied war info/propaganda then became involved in postwar info planning developed plans regarding broader role of info (radio, print, film) disbanded and incorporated into UNESCO Ambition reflected broader optimism for new communication technologies opportunity to contribute to economic restructure and concern for global economic/political issues widening horizons of commerce Huxley primitive cultures marked by strangeness that he feared cultural divide UNIO developed educational materials and film can be used to locate citizens in fabric of social body, mobile citizen to far reaches of self visual order necessary for change

ll. Expertise and Biopolitical Management: UNRRA Initiatives URRA first interwar international organization dealing with intl welfare resettle specific popn during interwar and post-war cared for displaced people Biopolitical management administration of processes of the life of populations, including processes that sustain or impede optimization of health/welfare of popns + allowed authoritative experts to collect data to compare with other popns calculating a population = aimed at identifying+controlling it URRAs notion of care =formulated around international attempts to deal with refugees and displaced people [as a result of war] such as stateless people, nationals of non-enemy countries, former residents of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania [not german] who were displaced by the enemy Integral element: UNRRA facilitated control of popns by resettling them in camps or centres focused on biopolitics [mortality, birth, health] of displaced people Told to work full time for food rations, to be more likely to be accepted as immigrant in other country Implication 1. sought after other popn in terms of notion of social security and governance 2. invoked conception of biopolitical management in attempt to link human life and word order to manage popns post-war world order not merely matter of representation, also a matter of intervention

CH 52: Policing Terrorism in the Post-9/11 Era: Critical Challenges and Concerns Claudio Colaguori and Carlos Torres POINT: discuss challenges involving in policing terrorism and debate on security/liberty looking at role of state and geopolitics Advent of the Post- 9/11 Era States role with protecting against terrorist attacks has conflicted with its duty to preserve human rights and endorse international law which has created paradox continuing to be political issue 21st century = shift in priorities era of hypersecurity and radical new interpretations of the rules of warfare/public security (does state have justification in being a surveillance society even at the expense of independent liberties, does state not have a responsibility to protect others from violence?) = questions face as war of terrorism defines geopolitics post 9/11 geopolitics: increasing competition over global

resource extraction, growing gap of rich/poor, various forms of resistance to what is seen as western imperialist hegemony, and war on terror which intensified tensions in Middle East 2 views: these are result of conflicts worsened by US sponsored terrorism VS. co-ordinated anti-terrorist efforts have successfully implemented systems for detection of attacks Huge contrast from 1990s where discourse was about globalization of freedom and democracy [Francis end of history thesis = end of communism is triumph of capitalism and neoliberalism] but this was missing from capitalist point of view When neoliberalism failed to trickle down to poorer the events of 9/11 helped create new political consolidation of power - capitalist vs communism clash of civilizations of Western capitalist democracy and Islamic fundamentalism justifying authoritarianism where adversary = unlawful combatant or homo sacer accursed man

Challenges of Policing Terrorism Most analysis of political state: focus on how practises of power have extended the repressive dimension of political control at the expense of individual liberty Functionalist analysis: focus more on practical problem of how to deal with/respond to the threat posed by terrorists but terrorism now that of as a form of warfare no guidelines, no battlefield, no soldiers mass participation causes problems for policing Post- 9/11 war on terrorism = asymmetrical warfare because it diffuses across time/place and enemy doesnt conform to that of a state-sponsored army since war on terror based on ideology, has resulted in other followers not residing in US or Iraq to carry out resistance attacks elsewhere (World Trade bombings, Madrid 2004 train bombs, 2005 London transit bombs and in Southeast Asia) 1. **Important to focus on asymmetrical aspect, because spatial element of conflict is problematic for policing loosely defined battlefield, can spark attacks in other public places and 2. Differences in firepower will lead to a large diff in victimization 3. Variance in combat strategies means a lack of clarity in warfare properties and enemy is not highly visible need for preventative measures [which can lead to racial profiling, monitoring public places, dehumanizing detention no fly lists, persecuting journalists who critique system] Conclusion Policing of terrorism is costly on human liberty and money difficult to determine if the efforts have been worth the cost paid

(Very few attacks have been successfully carried out since protocols began and non on NA soil but wars in Afghanistan have increased anti-Western ideas = many deaths) CH 53: Infectious Disease, Environmental Change, and Social Control Intro: Patterns of infectious disease can be traced to periods of transition [from nomadic hunting to settled in villages and increase in trade/travel and military movements via power of China, Roman Empire and colonialism 17-19th century McMichael we may be moving towards 4th transitional period in environment-human relationships informed by globalization evidence: new and emerging diseases (SARS, AIDS, West Nile, Ebola, Avian Influenza, Lyme) Purpose: explore aspects of hypothesized relation btwn infectious disease and globalization by broadening focus to discuss urbanization, neo-liberalization and post 9/11 scrutinization Globalization Spread of disease is globalized phenomenon: 1) increased social contacts in spatial diffusion south China to Toronto but without globalization ease of travel when the disease spread from civet cat or pig, it would have stayed in local village breakout Urbanization, the Built Environment and Infectious Disease UN: more than world popn lives in cities set up of cities and large amount of people make disease spread and diffusion easier humans vulnerable due to connectedness of structure internally and externally SARS: 300 residents in Hong Kong virus transmitted thru vertical sewage pipe connected washrooms and air travel Neo-liberalization and Infectious Disease flow Neoliberal policies promote privatization of state functions including outsourcing private agencies and eliminating environmental, industrial, health regulations viewed as costly barriers but neoliberalism influences health, economic policies EX: E. Coli contaminated water in Walkerton, ON but water testing facilities there were downsizing/having costs cut and had just been privatized and didnt have enough $$ for the best testing tools Securitization and Infectious Disease Flow Social control has always been important in states approach to dealing with infectious disease [SARS] with regard to contact tracing based social distancing methods like isolation/quarantine -Also led to tension with other governance functions like maintaining economic growth [like World Health Organization

told to caution tourists from going to outbreak areas like Toronto]and security measures intensified losing tourism $ National security public health and terrorism issues and shaping health as security issue or national threat After 9/11 theres been a focus on bioterror and infectious disease as security threats across border control EX: airports in SARS areas adopted monitoring using temperature screening and health surveys

Conclusion: Increased vulnerability due to speed of travel, degree of migration, intensified urbanization, increased human encroachment on untouched natural habitats and neoliberalization and securitization and other societal changes CH 54: Does A Place Like This Still Matter? Remaking Economic Identity in Post-Resource Communities Nathan Young Introduction Last 30yrs = rural Canada - decline in family small farms and resources like fisheries replaced by large global industrialized versions Causes: pressures of economic globalization pushing rural regions away from production activities [farming, manufacturing] and toward consumption activities [tourism, arts, recreation] whose geo distrubtion is uneven Marsdens consumption countryside is readinly observable in rural Europe but in Canada most rural communities are unable to follow places like St. Jacobs, Ontario future is uncertain PURPOSE: what happens to peoples identities under these conditions of uncertainty based on field research in Port Hardy and Bella Coola which are resource towns dependent on fisheries/forestry ARGUMENT: decline of older economic identities tied to resource has been traumatic and opened up space for new visions of revitalization Port Hardy and Bella Coola as Places that Mattered Economic system going from centre-periphery to flexible less reliant on local labour and temporary workforce instead consequence: driven a wedge btwn space and place in rural regions interviewees would say this is a logging town but now response talks of community[place] and region [space] Economic identity is framed around perceived role of community as master of the region under Fordist economy system both communities were centres for public/private region admin in

centre-periphery arrangement As economic change undermines traditional role of rural as producers of wealth many take part in place-making used to be important can cause division

Place-Making: Visions of rootedness and Flow Argument: shock of economic change is engendering 2 forms of placemaking imagination [about asserting value of community]: 1. the establishment of contained spaces- of locality separate or removed from global market economy common among Bella Coola community leadership 2. intensified community participation in global economies visible in port hardy Finding virtue in (Enclosed) Places: Visions of Rootedness Globalization has caused people to embrace ideas of boundary/stability interview found evidence of this in the communities ad imagination of contained spaces involve affirmation of locality =untapped wealth EX of place-making = founding of agricultural society in Bella Coola talks about self-sufficiency which connects to subsistence [but not main goal of society] Open Spaces: Visions of Movement and Flow Both communities are home to strong visions of open movement which are experiences in place-making as well advance community identity as part of economy [spatial framework] like contained spaces construction of open spaces encapsulates desire to reassert this place matters! Decline in community is framed as problem of connectivity One of great injustices of traditional resource production was that local wealth was exported into international markets without local participation or involvement value of places can be unleashed if it has more rather than less global contact Conclusion -What comes next in rural Canada has to do with creativity of residents 2 identity responses: 1. Valorization of locality/place and idea that community as a privelleged place that can care for itself which is about retrenchment of corporate 2. Government institutes as opportunity for community to negotiate its external and global contacts

Social Problems 10: War and Terrorism -At no point in history has there been a complete absence of conflict btwn human groups war inevitable and human universal -Canada is un-warlike nation compared to US has very few ships, weapons- Canadians go to war only when pushed into it by loyalty to close ally like Britain, US -statecraft needed to understand war- not just a political act also a political commerce IN this Chapter: we see war is socially constructed- construction of threat, depiction of dangers and enemies intended to confuse us and dehumanize the enemy -everyone suffers in war, even if poverty/conflict is improved in short run Politics, The State, and Warfare Role of the State State = set of public organizations that make/enforce decisions binding every member of society- government, civil service, police, court, military = authoritarian state is one extreme tries to fully dominate civil society/penetrate everyday life Canada: military rarely played large role power is shared among competing political, bureaucratic and economic elites trouble mobilizing assets o wage war Decentralized leadership less likely to be warlike than centralized or dictatorial leadership [Canada vs US] Ideology and Religion influences politics/war Ideology - A system of beliefs that explains how society is, or should be; any system of ideas underlying and informing political action. In a Marxist sense, ideological ideas justify and legitimate subordination of one group to another. Last few decades = religious leaders/organizations gaining more power ties to downfall of Communism [Marx, religion = opiate of masses], fundamentalist religion gaining power Canada: no state religion or official dedication to preserving religion formal commitment to multiculturalism makes unified religion as impossible [yet conservatives lean toward Christianity]

World Systems Theory World systems theory - A conception of the modern social world that
views it as comprising one interlinked entity with an international division of labour unregulated by any one political structure. Developed by Immanuel Wallerstein (e.g., 1976), this theory seeks to explain the uneven pace of development in the world by looking at the unequal relations between

different countries core accused of engaging in imperialism Imperialism- The exercise of political/economic control by one state over the territory of another often by military means. Developing countries often focus of imperialistic/exploitive activities that stifle their own development and concentrate their resources/labour for profits of advanced capitalist countries move towards a militarized neo-conservative imperialism in US [ie one sided idea to invade Iraq] suggests weakness instead of strength in US quest to preserve dominant position Globalization Processes Globalization- The integration on a world scale of economic activities and peoples by units of private capital and improved communication technology and transportation AKA globalization = trend of increasing interdependence btwn economies/societies of world To understand current state of global politics/war recognize Characteristics:

Social Movements: Broad social alliances of people who seek to effect/block an aspect of social change within a society. While they may be informally organized they may in time form formal organizations such as political parties and labor unions. EX of social movements = political movements, labour movements, the womens movement, environmental movements, and peace movements

Nature of War and Terrorism Definitions of War War- Violent, usually armed conflict btwn people or state includes armed battles civil conflicts, guerrilla wars, covert operations, and terrorism. Often argued that warfare is culturally influenced phenomenon rather than simply biologically determined [instinctual aggressiveness] This would explain why some countries/cultures more prone to warfare War is an institute of collective violence (Often organized by a grop of individuals r a social movement, this type of violence used to promote agenda or resist oppressive other Unlike interpersonal violence (Violent interactions occurring btwn individuals such as murder, rape, domestic/child abuse) , modern warfare relies on impersonal killing and advanced technology more deadly! [Nuclear bomb, missile] 63 million deaths of war, 50% were civillians - 20th century = bloodiest 100years in history of humanity Terrorism: Common Mans War Terrorism calculated use of unexpected, shocking, unlawful violence against non-combatants and symbolic targets by a group to publicize cause -ideological/value-laden term roots found in religious, ethnic nationalist, political, economic, social differences preventing people from living in peace no single motive but accepted theory = participants feel that violence is best course of action rational cost-benefit analysis Suicide bombers of middle East are from oppressed/poor circumstances large $$ compensation for families by state, wealth sympathizers leaders are upper class, intelligent US terrorism list Cuba, Iran, Sudan, Syria mainly muslim popn State-sponsored terrorism irony can be powerful form of warfar but also vulnerable to shifts in international political arena Iraq was US ally against Iran and US supported them against Russians

Classic Works: Franz Fanons Wretched of the Earth -argues that by internalizing the views of the colonizers, the colonized develop a lack of self-respect and a sense of perpetual inferiority, ensuring their continued economic and political subordination -Fanon believes promoting self-respect/promoting identity is crucial towards freeing colonized people -Peaceful solutions fail to bring self-respect necessary to cure natives and convince them of their own power Violent Political Protest As societies industrialize become democratic protests tend to become less violent protests continue in many forms varying by duration, activity, degree violence Stable democracies = protest

usually peaceful Canada usually not violent except for October Crisis 1970 FLQ bombed mailboxes, kidnapped British trade official and labour minister- Laporte died and Trudeau invoked War Measures Act indefinitie suspension of civil liberties Most protests are planned, continuing, rooted in formal/informal newtowrosk of social contact most developed form = revolution

Revolution Zimmerman revolution = successful overthrow of prevailing elite by a new elite who after taking power fundamentally change the social structure and also structure of authority Revolutions rarely achieve original goals = usually substitute one form of restrictive power for another rarely replace despotism with a democracy affet countries as a whole [French Revolution, Russian Revolution, Chinese, Cuban] Skocpol revolution crises developed in Russia, France, China when old aristocratic regimes failed to meet emerging challenges prerevolution they were fully establish imperial states but couldnt offer representatives from dominant class an opportunity for political decision-making the landed class developed self-conscious collective organization to obstruc monarchical undertaking counter to their economic interests landed aristocracy undermined its own traditional position in society Moore historical research shows outcome of revolution depends on which social class attacks the ruler: 1. Peasants like in China, Cuba results in communist regime introducing social equality 2. Independent farmers, craftsmen and middle class result in parliamentary democracy like in England, France, US 3. When supporters are military supported by landed aristocracy, Church, big business results in Fascism like Germany, Italy, Spain Rebellion Rebellion - armed opposition by porion of cititizenry to an established government or other authority. difference btwn revolution + rebellion lies in the outcome If rebellion succeeds in overthrowing government and making significant social/political changes its = a revolution Everyone who engages is liable to criminal penalties of treason and if it become widespread and rebels receive recognition of foreign nations, government may treat rebels merely as belligerents but if rebellion succeeds the rebels become heroes and rulers Revolution/Rebellions are crimes and depends on if they succeed if they want to be called heroes they will alter books to hold themselves to higher standard EX: Metis rebellion in western Canada by Louis Riel [executed by led to creation of Manitoba thought of as hero by native/Quebec] and William Lyon Mackenzie King rebellion failed by still remembered because it paved way for Canadas independence

War Crimes Most countries agree that killing of soldiers is acceptable cost of war but killing civilians is indefensible horror rationalization used to explain away the extent of violence Rationalizations start with us vs. them most horrific is genocide (the deliberate systematic and planned killing of an entire national, ethnic, racial, or political group) most known is the Jew/Roma genocide by Nazi Germany 1mill 6million died Issues involving prosecution of war fall in 4 categories: 1. Assigning responsibility for the acts 2. Trying and punishing the criminals 3. Bringing about national reconciliations 4. Ensuring that a nation remembers its criminal past/ learns from it ICC does this international criminal court = permanent court to try war crimes Tribunals not able to process all cases but they are alternative to violence revenge - its difficult to reorganize life after genocidal episode everyone blames each other Rape as a Weapon of War Geneva Convention prohibits rape, assault, enforced prostitution of women [ W2 Japanese forced 220k women into prostitution died from STDs, also in Bosnia and Rwanda bands of soldiers rape, beat , kill women Bunchanan gendercide = human rights violationgenocidal acts committed against women as women [rape war crime] and men as men [selective separation of young men of military age from old men, children, women for punishment/torture/execution] Formerly thought to be unintended consequence of foreign invaders but for centuries women = booty of warfare Systematic rape against civilian women mean to humiliate/break resolve of nation and in African conflicts it spreads HIV and turns husbands/fathers against women who have been victims rape that results in pregnancy can cause the child to be shunned Feminists pressured UN to label crimes against women as prosecutable rights abuses Environmental Destruction Occurred since Roman times [destroy crops, salt earth, and Russians would burn theres so as not to help the enemy, using whales for target practice] Allied forces that pushed Iraqis out of Kuwait = Iraqis set fire to 732/900 oil wells one of worse environmental disasters Military operations also harm environment during peace time US use dangerous materials/unsafe handling/disposal while building the worlds most powerful fighting force Disposal major concern and technologies using nanopollutants which could cause unknown health effects

Theoretical Perspectives on War and Terrorism

War has allowed women greater entry into workforce both as soldiers and as civilians to replace the men recruited for war in WW2 this meant opening new job opportunities for women who until then had limited range of traditional female jobs found opportunities in industry Israel only country that has mandatory military service for both male and females = drafted at 18 only get out if your pregnant, studying religion, opt to do community work women=21 months, men = 3yrs

Social Constructionism Stresses role of moral entrepreneurs in mobilizing support for social causes- for waging wars Propaganda supports vilification of certain groups during wartime [Canadas War Measures Act on Canadian race relations] legislation used during both world wars and in particular was further used to justify the unjust treatment of Japanese Canadians during and after WW2 With thi Act, Japanese Canadians were uprooted from their homes and placed in camps the Act justified racially hostile views Palestinians-Israeli despite losses on both sides + loss of live was much greater for Palestinians but Israelis portrayed as the victims

Social Consequences of War 2 most socially consequential facts about war: 1) it kills many people and2) it is expensive warfare harms health of popn and shatters civic society Effects on the Economy Canadas WW2 participation = increased employment/production helping to end financial downturn of Great Depression = which didnt have same degree of devastation as European countries Canadians strongest trade partner =USA also enjoyed financial success, the Gross Nation Product GNP doubled, industry developed and consumer spending rose with baby boom defeated [Japan/Germany] suffered significant setbacks in economies War led to scientific innovation laser-based defense, laser surgery, nuclear weaponry, internet grew out of research sponsored by US military innovations in weaponry are social innovations, many advances have dual-use status that have risks and benefits Weimann theres a rise in anxiety about cyber terrorism in American society due to 2 fears: arbitrary violent targeting, and distrust of technology but these benefits could impact terrorism Effects on Children Wars increasingly being waged with help of child soldiers UN says children under 15 shouldnt be used as soldiers but roughly 300k child soldiers fighting in 40 countries and use of child soldiers has been promoted through technology lightweight automatic weapons Health Consequences of War 20th century: military conflicts led to 100million deaths of soldiers nd civillians more than any other wars combined With present nuclear weapons 160 million would die instantly, billion would die of radiation, massive social chaos and millions more would die slowly over year Physical/Psycological injury inevitable number injured usually exceeds # od deaths strategy to maim them because it cost more to care for them [ie bombs] Many veterans suffer slow toture of psychological disorders post tramatic stress disorder PTSD [aka concentration camp syndrome, shell shock, war nerosis, survivor syndrome] = Form of psychological distress produced by traumatic experience like crime victimization, sex assault, military combat symptoms = nervousness, sleep disturbance, disruption of concentration, anxiety, depression Solution to War and Global Conflict Arms Reduction Desire to reduce quantity of weapons availale EX: Landmines Convention that Canada helped create gave money to jhelp remove

mines in other countries Limit production/sale of small arms agreed to regulate small arms ==?Arms = big business top 10 exporters = US Russia Germanuy France UK Spain Netherlans Italy China Israel Though arms exports has decreased in the US its still 29x more than Canada where weapons = 20% of budget --- legal weapon trade can then feed illegal weapon and reselling Control Arms campaign over 500k deaths in manufacturing weapons alone aka 1 death/ minute

Redistributing Economic Assets Some say war/terrorism will reduce if economic assets are distrubted more equally but its likely people will agree to it and it doesnt guarantee theyll have better standard of living and funds should be directed towards social development not military spending Role of International Peacekeeping Bodies UN Peacekeepers patrol war-torn regions since 1948 and this was suggested by Lester B. Pearson after Suez Canal conflict- won Peace Prize Peacekeepers assume their neutrality will allow them to insert themselves as safe guard between combatants in theory providing a physical/psychological barrier but in practice: like in Rwanda, they couldnt prevent bloodshed and they assume each side wants peace [but in Yugoslavia this wasnt the case and broken ceasefires led to more violence and withdrawal of Peacekeepers] Peacekeeping not enough to eliminate war as many outbreaks occur under watch of UN like 2001 and 2003 invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq by US, Britain, ect. Chapter summary -massive economic inequalities exist btwn nations relative deprivation (The feelings/judgments of individual or members of group when they compare themselves to others who are better off materially. People make judgments relative to standards or frames of reference. Feelings generated contribute to formation of social movements breeds resentment and aggression