Báo cáo hiện trạng môi trường Quốc gia 2010

BO TAI NGUYEN VA MOI TRNG
BAO CAO MOI TRNG QUOC GIA NAM 2010
TONG QUAN
MOI TRNG VIET NAM
HA NOI - 2010
DANH SACH NHNG NGI THAM GIA BIN SOAN

BAO CAO MI TRNG QUC GIA 2010
TNG QUAN MI TRNG VIT NAM
Tp th ch ao:
TS. Pham Khi Nguyn, B trng B Tai nguyn va Mi trng
PGS.TS. Bui Cach Tuyn, Th trng kim Tng cuc trng Tng cuc Mi trng
PGS. TS. L K Sn, Pho Tng cuc trng Tng cuc Mi trng
T th ky:
TS. Hoang Dng Tung, KS. Nguyn Vn Thuy, ThS. L Hoang Anh,
CN. Nguyn Th Nguyt Anh, KS. Pham Quang Hiu, CN. Mac Th Minh Tra, ThS. Lng
Hoang Tung, CN. Nghim Th Hoang Anh, CN. Dng Th Phng Nga - Tng cuc Mi trng
Tham gia bin tp, bin soan:
ThS. L Thanh Bnh, GS.TS. Trn Ngoc Chn, GS.TS. ng Kim Chi, GS.TSKH. Pham Ngoc
ng, TS. Pham Quang Ha, TS. Pham Th Minh Hanh, PGS.TS. Nguyn nh Hoe, TS. inh
Thai Hng, ThS. Nguyn Trinh Hng, PGS.TS. L Bc Huynh, GS.TS. L Vn Khoa, TS. ng
Vn Li, PGS.TS. Pham Trung Lng, GS.TS. Mai Trong Nhun, GS.TS. Trn Hiu Nhu, PGS.
TS. Pham Bnh Quyn, TS. Nguyn Ngoc Sinh, PGS.TS. Nguyn Danh Sn, TS. Tng Ngoc
Thanh, TS. Nam Thng, PGS.TS. Vo S Tun, GS.TS. Trn Ym.
ong gop y kin va cung cp s liu cho bao cao:
Cac n v thuc Tng cuc Mi trng.
Cac n v thuc B Tai nguyn va Mi trng.
B Cng thng, B Cng an, B Giao thng Vn tai, B K hoach va u t, B Khoa hoc
va Cng ngh, B Nng nghip va Phat trin nng thn, B Quc phong, B Tai chnh, B
Vn hoa, Th thao va Du lch, B Xy dng, B Y t.
Cac S Tai nguyn va Mi trng 63 tnh, thanh ph.
T chc Quc t:
C quan phat trin quc t an Mach (DANIDA): Miles Burton.
III
MUC LUC
Trang
Danh muc Hnh.......................................................................................................................................... X
Danh muc Biu .................................................................................................................................... XI
Danh muc Bang ..................................................................................................................................... XVII
Danh muc Khung .................................................................................................................................... XIX
Danh muc Ch vit tt .............................................................................................................................XXII
Li noi u ............................................................................................................................................ XXV
Trch yu ................................................................................................................................................XXVI
CHNG 1. PHAT TRIN KINH T - XA HI VA SC EP I VI MI TRNG

1. 1. Phat trin dn s, th hoa va sc ep i vi mi trng ...................................................................4
1.1.1. Dn s va qua trnh gia tng dn s .........................................................................................4
1.1.2. Qua trnh th hoa ..............................................................................................................5
1.2. Tng trng kinh t va sc ep i vi mi trng ................................................................................9
1.2.1. Phat trin nng, lm nghip va thuy san..................................................................................10
1.2.2. Phat trin cng nghip va xy dng ........................................................................................14
1.2.3. Phat trin dch vu .................................................................................................................22
1.3. Thc hin cac ch tiu v mi trng.................................................................................................24
CHNG 2. BIN I KH HU, THIN TAI, S C MI TRNG

VA SC EP I VI MI TRNG
2.1. Bin i kh hu..............................................................................................................................29
2.1.1. Phat thai kh nha knh ............................................................................................................29
2.1.2. Biu hin cua bin i kh hu Vit Nam .............................................................................31
2.1.3. Bin i kh hu gy sc ep ln mi trng va kinh t - xa hi ..................................................32
2.2. Thin tai .........................................................................................................................................36
2.2.1. Tnh hnh va din bin thin tai ..............................................................................................36
2.2.2. Thin tai gy sc ep ln mi trng ........................................................................................40
2.3. S c mi trng ............................................................................................................................43
2.3.1. Tnh hnh va din bin s c mi trng .................................................................................43
2.3.2. Sc ep i vi mi trng ......................................................................................................45
CHNG 3. MI TRNG T
3.1. S dung t....................................................................................................................................49
3.1.1. Hin trang s dung t .......................................................................................................49
3.1.2. Thu hi t nng nghip s dung vao cac muc ch khac
ang tn tai nhiu vn nghim trong ...............................................................................52
3.2. nhim t...................................................................................................................................54
3.2.1. nhim t do s dung khng hp ly phn bon hoa hoc
va thuc bao v thc vt trong nng nghip .........................................................................54
3.2.2. nhim t do cac cht nhim t hoat ng cng nghip,
xy dng va dn sinh .........................................................................................................54
3.2.3. nhim t cuc b do cac cht c hoa hoc con tn lu sau chin tranh .............................56
3.3. Suy thoai t ..................................................................................................................................57
3.3.1. Cac ngun gy suy thoai t ...............................................................................................57
3.3.2. Ra tri ..............................................................................................................................57
3.3.3. Xoi mon t ......................................................................................................................58
3.3.4. Hoang mac hoa ................................................................................................................58
CHNG 4. MI TRNG NC
4.1. Mi trng nc mt ........................................................................................................................65
4.1.1. Hin trang suy kit ngun nc mt .....................................................................................65
4.1.2. Cac ngun gy nhim nc mt .......................................................................................66
4.1.3. Din bin nhim nc mt................................................................................................70
4.1.4. Din bin nhim nc 3 LVS Cu, Nhu - ay va ng Nai - Sai Gon ................................71
4.2. Mi trng nc di t ................................................................................................................75
4.2.1. Hin trang khai thac va s dung nc di t .....................................................................75
4.2.2. Hin trang nhim nc di t........................................................................................77
4.3. Mi trung nc bin ......................................................................................................................79
4.3.1. Cac ngun gy nhim nc bin ......................................................................................79
4.3.2. Din bin cht lng nc bin ven b ................................................................................81
4.3.3. Din bin cht lng nc bin khi ....................................................................................85
CHNG 5. MI TRNG KHNG KH

5.1. Cac ngun gy nhim khng kh ...................................................................................................91
5.1.1. Thai lng cac cht nhim t hoat ng giao thng ...........................................................91
VI
5.1.2. Thai lng cac cht nhim t hoat ng cng nghip .........................................................92
5.1.3. Thai lng cac cht nhim t hoat ng nng nghip va lang ngh ....................................94
5.1.4. Thai lng cac cht nhim t hoat ng sinh hoat..............................................................94
5.1.5. Thai lng cac cht nhim t hoat ng khac ....................................................................94
5.2. Din bin nhim khng kh ...........................................................................................................95
5.2.1. nhim bui ......................................................................................................................95
5.2.2. nhim kh NO2 ...............................................................................................................98
5.2.3. nhim kh CO ................................................................................................................99
5.2.4. nhim ch va Benzen - Toluen - Xylen ...............................................................................99
5.2.5. nhim kh SO2 ............................................................................................................ 101
5.2.6. nhim ting n ............................................................................................................104
CHNG 6. CHT THAI RN

6.1. Phat sinh cht thai rn ...................................................................................................................109
6.1.1. Tnh hnh chung ................................................................................................................109
6.1.2. Cht thai rn sinh hoat......................................................................................................110
6.1.3. Cht thai rn cng nghip va cht thai nguy hai .................................................................111
6.1.4. Cht thai rn y t ..............................................................................................................112
6.2. Thu gom va x ly cht thai rn .......................................................................................................115
6.2.1. Thu gom, lu gi va vn chuyn cht thai rn .....................................................................115
6.2.2. X ly va quan ly cht thai rn .............................................................................................116
CHNG 7. A DANG SINH HOC

7.1. Hin trang a dang sinh hoc..........................................................................................................125
7.1.1. a dang h sinh thai va s suy thoai cua cac h sinh thai t nhin........................................125
7.1.2. a dang loai va s suy giam cac loai t nhin ....................................................................131
7.1.3. a dang ngun gen - Ngun gen quy cha c bao tn hp ly .........................................135
7.1.4. Cac hnh thc bao tn a dang sinh hoc ............................................................................136
7.2. Nguyn nhn s suy giam a dang sinh hoc ...................................................................................137
7.2.1. Chuyn i muc ch s dung t thiu quy hoach .............................................................137
7.2.2. Khai thac qua mc va s dung khng bn vng tai nguyn sinh vt .....................................137
7.2.3. Du nhp cac ging mi va cac sinh vt ngoai lai ...............................................................138
7.2.4. nhim mi trng, chay rng va bin i kh hu ...........................................................139
7.2.5. Bt cp trong cng tac quan ly DSH ...............................................................................140
VII
CHNG 8. TAC NG CUA NHIM MI TRNG

8.1. nhim mi trng anh hng n sc khoe con ngi .................................................................143
8.1.1. Tac hai cua nhim khng kh n sc khoe con ngi.......................................................143
8.1.2. Tac hai cua nhim ngun nc n sc khoe con ngi ...................................................146
8.1.3. Tac hai cua nhim t va cht thai rn n sc khoe con ngi ........................................147
8.2. nhim mi trng anh hng n s phat trin kinh t - xa hi .....................................................149
8.2.1. Thit hai kinh t do gia tng ganh nng bnh tt.................................................................149
8.2.2. Thit hai kinh t do anh hng n thuy san va nng nghip ...............................................151
8.2.3. Thit hai i vi hoat ng du lch .....................................................................................153
8.2.4. Thit hai kinh t do chi ph cai thin mi trng ..................................................................153
8.2.5. Phat sinh xung t mi trng ...........................................................................................154
CHNG 9. QUAN LY MI TRNG

9.1. H thng chnh sach va vn ban quy pham phap lut ......................................................................159
9.1.1. Ban hanh cac nh hng chin lc va tao hanh lang phap ly
cho cng tac bao v mi trng .......................................................................................159
9.1.2. Nhng tn tai va thach thc...............................................................................................160
9.2. H thng quan ly mi trng .........................................................................................................162
9.2.1. Kin toan t chc h thng quan ly mi trng cac cp .......................................................162
9.2.2. Xy dng h thng quan ly mi trng chuyn nganh ..........................................................163
9.2.3. Nhng tn tai va thach thc trong h thng quan ly mi trng............................................164
9.3. Vn tai chnh, u t cho cng tac bao v mi trng.................................................................165
9.3.1. u t t ngn sach Nha nc ..........................................................................................165
9.3.2. u t, h tr t Quy Bao v Mi trng Vit Nam .............................................................166
9.3.3. u t, h tr t cac d an hp tac quc t........................................................................167
9.4. Trin khai cac cng cu trong quan ly mi trng..............................................................................168
9.4.1. Thc hin anh gia mi trng chin lc (MC),
anh gia tac ng mi trng (TM) .................................................................................168
9.4.2. Thanh tra, kim tra va x ly vi pham phap lut v BVMT.......................................................169
9.4.3. Kim soat nhim va x ly cac ngun gy nhim .............................................................171
9.4.4. Quan trc va thng tin mi trng .....................................................................................173
9.4.5. Ap dung cng cu kinh t trong quan ly mi trng.................................................................173
9.5. Hoat ng nghin cu khoa hoc, cng ngh va ap dung cac cng ngh mi ......................................174
VIII
9.5.1. Hoat ng nghin cu khoa hoc va cng ngh ...................................................................174

9.5.2. Vn ap dung san xut sach hn ....................................................................................175
9.6. Nng cao nhn thc cng ng va vn xa hi hoa cng tac bao v mi trng............................175
9.7. Hp tac quc t v bao v mi trng ............................................................................................177
CHNG 10. CAC VN MI TRNG BC XUC TRONG 5 NM QUA

VA NH HNG BAO V MI TRNG TRONG 5 NM TI
10.1. Cac vn mi trng trong 5 nm qua .......................................................................................181
10.1.1. nhim mi trng tip tuc gia tng ................................................................................181
10.1.2. a dang sinh hoc suy giam nghim trong ..........................................................................184
10.1.3. An ninh mi trng b e doa ...........................................................................................184
10.1.4. Quan ly mi trng con nhiu bt cp ..............................................................................186
10.1.5. Vai tro cua cng ng cha c huy ng y u ............................................................187
10.2. nh hng bao v mi trng trong 5 nm ti .............................................................................188
10.2.1. Xy dng va thc hin cac an BVMT quc gia tng ng
khc phuc cac vn bc xuc v mi trng ................................................................188
10.2.2. Hoan thin h thng chnh sach, phap lut bao v mi trng ............................................189
10.2.3. Hoan thin h thng t chc quan ly mi trng ................................................................190
10.2.4. Nng cao hiu qua ap dung cac cng cu trong quan ly mi trng .....................................190
10.2.5. Tng cng tai chnh, u t cho bao v mi trng ..........................................................191
10.2.6. Nng cao nhn thc cng ng va xa hi hoa cng tac BVMT ............................................192
10.2.7. M rng hp tac quc t ..................................................................................................192
10.2.8. Nhom giai phap lin quan n mt s nganh ..................................................................192
Kt lun va Kin ngh ..............................................................................................................................195
Tai liu tham khao ..................................................................................................................................199
IX
DANH MUC HNH

Hnh 2.1.
Pham vi ngp khu vc BSCL theo kch ban nc bin dng 65cm ...........................................33
Hnh 2.2.
Cac vu tran du trn vung bin va ven bin giai oan 2005 - 2009 .........................................44
CHNG 4. MI TRNG NC
Hnh 4.1.
c tnh thai lng cac cht nhim trong nc thai t cac KCN
thuc cac vung KTT nm 2009.............................................................................................67
DANH MUC BIU

Biu 1.1.
Tng trng dn s va san lng g b khai thac nc ta thi gian qua ..............................4
Biu 1.2.
Dn s va mt dn s cac vung kinh t nc ta nm 2009 ...........................................5
Biu 1.3.
Ty l xut c va nhp c cua tnh Thai Bnh giai oan 2006 - 2009 .......................................5
Biu 1.4.
Tng trng dn s th theo vung kinh t cua nc ta thi gian qua ..................................6
Biu 1.5.
San lng lua va mt s hoa mau giai oan nm 2005 - 2009 ..........................................10
Biu 1.6.
Tnh hnh san xut phn bon .............................................................................................11
Biu 1.7.
Tnh hnh nhp khu phn bon .........................................................................................11
Biu 1.8.
Thng k s dung phn bon trn t phu sa Vit Nam nm 2008 .....................................12
Biu 1.9.
S lng gia suc va gia cm cua nc ta thi gian qua ......................................................13
Biu 1.10. Din tch mt nc nui trng thuy san va san lng thuy san thi gian qua .........................13
Biu 1.11. Gia tr san xut cng nghip theo gia thc t qua cac nm ..................................................14
Biu 1.12. Tnh hnh phat trin KCN giai oan 2000 - 2009 ...............................................................15
Biu 1.13. Tng trng san xut cng nghip, xut khu va s lao ng trong KCN .............................15
Biu 1.14. Phn loai lang ngh Vit Nam theo nganh ngh san xut ....................................................16
Biu 1.15. Din tch nha xy mi cua Tp. Ha Ni qua cac nm ........................................................ 17
Biu 1.16. Chng trnh phat trin ngun in giai oan 2006 - 2025
(phng an c s, 75.306 MW) ........................................................................................19
Biu 1.17. D bao in nng san xut nc ta theo 2 phng an .....................................................19
Biu 1.18. Lng khach du lch va thu nhp t du lch qua cac nm ....................................................22
Biu 1.19. S lng t va xe may hoat ng hang nm cua Vit Nam .............................................. 22

Biu 2.1.
Din bin phat thai kh nha knh theo tng lnh vc cac nm 1993, 1998, 2000 ...................30
Biu 2.2.
Kt qua kim k kh nha knh cho nm 2000 theo tng lnh vc ..........................................30
Biu 2.3.
Phat thai kh nha knh t lnh vc lm nghip va chuyn i s dung t nm 2000 ..............30
Biu 2.4.
Lng phat thai cac loai kh nha knh nm 2000 ................................................................ 31
Biu 2.5.
Mc phat thai cua cac lnh vc nm 2000 theo loai kh nha knh .................................... 31
Biu 2.6.
Phat thai kh nha knh nm 2000 3 lnh vc chnh va d tnh phat thai
cho cac nm 2010, 2020 va 2030 ................................................................................... 31
Biu 2.7.
Din bin mc nc bin tai tram hai vn Hon Dau ............................................................32
XI
Biu 2.8.
S cn bao b vao t lin Vit Nam giai oan 2005-2009 .......................................... 36
Biu 2.9.
Lu quet gia tng lin tuc trong 4 thp ky gn y ...............................................................39
Biu 2.10. Lu quet vung nui pha Bc va cac khu vc khac thi ky 1990 - 2009 ................................39
Biu 2.11. S lng cac trn lc xay ra tai Vit Nam giai oan 2003 - 2007 .......................................40
Biu 2.12. Thit hai v kinh t do thin tai trong thi ky 2000-2009 ....................................................41
Biu 2.13. Din tch ao nui tm, ca b v do thin tai ........................................................................41
Biu 2.14. Din tch lua va hoa mau b mt trng hang nm do thin tai .............................................42
Biu 2.15. Thit hai v ngi do thin tai gy ra Vit Nam ...............................................................42
Biu 2.16. Thng k s vu tran du trn vung bin va ven bin 2005 - 2009 .......................................43
Biu 2.17. Lng du tran a xac nh c mt s tnh nm 2007 .................................................43
Biu 2.18. Thng k nguyn nhn tran du giai oan 1992 - 2008
vi lng du t 7-700 tn ...............................................................................................45
Biu 2.19. Thng k nguyn nhn tran du giai oan 1992-2008 vi lng du >700 tn ..................45
CHNG 3. MI TRNG T
Biu 3.1.
Ty l t phi nng nghip trn t nng nghip 2006 - 2009 ..............................................51
Biu 3.2.
Chuyn i muc ch s dung i vi t trng lua trong ca nc

giai oan 2000-2010 ......................................................................................................52
Biu 3.3.
D lng hoa cht bao v thc vt trong t tai mt s khu vc Nam nh

(thang 06/2007) ..............................................................................................................54
Biu 3.4.
Ham lng Cu, Zn, Pb tng s cua t nng nghip b anh hng ngun
nhim vung ngoai thanh va phu cn thanh ph Ha Ni ...................................................55
Biu 3.5.
Ty l s mu phn tch cac nm 2006 - 2008 co ham lng ng vt

QCVN 03:2008/BTNMT i vi t nng nghip ..............................................................55
Biu 3.6.
Ham lng mt s kim loai nng trong t chu do anh hng nc thai cng nghip
va th khu vc Bnh Chanh, Cu Chi - Tp. H Ch Minh ...................................................55
Biu . 3.7.
Ham lng mt s kim loai nng trong t chu tac ng cua

hoat ng chn lp cht thai tai mt s a phng min Bc ............................................56
Biu 3.8.
Din bin lng t xoi mon Ty Nguyn qua cac nm ....................................................58
Biu 3.9.
Kt qua quan trc cac tng t chu anh hng xm nhp mn cua
tnh Khanh Hoa nm 2007 ................................................................................................59
Biu 3.10. Mc xm nhp mn mt s loai t vung BSCL nm 2007 ........................................60
XII
CHNG 4. MI TRNG NC
Biu 4.1.
C cu tng lng nc t nc thai theo loai hnh xa thai

cua LVS Cu va Nhu - ay .............................................................................................66
Biu 4.2.
T trong ong gop cua cac nganh cng nghip i vi tng thai lng BOD5
va TSS nm 2006 .............................................................................................................68
Biu 4.3.
T l s dung nc cua mt s nganh ................................................................................ 69
Biu 4.4.
Din bin ham lng BOD5 trung bnh nm trn cac sng chnh
giai oan 2005 - 2009 .....................................................................................................70
Biu 4.5.
Din bin ham lng Coliform trung bnh nm trn cac sng chnh
giai oan 2005 -2009 ......................................................................................................70
Biu 4.6.
Din bin ham lng BOD5 trung bnh tai mt s sng, h,

knh rach ni th giai oan 2005 - 2009 ............................................................................70
Biu 4.7.
T l cac gia tr quan trc ham lng N-NH4+ vt QCVN 08:2008 /BTNMT
loai A1 3 LVS qua cac nm .............................................................................................71
Biu 4.8.
Ham lng N-NH4+ trn sng Nhu giai oan 2007 - 2009 ............................................... 71
Biu 4.9.
Din bin ham lng COD trn sng ay qua cac nm ......................................................72
Biu 4.10. Din bin ham lng COD trn mt s sng thuc LVS Nhu - ay
giai oan 2007 - 2009 .....................................................................................................73
Biu 4.11. Din bin du m doc sng Cu ......................................................................................73
Biu 4.12. Din bin ham lng BOD5 nm 2007 - 2009 doc sng Cu ............................................73
Biu 4.13. Din bin ham lng NH4+ nm 2007 - 2009 cac sng trong LVS Cu ...............................74
Biu 4.14. Din bin ham lng BOD5 doc sng ng Nai qua cac nm .............................................74
Biu 4.15. Tn sut vt QCVN (A1) cua mt s thng s nhim
tai sng ng Nai oan qua Tp. Bin Hoa .........................................................................74
Biu 4.16. Din bin DO doc sng Th Vai thang 8/2008 va thang 3/2009 ..........................................75
Biu 4.17. Ham lng BOD5 doc sng Sai Gon qua cac nm ..............................................................75
Biu 4.18. Ham lng COD cac sng khac ....................................................................................... 75
Biu 4.19.
Khai thac nc vung nng thn cua cac tnh thanh trong toan quc giai oan 1999 - 2008 ......... 76
Biu 4.20. Hin trang khai thac nc di t phuc vu ti tiu k Lk nm 2008 ...........................77
Biu 4.21. c tnh tai lng nc thai t hoat ng du lch qua cac nm ............................................81
Biu 4.22. Din bin ham lng TSS trung bnh trong nc bin ven b
tai mt s khu vc ven bin giai oan 2005 - 2009 ............................................................81
Biu 4.23. Din bin ham lng COD trung bnh trong nc bin ven b
XIII
Biu 4.24. Din bin ham lng NH4+ trung bnh trong nc bin ven b
Biu 4.25. Din bin ham lng du trung bnh trong nc bin ven b
Biu 4.26. Din bin ham lng Xyanua trung bnh trong nc bin ven b
Biu 4.27. Din bin ham lng kem trung bnh trong nc bin ven b
Biu 4.28. Din bin ham lng DO trung bnh nm trong nc vung bin khi
giai oan 2006-2009 .......................................................................................................86
Biu 4.29. Din bin ham lng N - NH4+ trung bnh nm trong nc vung bin khi
giai oan 2006-2009 .......................................................................................................87
Biu 4.30. Din bin ham lng Cu trung bnh nm trong nc vung bin khi
giai oan 2006-2009 .......................................................................................................87
Biu 4.31. Din bin ham lng du trung bnh nm trong nc vung bin khi
giai oan 2006-2009 .......................................................................................................87

Biu 5.1.
Ty l phat thai cac kh gy nhim theo cac ngun phat thai chnh
cua Vit Nam nm 2008 ...................................................................................................91
Biu 5.2.
Ty l phat thai cac cht gy nhim do cac phng tin c gii ng b............................92
Biu 5.3.
c tnh thai lng CO do cac phng tin c gii ng b qua cac nm .........................92
Biu 5.4.
Ty l t, xe may theo s nm s dung tai Ha Ni nm 2009 .............................................92
Biu 5.5.
c tnh thai lng cac cht nhim trong kh thai lang ngh khu vc BSH ........................94
Biu 5.6.
Din bin nng bui PM10 trung bnh nm trong khng kh

xung quanh tai mt s th ............................................................................................95
Biu 5.7.
Din bin nng bui TSP trong khng kh xung quanh mt s th

giai oan 2005 - 2008 .....................................................................................................95
Biu 5.8.
Din bin nng TSP tai mt s tuyn ng th giai oan 2005 - 2009 .......................96
Biu 5.9.
Din bin nng TSP tai mt s KCN va c s san xut cng nghip
giai oan 2005 - 2009 .....................................................................................................96
Biu 5.10. Din bin nng TSP tai cac khu dn c chu anh hng
cua hoat ng giao thng va san xut cng nghip giai oan 2005-2009 ...........................97
Biu 5.11. Din bin nng TSP tai mt s im khng chu anh hng
cua hoat ng giao thng, cng nghip t 2005 - 2009 .....................................................97
Biu 5.12. Din bin nng NO2 ven cac truc giao thng cua mt s th trong toan quc ..............98
Biu 5.13. Din bin nng NO2 tai cac khu vc thuc Tp. Ha Ni va Tp. H Ch Minh ....................98
XIV
Biu 5.14. Din bin nng CO cac khu vc cua mt s th pha Bc va pha Nam ...................99
Biu 5.15. Nng CO tai cac KCN tnh ng Nai nm 2009 ...........................................................99
Biu 5.16. Din bin nng ch trung bnh trong khng kh ven ng
giao thng tai thanh ph H Ch Minh giai oan 2005-2009 ............................................100
Biu 5.17. Din bin nng Benzen trung bnh tai Tp. H Ch Minh giai oan 2005-2009 ................100
Biu 5.18. Din bin nng SO2 trong khng kh xung quanh mt s th .....................................101
Biu 5.19. Din bin nng SO2 tai cac truc ng giao thng mt s th .................................. 102
Biu 5.20. Din bin nng SO2 tai khu dn c mt s th giai oan 2005-2009 ........................102
Biu 5.21. Din bin nng SO2 gn cac KCN giai oan 2005-2009 .............................................103
Biu 5.22. Din bin mc n tai mt s tuyn ng cac th
min Bc va min Trung qua cac nm ..............................................................................104
Biu 5.23. Din bin mc n khu vc gn ng giao thng
va khu dn c mt s th pha Nam qua cac nm ......................................................105
CHNG 6. CHT THAI RN

Biu 6.1.
Hin trang phat sinh CTR trong cac vung kinh t cua nc ta
va d bao tnh hnh thi gian ti ......................................................................................110
Biu 6.2.
Thanh phn CTR toan quc nm 2008 va xu hng thay i thi gian ti ...........................110
Biu 6.3.
Lng CTR th phat sinh qua cac nm tai mt s a phng.........................................111
Biu 6.4.
CTR cng nghip nm 2008 tai 6 vung kinh t .................................................................111
Biu 6.5.
S c s kham cha bnh va s ging bnh cua nc ta .................................................113
Biu 6.6.
Tnh hnh phat sinh cht thai y t cua 19 bnh vin tuyn trung ng ..................................113
Biu 6.7.
Gia tng cht thai y t cua mt s a phng giai oan 2005 - 2009 ...............................114
Biu 6.8.
Tnh hnh x ly cht thai y t cua h thng c s y t cac cp..............................................119

Biu 7.1.
Din bin din tch va che phu rng giai oan t nm 1990 n 2009 ..........................126
Biu 7.2.
Tc gia tng din tch rng giai oan 1990-2009 .......................................................126
Biu 7.3.
Din tch RNM ca nc qua cac nm ..............................................................................127
Biu 7.4.
Ty l phn b din tch RNM nm 2007 ............................................................................128
Biu 7.5.
phu RNM tnh trn vung t ngp mn nm 2007 .......................................................128
Biu 7.6.
Hin trang RNM phong h chn song ln bin .................................................................129
Biu 7.7.
Din bin tnh trang ran san h Vit Nam .........................................................................130
Biu 7.8.
Din tch tham co bin mt s nc giap bin ng nm 2008 ......................................130
XV
Biu 7.9.
S phn b tham co bin tai Vit Nam .............................................................................131
Biu 7.10. S lng cac loai thc vt c t chc CEPF u tin u t

trong chng trnh bao tn khu vc ng Dng ...........................................................133
Biu 7.11. S lng cac loai b e doa toan cu (rt nguy cp, nguy cp, sp nguy cp)
cua Vit Nam theo Danh sach o cua IUCN ...................................................................134
Biu 7.12. Phn mc DSH loai theo cp cn bao tn .................................................................134
Biu 7.13. Suy giam mt cua nhom ca co kch thc ln...............................................................135
Biu 7.14. Qua trnh phat trin h thng rng c dung cua Vit Nam ...............................................136

Biu 8.1.
Ty l mt s bnh lin quan n nhim mi trng lao ng

tai KCN Vit Tr, Phu Tho nm 2007 .................................................................................144
Biu 8.2.
Tnh hnh giam nh bnh bui phi silic trn toan quc giai oan 1991-2007 ....................144
Biu 8.3.
Bnh va triu chng bnh h hp cp tnh va man tnh

phng Tho Sn va Gia Cm (TP. Vit Tr, Phu Tho) ........................................................144
Biu 8.4.
Ty l bnh nhn lao c phat hin nm 2008 .................................................................145
Biu 8.5.
Ty l ngi dn mc bnh tiu hoa tai mt s tnh trong LVS Nhu-ay,

cac nm 2006 - 2009 (% mc bnh trn tng dn s) ......................................................147
Biu 8.6.
So sanh ty l mc bnh ly trc trung tai cac xa thuc tnh Ha Nam nm 2009 .....................147
Biu 8.7.
Ty l mc bnh cua cac lang ngh va cac lang khng lam ngh tai Ha Nam .......................147
Biu 8.8.
Ty l % triu chng bnh tt cua nhom nghin cu va nhom i chng ...............................148
Biu 8.9.
Thit hai kinh t do bnh tt cua phng Tho Sn (chu tac ng cua nhim cng nghip)
va Gia Cm (khng b nhim cng nghip) (Tp. Vit Tr , Phu Tho) ...................................150
Biu 8.10. Ganh nng bnh tt tai lang ngh Tng Xa va khu vc i chng Yn Phong ..................... 150
Biu 8.11. Chi ph lin quan n nc do v sinh mi trng kem ......................................................154

Biu 9.1.
Tng chi ngn sach nha nc cho s nghip mi trng cp Trung ng

giai oan 2007 - 2010 ...................................................................................................165
Biu 9.2.
Tng d toan chi s nghip mi trng a phng giai oan 2007 - 2010........................165
Biu 9.3.
Phn b kinh ph u t t GEF cho cac d an cp quc gia tai Vit Nam
t 2005 n ht 2009.....................................................................................................166
Biu 9.4.
Tnh hnh thc hin Quyt nh 64/2003/Q-TTg tnh n cui nm 2009.........................167
XVI
DANH MUC BANG

Bang 1.1.
Mt s ch tiu phat trin KT-XH giai oan 2006 - 2010 ra

trong Ngh quyt 56/2006/QH11 cua Quc hi va kt qua thc hin qua cac nm ....................3
Bang 1.2.
Ch tiu din tch t cy xanh cng cng cua mt s th nc ta va trn th gii ...................7
Bang 1.3.
Lng phn bon v c s dung Vit Nam qua cac nm ........................................................11
Bang 1.4.
Lng thuc tr su s dung Vit Nam qua cac giai oan .....................................................12
Bang 1.5.
Tnh hnh thuc BVTV c s dung cho san xut lua tai Vnh Long (2006 - 2009) ....................12
Bang 1.6.
San xut lm nghip nm 2009, 2010 ...................................................................................13
Bang 1.7.
San lng khai thac mt s loai tai nguyn quan trong nc ta

giai oan 2005 - 2009 .........................................................................................................14
Bang 1.8.
Trnh ky thut cac lang ngh ..........................................................................................16
Bang 1.9.
D bao san lng khai thac than va du kh giai oan 2006 - 2025 ........................................20
Bang 1.10. Mt s ch tiu mi trng ra trong cac ngh quyt cua Quc hi,
cua Chnh phu va kt qua thc hin nm 2009 ......................................................................24

Bang 2.1.
Nng kh nha knh trong kh quyn.................................................................................... 29
Bang 2.2.
c tnh ty l phat thai kh nha knh trn u ngi .................................................................29
CHNG 3. MI TRNG T
Bang 3.1.
Din tch t t nhin va t nng nghip trn u ngi trn th gii ......................................49
Bang 3.2.
Hin trang s dung t tnh n nm 2009 ............................................................................50
Bang 3.3.
Din tch cua cac nhom t nng nghip chnh .......................................................................51
Bang 3.4.
Khi lng cht c hoa hoc do qun i My s dung ............................................................56
Bang 3.5.
Phn b t dc va t b thoai hoa do xoi mon va ra tri cac vung ....................................57
Bang 3.6.
Lng nc thm va cht dinh dng b ra tri theo chiu su

phu din loai t nu o bazan trng ca ph c Lc ........................................................58
Bang 3.7.
Din tch va cp xoi mon t tnh Ha Giang .......................................................................59
XVII
CHNG 4. MI TRNG NC
Bang 4.1.
c tnh lu lng va thai lng cac cht nhim trong

nc thai sinh hoat th qua cac nm ...................................................................................69
Bang 4.2.
Tr lng nc di t theo cac vung va trong cac thanh tao cha nc .................................76
Bang 4.3.
Thng k s lng ging khoan ng knh nho trn toan quc................................................77
Bang 4.4.
Ham lng trung bnh cac thng s nhim nc di t .....................................................78
Bang 4.5.
c tnh lng thai nhim sinh hoat cua dn th cac tnh ven bin nm 2009 .....................79

Bang 5.1.
Ty l ong gop vao tng thai lng nhim khng kh

cua cac nganh cng nghip nm 2006 ..................................................................................93
CHNG 6. CHT THAI RN

Bang 6.1.
Lng cht thai phat sinh nm 2003 va nm 2008 ................................................................109
Bang 6.2.
Tng hp v khi lng CTR cng nghip phat sinh tai mt s tnh nm 2009 .........................111
Bang 6.3.
Khi lng cht thai y t cua mt s a phng nm 2009 ...................................................114
Bang 6.4.
Quy hoach khu x ly CTR cp vung cho cac vung KTT .........................................................121

Bang 7.1.
Din bin phu san h trung bnh tai cac khu vc giam sat vung ven bin.............................130
Bang 7.2.
c tnh s bin thin din tch tham co bin tai mt s vung t nm 2000 -2008 ...................131
Bang 7.3.
S phong phu v thanh phn loai sinh vt .............................................................................132
Bang 7.4.
S lng cac loai ban a va loai c hu cua Vit Nam ........................................................132
Bang 7.5.
Tnh a dang loai cua h sinh vt ran san h va tham co bin Vit Nam ..................................133
Bang 7.6.
Thng k cac vu bun ban lin quan n ng vt hoang da

t nm 2005 n 29/03/2010 ............................................................................................138

Bang 8.1.
Cac bnh co ty l ngi mc cao nht trong pham vi toan quc .............................................143
Bang 8.2.
Ty l ngi ln a tng mc cac bnh ng h hp ............................................................ 146
Bang 8.3.
Ty l tre em a tng mc bnh ng h hp .......................................................................146
Bang 8.4.
S ca mc cac bnh truyn nhim lin quan n nhim nc 2004 - 2008 ..........................146

Bang 9.1.
XVIII
Cac i tac trong hp tac quc t v mi trng ...................................................................177
DANH MUC KHUNG

Khung 1.1. C cu dn s va s lao ng trong tui .............................................................................4
Khung 1.2. Phat trin dn s tnh Thai Bnh ................................................................................................5
Khung 1.3. Tc th hoa ...................................................................................................................6
Khung 1.4. Phat trin ha tng ky thut cua Ha Ni va Tp. H Ch Minh .......................................................6
Khung 1.5. Ngp ung do ma ln ky luc tai Ha Ni trong nm 2008 va 2010 ............................................8
Khung 1.6. Ngp ung do ma va triu cng tai Tp. H Ch Minh ..............................................................8
Khung 1.7. Tc tng trng kinh t khu vc va Vit Nam .......................................................................9
Khung 1.8. Hi nhp kinh t quc t va cac ap lc i vi mi trng .......................................................10
Khung 1.9. Nng lng va tit giam nng lng ...................................................................................... 18
Khung 1.10. Phat trin GTVT cua Tp. H Ch Minh ....................................................................................22

Khung 2.1. S dch chuyn nhiu loai cy trn day Hoang Lin Sn ............................................................33
Khung 2.2. D bao anh hng cua BKH i vi Vit Nam ......................................................................34
Khung 2.3. BKH lam gia tng s lng ngi nhim bnh ......................................................................36
Khung 2.4. Anh hng cua cn bao Lekima nm 2007 n mi trng ..................................................... 40
Khung 2.5. Hin tng suy giam phu san h do thin tai ..................................................................... 41
Khung 2.6. Anh hng n h thng thng tin lin lac do thin tai ............................................................42
Khung 2.7. Cac tac ng n sinh vt do s c tran du trn bin ............................................................46
CHNG 3. MI TRNG T
Khung 3.1. Tc mt t trng lua cua mt s tnh thuc cac vung kinh t trong im .............................52
Khung 3.2. Cac nhom cht thai gy nhim mi trng t .....................................................................54
Khung 3.3. Ba im nong v dioxin min Nam Vit Nam .......................................................................56
Khung 3.4. Hoang mac hoa tai min Trung Vit Nam ................................................................................59
Khung 3.5. Mt s thng s anh gia nhim mn cua t ....................................................................60
Khung 3.6. Tnh hnh xm nhp mn tai cac tnh BSCL ............................................................................60
Khung 3.7. Cac loai t phen tnh Kin Giang ..........................................................................................61
CHNG 4. MI TRNG NC
XIX
Khung 4.1. Hin trang h thng x ly nc thai sinh hoat TP. H Ch Minh ..................................................69
Khung 4.2. Khai thac nc di t tai Ha Ni .........................................................................................76
Khung 4.3. TP. H Ch Minh: Nhiu h ang s dung nc nhim vi sinh ...................................................78
Khung 4.4. Cht lng nc ngm tai Ha Ni co du hiu nhim Asen nghim trong .................................79
CHNG 6. CHT THAI RN

Khung 6.1. Phat sinh CTR th nm 2010 tai Tp. H Ch Minh .............................................................110
Khung 6.2. D bao phat sinh CTR tai vung KTT vung BSCL .................................................................112
Khung 6.3. CTR t lang ngh ch bin lng thc va lang ngh tai ch ....................................................112
Khung 6.4. Nhp khu l hang c-quy kh va v mach cua mt s doanh nghip .....................................113
Khung 6.5. Cng tac thu gom, tp kt, trung chuyn CTR sinh hoat tai mt s a phng.........................115
Khung 6.6. Cac cng ngh x ly CTR .....................................................................................................116
Khung 6.7. Tnh hnh x ly CTR sinh hoat tai cac khu x ly CTR cua Tp. H Ch Minh .................................117
Khung 6.8. Hin trang mt s cng ngh x ly CTNH ph bin Vit Nam ..............................................117
Khung 6.9. Xa hi hoa cng tac thu gom va x ly CTR th ...................................................................118
Khung 6.10. Tnh hnh x ly cht thai y t tai mt s a phng ................................................................118

Khung 7.1. Rng t nhin - B hp thu va lu gi cacbon khng l ..........................................................126
Khung 7.2. Gia tr sinh thai va KT-XH cua RNM .......................................................................................127
Khung 7.3. Hiu qua cua RNM Thai Thuy, Thai Bnh ...........................................................................128
Khung 7.4. Gia tr kinh t cua cac ran san h ........................................................................................129
Khung 7.5. ng vt quy him nht trn th gii co mt tai Vit Nam.......................................................134
Khung 7.6. Mi phat hin xac mt con t giac Javan Vn quc gia Cat Tin nm 2010 ....................... 135
Khung 7.7. Cac nhom cy trng trong san xut nng nghip ..................................................................136
Khung 7.8. Mt s KBT a dang sinh hoc c quc t cng nhn ..........................................................137
Khung 7.9. Bao tn trang trai (On-Farm Conservation) tai Vit Nam ........................................................137
Khung 7.10. Chay rng va nhng anh hng ...........................................................................................139

Khung 8.1. Anh hng c dn sng gn mo than l thin tai Quang Ninh................................................145
Khung 8.2. Anh hng cua Asen n sc khoe tai 3 xa Hoa Hu, B , Vnh Tru tnh Ha Nam .................147
Khung 8.3. Cac im nong nhim Dioxin va tac ng n sc khoe ......................................................148
XX
Khung 8.4. Thit hai kinh t do nhim mi trng cua Cng ty Vedan....................................................151
Khung 8.5. nhim mi trng do nc thai cng nghip gy thit hai
ti nui ca be tai ng Nai ..................................................................................................151
Khung 8.6. Thit hai v thuy san do nhim trn sng Nhu ...................................................................152
Khung 8.7. nhim nc sng gy thit hai kinh t Phu Yn ................................................................152
Khung 8.8. nhim nc thai tai mt s lang ngh gy anh hng n san xut nng nghip ..................152
Khung 8.9. nhim kh thai t cac c s san xut nho gy anh hng n san xut nng nghip .................153
Khung 8.10. nhim mi trng gy anh hng ti du lch lang ngh Ha Ty trc y ...........................153
Khung 8.11. Thit hai kinh t do s c nhim mi trng cng nghip tai Bnh Dng .............................153
Khung 8.12. Mt s xung t do nhim mi trng tac ng n dn c ................................................155

Khung 9.1. Mt s bt cp trong Lut BVMT va cac vn ban hng dn thi hanh Lut BVMT ......................161
Khung 9.2. Mt s khai nim khng ro rang trong Lut BVMT va h qua...................................................162
Khung 9.3. Tnh hnh lp bao cao MC .................................................................................................168
Khung 9.4. Hoat ng thm nh va ph duyt bao cao TM tai mt s b, nganh va a phng
giai oan 2005-2009 ..........................................................................................................168
Khung 9.5. Thanh tra, kim tra hoat ng BVMT cua mt s a phng giai oan 2006-2009 .................170
XXI
DANH MUC CH VIT TT

ADB
Ngn hang Phat trin Chu A
ASEAN
Hip hi cac quc gia ng Nam A
ANMT
An ninh mi trng
BKH
Bin i kh hu
BTX
Benzen-Toluen-Xylen
BVMT
Bao v mi trng
BVTV
Bao v thc vt
CDM
C ch phat trin sach
CCN
Cum cng nghip
CNH-HH Cng nghip hoa, hin ai hoa

CTNH
Cht thai nguy hai
CTR
Cht thai rn
BSCL
ng bng sng Cu Long
BSH
ng bng sng Hng
DSH
a dang sinh hoc
MC
anh gia mi trng chin lc
NN
t ngp nc
TM
anh gia tac ng mi trng
EIU
C quan D bao Kinh t toan cu
FDI
u t trc tip nc ngoai
GDP
Tng san phm trong nc
GEF
Quy mi trng toan cu
GTVT
Giao thng vn tai
HND
Hi ng nhn dn
HST
H sinh thai
HTMT
Hin trang mi trng
XXII
IMO
T chc Hang hai th gii
IPCC
Uy ban Lin Chnh phu v Bin i kh hu
IUCN
T chc Bao tn thin nhin quc t
KBT
Khu Bao tn
KCN
Khu cng nghip
KCX
Khu ch xut
KH&CN
Khoa hoc va cng ngh
KH&T
K hoach va u t
KKT
Khu kinh t
KTT
Kinh t trong im
KT-XH
Kinh t - Xa hi
LVS
Lu vc sng
NN&PTNT Nng nghip va Phat trin nng thn

NXB
Nha xut ban
ODA
H tr phat trin chnh thc
PM1
Bui co ng knh kh ng hoc nho hn hoc bng 1 m
PM2,5
Bui co ng knh kh ng hoc nho hn hoc bng 2,5 m
PM10
Bui co ng knh kh ng hoc nho hn hoc bng 10 m
POPs
Cac cht nhim hu c kho phn huy
PTBV
Phat trin bn vng
QCVN
Quy chun Vit Nam
QPPL
Quy pham phap lut
QTMT
Quan trc mi trng
SXSH
San xut sach hn
RNM
Rng ngp mn
TCCP
Tiu chun cho phep
TCMT
Tng cuc Mi trng
TCTK
Tng cuc Thng k
TCVN
Tiu chun Vit Nam

XXIII
TB
Trung bnh
TNHH
Trach nhim hu han
TNN
Tai nguyn nc
TNTN
Tai nguyn thin nhin
TN&MT
Tai nguyn va Mi trng
Tp.
Thanh ph
TSP
Bui l lng tng s
TW
Trung ng
UBND
Uy ban nhn dn
VOCs
Cac hp cht hu c bay hi
VQG
Vn Quc gia
WB
Ngn hang Th gii
WCMC
Trung tm Quan trc Bao tn Th gii
WHO
T chc Y t th gii
WTO
T chc Thng mai Th gii
WWF
Quy quc t bao v thin nhin
XXIV
JOHN NIELSEN
ai s Vng quc an Mach tai Vit Nam
PHAM KHI NGUYN

B trng B Tai nguyn va Mi trng
XXV
TRCH YU
ao cao mi trng quc gia 2010 - Tng quan mi trng Vit Nam, phn tch tng th hin trang mi
trng va nhng nguyn nhn, tac ng tiu cc cua nhim mi trng trong giai oan 2006-2010;
anh gia nhng vn mi trng bc xuc trong nhng nm qua; ng thi lam ro thc trang va nhng
tn tai trong cng tac quan ly, t o xut cac giai phap bao v mi trng cho nhng nm ti.
Cung nh nhng nm trc, Bao cao c xy dng da trn m hnh D-P-S-I-R (ng lc - Ap lc Hin trang - Tac ng - ap ng). ng lc la gia tng dn s, phat trin cua cua cac nganh KT-XH, phat
trin th va nng thn Cac phat trin nay a lam tng khai thac, s dung tai nguyn thin nhin, gia
tng phat thai cac cht gy nhim mi trng khng kh, t, nc, lam thay i trong c cu s dung
t, lam bin i cht lng mi trng va co th gy ra cac rui ro va s c mi trng; cung vi cac tac
ng cua bin i kh hu va thin tai a gy ra Ap lc rt ln lam bin i hin trang mi trng. Hin
trang mi trng c anh gia thng qua cac thng s nh: TSP, PM10, NO2, CO, SO2 va ting n...
(i vi mi trng khng kh va ting n); pH, COD, BOD5, SS, tng N, tng P, Coliform, mau... (i
vi mi trng nc mt luc a); mn, pH va cac kim loai nng (i vi mi trng nc di
t); nhim cht hu c, kim loai nng, ham lng du (i vi mi trng nc bin); vn s
dung t, suy thoai va nhim t (i vi mi trng t); suy thoai rng, a dang sinh hoc trn can
va di nc (i vi a dang sinh hoc); lng phat sinh va ty l thu gom, x ly (i vi cht thai rn).
Tac ng cua nhim mi trng c phn tch qua ty l cng ng dn c mc cac bnh lin quan
n nhim mi trng, thit hai kinh t va cac vn xa hi nay sinh do nhim mi trng. ap ng
la cac giai phap tng hp nhm phong nga, giam thiu nhim, cai thin cht lng mi trng nh
cac chnh sach, phap lut, th ch co lin quan, cac hanh ng giam thiu, cac hoat ng v quan ly,
kim soat nhim mi trng, at c cac muc tiu v bao v mi trng.
anh gia mc nhim mi trng, Bao cao s dung cac quy chun ky thut v mi trng
di y:
-
QCVN 03:2008/BTNMT - Quy chun ky thut quc gia v gii han cho phep cua kim loai
nng trong t.
QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT - Quy chun ky thut quc gia v cht lng khng kh xung quanh.
QCVN 06:2009/BTNMT - Quy chun ky thut quc gia v mt s cht c hai trong khng
kh xung quanh.
QCVN 07:2009/BTNMT - Quy chun ky thut quc gia v ngng cht thai nguy hai.
QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT - Quy chun ky thut quc gia v cht lng nc mt.
QCVN 09:2008/BTNMT - Quy chun ky thut quc gia v cht lng nc ngm.
QCVN 10:2008/BTNMT - Quy chun ky thut quc gia v cht lng nc bin ven b.
QCVN 14:2008/BTNMT - Quy chun ky thut quc gia v nc thai sinh hoat.
QCVN 15:2008/BTNMT - Quy chun ky thut quc gia v d lng hoa cht bao v thc vt
trong t.
QCVN 19: 2009/BTNMT - Quy chun ky thut quc gia v kh thai cng nghip i vi bui va
cac cht v c.
XXVI
QCVN 20: 2009/BTNMT - Quy chun ky thut quc gia v kh thai cng nghip i vi mt
s cht hu c.
QCVN 24:2009/BTNMT - Quy chun ky thut quc gia v nc thai cng nghip.
QCVN 25: 2009/BTNMT Quy chun ky thut quc gia v nc thai cua bai chn lp cht
thai rn.
Bao cao gm 10 chng:

* Chng 1. Phat trin kinh t - xa hi va sc ep i vi mi trng
Dn s nc ta hin ng th 3 ng Nam A, ng th 14 trn th gii va la mt trong nhng quc gia
co mt dn s cao trn th gii. Sau 10 nm (1999-2009) dn s nc ta tng thm 10,3 triu ngi,
trong o 77% la tng khu vc th. S KCN trn ca nc (do Thu tng Chnh phu ra quyt nh thanh
lp) a tng t 131 khu nm 2005 ln n 249 khu nm 2009. Tng doanh thu cua cac doanh nghip trong
cac KCN nm 2009 at 12,2 ty USD va 67.900 nghn ty ng, xut khu 12,3 ty USD va 2.600 ty ng, np
ngn sach 689 triu USD va 4.000 ty ng. Giai oan 2006 - 2010, cac ch tiu v phat trin KT-XH a gn
at k hoach ra: tng trng GDP bnh qun 5 nm 2006 - 2010 at 7,08%/nm, GDP bnh qun u
ngi nm 2010 a at 1.168 USD, gp 1,6 ln so vi nm 2006; Ty trong nng - lm nghip va thuy san
trong GDP nm 2010 la 20,6%; cng nghip va xy dng la 41,1%, con dch vu la 38,3%,...
Hoat ng phat trin KT-XH a va ang gy sc ep khng nho i vi mi trng va tai nguyn, mt
s ch tiu v mi trng va PTBV ra con cha hoan thanh nh: ty l KCN, KCX ang hoat ng co h
thng x ly nc thai tp trung at tiu chun mi trng; ty l cac c s gy nhim mi trng nghim
trong c x ly trit ; ty l v che phu rng; ty l cac c s san xut mi xy dng phai ap dung cng
ngh sach hoc c trang b cac thit b giam nhim, x ly cht thai; ty l cac c s san xut, kinh doanh
at tiu chun v mi trng; ty l v thu gom va x ly CTR, cht thai cng nghip, nguy hai va cht thai y
t at tiu chun mi trng,...; mi trng khng kh, mi trng nc mt, mi trng t ngay cang b
nhim; cac h sinh thai t nhin, a dang sinh hoc,... cua nc ta ngay cang b suy thoai.
* Chng 2. Bin i kh hu, thin tai, s c mi trng va sc ep i vi mi trng
Cung vi gia tng phat thai cac kh nha knh, bin i kh hu ngay cang gia tng trn pham vi toan
cu va nc ta. Hin din BKH nc ta chu yu biu hin s thay i mt cach bt thng mt
s hin tng kh hu t nhin theo chiu hng bt li i vi mi trng, s phat trin kinh t - xa hi
va cui cung la i vi i sng con ngi... Vit Nam khng phai la nc co mc phat thai kh nha
knh cao, nhng lai la 1 trong nhng nc chu tac ng nng n nht cua BKH.
BKH cung vi cac hoat ng cua con ngi nh pha rng u ngun, gy nhim mi trng, a
lam gia tng mc nghim trong cua thin tai. Hang nm, ca nc phai chu thit hai do thin tai ln
n hang chuc ty ng, cha k n cac anh hng n con ngi nh ly lan bnh tt, suy giam tui
tho va tac ng manh n mi trng t nhin.
S c mi trng do con ngi gy ra, c bit la s c tran du, ang ngay cang gy anh hng
nghim trong n mi trng sinh thai. Do c im vung b bin Vit Nam co lu lng tau be qua
lai ln, nn rui ro tran du kha cao. T nm 2005 n nay, tran du a xay ra chu yu vung bin min
Trung va cac tnh pha Nam, lam anh hng khng nho n KT-XH va mi trng.
* Chng 3. Mi trng t
Ap lc i vi nhu cu khai thac, s dung t ngay cang tng do sc ep tng dn s va qua trnh
th hoa, cng nghip hoa t nc. Chuyn i muc ch s dung t din ra manh me khin cho din
XXVII
tch t san xut nng nghip va din tch cac tham thc vt b suy giam manh, bnh qun mi nm t
nng nghip b thu hi, chuyn sang muc ch s dung khac khoang 74.000 ha.
Nhiu vung t nc ta hin ang b suy thoai va nhim do xoi mon, ra tri, nhim mn, nhim
phen, hoang mac hoa, do thin tai, khai thac bt hp ly, s dung cac hoa cht bao v thc vt, phn
bon trong nng nghip, xa thai cac cht thai t hoat ng cua cac nganh san xut va sinh hoat cua cac
cng ng.
* Chng 4. Mi trng nc
Mi trng nc mt hin nay ang i mt vi tnh trang nhim cht hu c va suy thoai. Tnh
trang nay a va ang xay ra nhiu oan sng, tp trung vung trung lu va ha lu. Co mt s ni,
nhim a mc nghim trong, in hnh nh ha lu cac sng Cu, Nhu - ay, h thng sng ng
Nai va h thng h ao, knh mng va cac sng nho trong khu vc ni thanh, ni th.
Cht lng nc di t hin con tng i tt, ap ng yu cu s dung nc. Mt s ni ham
lng cac hp cht hu c, kim loai nng vt ngng quy chun cho phep nhng khng ang k.
Mi trng nc bin a co du hiu b nhim, c bit la nc bin ven b. nhim du trong
nc bin ven b tng nhanh va co xu hng tp trung cao hn tai doc ven bin min Trung va mt
phn cac tnh pha min Nam.
* Chng 5. Mi trng khng kh
Din bin cht lng mi trng khng kh trong nhng nm qua vn theo chiu hng tip tuc suy
giam. ang lu y nht la vn nhim bui tai cac th din ra ngay cang trm trong hn. Ham lng
cac kh SO2, NO2, CO va cac kh thai c hai khac a tng ln ti ngng quy chun cho phep, c
bit la tai cac th ln, cac tuyn ng giao thng chnh, cac khu vc tp trung nhiu c s san xut
cu va cac khu, cum cng nghip cu.
* Chng 6. Cht thai rn
Giai oan t nm 2003 n nm 2008, lng CTR phat sinh a tng vi ty l t 150 200%. Ty l
thu gom CTR tai cac th va KCN hin ch at khoang 70% (ty l nay la 80 - 82% khu vc ni th),
khu vc nng thn ty l nay khoang 40-55%. Phn ln CTR cha c phn loai tai ngun, ma thu gom
ln ln va vn chuyn n bai chn lp. Cng tac thu gom, x ly va quan ly CTNH vn cha ap ng
c yu cu. Nhiu dy chuyn x ly CTR a c xy dng, vn hanh; nhiu doanh nghip t nhn
tham gia vao hoat ng x ly CTR cng nghip va CTNH, nhng c s vt cht tiu huy, x ly cht
thai, nng lc x ly va hiu sut x ly cha at yu cu. Hoat ng tai ch, tai s dung cht thai con
tnh trang thp kem.
* Chng 7. a dang sinh hoc
Vi tai nguyn sinh vt phong phu, Vit Nam c cng nhn la nc co tnh DSH cao th 16 trn
th gii va la mt trong nhng quc gia c u tin cho bao tn toan cu (WCMC, 1992; 2003). S
a dang v a hnh, t ai, canh quan va kh hu cung vi s hi tu, giao lu cua cac lung sinh vt
di c la c s thun li tao nn tnh a dang cac h sinh thai, loai va ngun gen nc ta. Tuy nhin,
Vit Nam cung nm trong bi canh toan cu v s suy giam DSH. Theo anh gia cua T chc Bao tn
thin nhin quc t (IUCN), s loai b e doa khng ch gia tng v s lng ma con tng v mc e
doa. Hn na, tc suy thoai v h sinh thai, s lng loai, ngun gen khng co du hiu ngng lai.
Xut phat t nhiu nguyn nhn khac nhau, trong o, s phat trin KT-XH vi s thay i phng thc
s dung t a lam tn hai nhiu h sinh thai, cac sinh canh, ni cua nhiu loai sinh vt b suy giam,
chia ct. Bn canh o, cng tac quan ly DSH mc du a c quan tm nhng vn con nhiu bt cp.
XXVIII
* Chng 8. Tac ng cua nhim mi trng

Hu qua cua nhim mi trng la nhng tac ng tng hp ti sc khoe cng ng, san xut nng
nghip, gy ra nhng thit hai khng nho v kinh t va anh hng xu ti cac h sinh thai t nhin. Theo
anh gia cua Ngn hang th gii, Vit Nam co th phai chu tn tht do nhim mi trng ln ti
5,5% GDP mi nm. Theo kt qua nghin cu gn y cua Cuc Y t, B GTVT, c tnh thit hai kinh t
do nhim khng kh i vi dn ni thanh Ha Ni la 66,33 triu USD/nm, i vi dn ni thanh TP.
H Ch Minh la 70,96 USD/nm. Trong nhng nm qua, nhim mi trng t, nc, khng kh, cht
thai rn co xu hng gia tng, keo theo hu qua cua no la tac ng ti i sng va cac hoat ng
phat trin kinh t - xa hi ngay cang trm trong. nhim mi trng cung la nguyn nhn gy ra hang
loat nhng xung t v mi trng, trong o, in hnh la xung t li ch gia cac nhom trong cng
ng trong khai thac s dung tai nguyn va gia nhng nhom gy nhim va cng ng b nhim.
* Chng 9. Quan ly mi trng
Cng tac BVMT trong nhng nm qua a c quan tm th hin qua hang loat cac chu trng,
chnh sach, vn ban quy pham phap lut t cp trung ng n a phng a c ban hanh. H
thng b may t chc quan ly mi trng cp trung ng va a phng c kin toan hn. Trach
nhim cua cac c quan quan ly cung c tng cng hn.
Giai oan 2006-2010, cung vi s tng cng cac cng cu phap ly trong quan ly mi trng, cac
cng cu kinh t a c trin khai thc hin. o la cac hoat ng lp, thm nh bao cao MC, bao
cao TM, cac hoat ng thanh tra, kim tra, kim soat nhim, quan trc va thng tin mi trng, thu
ph mi trng, x phat kinh t va n bu thit hai mi trng,... Ngoai ra, vn u t, hp tac quc
t, nng cao nhn thc cng ng va xa hi hoa cng tac BVMT cung a c u t va nhn c s
quan tm thch ang.
Tuy nhin, bn canh o con rt nhiu bt cp va kho khn bt ngun ngay t s chng cheo trong
quan ly mi trng, cha ro rang, minh bach trong cac quy nh cua cac vn ban QPPL, dn n hang
loat cac vn phat sinh t h thng t chc, chc nng, nhim vu quan ly mi trng n vic trin
khai thc hin cac hoat ng quan ly va BVMT.
*
Chng 10. Cac vn mi trng bc xuc trong 5 nm qua va nh hng bao v mi trng
trong 5 nm ti
Trong 5 nm qua, mi trng Vit Nam a co nhng din bin phc tap, tp trung 5 vn bc
xuc chnh: nhim mi trng tip tuc gia tng; a dang sinh hoc suy giam nghim trong; An ninh mi
trng b e doa; Quan ly mi trng con nhiu bt cp; Vai tro cua cng ng cha c huy ng
ung mc.
T vic nhn thc, anh gia ung cac vn nu trn, nh hng trong tm cng tac BVMT trong
5 nm ti cn tp trung nhn lc, vt lc va tai lc khc phuc cac vn bc xuc nu trn, hng
ti muc tiu mi trng a ra trong Chin lc BVMT quc gia n nm 2010 va nh hng n
nm 2020.
Bn canh o, nhng giai phap cu th cung c xut, t vic hoan thin cac chnh sach, vn ban
quy pham phap lut, kin toan h thng t chc quan ly mi trng, cho n cac giai phap v cng cu
quan ly, nhm am bao thc hin c muc tiu t ra trn.
XXIX

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Báo cáo hiện trạng môi trường Quốc gia 2010

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BO TAI NGUYEN VA MOI TRNG

BAO CAO MOI TRNG QUOC GIA NAM 2010

DANH SACH NHNG NGI THAM GIA BIN SOAN

CHNG 1. PHAT TRIN KINH T - XA HI VA SC EP I VI MI TRNG

CHNG 2. BIN I KH HU, THIN TAI, S C MI TRNG

CHNG 5. MI TRNG KHNG KH

CHNG 6. CHT THAI RN

CHNG 7. A DANG SINH HOC

CHNG 8. TAC NG CUA NHIM MI TRNG

CHNG 9. QUAN LY MI TRNG

9.5.1. Hoat ng nghin cu khoa hoc va cng ngh ...................................................................174

CHNG 10. CAC VN MI TRNG BC XUC TRONG 5 NM QUA

DANH MUC HNH

DANH MUC BIU

Dn s va mt dn s cac vung kinh t nc ta nm 2009 ...........................................5

Tnh hnh san xut phn bon .............................................................................................11

Tnh hnh nhp khu phn bon .........................................................................................11

S lng gia suc va gia cm cua nc ta thi gian qua ......................................................13

CHNG 2. BIN I KH HU, THIN TAI, S C MI TRNG

Lng phat thai cac loai kh nha knh nm 2000 ................................................................ 31

Din bin mc nc bin tai tram hai vn Hon Dau ............................................................32

S cn bao b vao t lin Vit Nam giai oan 2005-2009 .......................................... 36

Lu quet gia tng lin tuc trong 4 thp ky gn y ...............................................................39

Ty l t phi nng nghip trn t nng nghip 2006 - 2009 ..............................................51

Chuyn i muc ch s dung i vi t trng lua trong ca nc

D lng hoa cht bao v thc vt trong t tai mt s khu vc Nam nh

Ty l s mu phn tch cac nm 2006 - 2008 co ham lng ng vt

Ham lng mt s kim loai nng trong t chu tac ng cua

Din bin lng t xoi mon Ty Nguyn qua cac nm ....................................................58

Biu 3.10. Mc xm nhp mn mt s loai t vung BSCL nm 2007 ........................................60

C cu tng lng nc t nc thai theo loai hnh xa thai

T l s dung nc cua mt s nganh ................................................................................ 69

Din bin ham lng BOD5 trung bnh tai mt s sng, h,

CHNG 5. MI TRNG KHNG KH

Ty l t, xe may theo s nm s dung tai Ha Ni nm 2009 .............................................92

Din bin nng bui PM10 trung bnh nm trong khng kh

Din bin nng bui TSP trong khng kh xung quanh mt s th

CHNG 6. CHT THAI RN

Lng CTR th phat sinh qua cac nm tai mt s a phng.........................................111

CTR cng nghip nm 2008 tai 6 vung kinh t .................................................................111

S c s kham cha bnh va s ging bnh cua nc ta .................................................113

Tnh hnh x ly cht thai y t cua h thng c s y t cac cp..............................................119

CHNG 7. A DANG SINH HOC

Tc gia tng din tch rng giai oan 1990-2009 .......................................................126

Din tch RNM ca nc qua cac nm ..............................................................................127

Ty l phn b din tch RNM nm 2007 ............................................................................128

phu RNM tnh trn vung t ngp mn nm 2007 .......................................................128

Hin trang RNM phong h chn song ln bin .................................................................129

Din bin tnh trang ran san h Vit Nam .........................................................................130

Din tch tham co bin mt s nc giap bin ng nm 2008 ......................................130

S phn b tham co bin tai Vit Nam .............................................................................131

Biu 7.10. S lng cac loai thc vt c t chc CEPF u tin u t

CHNG 8. TAC NG CUA NHIM MI TRNG

Ty l mt s bnh lin quan n nhim mi trng lao ng

Bnh va triu chng bnh h hp cp tnh va man tnh

Ty l bnh nhn lao c phat hin nm 2008 .................................................................145

Ty l ngi dn mc bnh tiu hoa tai mt s tnh trong LVS Nhu-ay,

Ty l % triu chng bnh tt cua nhom nghin cu va nhom i chng ...............................148

CHNG 9. QUAN LY MI TRNG

Tng chi ngn sach nha nc cho s nghip mi trng cp Trung ng

Tnh hnh thc hin Quyt nh 64/2003/Q-TTg tnh n cui nm 2009.........................167

DANH MUC BANG

Mt s ch tiu phat trin KT-XH giai oan 2006 - 2010 ra

Lng phn bon v c s dung Vit Nam qua cac nm ........................................................11