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Li ni u

Mt trong nhng mc tiu quan trng hng u m ng v Nh


nc t l tin trnh cng ngh ho , hin i ho t nc.
tin hnh cng ngh ho , hin i ho cc doanh nghip cn
phi tin hnh xy dng li cc nh my , c s sn xut, trang thit b
my mc a cng ngh hin i ho vo sn xut . Hn th na , vn
hnh tt cc nh my cn phi c mt i ng cng nhn k thut c trnh
chuyn mn cao.
L mt sinh vin sp tt nghip Khoa in ngnh T ng ho
trng i Hc Bch Khao H Ni , em hiu rng t ng ho nghip
cng nghip ng vai tr ht sc quan trng trong s pht trin ca ngnh
cng nghip Vit Nam. Trong t thc tp tt nghip ny em c thy
gio TS. V Minh Chnh hng dn em thit k n tt nghip vi
ti l : " Thit k b khi ng ng c khng ng b ba pha ".
bi bao gm 3 chng :
Chng I: Gii thiu v ng c khng ng b
Chng II: Gii thiu v tnh ton b bin i.
Chng III: Xy dng v thit k mch iu khin.
hon thnh tt c n, em c s gip rt nhiu ca
khoa in trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni v c bit l s gip
tn tnh ca thy gio TS. V Minh Chnh. Sau mi tun lm n em
hiu c cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca ng c khng ng b.
V qua em bit cch tnh ton v thit k b khi ng ng c
khng ng b . l nhng kinh nghim qu bu gip em vng tin hn
trong cng vic sau ny . Mc d ht sc c gng nhng ti ca em
vn cn nhiu thiu st , em rt mong c s ch bo ca cc thy .
Em xin chn thnh cm n!
Sinh vin
Chng I:
Gii thiu chung v ng c khng ng b
1
I- Gii thiu chung v ng c khng ng b .
1. Gii thiu chung :
ng c khng ng b l my in xoay chiu, c tc rto khc
tc stato . T trng quay c th l 1 pha , 2 pha hoc 3 pha, tu thuc
vo cu to dy qun stato l 1 pha, 2 pha hoc 3 pha. Theo cu to dy
qun rto , ng c khng ng b c chia lm 2 loi: Rto lng sc v
rto dy qun ng c khng ng b lng sc c cu to n gin, vn
hnh v bo qun d dng , tin cy cao , gi thnh r , nn c ng
dng rng ri trong thc t. ng c khng ng b rto dy qun c cu
to phc tp vn hnh v bo qun kh hn, tin cy km hn, gi thnh
cao hn nhng n c u im l c th a in tr ph ngoi vo
ci thin tnh nng m my v iu chnh . Tc do n khng c
s dng cho nhng ni no c cu dao v m my v iu chnh tc
m ng c lng sc khng p ng c.
Tuy nhin ng c khng ng b c nhc im l iu chnh tc
v khng ch cc qu trnh qu kh khn ring vi ng c rto
lng sc , cc ch tiu khng ng b.
2. Cu to
2.1. Phn tnh ( Stato)
Trn stato c v, li st v dy qun.
a/ V my:
V c tc dng c nh li st v dy qun, khng dng lm
mch dn t. Thn v my lm bng gang . i vi my c P tng i
ln ( 1000kw) thng dng tm kim loi lm thnh v.
b/ Li st.
2
Li st l phn dn t, v t thng i qua li st l t thng quay nn
gim tn hao, li st c lm bng li thp k thut in dy 0,5 mm
ghp li. Khi ng kinh ngoi li st nh hn 0,9mm . Th dng c tm
trn ghp li. Khi ng knh ngoi ln hn 0,9mm th phi dng cc tm
hnh r qut ghp li :
(hnh I.1).
Mi l thp k thut in u c ph sn cch in trn b mt
gim tn hao do dng in my gy nn.
Nu li st ngn th c th ghp thnh khi , nu li st di th ghp
thnh tng thp ngn , mi thp t 6 - 8 cm t cch nhau 1 cm thng
gi cho tt , mt trong ca l thp c s rnh t dy qun.
c/ Dy qun
Dy qun stato c t vo cc rnh ca li st v c cch in
tt vi li st.
3
2.2. Phn quay Rto.
C 2 b phn chnh: Li st v dy qun.
a/ Li st.
Li st dng l cc l thp k thut nh stato , li st c p trc
tip trn trc ng c hoc ln mt gi roto ca ng c pha ngoi ca l
thp c s rnh t dy qun.
b/ Dy qun to
Phn lm 2 loi chnh: Loi rto kiu dy qun v loi roto kiu
lng sc.
- Loi rto kiu dy qun: Roto c dy qun ging dy qun stato.
Trong ng c c trung bnh tr ln thng dng dy qun kiu sng 2
lp v bt c nhng dy u ni kt cu ca dy qun trn rto cht
ch. Trong my in c nh thng ng tm mt lp. Dy qun 3 pha
ca roto thng u hnh sao cn ba u kia c ni vo ba rnh trt
thng lm bng ng t c nh mt u trc v thng qua chi than
c th u vi mch da? Bn ngoi . c bit ca roto kiu dy qun l
c th thng qua chi than a in tr ph vo mch in roto ci
thin h s cng sut ca my khi my lm vic bnh thng. Dy qun
roto c ni ngn mch.
- Loi roto kiu lng sc , kt cu ca loi dy qun ny rt khc,
vi dy qun stato trong mi rnh ca li st roto t vo thanh dn bng
ng hay nhm di ra khi li st v c ni tt li hai u bng 2
vnh ngn mch bng ng hay nhm lm thnh mt ci lng gi l lng
sc.
Dy qun rto lng sc khng cch in vi li st . ci thin
tnh nng m my trong my cng sut ln. Rnh roto c th lm thnh
4
dng rnh su hoc lm thnh hai rnh lng sc kn trong my c cng
sut nh , rnh rto thng c lm cho i mt gc so vi tm trc.
2.3. Khe h.
V rto l mt khi trn nn khe h u . Khe h trong ng c khng
ngb rt nh ( t 0,2 1 mm ) . hn ch dng in t ho ly t li
ln v nh vy mi c th lmcho h s cng sut ca my cao hn.
II- Nguyn l lm vic ca ng c KB 3 pha.
Sau khi ni thng cun dy stato vi ngun in 3 pha , th s sn
sinh ra t trng quay.
Nu t trng quay theo chiu kim ng h th theo quya tc bn
tay phi dy dn ca roto pha cc N ct t trng , dng in cm ng
i theo chiu xuyn t mt giy ra. Dy dn ny chu tc dng ca lc
s lm cho roto quay theo chiu kim ng h . Tng t nh vy pha
cc S , roto chu tc dng ca lc cng quay theo chiu kim ng h . Cc
lc in t to thnh mt mmen in t i vi trc quay, do lm
cho rt quay theo chiu quay cu t trng quay.
Tc quay ca N
2
ca roto lun lun nh hn tc quay ca n
1
ca t trng quay ( tc quay ng b ). Nu tc quay ca roto t
n tc quay ng b th khng cn c s chuyn ng tng i gia
n v t trng na. Dy in ca rto s khng ct ng sc do sc
in ng cm ng , dng in v momen in t ca n u bng 0 . Do
ta thy roto lun quay theo t trng quay vi tc n
2
< n
1
.
5
N
S
n
1
F
n
Nguyn l lm vic ca ng c khng ng b.
Ta gi ng c khng ng b v tc quay n
2
ca roto khng
bng tc quay ng b ca trng quay ca roto .
Trong : n
1
- n
2
: L hiu s tc quay ca ng c KB.
T s gia hiu s tc quay vi tc quay ng b gi l
trt . K hiu l S :
1
2 1
n
n n
S

Khi ng c KB 3 pha trng thi ph ti nh mc th trt


ca n rt b ( 0,02 0,06).
Sau khi ni thng cun dy stato ca ng c KB vi ngun in
xoay chiu 3 pha , qua tc dng ca t trng quay s truyn in nng
cho rto . Hin tng ny ging nh t trng bin i xoay chiu
trong li st ca MBA truyn in nng t cun s cp cho s cp cho
cun th cp. Do khi dng in trong roto tng ln th dng in trong
stato cng tng ln.
Momen in t (M) ca ng c KB t l thun vi tch ca t
thng quay () v thnh phn tc dng ca dng in roto (I
2
cos
2
)
M = C
M
. I
2
cos
2
C
M
: L hng s momen ca ng c KB
i vi mt ng c ch to hon chnh th n l mt tr s xc
nh khng i, th tr s cng thc trn v c bn khng thay i
nn momen in t ca ng c KB tu thuc vo dng in I
2
ca roto
v h s cng sut cos
2
ca mch in roto.
- Khi n
1
- n
2
gim th I
2
gim.
6
Khi bt u khi ng ng c , roto cha quay , do hiu s tc
quay n
1
- n
2
= n
1
, lc ny dy dn ca roto ct t trng quay vi tc
ln nht . Khi roto bt u quay th tc tng i ca dy dn roto
ct t trng quay gim xung, n
1
- n
2
gim xung do I
2
gim .
- Khi n
1
- n
2
gim th cos
2
tng ln .
Mch in rto tng ng vi mt cun dy qun trn li st n
cng c cm khng, ln ca cm khng t l thun vi tn s ca dng
in trong roto . Cm khng cng nh th cos cng ln . Tn s ca dng
in trong roto gim khi n
1
- n
2
gim -> cos tng.
Ta thy quan h gia momen in t v trt kh phc tp ,
l mt ng cong quan trng biu th c tnh vn hnh ca ng c
KB cho ta thy trt khi momen in t thay i.
- M
max
: Momen cc i
- M
x
: Momen khi ng
- M
m
: Momen nh mc
- S
th
: trt ti hn.
ng cong momen ca ng c KB
7
M
S
th
S =
1
M
m
M
max
M
kdd
S
Sau khi u ng c vi ngun in thi im bt u khi ng
S = 1 , lc ny I
2
ln nht, cos nh nht gi l momen khi ng. Nu
M
k
ln hn momen cn trn trc ca ng c th roto s quay v tng
dn tc , momen in t ca ng c cng tng dn theo on ng
cong BA ln ti im A, sau khi t n momen cc i M
max
li gim dn
theo on ng cong AO .
Khi M = M
cn
th ng c s quay theo mt tc khng i v vn
hnh n nh theo on ng cong OA.
Khi ng c lm vic n nh OA , nu tng momen cn ( tng
ph ti) th tc quay ca ng c gim xung ( S tng ln ) lm cho
momen in t tng ln . Do to nn s cn bng mi vi momen cn,
nu ph ti tng ln n mc lm cho momen cn vt qu momen cc
i.
Nu ph ti tng ln n mc lm cho momen cn vt qua momen
cc i , th tc quay ca ng c s gim xung nhanh chng cho n
khi dng li. Do phm vi lm vic n nh ca ng c ch hn ch
trong on ng cong OA.
Khi ng c lm vic lin tc v lu di, trn trc ng c truyn ra
mt momen nh mc. Momen nh mc ca ng c phi nh hn
momen cc i. Nu khi thit k cho momen nh mc gn bng momen
cc i , th khi hi qu ti mt t ng c s dng li ngay. Do ng
c phi c mt kh nng qu ti nht nh , kh nng qu ti l t s gia
momen cc i v momen nh mc k hiu

3 8 , 1
max

dm
M
M

Trn y ta xt khi in p ca ngun in khng thayi, nu in


p thay i th t cng thc :
8
M= C
M
. .I
2
.cos
2

Ta thy: V v I
2
u thay i theo in p U nn M bin i
theo U
2
. Nh vy in p c nh hng kh ln i vi momen in t
ca ng c KB.
in p thp th dng in trong stato tng ln c th lm chy ng
c , do cc ng c c ln u c thit b bo v in p thp ( hoc
km in p ).
III- c tnh c bn ca ng c khng ng b.
* Phng trnh c tnh c .
thnh lp phng trnh c tnh c ca ng c khng ng b
ta da vo thay th vi cc gi thit sau:
- 3 pha ca ng c l i xng.
- Cc thng s ca ng c khng ng b khng i.
- Tng dn mch t ho khng thay i, dng in t ho khng
ph thuc ti m ch ph thuc vo in p t vo stato ng c.
- B qua cc tn tht ma st, tn tht trong li thp.
- in p li hon ton sin i sng ba pha
Ta c s thay th.
U
1f
1
I
X1
T
1
I'
X
R

1 R X'
2
R'
2
S

Trong :
U
1f
: in p pha t vo stato
9
I

, I
1
,I'
2
: Cc dng in t ho, stato v dng in roto qui i v
stato
X

,X
1
,X
2
: in khng mch t ho , in khng tn stato v in
khng tn roto qui i v stato.
R

,R
1
,R
2
: Cc in tr tc dng ca mch t ho ca cun dy stato
v roto qui i v stato.
S: trt ca ng c, c trng cho tc quay ng c KB
vi t trng quay.
p
f
W
p
f
n
n
n n
W
W W
S
2
;
60
0 0
0
0
0
0

W
0
: Tc t trng quay.

: Tc gc ca ngc
f: Tn s in p ngun t vo stato
p: S i cc t ng c.
Da vo s thay th ta tnh c dng in stato
( )
( )
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

+ +
,
_

+
+
+

1
1
1
1
1
]
1

+ +
,
_

+
+
+

2
2 1
2
2
1
2 2
1
2
2 1
2
2
1
2 2
1 1
'
'
1 1
'
'
1 1
X X
S
R
R
X R
U
X X
S
R
R
X R
U I
f
f


(1-11) phng trnh c tnh dng in stato
- Khi

0
-> S = 0
Dng khng ti
10
I
1
=
10
2 2
1
I
X R
U
f

+


- Khi

= 0 -> S = 1
-> I
1
=
( )
2 2
2 1
2 2
1
'
1
nm
f
X R R X R
U
+ +
+
+

Gi l I
1
ngn mch.
-> I'
2
=
( )
nm
nm
f
I
X R R
U
2
2 2
2 1
1
'
'
1
.
+ +
S

0
I'
2nm 1nm
I'
1'
I I'
1
(Hnh 1.5)
Cng sut in t chuyn t stato sang roto
P
12
= M
t
.

0
M
t
: Momen in t ca ng c
Nu b qua cc tn tht ph th M
t
= M


= M
Cng sut c chia thnh 2 phn
P
c
: Cng sut a ra trn trc ng c
P
2
: Cng sut tn hao ng trong roto
P
12
= P
c
+P
2
-> M

0
= M

+P
2
-> P
2
= M.(

0
-

) = M

0
.S
Mt khc : P
2
= 2
2
2
' . ' . 3 R I
11
Nn: M =
S W
R I
.
' . ' . 3
0
2
2
2
Thay I'
2
tnh c trn vo ta c:
S X
S
R
R W
R U
M
nm o
f
.
'
' . 3
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
]
1

+
,
_

Biu thc trn l phng trnh c tnh c ca ng c KB


Kho st : bng cch gii
0
s
M
d
d
ta xc nh c cc im cc tr.
Tr s ca M v S ti im cc tr k hiu l M
th
v S
th
2 2
1
2
'
.
nm
th
X R
R
I S
+

Thay vo phng trnh c tnh ta c.


( )
2 2
1 1
2
1
. 2
. 3
nm o
f
th
X R R W
U
M
+ t
t
Du (+) ng vi ch ng c
Du (-) ng vi ch my pht
thF
M
0
S
thF
M
th
thF
S
S
M

Hnh 1.6: th c tnh c ca ng c KB


Khi nghin cu h truyn ng vi ng c KB. Ngi ta quan
tm n trng thi lm vic ca ng c nn ng c tnh c thng
biu din khong tc 0 S S
th
12

S
M

0
S
th
0
M
TN (R =0)
f
f
R =0
m
M M
th
Hnh 1.7
c tnh c bn ca ng c KB

= f (M) trong ch ng c
n gin phng trnh c tnh c:
th
th
th
th t
S a
S
S
S
S
S a M
M
.
. 1 ( . 2
+ +
+

Trong :
2
1
' R
R
a
i vi cc ng c cng sut ln thng R
1
rt nh so vi X
nm
lc
ny c th b qua R
1
, coi R
1
= 0 ; a.S
th
= 0 ta c.
S
S
S
S
M
M
th
th
th
+

. 2
Trong :
nm
f
th
nm
th
X W
U
M
X
R
S
. . 2
. 3
'
1
2
1
2
t
t
IV - Cc phng php m my ca ng c KB
iu kin m my l: M
m
>M
co
( momen cn ban u trn trc my)
13
Khi m my thng I
m
( 5 - 7 ) I
m
. V vy nu cng mt lc c
nhiu ng c m my th dng in tng t li in quc gia vo x
nghip s ln -> M
mc
gim. Thi gian m my t
m
ln -> aptomat tng b
tc ng -> mt in ton x nghip -> ta phi tm cch gim dng m
my.
Tu theo tnh cht ca ti v tnh hnh ca li in yu cu v m
my i vi ng c in cng khc nhau. Ni chung khi m my ng
c cn xt n yu cu c bn sau:
- Phi c momen m my ln thch ng vi c tnh c
ca ti
- Dng in m my cng nh cng tt.
- Phng php m my v thit b cn dng n gin, r tin,
chc chn.
- Tn hao cng sut qu trnh m my cng thp cng tt.
1. M my ng c KB roto lng sc.
1.1. M my trc tip.
ng trc tip ng c vo li in nh cu dao. y l phng
php m my n gin nht nhng lc m my trc tip, dng in m
my ln, thi gian m my qu ti th c th lm cho my nng v nh
hng n in p li.
Nu ngun in tng i ln th nn dng phng php m my
ny v m my nhanh, n gin. Phng php ny ch dng trong nhng
ng c c cng sut nh hoc cng sut ng c v cng nh so vi
cng sut li in.
14
Hnh 1.8
1.2. M my bng phng php h in p.
a/ Ni in khng ni tip vo mch in stato.
L
U
D
2
D
1
Hnh 1.9: H p m my bng in khng.
15
Khi m my trong mch in stato t ni tip mt in khng ta
hon tt vic m my bng cch ng cu dao D
2
th in khng trn s b
ngn mch. C th iu chnh tr s m in khng c c dng in
m my cn thit. Do c st p trn in khng nn in p t vo ng
c U
t
s gim i v nh hn in p li U
L
.
Gi s :
ck
dc
k
U
U
1

( k
ck
>1)
Gi dng in m my v mmen m my trc tip l I
m
v M
m sau khi
thm
in khng vo , dng in m my cn li I
m
I
m
=
ck
m
dc ck dc
dc
k
I
Z K
U
Z
U

.
1
V mmen m my t l vi bnh phng ca in p nn :
2
ck
m
mck
k
M
M
16
b/Dng in p t ngu h in p m my.
U
L
1
D
2
D
T
D
3
Hnh 1.10: H p m my bng bin p t ngu
Trong s : T l bin p t ngu,bn cao p ni vi li in , bn
h p ni vi ng c. Sau khi m my xong th ta ct T ra bng cch
ng cu dao D
2
v m D
3
.
My bin p t ngu ni Y - Y c im trung bnh tnh ni t.
Trong my bin p th BA
k
I
I
U
U
'
2
1
2
1

Mt khc da vo s ta thy:
U
1
= U
e
; U
2
= U
c
; I
ml
= I
1
; I
mc
= I
2
.
-> U
c
=
ba
k
U
1
( Ging phng php cun khng )
I
mc
=
ba
m
k
I
I
ml
=
2
2
' '
ba
m
ba
mdc
ba
k
I
k
I
k
I

17
-> M
mba
=
2
ba
m
k
M
Phng php ny thy dng in m my ly t li vo nh hn
rt nhiu so vi phng php m my trn. Mt khc khi ly t li vo 1
dng in m my bng dng in m my ca phng php trn th
phng php ny c mmen m my ln hn . y chnh l u im ca
phng php dng bin p t ngu h bin p m my.
c/ M my bng phng php Y -
Phng php ny thch ng vi nhng my khi lm vic bnh
thng u tam gic. Lc m my chuyn sang u Y. Nh vy in p i
vo 2 u mi pha ch cn
3
1
U
.
Khi m my ng cu dao D
1
cn cu dao D
2
th ng xung di
im m my du Y khi my chy ri th ng cu dao D
2
v pha trn
my u tam gic
Theo phng php ny ta c : Khi u
I
m
= I
m
=
dc
d
dc
m
Z
U
Z
U
I 3 . 3 3
1

Khi u Y :
3
3
1
3
1
m
mY
m mY
m
my
M
M
I I
I
I


( V in p t ln dy qun gim 3 ln ).
18
3. M my ng c khng ng b roto dy qun.
M my bng cch a in tr ph vo roto
3K
2K
1K
R
f1
f2
R
f3
R
S
W
A
a
c
e
e
g
b
d
f
W
0
0
M
c 2
M M
1
Hnh 1.11
Phng php ny ch dng vi nhng ng c roto dy qun v c
im ca loi ng c ny l c th thm in tr vo cun dy roto . Khi
in tr roto thay i th M = f(S) cng thay i. Ta iu chnh in tr
mch in roto thch hp th s c trng thi m my l tng.
Khi c in tr ph R
f
th ta c:
( ) ( )
2
2 1
2
2 1
' ' ' X X R R R
U
I
f
mrf
+ + + +

( ) ( ) [ ]
2
2 1
2
2 1 1
2
2
' ' ' . 2
) ' ( . . 3
X X R R R f
R R U p
M
f
f
mrf
+ + + +
+

Nh vy khi c in tr ph th I
mRf
gim v M
mRf
ln .
Sau khi my quay gi mt mmen in t nht nh trong qu
trnh m my ta ct dn in tr ph.
19
Khi ta ct dn cc in tr ph th s lm thay i tc ng c t
ng M = f(S) ny sang M = f(S) khc . Sau khi ct ht in tr ph th
tc t n im lm vic sau 3 cp in tr khi ng
Nh vy dng ng c khng ng b roto dy qun c th t
c momen m my ln, dng in m my nh nn ta thng dng
nhng ni no m my kh khn , yu cu m my cao. Cu to phc
tp , bo qun kh khn, gi thnh cao... l nhc im ca ng c
khng ng b roto dy qun .
V. Xy dng mch lc
* S mch lc
C
RN RN
K
A B C
AP
1 2
K
3
K
20
* Nguyn l hot ng
Khi ng Aptomat vo, ngun in qua b bin i a n khi
ng ng c. B khi ng bao gm 6 Thyristor mc song song ngc
c mch RC bo v hin tng qu in p trn Thyristor. Nh b bin
i ny ta h thp c in p trc khi a n khi ng ng c.
Khi ng c chy, mun ct b bin i ra khi h thng
khi ng ta n vo nt M. Khi K c in v ko cc tip im K ng
li ct b bin i ra khi ng c.
4 - nh gi nhn xt v la chn .
Trc khi khi ng ng c khng ng b 3 pha nu ngt mch
in 1 pha ca stato th ng c cng khng khi ng c . Nhng
trong qu trnh vn hnh , nu dy chy ca mt pha no b t th
ng c vn tip tc quay th mmen cn trn trc ng c cha thay i ,
nh vy dng in trong mch in ca hai pha cn li s tng ln t
ngt dn n hu qu l ng c b nng ln qu mc v b hng, do
cn phi c bit . Ch khi vn hnh ng c khng ng b 3 pha c
hin tng b t cu ch ca mt pha no khng .
Sau khi khi ng nu ct mch in cun dy khi ng th ng
c vn c th tip tc quay , iu chng t rng cun dy khi ng
khng c tc dng na . Do trong ng c khng ng b 1 pha ngi
ta thng lp 1 cng tc ly tm , sau khi quay n s t ng ct mch
in ca cun dy khi ng .
Nhn xt:
Ngi ta s dng ng c khng ng b trong truyn ng v
cng c th iu khin n c c mi yu cu mong mun nh tc
khng i, momen khng i hay hm ng c.
21
S lm mt ng c thng tu thuc vo dng xoy khng kh
trong khe, do qut lp trn trc ng c to nn . Khi ng c quay vi
tc nh hn nh mc th hiu qu lm mt ln hn -> phi gim
momen hay dng thng gi cng bc nh thit b bn ngoi to nn.
Vic gim cc tn hao ca truyn ng lm tng hiu xut chung v
tit kim nng lng.
* La chn phng php khi ng
T cc phng php khi ng trn ta thy phng n 4 l phng
n thch hp nht . Trc ht ta i phn tch tng phng n thy c
u nhc im cng nh phm vi ng dng ca n.
* Cng dng ca ng c khng ng b .
Do kt cu n gin , lm vic chc chn , hiu xut cao , gi thnh
h nn ng c khng ng b l mt trong nhng loi ng c in c
dng rng ri nht trong cc ngnh kinh t quc dn vi cng sut vi
chc n vi nghn kw . Trong ngnh cng nghip thng dng ng c
khng ng b lm ngun lc cho my cn thp loi va v nh , ng
lc cho cc my cng c cc nh my cng nghip nh... trong hm m
dng lm my ti hay nh gi. Trong nng nghip dng lm my bm
hay my ch bin nng sn phm. Trong i sng hng ngy, my in
khng dng b cng dn chim mt v tr quan trng: Qut gi , my quay
a ... Tm li theo s pht trin ca nn sn xut in kh ho va , t
ng ho v sinh hot hng ngy ... Phm v ng dng ca my in
khng ng b ngy cng rng ri.
Tuy nhin ng c khng ng b cng c nhng nhc im nh :
Cng sut ca ng c khng cao lm v c tnh iu chnh tc khng
tt nn vic s dng ng c khng ng b c phn b hn ch .
22
- Phng php khi ng trc tip.
u im: Phg php ny n gin chi vic ng trc tip ng c
vo li in .
Song n ch ph hp vi nhng ng c c cng sut nh hn 50kw
. Cn vi yu cu , ng c my bm c P = 250 kw , ta khng s dng
c phng php ny .
- Phng php dng cun khng mc ni tip vo.
Phng php ny cng d thc hin , ch vic ng AP
1
v sau thi
gian khi ng AP
2
t ng li .
Tuy nhin phng php ny thng xut hin tia la in gy nguy
him cho ngi vn hnh . Thm vo phng php ny khi ng theo
cp in p -> rt tn , thit b cng knh , gi thnh cao => khng s
dng
- Phng php Y -
i vi phng php ny ch thch hp vi loi ng c ng b l
loi ng c c cp i ni Y - l 380/600 => ng c bm l 380/220
-> khng thch hp.
- Phng php dng Thyristor.
T vic phn tch trn ta thy phng php ny l ti u nht, dng
phng php ny va h c in p ( dng iu p xoay chiu song
song ngc ) thm vo khi ng m , khng pht sinh tia la in , c
th huy ng cng sut nh , iu khin c cng sut ln, vn hnh n
gin, an ton v tin cy cao.
23
Chng II
Cc b bin i xung p
Cc b bin i xung p c chc nng bin i mc in p .
Nguyn l bin i xung p l dng mt phn t kho ni ti vo ngun
trong mt thi gian nht nh t
x
trong khong t 0 - T ta thay i c gi
tr trung bnh ca in p gia ti trong chu k T .
Nguyn l bin i in p ny c u im c bn l:
C th thay i gi tr in p trong mt phm vi rng m hiu sut
ca b bin i rt cao v tn tht trong b bin i ch yu l trn pn t
ng ct rt nh.
Cc b bin i xung p xoay chiu.
Cc b bin i xung p xoay chiu , dng iu chnh gi tr in
p xoay chiu vi hiu sut cao. Xung p xoay chiu ch yu s dng cc
Thyristor mc song song ngc hoc Triac thay i gi tr in p
trong na chu k ca in p li theo gc m -> T thay i c
gi tr hiu dng ca in p ra ti .
* Cc s van .
Xung p xoay chiu s dng cc s van c bn nh sau. Cc s
ny l tng ng nhau trong chc nng iu chnh in p xoay
chiu
G
a/ Thyristor u song song ngc b/ Cu Diot c/Triac
24
Ta nhn thy trong 3 s trn th s a c s dng nhiu nht v :
Nh ta bit van bn dn ph hp nht cho bin i xung p xoay
chiu l Triac v y l loi duy nht cho dng xoay chiu i qua n . Tuy
nhin ngi ta thng dng Thyristor u song song ngc thay cho
Triac, lc ny mi Thyristor theo mt chiu nht nh nn tng li dng
qua cm Thyristor l xoay chiu . Thm vo vic m cho kho
Thyristor d hn Triac.
Cn i vi s b, nu thay Thyrystor bng mt trazitor th c th
thc hin c iu chnh in p bng phng php iu ch rng
xung mo na chu k in p li. Tuy nhin tn hao cng sut trong
s ny cao hn cc s a, c.
I. Xung p xoay chiu 1 pha
1. Trng hp ti thun tr
a. S nguyn l
U
T
1
T
R
(2T)
i
c
U
2
i
T
2
U
T
~U
i
1
25
b. Dng in p
2
i
U
c

t
U
i
U
0
0
0

2
2U
2
2
y
i
1
i
c. Cng thc tnh ton
* Gi tr hiu dng ca in p trn ti

d U U
C
2
) sin 2 (
1
=


2
2 sin ) ( 2 +
U
* Gi tr hiu dng ca dng ti
R
U
R
U
I
C
C


2
2 sin ) ( 2 +
26
* Cng sut tc dng cung cp cho mch ti.
P = U
c
.I
c
=
( )


2 .
2 sin 2 2 .
2
R
U +
* Gi tr trung bnh dng qua Thyristor
- Dng in qua Thyristor ch tn ti trong mt na chu k -> nn
tr s hiu dng dng qua Thyristor l :
I
T
=


2
2 sin ) ( 2
2 2
+

R
U I
c
- Tr s trung bnh dng qua Thyristor
* Dng qua Thyristor trong mt chu k c dng : Vi 0 <
< t .
c i
T
= t
R
U
sin
. 2
Vi :
< < t .
-> i
T
= 0
-> I
tb
=
T
I

2
* in p ti a t trn van : U
Tmax
= U
max
= U 2
d/ Nguyn l lm vic ca mch xung p xoay chiu mt pha vi
ti thun tr.
- Khi T
1
m th mt phn ca na chu k dng , in p ngun t
ln mch ti , khi T
2
m th mt phn ca na chu k m in p ngun
t ln mch ti.
Gc m c tnh t thi im i qua gi tr 0 ca in p ngun ( V)
Khi dng in ti : i
t
= sin
2

U
vi <

<

Dng in ti khng c dng ca mt hnh sin . Theo khai trin


Fourier n gm thnh phn c bn v cc sng hi bc cao
Thnh phn sng c bn ca dng in ti i lch chm sau in p
ngun (V) mt gc .
27
=> Ngay c trong trng hp ti thun tr li in xoay chiu vn
phi cung cp mt lng cng sut phn khng.
T cng thc tnh P ta thy : Bng cch lm bin i gc t 0
ta c th iu chnh c cng sut tc dng cung cp cho mch ti t gi
tr cc i:
P
max
= 0
2

R
U
2.Trng hp ti thun cm
a/ S nguyn l :
~U
T
U
2
T
i
2
U
c
T
1
T
U
1
i
t
Z
b/ Dng in p
28
2
2

0
0
0
U
i
U
t

c
U

i
1
i
2
2
i

i
2

+
c/ Cng thc tnh ton
* Gi tr hiu dng ca dng in ti.



2
2
2
2
) cos (cos
1
.
2
.
1
d
L
U
d i I
c
->

2 sin 3 ) 2 cos 2 )( ( 2
.
+ +

L
U
I
c
* Gi tr hiu dng ca in p trn ti
->

2 sin 3 ) 2 cos 2 )( ( 2 + +
U U
c
* Cng sut mch ti tiu th ( cng sut phn khng )
P = U
c
. I
c
=
( )


.
2 sin 3 ) 2 cos 2 )( ( 2
2
L
U + +
d/ Nguyn l lm vic ca XAAC 1 pha vi ti thun cm.
Khi = cho xung m T
1
, dng in ti tng dn ln v t gi tr
cc i sau gim xung v t gi tr 0 khi = .
Khi Thyristor T
1
m , ta c phng trnh.
29
0
cos
.
2
sin . . 2
I
L
U
i
t U
dt
di
L
+

Hng s tch phn I


0
c xc nh theo s kin : Khi = th i =
0 . Cui cng ta nhn c biu thc ca dng in ti.
) cos (cos
2


L
U
i
Gc c xc nh bng cch thay = khi i = 0 -> =
2
Khi = + cho xung m T
2
s lm vic nghim chnh khi ti thun cm phi tho mn
iu kin :
+ -> Do gc phi nm trong gii hn :


2
Dng in ti l dng gin on do dng i
1
, i
2
to nn . Khai trin
Fourier ca n bao gm thnh phn sng c bn ( i) v cc thnh phn
sng hi bc cao
Thnh phn sng c bn lch chm sau in p ngun (V) mt gc
l
2

c lp vi gc m

3. Trng hp ti (R+L)
a. S nguyn l
Z
t
i
1
U
T
1
T
c
U
2
i
T
2
U
T
~U
R
t
b. Dng in p :
30
U

c
2
T U
Ui
0
0
0

2
i
i
1
c. Cng thc tnh ton :
* Gi tr hiu dng ca in p nhn c trn ti :
U
c
= U .

2
2 sin ) ( 2 sin +

* Gi tr hiu dng ca dng in ti :

2
2 sin ) ( 2 sin
.
) (
2 2
+

+

L R
U
Z
U
I
c
c
* Cng sut tc dng cung cp cho mch
1
]
1

2
2 sin ) ( 2 sin
.
) (
.
2 2
2
L R
U
I U P
c c
Phm vi iu chnh gc iu khin
Vi ti tr khng , in p ra ti thay i t 0 n bng in p
ngun th phm vi iu chnh gc iu khin : < < 180
0
31
Trong :
R
L
arctg
R
Z
arctg
L
.

d/ Nguyn l lm vic ca AXC mt pha vi ti tr cm.
Khi Thyristor T
1
m ra ta c phng trnh.

.
2 2
. ) sin( .
) (
2
sin 2
L
R
e A
L R
U
i
t Ri
dt
di
L

+
+

+
Hng s tch phn A c xc nh theo s kin:
Khi = th i = 0
-> Biu thc ca dng i c dng
1
1
]
1

tg
e
L R
U
i ). sin( ) sin( .
) . (
2
2 2
Biu thc trn ng trong khong t ( - ) =
Gc c xc nh bng cch thay = v t i=o
Sin ( - ) - sin ( -)


tg
e

= 0
Vi
R
L
R
Z
tg
L


II- Xung p xoay chiu 3 pha
Qu trnh hot ng ca XAAC 3 pha phc tp hn nhiu so vi 1
pha v cc pha nh hng mnh sang nhau v cn tu thuc vo nhiu
yu t : s u van, gc iu kin c th , tnh cht ti .
Thng thng ,khi phn tch s hot ng ca s ta phi xc
nh lc no c 3 pha cng dn , lc no ch c 2 pha dn cng nh
khong dn ca cc van .
Nu mi pha ch c mt van dn th ton b in p 3 pha ngun
u ni ti
Nu ch 2 pha c van dn th mt pha ngun b ct khi ti -> do
in p a ra ti l in p dy no ang c van dn
32
Khng c trng hp ch c mt pha dn dng
Ta lu rng trong h thng in p 3 pha, dng c th chy qua c
3 pha hoc ch qua 2 pha
Khi dng chy qua c 3 pha th in p trn mi pha ng bng in
p pha
Khi dng chy qua c 2 pha th in p trn pha tng ng bng
2
1

in p dy
Sau y ta phn tch s hot ng ca s qua cc trng hp
sau :
Vi 0
0
60 : Ch c cc giai on 3 van v 2 van cng dn
Vi 60
0 0
90 : Ch c cc giai on 2 van cng dn
Vi 90
0 0
150 : Ch c cc giai on 2 van dn hoc khng c
van no dn c
1. S u Y c trung tnh
33

2. S ti u Y khng trung tnh
3. S ti u
34


Quy lut chung: mi thi im trong mt pha ch c th c mt
van dn -> trong mch s lng van ng thi dn ln nht l 3 van .
Trn hnh v ch trnh by dng in p ti u sao c trung tnh , ti
u khng c trung tnh v ti u sao.
35
iii. Dng in p
1. = 0 - 60
0
.
Trong phm vi gc ny s c cc giai on 3 van v 2 van dn xen
k nhau
a
U
T
1
2
T
3
T
4
T
5
T
6
T
a
b
c
a

36
* Cng thc tnh ton
* Gi tr hiu dng ca in p pha ti.
U
an
=
1
]
1

,
_


2
2 sin
4
3
2
.
1
. 2

U
* Cng sut P:
=
1
1
1
]
1

+ + + +

+
+ +

2
2
2 2
2
2 3 3
2
3
2 2
2
2 2 2
3
sin
4
sin
3
sin
4
sin
3
sin
.
3
d d d d d
R
U
dm
-> P =
,
_

+
8
2 sin
4 6 .
. 3
2

R
U
dm
Nguyn l hot ng ca s XAXC 3 pha
Dng 6 Thyristor u song song ngc u vi ti thun tr, ti u
theo hnh sao v cch ly vi ngun = 30
+Trong khong : =
1

2

Van mt nng pha A ; Van6 dn pha B ; van 5 dn pha C ->
dng c th chy qua 3 pha -> C U
ZA
= U
A
+ Trong khong : =
2
-
3
Van mt dn pha A ; van 6 dn pha B -> dng c th chy qua 2
pha -> c U
ZA
= 1/2. U
AB
+ Trong khong : =
3
-
4
Van 1 dn pha A ; Van 2 dn pha C ; Van 6 dn pha B
-> U
ZA
= 1/2. U
AB
+ Trong khong : =
4
-
5
Van 1 dn pha A ; Van 2 dn pha C -> U
ZA
= 1/2. U
AB
+ Trong khong : =
5
-
6
Van 1 dn pha A ; Van 2 dn pha C ; Van 3 dn pha B
-> U
ZA
= U
A
37
2. Trng hp : = 60
0
- 90
0
Trong phm vi ny lun ch c cc giai on 2 van dn :
U
a

A
AB
U
2 2
U
AC
B C A

=75 =60
0 0 0
=60
0
=120

T
1
2
T

T
3

T
4

T
5
5
T

th in p pha A , = 75
0,
gc dn ca Thyristor khng i
* Cng thc tnh ton
* Gi tr hiu dng ca in p qu ti.
U
an
= 1
]
1

+ +

2 cos
4
3
2 sin
4
3
3
.
4
3
. 2U
* Cng sut:
38
P = 1
]
1

+ +

2 cos
16
3
2 sin
16
3
12
3
2
R
U
dm
3. Trng hp : 90
0
< < 120
0
* Dng in p

T
5
5
T

4
T

3
T

T
2
1
T

=15
0
=45
0 0 0
=45 =105


a
U
* Cng thc tnh ton
Trong trng hp ny ch c cc giai on 2 van dn hoc khng
van no dn c
P =
1
1
1
]
1

+

+ +

3 2 3 2
2 2 2
3
sin
4
sin
.
3
d d
R
U
dm
39
-> P =

,
_

+ +

2 sin
16
1
2 cos
16
3
4 24
5
.
. 3
2
R
U
dm
40
4 - nh gi v nhn xt
Qua cc phng php trn ta thy:
a. S ti u Y c trung tnh :
u im:
- S ging ht 3 mch iu p 1 pha iu khin dch pha theo
in p li do in p trn cc van bn dn nh hn v in p t vo
van bn dn l in p 3 pha. Cc van u in trung tnh nn s van
gim i mt na.
Nhc im: Tuy nhin phng php ny i hi ta phi ra ng 6
u dy m b khi ng ca ta khng ph hp. Chnh v vy ta khng s
dng s ny.
b. S ti u :
Hin nay s ti u l s thng dng nhng v s khng
c im trung tnh nn ta khng s dng s ny.
c. S ti u Y khng c im trung tnh:
Qua cc s trn ta nhn thy s ny l s p ng c
y nhng yu cu m ti t ra. Chnh v vy ta la chn s
ny.
S ny c nhiu im khc vi s c dy trung tnh . y
dng in chy gia cc pha vi nhau nn ng thi phi cp xung iu
khin cho 2 Thyristor ca 2 pha mt lc .
Tuy nhin s ny cng c hn ch l vic cp xung iu khin
nh th i khi gp kh khn trong mch iu khin, ngay c khi vic i
th t pha ngun li cng c th lm cho s khng hot ng
41
IV- Tnh chn v bo v van:
1. Cc iu kin tnh chn v bo v van .
* Cc iu kin bo v van:
- Khi chn van ta phi ch ti cc thng s bi cho , y ta
c :
P = 250 (kw) , cos = 0,85 , U = 380/220 , km theo cc yu cu
sau y i vi van l :
- in p ngc ln nht U
ngmax
- Gi tr trung bnh cho php i vi dng in I
tb
- iu kin lm mt cho van
- H s d tr dng in , in p.
* iu kin lm mt cho van:
- V van bn dn rt nhy cm vi nhit , nn khi lm vic nu
nhit mt ghp vt qu nhit cho php th d trong thi gian rt
ngn cng c th ph hng thit b bn dn . Chnh v vy m ta phi c
nhng bin php lm mt m bo an ton cho cc van bn dn .
Thng thng ta c 3 phng php lm mt sau.
- Lm mt t nhin : dng cnh tn nhit v thng gi t nhin ,
phng php ny t hiu sut 25%-30%.
- Lm mt bng thng gi cng bc : bng cch lp qut gi vo
cnh tn nhit vi tc 15 m/s , hiu sut s dng 30% - 40%.
- Lm mt bng nc : Cho nc chy tun hon qua van, hiu sut
ca phng php ny l 90%.
- Cn c d kin bi ta chn phng php lm mt bng thng
gi cng bc vi tc qut l 12 m/s.
* in p ngc ln nht t ln van l :
U
ngmax
= 6 U
2
= 6 .220 = 538,9 (V)
42
*in p van cn c l :
U
v
= k
u
.U
ngmax
= 1,6.38,9 = 862,2 (V)
K
u
- l h s d tr in p
* Dng in ti l :
I
t
=
cos . . 3
dm
dm
U
P
Thay s vo ta c :
I
t
=
85 , 0 . 380 . 3
250000
= 447 (A)
Dng in trung bnh qua van l :
I
tbv
=
224
2
447
2

It
(A)
Thay s vo ta c :
I
bv
=

% 35
4 . 1 . 224
896 (A)
K
i
=1,4 l h s d tr dng in
Vi cc s liu trn m bo an ton ta chn van TB- 320 vi cc
thng s ca van nh sau :
Gi tr dng ti trung bnh cho php i vi dng in :I = 630(A)
in p ngc ln nht : U
ngmax
= 1000 (V)
in p ri trn van :
U
= 1 (V)
Thi gian kho : t
off
= 100 (

s)
Dng iu khin : I
k
= 300

A
in p iu khin : U
k
= 7 (V)

dt
di
= 50 (

A)

dt
du
= 100 (V/

s)
43

2. Bo v van khi vn hnh :
- Thyristor rt nhy cm vi nhit , qu in p nh mc c th
lm hng van . V vy ta phi c nhng bin php bo v cho van
- Thng thng c hai nguyn nhn :
-Nguyn nhn ni ti : Do s tch t trong cc van bn dn , khi
kho Thyristor bng in p ngc gy ra sc in ng cm ng rt ln
trong cc in cm.Gia cc Ant v Katt ca Tiristor xut hin qu p.
-Nguyn nhn bn ngoi: nhng nguyn nhn ny thng xy ra
ngu nhin nh khi ng ct khng ti my bin p , khi cu ch bo v
nhy , khi c sm st...
bo v qu in p ngi ta thng dng mch R- C u song
song vi Thyristor bo v qu in p do tch t in tch khi chuyn
mch gy nn.
44
chng iii :
thit k mch iu khin
I- S khi ca mch iu khin

Trong :
U
cm
: in p iu khin(in p 1 chiu)
U
r
: in p ng b, hoc in p xoay chiu
Hiu in p U
cm
U
r
c a vo khu so snh lm vic
nh mt
Trig . Khi U
cm
U
r
= 0 th Trig lt trng thi, u ra ca n
nhn c mt chui xung hnh ch nht.
Khu 2 l mt a hi mt trng thi n nh
Khu 3 l khu khuch i xung.
Khu 4 l khu bin p xung.
Bng cch tc ng vo U
cm
ta c th iu chnh c v tr ca
xung iu
khin tc l iu chnh c gc m .
U
r
U
c
S 1
T
1 2 3 4
45
II- Cc nguyn tc iu khin.
C hai nguyn tc iu khin c bn sau y:
1- Nguyn tc iu khin thng ng tuyn tnh
Trong nguyn tc ny ngi ta dng hai in p l:
- Dng p ng b U
r
c dng rng ca , ng b vi in p t trn
- ant- catt ca Thyristor.
- in p iu khin U
c
l in p mt chiu c th iu chnh c
bin .
Tng i s ca U
r
+ U
c
c a ti u vo ca nt khu so snh.
Nh vy bng cch lm bin i U
c
ngi ta c th iu chnh c
gc m
Khi U
c
= 0 ta c = 0
Khi U
c
< 0 ta c > 0
Khi U
c
v c quan h : =
max Ur
Uc
Ngi ta ly U
cmax
= U
rmax
. Vy =
max Uc
Uc
46
2- Nguyn tc iu khin thng ng ARCCOS.
Theo nguyn tc ny ngi ta cng dng hai in p:
- in p ng b U
r
vt trc in p ant- catt ca Thyristor mt
gc
bng /2.
( Vi U
AK
= Asin(t) th U
r
= B cos(t) )
- in p iu khin U
c
l in p mt chiu c th iu chnh c
bin
theo hai hng : dng v m. ( hnh v)
(U
r
+U
c
)
U
c
U
c
2
U
c
t

U
r
47
Tng i s (U
r
+U
c
) c a n u vo ca mt khu so snh
Khi U
r
+U
c
= 0 th ta nhn c mt xung u ra ca khu so snh
U
c
+ Bcos = 0
Khi = arccos(/) . Ngi ta ly = U
cmax
.
Khi U
c
= 0 th = /2.
Khi U
c
= U
cmax
th =
Khi U
c
= -U
cmax
th = 0
Nh vy : Khi cho U
c
bin thin t (-U
cmax
) n (+U
cmax
) th bin
thin t
0 n .

U
U
U
r
0
t
U
c
U
r
48
III - Chc nng v nhng yu cu c bn i vi h thng
iu khin
Mch iu khin c cc chc nng sau :
- iu khin c v tr xung iu khin trong phm vi na chu k
dng ca in p t trn ant, ca tt, Thyristor.
- To ra c cc xung iu kin m c Thyristor ( xung iu
khin thng c bin t 2 n 10V, rng xung tx = 20 n 100 s
i vi thit b chnh lu, tx 10 s i vi thit b bin i tn s cao)
rng xung c xc nh theo biu thc :
tx =
dt di
Idt
/

Trong : I
dt
- dng duy tr ca Thyristor
d
i
- tc tng trng ca dng ti
d
t
- thi gian xy ra s tng trng ca dng ti
H thng iu khin cc thit b bin i dng hnh thnh v to
ra cc xung iu khin c dng xung v so snh rng xung nht nh,
phn b chng theo cc pha v thay i thi im a xung kch thng
vo cc van ca b bin i.
Cc yu cu c bn ca h thng iu khin ccb bin i ph
thuc vo dng phn t, cc ch lm vic ca chng v c tnh ca
ti. V vy cc yu cu chnh cn c ca mch iu khin l:
m bo pht xung vi cc yu cu m van:
- bin U
c
.
- rng xung(t
c
).
49
- Sn xung phi ngn(t
s
= 0,5 1ms)

- m bo tnh i xng i vi cc knh iu khin.
Cc xung iu khin phi m bo i xng theo pha. Nu khng m
bo i xng cc xung iu khin th cc Thyristor ca b bin i nhiu
pha s gy ra s khng cn bng v gi tr trung bnh ca dng chy qua
cc Thyristor .
Vi s iu khin cc Thyristor trong s chnh lu nhiu pha
th lch pha cho php ca cc xung iu khin cc knh khc nhau
U
1s
t
c
50
phi trong phm vi t 1
0
3
0
ng vi cng mt gi tr in p iu
khin.(hnh v)


- m bo cch ly gia mch iu khin v mch lc.
Bin p xung thng c s dng nh mt khu truyn xung cui
cng tng khuch i so snh ti xung. in p chu ng gia s cp
51
1
0
3
0
60
0
120
0
180
0
0
0
V
1
V
2
V
3
240
0
300
0
V
5
V
4
V
6
360
0
v th cp ca my bin p phi t c t 1500V n 2000V khi s
lm vic vi in p li in 1240 VAC.
- m bo ng quy lut thay i v pha ca xung iu khin .
y l yu cu m bo phm vi iu chnh ca gc iu khin
.
V d: i vi chnh lu c iu khin hoc cc s bin i xung
p xoay chiu , thng thng i vi chnh lu iu khin th gc iu
khin phi thay i c trong phm vi 10
0
170
0
.
- C th hn ch c phm vi iu chnh ca gc khng ph
thuc vo s thay i ca in p li.
- Khng gy nhiu i vi cc h thng iu khin in t khc
xung quanh.
- C kh nng bo v qu p , qu dng, mt pha v bo hiu khi
c s c.
IV. Xy dng mch iu khin
1. Khu ng pha
y l khu to in p dng xung vung c pha ng pha vi in
p ngun , thc hin c iu ny ta s dng IC khuych i thut
ton trong xy dng mch iu khin.
- in p ngun nui: V=
t
5

18
-Hiu in th gia cng o v khng o U=
t
25(V)
-Nhit vn hnh: T=-25
0

85
0
C
a. S cu trc chn
+V
52
3 7
6
2 4
- V
Hnh 3.1
Nhn vo c tnh khuych i ta thy U
r
, U
v2
rt nh -> i vi
cc KP ch cn mt bin thin rt nh ca U
v
cng gy ra U
bh
u ra do
ta u b khuych i thut ton khng c ni tip nh hnh di y
th n l mt khu so snh c c tnh truyn t th 2
U
r
=

'

>
<
0 min
0 max
U khiU U
U khiU U
v r
v
Nh vy qua phn tch ta thy khi a in p xoay chiu ng ba
pha vi U
v
ln hn U
Vk
v so snh vi U

th ta c xung ng b
* S ni chi tit khu ng pha.
-
O O
53
OA
1
D
1
R
1
D
2
R
2
VR
1
U

+E
-E
6
7
4
3
2
E
b. Nguyn l hot ng :
Tn hiu xoay chiu h p qua D1,D2 c lc thnh 1 chiu
ly na dng tn hiu ny c em so snh vi tn hiu t trn VR3 so
snh (cng du) khi U
v
>U

xung ra mang phn m u ra ca khu ng


pha ta c xung c hai na m dng ng pha vi in p ngun xoay
chiu
c. Cng thc tnh ton khu ng pha
U
th cp ba
= U
2
=12v a vo D1,D2
U
s cp ba
=U
1
=220v
U

=I v
U
8 , 10 12 . 9 , 0
2 2 2

Chn R
0
=1k
I
d
=
mA
R
Ud
8 , 10
10
8 , 10
3

Gi tr in p ngc t ln iot D
1
,D
2
:
U
ng
= 17 . 2
2
U v
Chn D
1
,D
2
loi IN 4007 c U
ng
=50 v
in tr R
2
hn ch dng in i vo khuch i thut ton 0A1
thng chn R
1
sao cho dng in i vo khuch i thut ton I
v
< 1mA
Do R
1
K
I
Ud
v
8 , 10
10
8 , 10
3

in p U
2
= sin . . 2
2
U
Chn

nh bng 5
0
di iu chnh ln, ta c :
U
0
= 5 , 1 5 sin . . 2
0
2
U v
54
Chn in tr R
2
,VR
3
theo phn p sau:
U
0
=
3 2
3
3
3 2
. 15
. 5 , 1 .
VR R
VR
v VR
VR R
E
+

+
-> R
2
+ VR
3
=10VR
3
-> R
2
= 9VR
3
-> R
2
=9(k )
Chn VR
3
=1k
2. Khu to rng ca.
a. S nguyn l : b. Dng in p
c. Nguyn l hot ng
Bng T
1
dng lm ngun dng np cho t C, nh cch mc theo
s baz chung nn dng I
C
rt n nh. Khi T
2
b kho t C s c
np in bi dng I
C
= const v tuyn tnh. Khi a xung vo m T
2
, T
2
m v t C s phng in qua T
2
55
R6
D
4
OA
2
C
1
D
3
U
4

U
3
R
5
R
4
d. Cng thc tnh ton
* Tnh dng in np ca t C1 :
Chn OA
2
l loi A741, t C
1
c U = 35 V , C = 0,47 F
Chn U
C1max
= U
C2max
= 10 V
y ta chn chu k phng np cho t l 10 ms
Thi gian np t
n
= 0,56 ms
Thi gian phng t
p
= 9,44 ms
Dng in np l: I
n
=
4
R
E
= i
C
Gi tr in tch trn t l :
C
C(t)
= -
7
1
C

t
C
dt i
0
= U -
4
R
E
t
p
Khi t = t
p
th U
t
= 0 U =
1 4
C R
E
t
p
,(vi E = 12 V )
Thay s : 12 =
6
4
3
10 47 , 0 .
10 . 44 , 9 12

R
R
4
= 10 ( k )
Chn it D
3
, D
4
loi 1N 4009
Chn R
6
= 10 k
3. Khu so snh.
Mch so snh thc hin hai tn hiu l in p iu khin c t
vo ca (+) ca OA3 v in p rng ca t vo ca (-) ca OA3.
56
OA
4
y ta chn OA3 loi 741
a. S nguyn l.
b. Dng in p.
c. Nguyn l hot ng :
Tn hiu rng ca c a vo ca (+) ca khuch i thut ton
c em so snh vi in p iu khin trn VR
2
so snh ngc, khi no
tn hiu rng ca nh hn tn hiu iu khin th suy ra khuch i thut
ton mang phn dng, khi tn hiu RC ln hn tn hiu iu khin th
57
R
7
OA3
E
U
k

U
5
U
4

U
k
D
5
+E
-E
OA
4
xung ra mang phn m -> u ra ca khu so snh c 1 xung c c
phn m phn dng qua iot D
5
lc bt phn (-) i v xung ra ch cn
na (+) em xung ny trn vi xung chm khu to xung chm v a
ra ca BE ca T
1
,T
2
khu khuch i
d. Tnh ton thng s khu so snh.
U
0
= U
k
- U
r
U
k
= E - UR
8
Theo phn p ti im A ta c :
U
k
= 2
2 8
.VR
VR R
E
+
->
dk
U
E
VR
VR R

+
2
2 6
U
k
theo l
1
v chn =
7 , 6 10 .
3
2
3
2
max

c
U
v
U
k
= 6,7 v chn E = -15 (v) -> Gi tr E = 15 v
24 , 2 1
2
8
+
VR
R
U
E
dk
v -> R
8
=12,4 VR
2
Chn VR
2
=10k th R
8
=12,4k
Chn R
7
= R
8
+ R
c
R
c
=14 (k)
R
8
=4,5 k
R
7
=7,5k
4. Khu to xung chm.
a. S nguyn l b. Dng in p
58
U
chm
t
C
2
R
13
R
11
R
10
R
12
OA
4
D
9
U
c
U
r
+
-
T
1
T
2
c. Nguyn l hot ng :
Khi a ngun nui +E,-E vo u ra ca khuch i thut
ton 0A4 c in p. Gi s U
a
(+) qua R t C c np in 0A4. So snh
gia in p c t ly qua phn p qua R
11
,R
12
t vo khuch i U
c
ln dn bng in p u ra so snh tri du U
c
vi U
t
.
U
c
>U
t
o du ln xung lin tip v U
c
lc np lc phng trong
khu "to xung chm". mch iu khin u ra mc thm 1 Tranzitor
thun loi na (+) ca xung i ly na (-). Khi ngun E phng in
qua EC em trn vi xung ra ca khu so snh.
d. Tnh ton thng s v chn mch dao ng to xe dng
khuch i thut ton.
U
r
=E
10
12 11
0
.R
R R
E
U
+

,
_

+
12
11
2 9 0
. 2
1 ln . . . 2
R
R
C R T
Chn R
12
=R
11
= 10 k
->T
1
=T
2
-> T = 2.R
10
C
2
ln(1+2)
-> T= 2,2.R
10
.C
2
T=2,2.R
10
.C
2
-> Chn t C
2
= 0,1F
Ly f=10kHz -> T =
4
3
10
10 . 10
1

(s) = 100.10
-6
(s)
59
= 100 (s)
R
10
=
5 , 4 10 . 45 , 0
10 . 1 , 0 . 2 , 2
10
. 2 , 2
10
3
6
4
2
4


C
k
Chn T
2
loi Tranzitor thun A564, R
13
= 10 k
- U=50 (v)
- I = 100 mA
- = 10
U
k
> U
RC
th u ra ca OA
3
l in p dng ( + )
U
k
< U
RC
th u ra ca OA
3
l in p m ( - )
60
5. Tnh khu khuch i xung v bin p xung
5.1- Tnh BAX
Theo phn tnh chn van ta chn Thyristor c:
U
g
= 7 V
I
g
= 300 mA
* Ta chn s b:
- Vt liu lm li st l thp Perit HM li c dng hnh tr c H =
50 A/m v B = 0,7 T, c khe h khng kh.
- T s my bin p xung chn m = 1,5
- in p th cp : U
2
= U
g
= 7 V
- in p s cp : U
1
= m U
2
= 1,5 7 = 10,5 V
- Dng in th cp: I
2
= I
g
= 600 mA
- Dng in s cp: I
1
=
m
I
2
=
5 , 1
600
= 400 mA
- rng xung : t
x
= 600s = 6 10
-4
s
- Mc st bin xung : S = 0,15
Chn t thm khng kh
0
= 10
-6
H/m
- t thm trung bnh
tb
ca li thp:

tb
=
H
B



tb
=
50 10
7 , 0
6

= 1,4 10
4

H/m
Th tch li thp :
V =
( )
2
1 1 0
B
I U S t
x tb


61

V =
( )
2
4 6 4
7 , 0
400 , 0 5 , 10 15 , 0 10 6 10 10 4 , 1

= 12 cm
3
Chn Q = 2,25 (cm
2
)
a = 1,5(cm) ,
b = 1,5 (cm)
h = 3 (cm)
K hiu li thp III 12 10
- Chn h s lp y K = 0,76
- S vng dy cun s cpBAX:
W
1
=
K Q B
t U
i

0
=
76 , 0 10 25 , 2 7 . 0
10 5 , 10
4
4

= 870 vng
- S vng dy cun th cp BAX:
W
2
=
1
1 2
U
W U
=
5 , 10
870 7
= 580 vng
Chn J
1
= J
2
= 2 A/mm
2
- Tit din dy s cp:
S
1
=
1
1
J
I
=
2
10 400
3

= 0,2 mm
- ng knh dy s cp:
d
1
=

1
4S
=
14 , 3
2 , 0 4
= 0,6 mm
- Tit din dy th cp:
S
2
=
2
2
J
I
=
2
10 600
3

= 0,3 mm
ng knh dy th cp:
d
2
=

2
4 S
=
14 , 3
3 , 0 4
= 0,6 mm
Thc t ta thng dng BAX bng vt liu ferit c kch thc v
ngoi v gng hnh tr l 30 x 25 (mm
2
) .
62
5.2- Tnh chn khu khuch i xung
a. S nguyn l
b. Nguyn l hot ng
Khu khuch i xung lm nhim v khuch i tn hiu xung U7
im 7 thnh tn hiu cng c bin , rng v cng sut ln
kck m tranzito T1.
c. Cng thc tnh ton
Chn cc it D6 , D7 , D8 loi 2608 c cc thng s sau:
U = 220 V
I = 5 A
63
+ E2
R
14
D
8
D
6
T
1
T
2
R
10
R
11
D
9
D
10 D
11
T
1
Chn bng tranzito cng sut T2 loi HI 1061 c cc thng s sau:
UEC = 35 V
IEC = 5 A
= 100
Ta c : IEC T2 = I1BAX = 0,4 A
Tnh c dng IBT2 :
IBT2 =

2 ECT
I
=
10
2 , 0
= 40mA ( y ta chn = 10 )
I
ECT1
= I
BT2
= 40 mA
* Tnh dng IBT1 : ( Vi T1 = 10 )
IBT1 =
1
1
T
ECT
I

=
10
20
= 4 mA
y ta chn tranzito T1 loi C828 c cc thng s sau:
UEC = 250 V
IEC = 350 mA ; = 100
* Tnh in tr R11
Thng thng st p trn tranzito l khong 0,6 V
Vy : R11 =
1
6 , 0
ECT
I
=
4 , 0
6 , 0
= 1,5
Chn cc in tr R10 =R14 = 10 k
B pht xung cho knh iu khin Thyristor T2 cng c thng s
tng t.
64
S nguyn l mch iu khin
O
A
O
A
O
A
O
A
R
R
R
C
C
R
R
R
R
R
D
D
D

T
T
R
D
R
R
R
D R D
R
R
R
R
D
R
E
-

E
E
D
D
&
65
Dng in p
U~
0
2
U
0
0
U
3
U
1
4
U
U
5
6
U
0
0
0
0

0
U

U
k
66
Nguyn l hot ng ca mch iu khin
Khi cp ngun xoay chiu vo pha s cp ca bin p ng pha dn
n in p bn pha th cp s c chnh lu qua diot D
1
, D
2
to ra
in p ng pha a vo ca m ca khuch i thut ton OA
1
v c
so snh vi in p U
0
t vo ca dng OA
1
.
Khi in p ti cc im 1 v 2 ta c dng in p ti cc im
c trnh by trn bn v l U
1
, U
2.
in p ng pha c a vo khu to in p rng ca (dng
khuch i thut ton OA
2
) to ra in p RC c xung in p ng b
vi in p ngun. Dng in p ra ca khu to in p RC l U
3
.
- Sau in p RC c so snh vi in p iu khin nh
khuch i thut ton OA
3
, in p RC a vo ca dng ca OA
3
cn
in p iu khin c a vo ca m ca OA
3
vi nhim v l to ra
xung iu khin.
Nu U
dk
> U
RC
. u ra ca OA
3
ta nhn c xung m
Nu U
k
< U
RC
u ra ca OA
3
ta nhn c xung dng
V in p o c u ra ca OA
3
chnh l U
4
.
Khu pht xung chm s dng khuch i thut ton OA
4
, nh s
phng np ca t C lp i lp li nhiu ln ta nhn c xung chm c tn
s f = 10 KHz. Khi ta c in p ti im 5 l U
5
.
67
Xung iu khin ( U
4
) v xung chm (U
5
) cng c a vo
phn t AND, sau c a ti khu khuch i xung qua in tr
hn ch R
15
.
Lc ny xung iu khin l nhng xung dng (U
6
) c a n
s cp bin p xung s c cm ng sang pha th cp bin p xung c
cc tm tng ng m cc i t D
8
, D
10
v a dng iu khin vo gia
cc iu khin catt ca (T .)
68
Kt lun
Qua 10 tun thc hin ti: Thit k b khi ng khi ng
cho ng c khng ng b 3 pha, em thy ti ny tht b ch cho
nhng sinh vin sp ra trng nh chng em, v thc t ng c khng
ng b l nhn t rt quan trng trong cng nghip, nghin cu v c
im ca n, v nhng phng php khi ng, phng php iu chnh
in p, tnh ton nhng phn t trong b khi ng thit k mch khi
ng ng c. iu s gip ch nhiu cho cng vic sau ny.
Tp n ny mc d cn nhiu hn ch, nhng trong qu trnh
thc hin ti gip em t nh gi v hiu k hn v cc kin thc
chuyn mn, cng l kt qu ca nhiu nm hc tp cng vi s dy
d rt tn tnh ca cc thy c trong khoa, trong b mn THXNCN. Em
xin chn thnh cm n ti cc thy c v c bit l thy gio TS. V
Minh Chnh ch bo rt tn tnh em hon thnh quyn n ny.
Em xin chn thnh cm n.
H Ni, ngy 21 thng 1 nm 2005
Sinh vin thc hin
Trn Th Phng Hin
69
Ti liu tham kho
1. Truyn ng in
Bi Quc Khnh Nguyn Vn Lin Nguyn Th Hin
2. in t cng sut
Nguyn Bnh
3. My in
V Gia Hanh Trn Khnh H - Phan T Th Nguyn Vn Su
4. in t cng sut
V Minh Chnh Phm Quc Hi Trn Trng Minh
70
Mc lc
Li ni u
Chng I: Gii thiu chung v ng c khng ng b
I- Gii thiu chung.................................................................2
II- Nguyn l lm vic ca ng c KB................................5
III- c tnh c bn ca ng c khng ng b....................9
IV - Cc phng php m my ca ng c KB..................13
V. Xy dng mch lc...........................................................19
Chng II: Gii thiu v tnh ton b bin i
I. Xung p xoay chiu 1 pha.................................................24
II- Xung p xoay chiu 3 pha...............................................31
III. Dng in p - nguyn l lm vic.................................34
IV- Tnh chn v bo v van:................................................39
chng iii : thit k mch iu khin
I- S khi ca mch iu khin.......................................42
II- Cc nguyn tc iu khin.............................................43
III - Chc nng v nhng yu cu c bn i vi h thng
iu khin...................................................................................46
IV. Xy dng mch iu khin .............................................49
1. Khu ng pha ........................................................................................49
2. Khu to rng ca....................................................................................52
3. Khu so snh............................................................................................53
4. Khu to xung chm................................................................................55
5. Tnh khu khuch i xung v bin p xung............................................57
S nguyn l mch iu khin...........................................................................61
Dng in p............................................................................................................62
Kt lun................................................................................................................................65
Ti liu tham kho................................................................................................................66
71
* S mch lc:
72

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