No.

of pages: 1 to 9 end questions: page 9

chapter

EXPERT GIS
Expert GIS involves the use of computer techniques to solve problems which traditionally have required human-like intelligence (EXPERT). A prerequisite to this is the integration of numerous inputs to make a decision. The field includes the areas of natural language understanding, machine learning, computer vision and expert systems. The structure of an ideal expert GIS system, consists of the following parts: (1) a language processor for man-machine communication; (2) a mechanism for keeping track of the intermediate steps of the processing; (3) a knowledge base with facts (observations) and rules for problem solving; (4) an interpreter to apply the rules; (6) a consistency enforcer to adjust the system behavior when the knowledge is altered; (7) a justifier to explain the system's behavior;(8) GIS Integration.

Page2

1.Decision making components Fig 1 .Schematic diagram for Decision making process

Page2

Decision making components

2. Expert GIS Process GIS integration with Decision making in Expert GIS is done by three mechanisms
1)

Loose coupling strategy combines the capabilities of separate models for GIS functions and MCDM by transferring files. to works in GIS-MCDM model we have to switch between GIS software, database/spreadsheet software, and MCDM software very often (fig 2)

Page2

Figure 2 Loose coupling strategy (indicating software provider ESRI and GIS software)

Page2

2) Tightly or close integration strategy is based on a single data or model manager and a common user interface. With this strategy, there is no need to leave the GIS to run multi-criteria decision analysis (fig 3) Fig. 3 Tight Coupling

3)Interoperable strategy is the ability of two or more software components to directly Cooperate/communicate despite of their differences in programming language, interface, and execution platform (fig. 4 interoperable strategy)

fig 4

Interoperable

strategy

Page2

3.

Expert GIS Data Formats :

With state-of-the-art direct data access, transformation and export capabilities ArcGIS* for Server Data - Interoperability extension supports direct read of more than 100 data formats, including GML, XML, Autodesk, DWG/DXF, MapInfo MID/MIF and TAB, Oracle and Oracle Spatial, and Intergraph GeoMedia Warehouse. This extension allows combining multiple data sources and distributing spatial extract, transform, and load (ETL) capabilities in applications. With the Data Interoperability extension for ArcGIS for Server, one can

Publish map documents as Web services that contain any of the data formats supported by the Data Interoperability extension. Publish and run geo-processing models as Web services that contain Quick Import, Quick Export, and custom Spatial ETL tools.

{software ARC GIS* } 4. WEB GIS

Fig 5 web GIS

Page2

It is the ability to create, manage, and distribute GIS services over the Web to support desktop, mobile and Web mapping applications. (Fig 5) GIS services, one can use arc gis for desk top to author geographic content, such as maps and GIS tools, and then publish that content using ArcGIS for Server so that it can be used anywhere in the organization/ enterprise and on the Web. a) This simplifies access to GIS services for GIS professionals, mobile workers, as well as knowledge workers without any GIS experience. b) With this one can stay in control of your content through centralized management of spatial data, including imagery. c)This provides with a scalable GIS server platform that can be deployed on a single machine to support small workgroups, or it can distributed across multiple servers for supporting enterprise applications. This can be deployed for Server on Cloud infrastructure (cloud computing). 5. Creation of simple maps in web pages This consists of capability of creating web maps for free with simple GIS tools. {Called Mapping for Everyone}.This includes tools that cover a range of mapping needs, such as a) Embedding an interactive demographic map (showing) thematic layers into a Web site, b) Creating custom applications using Web Mapping, and c) Using a 2D/3D globe viewer on the desktop {Exploring the world in 2D and 3D using their own data}. 6. MOBILE GIS It is the complete mobile GIS platform focused on management, deployment, and use of geographic information in the field.
Page2

It includes industry-leading mobile mapping and GIS capabilities:

Map visualization for mobile devices GIS editing using GPS Street routing and navigation Query and spatial analysis

These products share five key benefits for mobile GIS users:

Increase accuracy of geographic information. Improve currency of business data. Boost productivity of mobile field-workers. Ensure accurate decisions with advanced spatial analysis. Fit seamlessly into enterprise environment.

7. GIS-Location Based services Anywhere, anytime, any wireless device-this is the short definition of the rapidly growing field of location services. It's where wireless and GIS technologies meet on the Web and it is changing the way businesses and individuals operate. GIS has always been about location but the current buzz surrounding location services is tied to the use of mobile devices of all kinds and the development of the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) that allows mobile device users access to the Web anywhere with wireless network coverage. Location services extend the type of services that the Internet has been supplying for some time-plane schedules, prices, weather, driving directions. The difference now is that these services can be accessed virtually anywhere and can be tailored to the user's requirements and current location. The value of a location service comes not just from locating the user but from supplying geographically contextual information such as routing on the fly. LBS GIS integration provides Efficiency, productivity, time, and cost savings. With LBS-GIS tool one can run a more productive business by knowing when, where, and how quickly jobs get done. One can build location-based applications for sales force automation, field service automation, and field force automation.

Page2

Route workers correctly Meet customers appointments To know where work force is at all times Integrate mobile location into short messaging alert notifications and e-mail

Communicate more effectively Measure and audit mobile workforce productively o Administration time o Travel time o Actual work time

8.Telematics Typically is any integrated use of telecommunications and informatics also known as ICT (Information of communications technology). The telematics industry is not limited to automotive applications. Other applications are being studied or developed for monitoring water and air pollution, for medical informatics and health care, for distance learning and governmentrelated public services. Telematics includes but is not limited to GPS technology integrated with computers and mobile communications technology in automotive navigation systems. Chapter end questions 1. Write an explanatory note on expert GIS 2. Write the schematic diagram for a decision making process 3. Discuss the expert GIS process 4. Write explanatory notes on a) expert GIS data formats b) web GIS 5. Write an explanatory notes on a) mobile GIS b) Telematics 6. Write an explanatory note on GIS-LBS

Page2

No. of pages: 10 to 12 end questions: page 12

chapter

Model Building and Spatial Modeling 1. What is a model?

Definition 1-An abstraction of reality Definition 2- A model is structured as a set of rules and procedures to derive new information that can be analyzed to aid in problem solving and planning

2. What is modeling?
a) To produce a representation or simulation of a problem. b) A procedure run on a database to derive a measure or set of measures. c) A set of clearly defined procedures used to derive new information.

3. What is Model analysis?

It is the process of modeling, examining and interpreting model results. Analysis is the process of extracting or creating new information about a set of geographic features. Spatial analysis is useful for suitability and capability evaluation, for estimation and prediction, and for interpretation and understanding. Analysis is often referred to as modeling.

Page2

In GIS, there are four traditional types of spatial analysis: spatial overlay and contiguity analysis, surface analysis, network analysis (path finding and linear feature modeling), and raster, cell-based analysis.

4. GIS for Spatial Analysis

A) Types of operations:

Attribute Queries (aspatial) Spatial Queries Generation of new data sets from the original database B) What is spatial modeling? a) Analytical procedures applied with a GIS b) Operations on geographic data objects such as points, lines, polygons, tins, and grids. c) Modeling and Analysis are often used interchangeably. C) Categories of spatial modeling a) Geometric models-distance, area, perimeter, buffers b) Coincidence models-c) Adjacency models-allocation polygon overlay path finding, redistricting,

D) Cartographic Modeling a) Solving geographic problems cartographically b) Creating maps to illustrated what if scenarios. c) A step-by-step approach to identify the outcomes, analyses, and data required to solve problems. E) Performing geographic analysis a) Establish the objectives and criteria for the analysis b) Prepare the data for spatial operations

Page2

c) Perform the spatial operations d) Prepare the derived data for tabular analysis e) Perform the tabular analysis f) Evaluate and interpret the results g) Refine the analysis as needed

F) Spatial Data standard Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have been used to process and visualize spatial data for a few decades. Today, the demand of spatial data is not coming from a small group of users, but rather from a vast variety of people from around the world. Since the world wide web (WWW) has become one of the primary information resources, the demand for putting spatial data on the WWW has increased. GIS developers and vendors have developed web mapping software. This option does not suit all users nor can they all afford it. In addition, there is a lack of a standardized format in which to represent the data. The raster graphics format, that was commonly used to represent spatial data, has limitations such as resolution and file size. New spatial standards, using a vector graphics format, have been developed in order to suit the needs of users, because maps are naturally in vector form. In addition, the quality of the vector graphics does not deteriorate with resizing. Hence the accuracy of the spatial data is maintained. Chapter end questions 1. What is modeling and model analysis? 2. Write an explanatory note on GIS for spatial analysis.
Page2

Page2