Telecomms Netwrok

| University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering |
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Introduction Outline
Introduction to
Telecommunication Networks
Introduction
Definition
Needs and Applications
Network Structure
Players and Factors Driving Telecommunications
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Types of Networks
| TE 413 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks | Christine Mwase | 01/10/2012 | Slide 1 / 28 |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| TE 413 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks | Christine Mwase | 01/10/2012 | Slide 2 / 28 |

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Definition
Telecommunication
Network
Why build a network?
electronic communication
at a distance
system of interconnected
electronic components/circuits
Networks enable services
Telecommunication Network
Infrastructure consisting of equipment & facilities to transfer
information between users in different locations.
Communications networks typically provide a basic information

transfer service
Telephony: basic service is two-way exchange of voice signals
Other services enabled by this: voice messaging, fax, modem, ...
Telephone, TV broadcast, Internet, cellular, etc

Internet: basic service is transfer of information packets
The exchange of information over a telecommunication network

enables interaction at a distance nearly instantaneously.
Other services enabled by this: e-mail, web browsing, ecommerce, video

conferencing, ...

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Telecommunications involves
Transporting information
Relaying information
Gathering/Concentration Distribution
newspaper delivery
television & radio
broadcasting
mass e-mail, including
spam
bill payments / registration

polling, voting, auctions
Request/Reply
Managing the transportation service
catalogue ordering
Web browsing
Adding communications value

Adding information value
Two & Multi-way

Interactive
telephone (& conferencing)
video-on-demand

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erf
ace
E.g. voice, video, data
User 3
Network
User 1
ce
rf a
te
In
Network provides a service to users via an interface that hides

details of network anatomy and functions from user.
Interface provides friendly interrogation of user for control
information required by network.
Interface presents message to user in a meaningful way.
Interface provides network connection appropriate to service
requested.
Users View
Int
Users View
In
ce
fa
r
te
User 2
Interface provides address information which defines called-party.


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Network Structure
Providers View
Concerned with equipment and function that service the
users requirements.
Network topology
Mesh
Bus / Ring
Star
Multiple Star
Involves the details of the networks anatomy.
Physical network
Directory mechanism
Protocol
Logical connection

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Network Elements
Network Subsystems
Transmission links
Wire, cable, radio, satellite, fibre optics,
A telecommunication network may be considered as a system

consisting of the following interacting subsystems:
Nodes
Transmission systems
Switches, routers, bridges,
Interfaces
Switching systems
NIC,
Subscriber loop
Trunk
Local exchange
Tandem exchange
Signalling systems

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Network Issues
Controlling Complexity
User
Network interface
Provides source information

User specifies service(s)
required
Offers service
Network interface
implements service using
transmission media
Information sources
Enterprise architecture
Functional architecture
Modulation and coding
Transmission
Media, multiplexing, switching and signalling
Management
Technical architecture
Quality of service

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Players and Factors Driving Telecommunications
End users
Financial backers
Service providers
Regulators
Network operators
Component suppliers
System suppliers

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Economics for Success of a Network Service
Technology Can it be built?

Sustained improvements in technology allow complex networks and
therefore new services
Examples
microprocessor MIPs
RAM memory
storage: hard disk, CD-ROM, DVD, ...
operating systems
image & video compression
digital signal processing
wireless transmission
transmission data rates
network protocols

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Long-Term Trends
Regulation Is it allowed?
Telephone originally monopoly
Arose due to extremely high cost of infrastructure
Profitable, predictable, slow to innovate
Deregulation and break-up of monopolies

competition in long distance telephone
opening up of local telephone services
Spectrum allocations

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Market Will it sell?
Standards Will it inter-operate?
New applications & services must have a market
New technologies very costly and risky
cellular telephony, fax transmission, Web browsing, e-commerce
The network effect: usefulness of a service increases

with size of community
Metcalfe's Law: usefulness is proportional to the square of the
number of users
Economies of scale: per-user cost drops with increased

volume
Cell phones, PDAs, PCs
Standards allow players to share risk and benefits of a

new market
Reduced cost of entry
Interoperability and network effect
Compete on innovation
Example
802.11 wireless LAN products

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Network Standards
Quality of Service
Required due to:

Disparate applications using networks.
Disparate user data rates / bandwidths.
Key Organisations:
International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
Major international study and recommending body for telecommunications.
Has several major committees. See the ITU-T (previously CCITT).
International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO)

Voluntary organisation whose members are standards bodies of participating
nations.
Tanzania Communications Regulatory Authority (TCRA)

Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
QoS: how happy the customers are:
Grade of Service
Loudness rating
Dial tone delay
Post dial delay
Availability of service tone
Correctness of billing
Reasonable cost of service to customers
Responsiveness to service request
Responsiveness and courtesy of operators
Time to install and add services

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| TE 413 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks | Christine Mwase | 01/10/2012 | Slide 26 / 28 |

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Different Types of Networks
Different Types of Networks
Internet Service Providers (ISPs).
Provide network service to customers (corporate or individual)

ISPs can be international, national, regional, or local
Organized as hierarchy: Tier 1, Tier 2, Tier 3
Tier 1 networks form the backbone
Corporate networks connect end-points in an organization.

Provide local connectivity and provide a path to an ISP
Local-area network, dial-up through modem, ..
Small networks supporting few users.

Home networks, hot spots,
Often use wireless for ease of deployment
Telephone network
Data communication networks
Integrated services digital networks
Radio based networks
Satellite networks
Mobile communication networks
Cable TV
...

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| University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering |

| University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering |

| TE 413 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks | Christine Mwase | 01/10/2012 | Slide 1 / 28 |

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| TE 413 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks | Christine Mwase | 01/10/2012 | Slide 2 / 28 |

| University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering |

| University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering |

Needs and Applications

Why build a network?

Networks enable services

Communications networks typically provide a basic information

Telephone, TV broadcast, Internet, cellular, etc

The exchange of information over a telecommunication network

Other services enabled by this: e-mail, web browsing, ecommerce, video

| University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering |

| University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering |

Needs and Applications

Needs and Applications

bill payments / registration

Managing the transportation service

Adding communications value

Two & Multi-way

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| TE 413 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks | Christine Mwase | 01/10/2012 | Slide 5 / 28 |

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| TE 413 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks | Christine Mwase | 01/10/2012 | Slide 6 / 28 |

| University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering |

| University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering |

Needs and Applications

Needs and Applications

E.g. voice, video, data

Network provides a service to users via an interface that hides

Interface provides address information which defines called-party.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| TE 413 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks | Christine Mwase | 01/10/2012 | Slide 8 / 28 |

| University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering |

| University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering |

Needs and Applications

Involves the details of the networks anatomy.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| TE 413 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks | Christine Mwase | 01/10/2012 | Slide 9 / 28 |

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| TE 413 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks | Christine Mwase | 01/10/2012 | Slide 10 / 28 |

| University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering |

| University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering |

A telecommunication network may be considered as a system

Switches, routers, bridges,

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| TE 413 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks | Christine Mwase | 01/10/2012 | Slide 13 / 28 |

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| TE 413 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks | Christine Mwase | 01/10/2012 | Slide 14 / 28 |

| University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering |

| University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering |

Provides source information

Modulation and coding

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| TE 413 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks | Christine Mwase | 01/10/2012 | Slide 16 / 28 |

| University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering |

Players and Factors Driving Telecommunications

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| TE 413 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks | Christine Mwase | 01/10/2012 | Slide 17 / 28 |

| University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering |

| University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering |

Economics for Success of a Network Service

Technology Can it be built?

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| TE 413 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks | Christine Mwase | 01/10/2012 | Slide 19 / 28 |

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| TE 413 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks | Christine Mwase | 01/10/2012 | Slide 20 / 28 |

| University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering |

| University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering |

Deregulation and break-up of monopolies

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| TE 413 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks | Christine Mwase | 01/10/2012 | Slide 22 / 28 |

| University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering |

| University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering |