Chng IV: L Thuyt iu Khin M

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CHNG IV:
L THUYT IU KHIN M
4.1 TP M
4.1.1 nh ngha tp m
Tp m A l tp hp m mi phn t c gn thm mt s thc (x) trong
khong [0;1] ch ph thuc vo phn t no vo tp cho.
Khi (x) = 0 phn t x s hon ton khng ph thuc A (xc sut ph thuc bng
0) v khi (x) = 0 phn t x s c ph thuc 100%.
Phn t x l phn t c bn v tp kinh in ch cha phn t x, khng c ph
thuc (x) c tn l tp nn ca tp m A. Nh vy tp m l tp hp cc cp
(x, (x)). Khi x chy trn khp tp nn th (x) s l mt hm thc v c gi l hm
lin thuc. Cc hm lin thuc thng dng l:
- Hm Singleton
- Hm hnh tam gic
- Hm hnh thang
Hnh 4.1: Cc dng hm lin thuc thng dng
4.1.2 - B iu khin m c bn
Do b iu khin m c bn ch c kh nng x l cc gi tr tn hiu hin thi nn
n thuc nhm cc b iu khin tnh. Tuy vy m rng min ng dng ca chng
vo cc bi ton iu khin ng, cc khu ng hc cn thit s c ni thm vo b
iu khin m c bn. Cc khu ng ch c nhim v cung cp thm cho b iu
khin m c bn cc gi tr o hm hay tch phn ca tn hiu. Cng vi nhng khu
ng b sung ny, b iu khin c bn s c gi l b iu khin m.

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Hnh 4.2: B iu khin m c bn
Hnh 4.3: V d v mt b iu khin m ng
4.1.3 - Cc thut ng trong logic m

Hnh 4.4: Min gi tr
cao tp m F l gi tr h = SupF
(x), trong supF
(x) ch gi tr nh nht trong
tt c cc chn trn ca hm F
(x).
- Min xc nh ca tp m F, k hiu l S l tp con tho mn :
S = Supp
F
(x) = { xeB |
F
(x) > 0 }
- Min tin cy ca tp m F, k hiu l T l tp con tho mn :
T = { xeB |
F
(x) = 1 }
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Chng IV: L Thuyt iu Khin M

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4.1.4 - Bin ngn ng
L phn t ch o trong cc h thng dng logic m. y cc thnh phn
ngn ng ca cng mt ng cnh c kt hp li vi nhau.
minh ho v hm lin thuc v bin ngn ng ta xt v d v p sut ca mt
trm bm n nh p sut vi cc pht biu sau:
- Rt thp (VL)
- Thp (L)
- Trung bnh (M)
- Cao (H)
- Rt cao (VH)
Nhng pht biu nh vy gi l bin ngn ng ca tp m. Gi x l gi tr ca p
sut, v d x =0.1 Par , x = 0.5 Par Hm lin thuc tng ng ca cc bin ngn
ng trn c k hiu l:

VS
(x),
S
(x),
M
(x),
F
(x),
VF
(x)







Hnh 4.5: Hm lin thuc bin nhit sai
Nh vy bin p sut c hai min gi tr :
Min cc gi tr ngn ng: N = { rt thp, thp, trung bnh, cao, rt cao }
Min cc gi tr vt l: V = { xeB | x > 0 }
Bin tc c xc nh trn min ngn ng N c gi l bin ngn ng.
Vi mi xeB ta c hm thuc :
0.75
0.25
Thp Trung bnh
p sut
% cng sut ng c
Trung binh Cao
0.15 Par
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Chng IV: L Thuyt iu Khin M

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x
X
= {
VS
(x),
S
(x),
M
(x),
F
(x),
VF
(x) }
4.2 PHP M TRN TP M
4.2.1 - Php hp hai tp m
Hp A

B ca 2 tp m A v B c hiu l tp hp m gm cc phn t
ca 2 tp hp cho. Trong hm lin thuc A

B ca phn t A

B
khng c mu thun vi php hp ca 2 tp kinh in. V d:
A

B (x) = max {A(x) , B(x) } lut max

A

B (x) = min {1, A(x)+ B(x)} lut tng

Hnh 4.6: Php hp hai tp m
4.2.2 - Php giao hai tp m
Giao A

B ca 2 tp m A v B c hiu l tp hp m gm cc phn t
ca 2 tp hp cho. Trong hm lin thuc A

B ca phn t A

B
khng c mu thun vi php hp ca 2 tp kinh in. V d:
A

B(x) = min (A(x) , B(x)) lut min

A

B(x) = A(x).B(x) lut tch

Hnh 4.7: Php giao hai tp m

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4.2.3 - Mnh hp thnh
Mnh hp thnh R: Nu a = A th b = B l php suy din m t A suy
ra B trong tp m A vi hm lin thuc
A
(x) l mt gi tr ca bin ngn
ng u vo a v tp m B vi hm lin thuc
B
(y) l mt gi tr ca bin
ngn ng u ra b. Do mnh hp thnh ny c 1 bin u vo v 1 bin u
ra nn n c gi l mnh SISO hay php suy din SISO (single input
single output).
Khi cho trc mt gi tr r x
o
, tnh ng n ca php suy din trn s
c nh gi bi mt tp m B cng nn vi B. Ni cch khc kt qu ca
php suy din ng vi x
o
ti u vo l mt tp m B. Hm lin thuc ca B
c k hiu bng
B
(y). Hai cng thc thng c dng iu khin l:

B
(y)= min A(x
o
) , B(y) lut min (1a)

B
(y)= A(x
o
). B(y) lut tch (1b)
Trong gi tr H=A(x
o
) c gi l tha mn u vo. ngn gn
ngi ta vit php suy din Nu a = A th b = B vi gi tr r x
o
l H
B
(y).
4.3 LUT HP THNH
Lut hp thnh l tp hp ca nhiu mnh hp thnh vi cu trc:
R
1
: Nu a
1
=A
11
v a
2
=A
12
th b=B
1

R
2
: Nu a
1
=A
21
v a
2
=A
22
th b=B
2

(*)

R
n
: Nu a
1
=A
n1
v a
2
=A
n2
th b=B
n

Trong , A
ij
l cc gi tr ngn ng (tp m) ca bin ngn ng a v B
i
cc gi tr
ngn ng ca b. (i = 1,2,3,,n v j = 1,2,3,,m).
y c nhiu mnh hp thnh dng R
k
(k = 1,2,3,). Vi tng mnh hp
thnh th c dng SISO. Tuy nhin gi tr ca n cng l mt tp m B
k
v c xc
nh theo (1). Trong , ti mnh R
k
gi tr H
k
c xc nh bi :
H
k
= min
Akj
(x
j
) (2)
Hay B
k
= H
k

Bk
(y)
Qu trnh quy i x
j
thnh H
k
theo (2) c gi l qu trnh m ha.
Do kt qu ca mi mnh hp thnh R
k
l mt tp m B
k
nn kt qu B ca
lut hp thnh (*) l:
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Chng IV: L Thuyt iu Khin M

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B=

n
k
k
B
1
'
=
(3)
Nh vy, xc nh B ca lut hp thnh (*) ta cn phi c :
- Mt trong 2 cng thc v giao hoc hp hai tp m.
- Mt trong 2 cng thc v php m l (1a) hoc (1b) thc hin hp cc
tp m theo (3)
Vi nhng cch quy nh khc nhau ta c cc thut ton xc nh B khc nhau.
Mi mt thut ton nh vy gi l ng c suy din. C 4 ng c suy din thng
dng l: MAX MIN, MAX PROD, SUM MIN, SUM PROD.
V d:
Nu p sut thp th tc ng c tng
Nu p sut cao th tc ng c gim
Hnh 4.8: Tng hp theo ng c suy din
v d trn, v cch xc nh gi tr m ca lut hp thnh SISO, m phng kinh
nghim gi n nh p sut ca h thng bm, gm 2 mnh SISO (1 bin v, 1 bin
ra) ng vi gi tr r l x
o
ti u vo vi ng c suy din l MAX MIN.

p sut Tc ng c
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4.4 GII M
Gii m c nhim v chuyn i tp m B c hm lin thuc
B
(y) thnh mt gi
tr r y
o
bng cch ly mt phn t c bn ca tp nn lm i din. C nhiu phng
php gii m nh :
- Phng php gi tr cc i bn phi
- Phng php gi tr cc i bn tri
- Phng php gi tr trung bnh
Tuy nhin, trong thc t iu khin, phng php trng tm l phng php
thng c chn gii m.

Hnh 4.9: Gii m theo phng php trng tm
Vi y
o
=
}
}

dy y B
ydy B y
) ( '
'

Gi tr r y
o
l honh ca im trng tm ca tp m B
4.5 B IU KHIN M
Mt b iu khin m gm 3 khu c bn:
- Khu m ho
- Thc hin lut hp thnh
- Khu gii m
Xt b iu khin m MISO sau, vi vct u vo X=[u1 u2 un]
T

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Hnh 4.10: B iu khin m MISO
4.6 NGUYN L IU KHIN M

Hnh 4.11: Nguyn l iu khin m
Cc bc thit k h thng iu khin m:
- Giao din u vo gm cc khu: m ha v cc khu hiu chnh nh t
l, tch phn, vi phn
- Thit b hp thnh: s trin khai lut hp thnh R.
- Giao din u ra gm: khu gii m v cc khu giao din trc tip vi
i tng
Cc bc tng hp b iu khin m
- nh ngha tt c cc bin ngn ng vo/ra.
- nh ngha tp m (gi tr ngn ng) cho cc bin vo ra.
- Xy dng cc lut hp thnh
- Chn ng c suy din
- Chn phng php gii m
Nhng u im ca b iu khin m
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- Vic tng hp b iu khin m n gin, cc b iu khin phi tuyn
phc tp cng c th tng hp d dng bng b iu khin m.
- Khng cn xc nh m hnh ton hc ca i tng nn khi lng
cng vic thit k gim i rt nhiu.
- B iu khin m d hiu, n nh, cht lng cao hn cc b iu khin
khc trong nhiu trng hp.

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