Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-Hn

Cng Ngh Chuyn Mch ATM

LI NI U
Trong nhng nm gn y, h tng vin thng v ang pht trin nhanh chng c v cng ngh v cht lng dch v. Trong , cc h thng chuyn mch l thnh phn ct li vi phc tp bc nht, cng ngh hin i.Cc h thng chuyn mch nh cng ngh chuyn mch knh, chuyn mch gi, cng ngh IP/ATM hay cng ngh PMLS. Mi loi cng ngh c chc nng v c im ring tng thch vi tng h thng mng vin thng khc nhau. Trong chuyn mch ATM c nh gi l nn tn k thut mi, k thut truyn ti khng ng b c th truyn bng rng tc cao vi cc loi hnh dch v thoi v phi thoi. Hc tp v nghin cu mn hc k thut chuyn mch mng li cho sinh vin ngnh in t vin thng c kin thc s s ca lnh vc chuyn mch cng nh tip cn cc gii php k thut v cng ngh chuyn mch mi. l l do em chn ti cho n ny l: cng ngh chuyn mch ATM. Ni dung n gm 3 chng: Chng 1: Trnh by cc khi nim v l thuyt c bn ca k thut chuyn mch. Chng 2: Trnh by cc kin thc c bn v cc h thng chuyn mch, a ra c trng c bn, phn bit gia cc h thng chuyn mch bn cnh vic tip cn xu hn vi cng ngh chuyn mch gi lm nn tng tip cn vi cng ngh chuyn mch ATM chng 3. Chng 3: Trnh by cc kin thc c bn v chuyn mch ATM, s ra i, c im cng ngh v xu th pht trin ng dng ca cng ngh ny trong tng li. Em xin by t li cm n chn thnh ti c Trn Th Tr Vinh hng dn em trong qu trnh thc hin ti ny.

n K Thut Chuyn Mch

Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-Hn

Cng Ngh Chuyn Mch ATM

MC LC
LI NI U................................................................................................................i MC LC.....................................................................................................................ii DANH MC CC T VIT TT..............................................................................iii DANH MC HNH V V BNG BIU..................................................................iv CHNG 1: GII THIU K THUT CHUYN MCH ........................................1 1.1. Cc khi nim c bn..........................................................................................1 1.1.1. nh ngha chuyn mch:.............................................................................1 1.1.2. H thng chuyn mch:................................................................................1 1.1.3. Phn loi chuyn mch:................................................................................1 1.1.4. K thut lu lng TE..................................................................................2 1.1.5. Bo hiu trong vin thng.............................................................................2 1.1.6. Mng tch hp dch v s bng rng B-ISDN...............................................2 1.2. Qu trnh pht trin k thut chuyn mch..........................................................3 CHNG 2: K THUT CHUYN MCH C BN...............................................6 2.1. Chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi:............................................................6 2.1.1. Chuyn mch knh. .....................................................................................6 2.1.2 Chuyn mch gi. .........................................................................................7 2.2. C s k thut chuyn mch gi.........................................................................7 2.2.1. M hnh kt ni h thng m OSI................................................................8 2.2.2. Nguyn tc c bn ca chuyn mch gi....................................................10 CHNG 3: CHUYN MCH ATM........................................................................14 3.1. Gii thiu..........................................................................................................14 3.1.1. S ra i ca mng atm..............................................................................14 3.1.2. Cc c im chnh ca atm.......................................................................14
3.1.2.1. Khi nim v ATM..........................................................................................14 3.1.2.2. Cc c im ca ATM...................................................................................14 3.1.2.3. Cu trc t bo ATM.......................................................................................16 3.1.2.4. K thut ghp knh trong ATM ......................................................................18 3.1.2.5. Nguyn l c bn ca ATM.............................................................................19 3.1.2.6. Cu trc phn lp ca mng ATM...................................................................20

3.2. c im k thut.............................................................................................22 3.2.1. Nguyn tc chuyn mch v nh tuyn......................................................22

3.2.1.1. Qu trnh chuyn mch v x l gi qua h thng chuyn mch ATM..........22 3.2.1.2. Nguyn tc nh tuyn trong chuyn mch ATM............................................23

3.2.2. Hot ng ca chuyn mch ATM.............................................................24 3.3. ng dng ATM v xu hng pht trin............................................................27 3.3.1 Cc dch v ng dng ATM........................................................................27 3.3.2 Xu hng pht trin.....................................................................................32 KT LUN.................................................................................................................33 TI LIU THAM KHO............................................................................................34

n K Thut Chuyn Mch

ii

Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-Hn

Cng Ngh Chuyn Mch ATM

DANH MC CC T VIT TT
AAA ATM ATDM B-ISDN CLP CoS CS DSLAM FCS GFC GMPLS HEC IP ISO LAN NGN OSI PCI PSTN PT PVC QoS RIT STDM SVC TE VC VCI VPI VoiP WDM Authentificaton, Authorization and Accounting Asynchronous Transfer Mode Asynchronous Time Divission Multiplexing Integrated Service Digital Network Cell Loss Prioryti Class Of Service Call Server Digital Subcriber Line Access Mutiplexer Fast Circuit Switching General Flow control Generalized MultiProtocol Label Switch Heacler Error Check Internet Protocol Internatinal Organization For Standardization Local Area Network Next Generation Open System Interconnection Protocol Control Information Public switched telephone network Payload Type Permanent virtual circuit Quality Of Service Routing Information Table Synchronous Time Divission Multiplexing Switched virtual circuit Virtual Channel Virtual Channel Identifier Virtual Path Identyfier Voice Over IP Wavelength Division Multiplexing Nhn thc, cp php, tnh cc Phng thc truyn ti khng ng b Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian ng b Mch s tch hp a dch v bng rng u tin tn tht t bo Lp dch v My ch cu gi B ghp knh truy nhp DSL Chuyn mch tc cao iu khin lung chung Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc tng qut Trng kim tra li phn tiu Giao thc internet T chc tiu chun quc t Mng ni ht Mng th h sau M hnh kt ni m Giao thc iu khin thng tin Mng chuyn mch in thoi cng cng Kiu ti tin Knh o c nh Cht lng dch v Bng nh tuyn Ghp knh theo thi gian ng b Chuyn mc knh o K thut lu lng Knh o Nhn dang knh o Lung o Thoi trn nn giao thc internet Ghp knh thao bc sng

n K Thut Chuyn Mch

iii

Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-Hn

Cng Ngh Chuyn Mch ATM

DANH MC HNH V V BNG BIU

Hnh 1.1: Cc kiu chuyn mch c bn Hnh 1.2: Xu hng hi t cng ngh mng cng cng Hnh 1.3: Cc thit b chuyn mch trong m hnh mng cng cng in hnh Hnh 2.1: Chuyn mch knh
Hnh 2.2: M hnh phn lp OSI RM

Hnh 2.3: Cc phng php chuyn mch c bn Hnh 2.4: ng gi d liu theo m hnh OSI Hnh 2.5: Chuyn mch datagram v chuyn mch knh o Hnh 3.1 M t s bin i tr ca t bo Hnh 3.2 Cu trc mt t bo ATM Hnh 3.3 Cu trc phn cp ATM
Hnh 3.4 Cu trc tiu t bo ATM

Hnh 3.5 So snh STDM v ATDM Hnh 3.6 Cu trc nguyn l dng t bo Hnh 3.7 M hnh phn lp OSI Hnh 3.8 Mi quan h gia cc thc th v cc lp trong OSI Hnh 3.9 Cc kiu n v s liu v quan h gia chng Hnh 3.10: Nguyn tc t nh tuyn Hinh 3.11: Nguyn tc bng iu khin Hnh 3.12 PVC Mng ATM Hnh 3.13 SVC mng ATM Hnh 3.14: Chuyn mch VP v VC Hnh 3.15: Nguyn l chuyn mch ATM Bng 2.1 So snh mt s c im ca dch v thoai v d liu Bng 3.1 S phn loi ca cc dch v ng dng truyn thng Bng 3.2 S phn loi ca cc dch v ng dng phn phi

n K Thut Chuyn Mch

iv

Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-Hn

Cng Ngh Chuyn Mch ATM

CHNG 1: GII THIU K THUT CHUYN MCH

1.1. Cc khi nim c bn. 1.1.1. nh ngha chuyn mch: Chuyn mch l mt qu trnh thc hin u ni v chuyn thng tin cho ngi s dng thng qua h tng mng vin thng. Chuyn mch trong mng vin thng bao gm chc nng nh tuyn cho thng tin v chc nng chuyn tip thng tin. Nh vy, theo kha cnh thng thng khi nim chuyn mch gn lin vi lp mng v lp lin kt d liu trong m hnh OSI ca T chc tiu chun quc t ISO. 1.1.2. H thng chuyn mch: Qu trnh chuyn mch c thc hin ti cc nt chuyn mch, trong mng chuyn mch knh thng gi l h thng chuyn mch (tng i) trong mng chuyn mch gi thng c gi l thit b nh tuyn (b nh tuyn). 1.1.3. Phn loi chuyn mch: Xt v mt cng ngh, chuyn mch chia thnh hai loi c bn: chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi. Mt khc, chuyn mch cn c chia thnh bn kiu: chuyn mch knh, chuyn mch bn tin, chuyn mch gi v chuyn mch t bo. Cc khi nim c s v cng ngh chuyn mch c th hin trong hnh 1.1(a, b, c)di y.

a) Chuyn mch knh: hai dng thng tin trn hai mch khc nhau

b) Chuyn mch gi: cc tuyn ng c lp trn mng chia s ti nguyn

n K Thut Chuyn Mch

Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-Hn

Cng Ngh Chuyn Mch ATM

c) Chuyn mc gi knh o: cc gi tin i trn knh o Hnh 1.1: Cc kiu chuyn mch c bn Mng chuyn mch knh thit lp cc mch (knh) ch nh ring cho kt ni trc khi qu trnh truyn thng thc hin. Nh vy, qu trnh chuyn mch c chia thnh 3 giai on phn bit: thit lp, truyn v gii phng. thit lp, gii phng v iu khin kt ni (cuc gi) mng chuyn mch knh s dng cc k thut bo hiu thc hin. i ngc vi mng chuyn mch knh l mng chuyn mch gi, chia cc lu lng d liu thnh cc gi v truyn i trn mng chia s. Cc giai on thit lp, truyn v gii phng s c thc hin ng thi trong mt khong thi gian v thng c quyt nh bi tiu gi tin. 1.1.4. K thut lu lng TE K thut lu lng TE (Traffic Engineering) c coi l mt trong nhng vn quan trng nht trong khung lm vic ca h tng mng vin thng. Mc ch ca k thut lu lng l ci thin hiu nng v tin cy ca cc hot ng ca mng trong khi ti u cc ngun ti nguyn v lu lng. Ni cch khc, TE l cng c s dng ti u ti nguyn s dng ca mng bng phng php k thut nh hng cc lung lu lng ph hp vi cc tham s rng buc tnh hoc ng. Mc tiu c bn ca k thut lu lng l cn bng v ti u cc iu khin ca ti v ti nguyn mng thng qua cc thut ton v gii php k thut. 1.1.5. Bo hiu trong vin thng Bo hiu s dng cc tn hiu iu khin truyn thng, trong mng vin thng bo hiu l s trao i thng tin lin quan ti iu khin , thit lp cc kt ni v thc hin qun l mng. Cc h thng bo hiu c th phn loi theo c tnh v nguyn tc hot ng gm: Bo hiu trong bng v bo hiu ngoi bng, bo hiu ng v bo hiu thanh ghi, bo hiu knh lin kt v bo hiu knh chung, bo hiu bt buc. Cc thng tin bo hiu c truyn di dng tn hiu in hoc bn tin. Cc h thng bo hiu trong mng chuyn mch in thoi cng cng PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) c nh s t No1-No7. 1.1.6. Mng tch hp dch v s bng rng B-ISDN Cung cp cc cuc ni thng qua chuyn mch, cc cuc ni c nh (Permanent) hoc bn c nh (Semi-Permanent), cc cuc ni t im ti im ti im hoc t im ti a im v cung cp cc dch v yu cu, cc dch v dnh trc hoc cc dch v yu cu c nh. Cuc ni trong B-ISDN phc v cho c cc dch v chuyn
n K Thut Chuyn Mch 2

Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-Hn

Cng Ngh Chuyn Mch ATM

mch knh, chuyn mch gi theo kiu a phng tin (Multimedia), n phng tin (Monomedia), theo kiu hng lin kt (Connection-Oriented) hoc phi lin kt (Connectionless) v theo cu hnh n hng hoc a hng. 1.2. Qu trnh pht trin k thut chuyn mch Vo khong thp nin 60 ca th k 20, xut hin sn phm tng i in t s l s kt hp gia cng ngh in t vi k thut my tnh. Tng i in t s cng cng u tin ra i c iu khin theo chng trnh ghi sn SPC (Stored Program Control),c gii thiu ti bang Succasunna, Newjersey, USA vo thng 5 nm 1965. Trong nhng nm 70 hng lot cc tng i thng mi in t s ra i. Mt trong nhng tng i l tng i E10 ca CIT Alcatel c s dng ti Lannion (Php). V thng 1 nm 1976 Bell gii thiu tng i in t s cng cng 4ESS. Hu ht cho n giai on ny cc tng i in t s u s dng h thng chuyn mch l s v cc mch giao tip thu bao thng l Analog, cc ng trung k l s. Mt trng hp ngoi l l tng i DMS100 ca Northern Telecom a vo nm 1980 dng ton b k thut s u tin trn th gii. H thng 5ESS ca hng AT&T c a vo nm 1982 ci tin rt nhiu t h thng chuyn mch 4ESS v c cc chc nng tng thch vi cc dch v mng s tch hp dch v ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network). Sau hu ht cc h thng chuyn mch s u a ra cc cu hnh h tr cho cc dch v mi nh ISDN, dch v cho mng thng minh v cc tnh nng mi tng thch vi s pht trin ca mng li. Khong nm 1996 khi mng Internet tr thnh bng n trong th gii cng ngh thng tin, n tc ng mnh m n cng nghip vin thng v xu hng hi t cc mng my tnh, truyn thng, iu khin. H tng mng vin thng tr thnh tm im quan tm trong vai tr h tng x hi. Mt mng c th truyn bng rng vi cc loi hnh dch v thoi v phi thoi, tc cao v m bo c cht lng dch v QoS (Quality Of Service) tr thnh cp thit trn nn tng ca mt k thut mi: K thut truyn ti khng ng b ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode). Cc h thng chuyn mch in t s cng phi dn thay i theo hng ny cng vi cc ch tiu k thut, giao thc mi. Mt v d in hnh l cc h thng chuyn mch knh khi cung cp cc dch v Internet s c tin cy khc so vi cc cuc gi thng thng vi thi gian chim dng cuc gi ln hn rt nhiu, v cng nh vy i vi cc bi ton lu lng. S thay i ca h tng mng chuyn i sang mng th h k tip NGN v ang tc ng rt ln ti cc h thng chuyn mch, di y trnh by mt s vn lin quan ti mng NGN v cc c im ca qu trnh hi t mng ca h tng mng cng cng. Mng chuyn mch knh cng cng PSTN v IP (Internet Protocol) ang dn hi t ti cng mt mc tiu nhm hng ti mt h tng mng tc cao c kh nng tng thch vi cc ng dng a phng tin tng tc v m bo cht lng dch v. Hnh 1.2 di y ch ra xu hng hi t trong h tng mng cng cng: S khc bit ny bt u t nhng nm 1980, PSTN chuyn hng tip cn sang phng thc truyn ti bt ng b ATM h tr a phng tin v QoS, sau chuyn hng sang cng ngh kt hp vi IP chuyn mch nhn a giao thc hin nay. Trong khi Internet a ra mt tip cn hi khc vi PSTN qua gii php trin khai kin trc phn lp dch v CoS (Class Of Service) v hng ti m bo cht lng dch v QoS thng qua m hnh tch hp dch v IntServ v phn bit dch v DiffServ, cc chin lc ca Internet theo hng tng thch vi IP, mng quang v
n K Thut Chuyn Mch 3

Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-Hn

Cng Ngh Chuyn Mch ATM

hng ti mng chuyn mch nhn a giao thc tng qut GMPLS (Generalized MultiProtocol Label Switch). Cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS ra i vo nm 2001 l s n lc kt hp hai phng thc chuyn mch hng kt ni (ATM, FR) vi cng ngh chuyn mch phi kt ni (IP), cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS nh ngha khi nim nhn (Label) nm trn mt lp gia lp 2 v lp 3 trong m hnh OSI, vi mc tiu tn dng ti a cc u im ca chuyn mch phn cng (ATM, FR) v s mm do, linh hot ca cc phng php nh tuyn trong IP. Mt s quc gia c h tng truyn ti cp quang pht trin tt c xu hng s dng cc k thut chuyn mch quang v s dng cc cng ngh trn nn quang nh GMPLS, IP qua cng ngh ghp bc sng quang WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing), kin trc chuyn mch trong mng th h k tip NGN.

Hnh 1.2: Xu hng hi t cng ngh mng cng cng Trong mi trng mng hin nay, s phn cp h thng thit b bin(ni ht), thit b qu giang v thit b li trong mng cung cp cc dch v PSTN vn ang tn ti. Cc mng bao trm nh FR, ATM v Internet ang c trin khai song song v to ra nhu cu kt ni lin mng. Cc truy nhp cng thm gm cp ng, cp quang v truy nhp khng dy ang c trin khai lm a dng v tng mt truy nhp t pha mng truy nhp. S tng trng ca cc dch v truy nhp to nn sc p v t ra 3 vn chnh i vi h thng chuyn mch bng rng a dch v: Truy nhp bng thng rng, s thng minh ca thit b bin v truyn dn tc cao ti mng li. Cc thit b truy nhp bng thng rng bao gm cc thit b h tng mng truyn thng (tng i PSTN ni ht) v cc module truy nhp ng dy s DSLAM (Digital Subcriber Line Access Mutiplexer) phi truyn ti v nh tuyn mt s lng ln cc lu lng thoi v d liu ti thit b g mng. Cc thit b g mng hin c rt nhiu dng gm VoiP Cc cng truy nhp cho thit b VoiP (Voice Over IP), cng trung k, chuyn mch ATM, b nh tuyn IP v cc thit b mng quang. Cc thit b bin cn phi h tr cc chc nng nhn thc, cp quyn v ti khon AAA (Authentificaton, Authorization v Accounting) cng nh nhn dng cc lung lu lng t pha khch hng, v vy vic qun l v iu hnh thit b bin l mt vn rt phc tp.

n K Thut Chuyn Mch

Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-Hn

Cng Ngh Chuyn Mch ATM

Hnh 1.3: Cc thit b chuyn mch trong m hnh mng cng cng in hnh Vi mi trng mng PSTN trc y, cc thit b li mng chu trch nhim chnh trong iu hnh v qun l v iu ny c thay i chc nng cho cc thit b g mng trong mi trng NGN. Cc h thng chuyn mch a dch v cn phi h tr cc chuyn mch lp 3 trong khi vn phi duy tr cc chuyn mch lp 2 nhm h tr cc dch v ATM v FR truyn thng, c tin cy cao v phi tch hp tt vi cc h tng c sn. Hn na, cc h thng chuyn mch phi c mm do ln nhm tng thch v p ng cc yu cu tng trng lu lng t pha khch hng. V vy, c ch iu khin cc h thng chuyn mch c pht trin theo hng phn lp v module ho nhm nng cao hiu nng chuyn mch v m bo QoS t u cui ti u cui. Hng tip cn my ch cuc gi CS (Call Server) v hng trin khai phn h a dch v IP (IMS) c trnh by di y ch ra nhng s thay i ln trong lch s pht trin h thng chuyn mch.

n K Thut Chuyn Mch

Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-Hn

Cng Ngh Chuyn Mch ATM

CHNG 2: K THUT CHUYN MCH C BN

2.1. Chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi: 2.1.1. Chuyn mch knh. y l phng php c s dng t lu trong mng in thoi PSTN. Ngy nay phng php ny vn c s dng trong mng ISDN. N s dng phng php ghp knh theo thi gian TDM(Time Division Maltiplexing). Trong thng tin trn mt knh c truyn theo mt chu k u n 125 Us mt khe thi gian c nh, tp hp cc khe thi gian trong khong 125 Us to thnh mt khung thi gian. Knh truyn trong mng chuyn mch knh l knh thc c thit lp trc khi c yu cu thit lp cuc gi trong mng. Do phng php ny thiu tnh mm do do thng tin phi truyn theo mt tn s c nh dn ti gii hn v mt tc v khng thch hp cho vic truyn cc dch v bng rng c cc c im khc nhau.

Hnh 2.1: Chuyn mch knh khc phc s thiu mm do ca ch truyn n tc trong chuyn mch knh ngi ta a ra h thng chuyn mch knh a tc MRCS (Maltirate Circuit Switching). Cc ng ni trong MRCS c chia thnh n knh c bn gm cc khung thi gian c di khc nhau, mi cuc lin lc c th c xy dng t n knh ny. Thng thng cc knh c bn cho mt cuc ni l: + Mt knh c tc l 1024 Kbit/s. + Tm knh H1 c tc l 2048 Kbit/s. + Mt knh H4 c tc l 139.164 Kbit/s. MRCS rt phc tp do mi knh c s ca mt ng ni phi gi ng b vi cc knh khc nhau m bo tnh trong sut v mt thi gian. Ngoi ra vic s dng ti nguyn chung ca MRCS khng t hiu qu: Khi mi knh H1 bn th khng th thit lp thm mt knh no khc trong khi c th H4 vn ri. Do vy y cha phi l gii php cho mng bng rng.

n K Thut Chuyn Mch

Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-Hn

Cng Ngh Chuyn Mch ATM

Cc ti nguyn trong h thng chuyn mch knh tc cao FCS (Fast Circuit Switching) ch c cung cp khi thng tin c gi i. Sau khi gi xong thng tin ti nguyn c gii phng tr li. S cung cp ny c thit lp mi ln gi nh trong trng hp chuyn mch gi nhng di s iu khin ca tn hiu bo hiu lin kt nhanh (fast associated signalling) ch khng nm trong chuyn mch gi. Khi thit lp cuc gi ngi s dng yu cu rng ca bng bng s nguyn ln rng bng ca knh c bn. H thng lc ny cha cung cp ti nguyn ngay m n ghi li cc thng tin v chuyn mch, thng tin v rng bng theo yu cu, thng tin v a ch ca ch c chn. Khi bn pht bt u gi thng tin, lc ny h thng bo hiu rng bn pht c thng tin c gi i yu cu chuyn mch phn phi ti nguyn ngay lp tc. Qua y c th thy FCS kh phc tp v khng thch hp cho B-ISDN v kh nng thit lp, hu b cuc ni v iu khin c h thng rt phc tp, khng p ng c yu cu v mt thi gian. 2.1.2 Chuyn mch gi. c s dng trong mng my tnh. Phng thc ny thc hin truyn d liu di dng cc gi tin qua cc nt mng, thng tin c chia thnh cc gi c di khc nhau v c lu trong b m (buffer). Khi cn truyn d liu th tt c cc gi tin ny c truyn ti nt mng gn nht, ti y vic chuyn tip cc gi tin nh th no l do cc nt mng m nhim. N c th thc hin nh sau: S dng lu d liu Data Gram: cc nt mng s chn ng cho cc gi tin i ti ch m khng cn phi theo th t, khi cc gi tin n trm ch phi thc hin sp xp li cc gi tin theo ch s ca n. S dng mch o Virual Circuit: tn hiu cu (request) s c gi ti nt mng gn nht khi c yu cu truyn. Nt mng s tm ng i gia cc nt i n trm ch, nu trm ch chp nhn d liu th s gi tn hiu tr li chp nhn (accept). Lc ny gia hai nt mng Ngun v ch tn ti ng o duy nht trao i d liu vi nhau. Khi kt thc th gii phng lin kt v c th hnh thnh lin kt khc. 2.2. C s k thut chuyn mch gi. K thut chuyn mch gi da trn nguyn tc chuyn thng tin qua mng di dng gi. Gi tin l thc th truyn thng hon chnh gm hai phn: Tiu mang cc thng tin iu khin ca mng hoc ca ngi s dng v ti tin l d liu thc cn chuyn qua mng. Qu trnh chuyn thng tin qua mng chuyn mch gi c th khng cn xc lp ng dnh ring v cc mng chuyn mch gi c coi l mng chia s ti nguyn. Cc gi tin s c chuyn giao t cc nt mng ny ti nt mng khc trong mng chuyn mch gi theo nguyn tc lu m v chuyn tip, nn mng chuyn mch gi cn c coi l mng chuyn giao trong khi mng chuyn mch knh c coi l mng trong sut i vi d liu ngi s dng. Trn hng tip cn tng i n gin t kha cnh dch v cung cp, cc dch v c cung cp trn mng vin thng chia thnh dch v thoi v dch v phi thoi, trong i din cho dch v phi thoi l dch v s liu. Chng ta hiu rng, s ho v gi ho thoi l hai vn hon ton khc nhau, trong mng chuyn mch in thoi cng cng PSTN hin nay tn hiu thoi c s ho, v k thut chuyn
n K Thut Chuyn Mch 7

Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-Hn

Cng Ngh Chuyn Mch ATM

mch truyn thng c p dng l k thut chuyn mch knh. D liu thoi ch c gi l gi ho nu nhng gi ny c chuyn ti trn mng chuyn mch gi. Trong mc ny chng ta s xem xt nhng vn k thut c bn c ng dng trong h thng chuyn mch: K thut chuyn mch knh v k thut chuyn mch gi. Mng in thoi cng cng (PSTN) c pht trin trn mng chuyn mch knh cung cp cc dch v thoi truyn thng. Cc mng d liu nh cc mng cc b LAN(Local Area Network), mng Internet l mng chuyn mch gi rt thch hp trao i d liu. Trong Bng 2.1 ta thy s khc bit gia cc dch v thoi (chuyn mch knh) v dch v d liu (chuyn mch gi). Bng 2.1: So snh mt s c im ca dch v thoai v d liu c im Bng thng Bng pht bng thng Nhay cm vi li Pht li thng tin tr Kiu kt ni Dch v thoi C nh v thp( di 4kb/s ) Khng Thoi li nu c li Khng th thc hin c Thp v n nh Hng kt ni Dch v d liu Thay i ( c th ti Gb/s) Ln ( 100/1000:1) Khng cho php li Thc hin d dng Ln v c th thay i C th l phi kt ni

Cc dch v thoi trong mng PSTN hin nay s dng k thut iu ch PCM v chim bng thng 64kb/s. Nu chng ta c th cung cp bng thng ln hn cho mi cuc gi th cht lng cuc gi thoi cng khng v th m tt hn. Tri li, i vi cc dch v d liu bng thng rt quan trng. Mt s ng dng i hi bng thng ti 1Gb/s hoc cao hn. S thay i v bng thng thng c gi l bng n bng thng. Trong khi dch v thoi c cung cp bi k thut chuyn mch knh lun i hi bng thng khng i, ngc li cc dch v d liu c th c nhu cu v bng thng thay i ti hng trm, thm ch hng ngn ln. tr l tham s rt quan trng nh gi cht lng mng in thoi. Cc cuc gi thoi i hi thi gian tr thp v n nh. Nhiu mng d liu cng c yu cu tr tng i thp, tuy nhin khng i hi s n nh. Chng hn trong khi truyn file vic cc gi tin ca u hay cui file n trc khng c ngha g. m bo tr thp v n nh mng PSTN c thit k l mng nh tuyn theo hng kt ni. Mt s mng d liu cng l mng hng kt ni, tuy nhin mt khi yu cu v tr khng qu ngt ngho th mng d liu thng c xy dng theo m hnh phi kt ni. 2.2.1. M hnh kt ni h thng m OSI Trong khong gia nhng nm 70, cng nghip my tnh bt u pht trin rt mnh, v nhu cu kt ni thng tin qua mng tng ln rt nhanh. Cc h thng my tnh cn trao i thng tin qua rt nhiu hnh thi khc nhau ca mng. H thng m ra i nhm tiu chun ho cho tt c cc u ni gi l m hnh kt ni h thng m OSI. Mc tiu ca m hnh OSI (Open System Interconnection) l m bo rng bt k mt x l ng dng no u khng nh hng ti trng thi nguyn thu ca dch v, hoc cc x l ng dng c th giao tip trc tip vi cc h thng my tnh khc trn cng lp (nu cc h thng cng c h tr theo tiu chun ca m hnh OSI).

n K Thut Chuyn Mch

Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-Hn

Cng Ngh Chuyn Mch ATM

M hnh OSI cung cp mt khung lm vic tiu chun cho cc h thng. Cu trc phn lp c s dng trong m hnh v c 7 lp, c th phn loi thnh 2 vng chnh.

Hnh 2.2 : M hnh phn lp OSI RM

+ Lp thp cung cp cc dch v u cui - ti - u cui p ng phng tin truyn s liu, cc chc nng hng v pha mng t lp 3 ti lp 1. + Lp cao cung cp cc dch vng dng p ng truyn thng tin, cc chc nng hng v ngi s dng t lp 4 ti lp 7. + M hnh OSI c th chia thnh ba mi trng iu hnh: + Mi trng mng: lin quan ti cc giao thc, trao i cc bn tin v cc tiu chun lin quan ti cc kiu mng truyn thng s liu khc nhau. + Mi trng OSI: Cho php thm vo cc giao thc hng ng dng v cc tiu chun cho php cc h thng kt cui trao i thng tin ti h thng khc theo hng m. + Mi trng h thng thc: Xy dng trn m hnh OSI v lin quan ti c tnh dch v v phn mm ca ngi sn xut, n c pht trin thc hin nhim v x l thng tin phn tn trong thc t. Nhng mi trng ny cung cp nhng c tnh sau: + Giao tip gia cc lp. + Chc nng ca cc lp, giao thc nh ngha tp hp ca nhng quy tc v nhng quy + c s dng bi lp giao tip vi mt lp tng ng tng t trong h thng t + xa khc. + Mi lp cung cp mt tp nh ngha ca nhng dch v ti lp k cn.

n K Thut Chuyn Mch

Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-Hn

Cng Ngh Chuyn Mch ATM

+ Mt thc th chuyn thng tin phi i qua tng lp. Cc chc nng chi tit ca cc lp c nh ngha trong tiu chun ISO 7498 v chun X.200 ca ITU-T. Cc c tnh c bn c tm tt nh sau: a) Lp ng dng: Cung cp cc dch v truyn thng ca ngi s dng vi cc dng thc s liu, bo hiu iu khin v cc p ng ca cc thit b u cui, cc h thng giao thc iu khin cc ng dng thng qua cc phn t dch v ng dng, qun l truyn thng gia cc ng dng. b) Lp trnh din: Lp trnh din chu trch nhim to ra cc khun dng d liu cho lp ng dng tng thch gia cc ng dng v h thng truyn thng. Cc giao thc lp trnh din a ra cc ngn ng, c php v tp c tnh ph hp cho truyn thng, ng thi thng nht cc m, d liu cho cc dch v lp ng dng. c) Lp phin: Lp phin qun l cc dch v v iu khin lung s liu gia cc ngi s dng tham gia vo phin truyn thng, cc giao thc lp phin ch ra cc lut v phng php thc hin phin truyn thng m khng can thip vo ni dung truyn thng. d) Lp truyn ti: Lp truyn ti cung cp cc dch v truyn ti d liu t u cui ti u cui, cung cp kh nng truyn ti c tin cy gia cc thit b u cui m khng lin quan trc tip ti phn cng mng truyn thng. p ng cc yu cu ca lp phin qua cht lng dch v, kch thc n v d liu, iu khin lung v cc yu cu sa li. e) Lp mng: Lp mng cung cp chc nng nh tuyn, thit lp v qun l cc kt ni trong mng, cc giao thc lp mng cung cp thng tin v cu hnh logic ca mng, a ch v nh x cc kt ni ti cc thit b vt l trong mng. f) Lp lin kt d liu: Lp lin kt d liu hot ng trn cc lin kt d liu hoc mt phn mng ca kt ni, lp lin kt d liu cung cp cc chc nng lin quan ti h thng truyn dn nh ng b, iu khin lung d liu, pht hin v sa li truyn dn v ghp hp cc knh logic trn ng dn vt l. g) Lp vt l: Lp vt l cung cp mi trng truyn dn, tn hiu ng h v cch thc truyn bit trn phng tin truyn dn. Cc chun ca lp vt l cung cp cc c tnh v nguyn tc giao tip c, in, sng ti phng tin truyn thng. 2.2.2. Nguyn tc c bn ca chuyn mch gi K thut chuyn mch knh thng c ng dng cho cc dch v thi gian thc, hng kt ni v lu lng khng bng pht. Trong khi mc tiu ca chuyn
n K Thut Chuyn Mch 10

Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-Hn

Cng Ngh Chuyn Mch ATM

mch gi l s dng cho d liu nn lun phi sn sng chp nhn lu lng bng pht trong khi c th khng cn hng kt ni hoc thi gian thc. c tnh hng kt ni yu cu cc giai on kt ni phn bit gm: thit lp kt ni, truyn thng tin v gii phng kt ni. Mt kiu kt ni khc i ngc vi kiu hng kt ni l kiu phi kt ni. Phi kt ni cho php cc thc th thng tin c truyn c lp vi cc c tnh kt ni c th hin trong cc tiu thc th thng tin. Cc giai on kt ni nh trong chuyn mch knh khng cn tn ti m thay vo l phng php chuyn theo mt giai on duy nht gm c ba giai on. Hnh 2.3 di y ch ra s khc bit c bn xt theo phng din kt ni ca cc phng thc chuyn mch knh, chuyn mch bn tin v chuyn mch gi.

Hnh 2.3: Cc phng php chuyn mch c bn S khc bit gia chuyn mch bn tin v chuyn mch gi nm ti qu trnh x l bn tin, chuyn mch gi thc hin vic phn on bn tin thnh cc thc th ph hp vi ng truyn v cu hnh mng, cc gi c th c kch thc thay i hoc c nh, phng php chuyn mch vi cc gi c kch thc c nh c gi l chuyn mch t bo (cell). Nh vy, mt bn tin ngi dng c th phn thnh nhiu gi. Sau qu trnh chuyn mch cc gi s c ti hp hon nguyn li thng tin ca ngi s dng [7]. Qu trnh phn mnh v to gi c thc hin ti cc lp trong m hnh OSI th hin trong hnh 2.4. K thut chuyn mch gi cho php kt ni thng tin t u cui ti u cui qua qu trnh chia s ti nguyn, s dng cc tp th tc v cc lin kt c tc khc nhau truyn cc gi tin v c th chuyn gi trn nhiu ng dn khc nhau. C hai kiu chuyn mch gi c bn: chuyn mch datagram DG (datagram) v chuyn mch knh o VC (Virtual Circuit). Trn hnh 2.5 m t s lc 2 kiu chuyn mch ny. Chuyn mch Datagram: Chuyn mch datagram cung cp cho cc dch v khng yu cu thi gian thc. Vic chuyn gi tin ph thuc vo cc giao thc lp cao hoc
n K Thut Chuyn Mch 11

Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-Hn

Cng Ngh Chuyn Mch ATM

ng lin kt d liu. Chuyn mch kiu datagram khng cn giai on thit lp kt ni v rt thch hp i vi dng d liu c lu lng thp v thi gian tn ti ngn. Chuyn mch datagram l chuyn mch kiu n lc ti a (best effort), cc thng tin v tr s khng c m bo cng nh cc hin tng lp gi, mt gi cng d dng xy ra i vi kiu chuyn mch ny. Cc datagram phi cha ton b cc thng tin v a ch ch v cc yu cu ca lp dch v pha trn c th hin trong tiu , v vy tiu ca datagram l kh ln. Tuy nhin, chuyn mch datagram cho php la chn cc con ng ti ch nhanh nht p ng cc thay i nhanh ca mng.

Hnh 2.4: ng gi d liu theo m hnh OSI

Hnh 2.5: Chuyn mch datagram v chuyn mch knh o Chuyn mch knh o: Chuyn mch knh o VC (Virtual Channel) yu cu giai on thit lp tuyn gia thit b gi v thit b nhn thng tin, mt knh o c hnh thnh gia cc thit b trong ng dn chuyn mch; knh o l knh ch c xc nh khi c d liu truyn qua v khng ph thuc vo logic thi gian. Chuyn mch knh o yu cu mt tuyn hin ngay trong qu trnh nh tuyn v knh o c nhn dng thng qua trng nhn dng knh o VCI (Virtual Channel Identifier) nm ti tiu gi tin. Trong qu trnh thit lp knh o, nhn dng knh o VCI c to ra bi cc node chuyn mch ch nh cc ngun ti nguyn ca gi tin s chuyn qua (v d: b m, dung lng lin kt). Mt khi knh o c thit lp dc theo tuyn ng t ngun ti ch qua cc lin kt v cc node th knh c s dng truyn
n K Thut Chuyn Mch 12

Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-Hn

Cng Ngh Chuyn Mch ATM

cc gi tin. Cc gi c VCI trong tiu c th c s dng nh con tr truy nhp ti cc thng tin lu tr ti cc nt chuyn mch. Cc trng nhn dng knh o cn phi duy nht phn bit cc thng tin ngi s dng v ti s dng. Nu s dng cc VCI cho ton b mng th s lng VCI rt ln v khng ngng tng ln theo kch c mng. V vy, ngi ta s dng cc nhn dng knh o theo cc vng cc b, thm ch l trn tng lin kt. Vi cch ny, khi mt VC khi to mi mt nt chuyn mch dc tuyn ng s phi xc lp cc nhn dng knh o trn cc lin kt u vo v lin kt u ra ca nt chuyn mch . Cc nt phi tho thun vi nhau v nhn dng knh o duy nht trn lien kt gia hai nt cho mt knh o. Nhn dng knh o trn cc lin kt u vo v u ra khng cn thit phi ging nhau, vic chuyn thng tin da trn tiu gi tin c cha VCI s thc hin vic chuyn i thng tin trong cc VCI u vo ti VCI u ra. Tt c cc gi c gi trn cng mt knh o VC s theo cng mt ng dn, v vy th t v thi gian tr lan truyn c khng ch. iu ny rt hu ch i vi cc lu lng thi gian thc v c thi gian tn ti di. Nu knh o li hoc hng, cc h thng nh tuyn s tm mt con ng khc thay th. Cc phng php tm ng v thit lp ng dn s c trnh by trong mc nh tuyn. Khi mun gii phng knh o, gi tin iu khin ngt u ni c truyn ti tt c cc thit b m knh o i qua gii phng ti nguyn v knh o s c ti s dng cho cc kt ni khc.

n K Thut Chuyn Mch

13

Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-Hn

Cng Ngh Chuyn Mch ATM

CHNG 3: CHUYN MCH ATM

3.1. Gii thiu 3.1.1. S ra i ca mng atm ATM phng thc truyn ti khng ng b, cung cp cc dch v bng rng tng lai. ATM ln u tin c nghin cu ti trung tam nghin cu CNET(ca france telecom) v Bell Labs vo nm 1983, sau tip tc pht trin ti trung tam nghin cuAllatebell t nm 1984. Cc trung tm ny tch cc nghin cu nhng nguyn l c bn v ng gp tch cc trong vic thit lp cc tiu chun u tin v ATM. Hin nay cng ngh ATM pht trin ti kh hon ho v n nh. Cng ngh ny c nghin cu v trin khai ti nhiu nc trn th gii. Nhiu mng ATM c trin khai, bc u cung cp dich v bng rng ti khch hang. Vic ng dng cng ngh ATM vo mng vin thng c bt u vo nm 1990. ATM l s kt hp ca cng ngh truyn dn v cng ngh chuyn mch qua mng giao tip chun, da vo cng ngh ATM phn chia v ghp ting ni, s liu, hnh nh,... vo trong mt khi c chiu di c nh c gi l t bo. 3.1.2. Cc c im chnh ca atm 3.1.2.1. Khi nim v ATM ATM l phng thc truyn khng ng b k thut chuyn mch gi cht lng cao. C phng thc truyn ti nh hng, chuyn gi nhanh da trn ghp khng ng b phn chia theo thi gian. ATM kt hp tt c nhng li th ca k thut chuyn mch trc y vo mt k thut truyn thng duy nht. S dng cc gi c nh gi l cc t bo, n c th truyn ti mt hn hp cc dch v bao gm thoi, hnh nh, s liu, c th cung cp cc bng thng theo yu cu. ATM c th loi tr c cc nt c chai thng xy ra cc mng LAN v WAN hin nay. 3.1.2.2. Cc c im ca ATM ATM truyn ti theo phng thc khng ng b, tc l cc thng tin c truyn t u pht ti u thu mt cch khng ng b v c th hin nh sau: thng tin xut hin ti u vo ca h thng c np vo cc b nh m, sau chng c chia nh thnh cc t bo v truyn ti qua mng. ATM c hai c im quan trng l: + Th nht: ATM s dng cc gi c kch thc nh v c nh gi l t bo ATM (ATM cell), cc t bo nh cng vi tc truyn ln s lm cho tr
n K Thut Chuyn Mch 14

Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-Hn

Cng Ngh Chuyn Mch ATM

truyn v bin ng tr gim nh i vi cc dch v thi gian thc.ngoi ra kch thc nh cng s to iu kin cho vic hp knh tc cao c d dng hn. + Th hai: ATM cn c mt c im rt quan trng l nhm mt vi knh o thnh mt ng o mhm gip cho vic nh tuyn c d dng. Phng thc truyn ti trong ATM gn ging vi phng thc chuyn mch gi. V n c mt s c im khc vi chuyn mch gi nh sau: + ph hp vi vic truyn tn hiu thi gian thc th ATM phi t tr nh, tc l cc t bo phi c di ngn hn cc gi thng tin trong chuyn mch gi. + Cc t bo c on mo u nh nht nhm tng hiu qu s dng v cc ng truyn c tc rt cao. + m bo tr nh th cc t bo c truyn nhng khong thi gian xc nh, khng c khong trng gia cc t bo. + Trong ATM th t cc t bo bn pht v bn thu phi ging nhau (m bo nht qun v th t). Nhng c im ny gip cho mng ATM c s mn do v linh hot v n c th to ra s tng thch v mt tc truyn ca cc t bo (tc ca thng tin) v tc ca thng tin c to ra (tc thay i ngun tn hiu). ATM c th iu khin tt c cc kiu lu lng: Voice, Audio, Video, Text, Data..., c ghp knh v chuyn mch trong mt mng chung. Trong mng ATM rng bng c th gn li trong thi gian thc cho bt k kiu lu lng khc nhau no theo yu cu, c th thy rng y l mt cng ngh cho mi mi trng LAN, GAN, PSTN... y l nguyn nhn ni bt lm cho ATM c la chon lm cng ngh chuyn mch v truyn dn chung cho cc dch v trong mng B-ISDN. Cc tnh nng u vit ca ATM v mi trng ATM l: + Ghp knh khng ng b (ATDM) v thng k cho mi kiu lu lng. + Gn rng knh rt linh hot v mm do. + Gim cc mng ring. + Chp nhn mng hin c nh kt ni chng vi mng ATM mi. + Tc truy cp cao (155 Mbt/s 16 Gbt/s) Tit kim gi thnh OA&M (Operation Administrantion and Maintenance) nh cng ngh cao v ng nht. Bn cht ca ATM l lin kt truyn cc t bo vi cc thng tin c to ra v ATM cung cp kh nng ghp knh thng k vi ng truyn. Do trong ATM tn dng c dung lng truyn dn trong cc thi im c hot ng thp ca ngun thng tin vi thay v truyn i cc t bo khng c ch, l cc t bo truyn i trong khong thi gian ny, s c cc ngun thng tin khc nhau c thay th. Trong

n K Thut Chuyn Mch

15

Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-Hn

Cng Ngh Chuyn Mch ATM

trng hp c nhiu ngun thng tin c thay i (VBR) truyn i trn cng mt ng truyn th kh nng ghp knh thng k l rt cao. T bo ATM c kch thc c nh v kt hp vi ghp knh, gip cho vic t hp nhiu ngun tn hiu khc nhau trn mt ng truyn c d dng, t cc nh khai thc c th cung cp nhiu dch v cho khch hng trn cng mt ng truyn. Tuy nhin ATM khng phi khng c nhc im: + Thi gian t hp t bo v tr bin ng t bo. + Tr bin ng t bo sinh ra bi cc gi tr tr khc nhau ti nhng im chuyn mch v cc thit b tch/ghp knh, dn n khong cch cc t bo b thay i. Trong tn hiu thoi s b nh hng rt nhiu nu xy ra tr ny.

Tr m g c a n

G t t t g i r rn

G t t g m i r r i

Hnh 3.1 M t s bin i tr ca t bo 3.1.2.3. Cu trc t bo ATM Cu trc mt t bo ATM

8
Byte 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ph m n ang thng tin d v ch Inform tion Sect a ion

Ph t n iu Header Section

52 53

Hnh 3.2 Cu trc mt t bo ATM c im ca ATM l hng lin kt nn khc vi chuyn mch gi l a ch ngun, ch v s th t cc gi tin l khng cn thit. ATM cng khng cung cp c
n K Thut Chuyn Mch 16

Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-Hn

Cng Ngh Chuyn Mch ATM

ch iu khin lung gia cc nt mng nhng c kh nng nhm mt vi knh o thnh mt ng onhm gip cho vic nh tuyn c d dng hn. V vy chc nng c bn ca phn tiu trong t bo ATM l nhn dng cc cuc ni o. Da vo cu trc phn cp ATM theo s :

Mng cng cng

NNI
(Giao din gia cc nt mng)

Mng cng cng

Mng ring
UNI
(Giao din mng - khch hng)

Mng ring

Cc trm kt cui s dng

Cc trm kt cui s dng

Cc trm kt cui s dng

Cc trm kt cui s dng

Hnh 3.3 Cu trc phn cp ATM Tng ng vi hai cp giao din trn, ngi ta a hai dng cu trc phn tiu tng ng: + Cu trc phn tiu giao din gia ngi s dng v mng UNI. + Cu trc phn tiu giao din gia cc nt mng NNI.
Bit 8 7 6 GFC VPI 5 4 3 VPI VCI 2 1 1 2 3 PT CLP 4 5 . . 53 Byte VCI VPI Bit 8 7 6 5 4 VPI 2 VCI 3 4 PT CLP 5 . . 53 Byte 3 2 1 Octet 1

VCI
VCI

VCI

HEC

HEC

Phn mang thng tin ca ngi s dng

* Cu trc t bo ATM ti UNI

Phn mang thng tin ca ngi s dng

* Cu trc t bo ATM ti NNI

Hnh 3.4 Cu trc tiu t bo ATM

ngha cc trng trong phn tiu .

n K Thut Chuyn Mch 17

Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-Hn

Cng Ngh Chuyn Mch ATM

+ GFC (General Flow control) l trng iu khin lung chung. Trng ny ch dng cho giao din UNI trong cu hnh im - im, c di gm 4 bit, trong 2 bit dng cho iu khin v 2 bit dng lm tham s. C cu ny c tiu chun ha. + VPI (Virtual Path Identyfier) v VCI (Virtual Channel Identyfier) l hai trng nh tuyn cho cc t bo trong qu trnh chuyn mch: - Vi UNI th c 8 bit VPI v 16 bit VCI. - Vi NNI th c 12 bit VPI v 16 bit VCI. Hai trng ny ghi nhn dng lung o v knh o. c tnh c bn ca ATM l chuyn mch xy ra trn c s gi tr trng nh tuyn: - Mch xy ra trn VPI th gi l kt ni ng o. - Nu chuyn mch xy ra trn VPI v VCI th gi l kt ni knh o. + PT (Payload Type) l trng ti thng tin xc nh xem t bo ny mang thng tin khch hng hay thng tin iu khin. N cng xc nh qu ti ca t bo thng tin khch hng. Trng ny c c hai giao din v c di 3 bit. + CLP (Cell Loss Prioryti) l trng u tin b t bo dng ch ra kh nng cho php hoc khng cho php b cc t bo khi c hin tng qu ti xy ra. - Nu cc t bo c CLP = 0 th c mc u tin cao. - Nu cc t bo c CLP = 1 th c mc u tin thp. Trng ny ch nhn hai gi tr 0 hoc1 nn c di 1 bit v tn ti c hai giao din. + HEC (Heacler Error Check) l trng kim tra li phn tiu . Trng ny c di 8 bit. N dng pht hin li ghp bit v sa li cho ng cc li ghp bit n . Cng vic ny c thc hin lp vt l. 3.1.2.4. K thut ghp knh trong ATM Nhc im c bn ca STM l lng ph kh nng truyn ti ca h thng v kh x l ng thi tt c cc dch v yu cu (thm ch khng th x l c) c tc dng bit rt khc nhau. Kho st s b k thut dng trong ch truyn ti ng b STM l k thut ghp knh theo thi gian ng b STDM (Synchronous Time Divission Multiplexing). STDM thc hin ghp knh ng b vi ng b h thng v cc khung tn hiu phi b tr sp xp theo mt th t c nh v lp li theo mt chu k hon ton xc nh bi ng h h thng. Mi khe thi gian Tsi ca mt khung c gn cho mt knh lin lc c nh trong sut thi gian ca qu trnh thng tin, do vy thng xy ra lng ph ngun ti nguyn v knh gn dnh ring cho mt qu trnh thng tin th cho d n khng
n K Thut Chuyn Mch 18

Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-Hn

Cng Ngh Chuyn Mch ATM

c s dng (khi khng c thng tin truyn) cng khng th dng cho cc qu trnh thng tin khc. Khc vi ch ghp knh ng b, trong k thut ghp knh khng ng b ATDM (Asynchronous Time Divission Multiplexing) khng cn nhim v gn khe thi gian cho cc qu trnh thng tin c th na m c c bt k khe thi gian no ri th ATDM ghp gi tin cn truyn vo. Ni cch khc, ATDM thc hin k thut ghp knh thng k, ngha l cc gi tin chun ca ngun tin c th ghp vo ng thi nhiu khe thi gian c ch s khe khc nhau v do vy ATDM t c mm do, linh hot, hiu qu cao vi nhiu kiu dch v, mi tc bit v kiu lu lng khc nhau.
A1 A3 B2

A
B1

B
C2 C3 A3

STDM

A1

B1

B2

C2

A3

C3

C
A1

A
B1 B2 C2 C3

B C

ATDM

A1

B1

B2

C2

A3

C3

Hnh 3.5 So snh STDM v ATDM Gii php kt hp cc u im, khc phc cc nhc im ca k thut chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi, s dng ATDM s c kh nng p ng tt cc yu cu trong B-ISDN l vn ch yu ca cng ngh truyn ti khng ng b ATM. Nh trnh by, thut ng truyn bao gm c lnh vc truyn dn v chuyn mch trong mng, mng ATM c kh nng ch gi s liu lin quan ti mt cuc ni khi n c thc s c s liu cn truyn v khng c khe thi gian gn ring cho cuc ni . iu ny hon ton khc so vi c ch ng b khi ng vi cuc ni cn phi c mt khe thi gian dnh ring xc nh, v my thu STM khng th khi c thng tin cha trong cc khe thi gian khc. 3.1.2.5. Nguyn l c bn ca ATM Nguyn l c bn ca ATM l kt hp cc u im ca chuyn mch knh vi chuyn mch gi v ATDM. Trong cng ngh k thut chuyn mch gi, v d trong giao thc X.25 cc gi tin c phn tiu kh phc tp, kch thc kh ln v khng chun ho di gi tin. Nh vy c ngha l x l chuyn mch gi tng i kh, kch thc ln nn tr ln, x l v truyn dn chm ng thi kh qun l qu trnh.

n K Thut Chuyn Mch

19

Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-Hn

Cng Ngh Chuyn Mch ATM

Khc phc nhc im ny ca chuyn mch gi ATM ngi ta to ra cc gi tin gi l t bo ATM, n c chun ho khch thc v nh dng cho ph hp nht, d qun l nht, hiu qu nht v tiu n gin nht. Tht vy i khi cch tt nht qun l lng thng tin ln l chia thnh cc gi tin nh nh vy d qun l hn. ATM khng quan tm thng tin l ci g v n t u n. n gin l ATM ct bn tin cn pht thnh cc t bo ATM c kch thc nh v bng nhau, gn tiu cho cc t bo sao cho c th nh hng chng ti c ch mong mun, m bo cc yu cu trong sut qu trnh truyn tin. Mi t bo ny theo ITT-T a ra kch thc l 53 byte, trong c 5 byte tiu v 48 byte trng thng tin. Trng thng tin mang thng tin ca khch hng v phn tiu gi l mo u mang thng tin mng nh thng tin nh tuyn. V i trn cng mt ng truyn nn c th c nhiu t bo t cc ngun tn hiu khc nhau ghp li vi nhau to nn mt lung t bo c chung mt ngun tn hiu. Vic ny c thc hin bng thng tin mo u ca t bo.
Tr gt gt n h n in M o u

Hnh 3.6 Cu trc nguyn l dng t bo. Vi trng thng tin th c truyn ti thng sut qua mng ATM v khng b x l trong qu trnh vn chuyn (khng c iu khin li nh trong chuyn mch gi). Tm li: ATM l ch truyn ti cc gi tin khng ng, n khc ch chuyn mch gi nhng ni chung ATM c c trng ca chuyn mch gi ng thi cng c cc c tnh tr v tc cao nh cnng ngh chuyn mch knh (v kch thc nh v tiu n gin hn chuyn mch gi nhiu). 3.1.2.6. Cu trc phn lp ca mng ATM Theo m hnh tham chiu lin kt h thng m OSI (Open System Interconnection ) ca t chc tiu chun ho quc t ISO ( International Standrd Organization ). Mi h thng m u c cc h thng con c sp xp theo th t nh hnh 3.7 Mt PDU lp N bao gm thng tin iu khin giao thc PCI ( Protocol Control Information ) lp N v s liu ti t lp N+1 thng tin iu khin trao i gia cc thc th lp N. Hnh 3.8 m t mi quan h gia cc thc th v cc lp trong m hnh OSI.

n K Thut Chuyn Mch

20

Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-Hn

HA n t g h L c nt p o ah

Cng Ngh Chuyn Mch ATM

HB n t g h

. . .

. . .

L N p+ 1 L N p L N p1

L t p p h nt h t y vl nr t g n u

Hnh 3.7 M hnh phn lp OSI

T t hc h N1 +

G ot n c p ia h c g N1 + P U D

g T t L ps d n hc h dc v h N1 +

T t hc h N

G ot n c p ia h c g N N D -P U

T t hc h N

L pc n ug c pdc v h

Hnh 3.8 Mi quan h gia cc thc th v cc lp trong OSI

P Up + D l N1 L N1 p + L N p P Il N C p S Up + D l N1

P Up + D l N1

Hnh 3.9 Cc kiu n v s liu v quan h gia chng

n K Thut Chuyn Mch

21

Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-Hn

Cng Ngh Chuyn Mch ATM

3.2. c im k thut 3.2.1. Nguyn tc chuyn mch v nh tuyn 3.2.1.1. Qu trnh chuyn mch v x l gi qua h thng chuyn mch ATM Giao thc ATM tng ng vi lp 2 nh nh ngha trong m hnh tham chiu (OSI) cc h thng m. ATM l kt ni c hng, mt kt ni cui- cui (hay knh o) cn c thit lp trc khi nh tuyn cc t bo ATM. Cc t bo c nh tuyn da trn hai gi tr quan trng cha trong 5 byte mo u t bo: nhn dng lung o (VPI) v nhn dng knh o (VCI), trong mt lung o bao gm mt s cc knh o. S cc bit dnh cho VPI ph thuc vo kiu giao din. Nu l giao din ngi s dng (UNI), gia ngi s dng v chuyn mch ATM u tin, 8 bit c dnh cho VPI. iu ny c ngha l c ti 28 = 256 lung o sn c trong im truy nhp ngi s dng. Mt khc nu n l giao din node mng (NNI), gia cc chuyn mch trung gian ATM, 12 bit s dnh cho VPI. iu ny cho thy c 212=4096 lung o c th c gia cc chuyn mch ATM. Trong c UNI v NNI, c 16 bit dnh cho VCI. V th c 216=65 536 knh o cho mi lung o. S kt hp c VPI v VCI to nn mt lin kt o gia hai u cui. Thay v c cng VPI/VCI cho ton b lung nh tuyn, VPI/VCI c xc nh trn mi lin kt c s thay i vi mi chuyn mch ATM. Mt cch c th, ti mi lin kt u vo n mt node chuyn mch, mt VPI/VCI c th c thay th bng mt VPI/VCI khc ti u ra bng s tham chiu ti mt bng gi l bng nh tuyn (Routing Information Table RIT) trong chuyn mch ATM. Vi bng nh tuyn mng ATM c th tng s lng cc ng nh tuyn. Mi chuyn mch ATM c mt bng nh tuyn cha t nht cc trng sau: VPI/VCI c, VPI/VCI mi, a ch cng u ra, v trng u tin (tu chn). Khi mt t bo ATM n mt ng u vo ca chuyn mch, n b chia thnh 5 byte mo u v 48 byte ti trng. Bng cch s dng VPI/ VCI cha trong phn mo u nh gi tr VPI/VCI c, chuyn mch tm trong bng nh tuyn VPI/VCI mi ca cc t bo ang i n. Khi tm thy, gi tr VPI/VCI c s c thay th bng VPI/VCI mi. Hn na a ch cng u ra tng ng v trng u tin c nh km trong 48 byte ti trng trc khi n c gi n kt cu chuyn mch. a ch cng u ra ch ti cng u ra no m t bo c nh tuyn. C ba kiu nh tuyn trong kt cu chuyn mch: ch unicast l ch m mt t bo c nh tuyn ti mt cng u ra xc nh, multicast l ch mt t bo c nh tuyn ti mt s cc cng u ra, v broadcast l ch mt t bo c nh tuyn ti tt c cc cng u ra. Trng u tin cho php chuyn mch truyn cc t bo mt cch c la chn ti cc cng u ra hay loi chng khi b m b y, tu theo cc yu cu dch v. Cc kt ni ATM c thit lp trc hoc thit lp mt cch linh ng theo bo hiu c s dng, ging nh bo hiu UNI v bo hiu nh tuyn giao din mng mng ring (PNNI). Thit lp trc c tham chiu ti cc kt ni o c nh (PVCs), thit lp linh ng c tham chiu ti cc kt ni o chuyn mch (SVCs). Vi cc SVCs, bng nh tuyn c cp nht bi b x l cuc gi trong sut qu trnh thit lp cuc gi. Qa trnh thit lp cuc gi s tm mt ng nh tuyn ph hp gia ngun v ch. VPI/VCI ca mi ng dn dc theo tuyn, cc a ch cng
n K Thut Chuyn Mch 22

Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-Hn

Cng Ngh Chuyn Mch ATM

u ra ca cc b chuyn mch v trng u tin c xc nh v c b x l cuc gi in vo bng. B x l cuc gi phi m bo rng ti mi chuyn mch, VPI/VCI ca cc t bo ang n t cc cng u vo khc nhau c cng mt cng u ra l khc nhau. Mi chuyn mch ATM c mt b x l cuc gi. Hnh 3.8 ch ra mt b x l cuc gi cp nht bng nh tuyn trong chuyn mch. 3.2.1.2. Nguyn tc nh tuyn trong chuyn mch ATM C hai phng thc nh tuyn c s dng trong chuyn mch ATM, l nguyn tc t nh tuyn v nh tuyn dng bng nh tuyn. Theo nguyn tc ny: Vic bin dch VPI/VCI cn phi thc hin ti u vo ca cc phn t chuyn mch sau khi bin dch xong t bo s c thm phn m rng bng mt nh danh ni b th hin rng x l tiu ca t bo. Tiu mi ca t bo c t trc nh ni dung ca bng bin dch, vic tng thm tiu t bo y yu cu tng them tc ni b ca ma trn chuyn mch. Ngay sau khi t bo c c nh danh ni b, n c nh hng theo nguyn tc t nh hng. Mi cuc ni t u vo ti u ra c mt tn ni b nm trong ma trn chuyn mch xc nh. Trong cc cuc ni a im VPI/VCI c gn tn ni b nhiu chuyn mch do c kh nng cc t bo c nhn bn v nh hng ti cc ch khc nhau ph thuc vo tn c gn.

Hnh 3.10: Nguyn tc t nh tuyn Quy tc gn tiu cho t bo: VPI / VCI c = VPI / VCI mi + nh danh ni b. b/ Nguyn tc bng nh tuyn Theo nguyn tc ny, VPI/VCI trong tiu t bo c bin dch ti mi phn t chuyn mch thnh mt tiu mi v m s cng u ra thch hp nh mt bng nh tuyn gn vi phn t chuyn mch ny. Trong giai on thit lp cuc ni, ni dung ca bng c cp nht.

n K Thut Chuyn Mch

23

Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-Hn

Cng Ngh Chuyn Mch ATM

Hinh 3.11: Nguyn tc bng iu khin 3.2.2. Hot ng ca chuyn mch ATM Ta hy xt mt v d ng dng ca ATM cung cp dch v cho ngi dng. Thu bao ATM c th nhn c dch v bng hai cch sau: + Qua knh o c nh PVC (Permanent virtual circuit). + Qua knh o chuyn mch SVC (Switched virtual circuit). a) PVC: Knh o c nh Cc thnh phn c bn bao gm PABX l tng i ATM dng ring h tr cho cc dch v in thoi. Router l b nh hng dng kt ni cc mng LAN qua mng chuyn mch. MUX thc hin chc nng ghp knh cc t bo ATM. Ngi iu hnh mng (Network Operator) c chc nng h tr cho vic thit lp/Gii phng cc knh o c nh.

Hnh 3.12 PVC Mng ATM Vic thit lp knh PVC theo th tc sau tng t nh knh cho thu: 1. Thu bao gi nh cung cp yu cu knh PVC 2. Thu bao a a ch ch, tc bit yu cu v thi gain s dng 3. in thoi vin (Network Operator) a cc thng tin ny qua thit b kt (Terminal) thit lp knh tng t nh in thoi vin bnh thng 4. Knh ni c thit lp. 5. Thu bao tr tin theo qui nh thu knh hay theo chi tit cuc gi. Nh vy i vi hnh thc PVC tng t nh th tc thu knh truyn thng nhng n
n K Thut Chuyn Mch 24

Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-Hn

Cng Ngh Chuyn Mch ATM

+ c cc u im sau : + Gn nh thi gian thc. + rng bng theo yu cu. + Khng c th tc thit lp cuc gi. + Nailed-up connection ngha l lun lun c mch ni gia cc im yu cu. + D m rng hay gii phng ng ni cui. b) SVC: Knh o chuyn mch i vi phng thc ny, khi cuc gi thit lp, gi tr mc nh hoc theo nng lc hay gn tc l 64 kb/s v ngay khi cuc gi thit lp mch s c gn cho ngi dng v dnh ring cho ngi dng (in thoi thng thng). Hnh v di y minh hot hot ng ca mng ATM phc v cho mt cuc gi. Thu bao ch gi nhc my v quay s, cuc gi hng ti ATM-Hub (Trung tm ATM), n thch ng cc thng tin bo hiu vo t bo ATM. ATM-Hub kim tra tc bit yu cu, dng cc thng tin cha trong phn ti tin ca t bo ATM. Cc t bo ATM bo hiu qua mng ti ch thit lp ni. Khi t bo ti ch, ATM Hub pha ch s gii cc t bo ngc li vi cc thng tin v knh o thit lp knh n. Khi cc t bo ny ti ch gi, ATM-Hub gn cho cc t bo gi tr VCI thch hp v mng by gi bit nh tuyn c th th no. Khi thit lp ni xong, tin ca ngi dng trong t bo cha VPI/VCI trong tiu Khi pht t bo ATM bo hiu t ch gi c cha a ch ch. Ti cc tng i ATM pht cc t bo ny theo kiu qung b. Ti cc cc ch chng c kim tra, nu ng ch thc s th ch s pht ngc li. Trn ng i s gn cc gi tr VPIi/VCIj v a vo phn ti tin ca t bo ATM. T bo no tr v thu bao ch gi u tin chnh l ng i ngn nht.

Hnh 3.13 SVC mng ATM c) Chuyn mch VP v VC Ti mt s nt chuyn mch, vic bin dch VPI c thc hin cng vi vic bin dch VCI to nn s thay i ca VCI v VPI. Hnh 3.13 ch ra 2 phng php chuyn mch theo knh o v theo lung o.

n K Thut Chuyn Mch

25

Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-Hn

Cng Ngh Chuyn Mch ATM

Hnh 3.14: Chuyn mch VP v VC Dy cc t bo ATM c m bo cho mi VCC trong phm vi cng mt VPC. Cc tham s QoS nh: tn tht t bo, bin thin tr t bo s c m bo cho mi VCC. Ti thi im thit lp VCC, cc tham s lu lng khch hng s c xc nh qua s tho hip gia mng v khch hng v sau mng s gim st cc tham s . Tng t nh i vi cc kt ni o VCC, cc kt ni o VPC c th c dng cho vic truyn thng tin gia khch hng vi khch hng, gia khch hng vi mng v gia mng vi khch hng. Vic thit lp v gii phng VPC c thc hin bng cc th tc qun l mng, ph thuc vo vic cc VPC s c gn hoc c cung cp khi c nhu cu. Khi vic thit lp v gii phng cc VPC theo nhu cu c th c mng hoc khch hng thc hin. d) Nguyn tc chuyn mch v nh tuyn trong nt mang ATM Chuyn mch ATM thc hin chc nng chuyn mch cc t bo ATM t mt u vo (trong s N u vo) n mt hay nhiu u ra (trong s M u ra) da trn vic bin dch cc VPC v VCC.

Hnh 3.15: Nguyn l chuyn mch ATM

n K Thut Chuyn Mch 26

Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-Hn

Cng Ngh Chuyn Mch ATM

Trn hnh 3.14 cc t bo ATM c chuyn mch vt l t mt u vo Ii (N) n mt u ra Oj (M), ng thi mt gi tr tiu vo (A, B, C, ) c phin dch sang mt tiu ra (M, N, O, ). mi ng vo v ng ra gi tr tiu l duy nht, nhng trn cc ng khc nhau c th c cc tiu nh nhau (v d: A cc ng I1 v In). Tt c cc t bo c u A ng vo I1 u c chuyn ti u ra O1 v u chng c phin dch hay chuyn i vo gi tr M. Cn tt c t bo c u A ng vo In c chuyn n O1 nhng u chng khi ra li nhn gi tr l P. Mt khc hai t bo hai u vo khc nhau (Ii v In) n chuyn mch ATM cng mt lc v d nh ra cng mt ng ra O1, chuyn mch ATM khng th ng thi a ra 2 t bo ny cng mt lc c. gii quyt vn ny chuyn mch phi c b nh m lu gi cc t bo cha th phc v v cho ra t bo c u tin cao nht. Nh vy mi kt ni c xc nh theo cc gi tr VPI ring ca mi VP trong tng chng ca ng truyn v gi tr VCI ring ca mi VC trong tng VP. Bc u tin thit lp kt ni gia cc u cui l qu trnh xc nh ng ni gia thit b ngun v thit b ch. Qu trnh ny kt thc vi kt qu l xc nh c cc chng ng truyn dng trong kt ni v cc gi tr nhn dng ca chng. C hai phng thc nh tuyn c s dng trong chuyn mch ATM, l nguyn tc t nh tuyn v nh tuyn dng bng nh tuyn. Theo nguyn tc t nh tuyn ny vic bin dch VPI/VCI cn phi thc hin ti u vo ca cc phn t chuyn mch sau khi bin dch xong t bo s c thm phn m rng bng mt nh danh ni b th hin rng x l tiu ca t bo. Tiu mi ca t bo c t trc nh ni dung ca bn bin dch, vic tng thm tiu t bo y yu cu tng thm tc ni b ca ma trn chuyn mch. Ngay sau khi t bo c c nh danh ni b, n c nh hng theo nguyn tc t nh hng. Mi cuc ni t u vo ti u ra c mt tn ni b nm trong ma trn chuyn mch xc nh. Trong cc cuc ni a im VPI/VCI c gn tn ni b nhiu chuyn mch do c kh nng cc t bo c nhn bn v nh hng ti cc ch khc nhau ph thuc vo tn c gn. Theo nguyn tc s dng bng nh tuyn nh trn hnh 4.7, VPI/VCI trong tiu t bo c bin dch ti mi phn t chuyn mch thnh mt tiu mi v m s cng u ra thch hp nh mt bng nh tuyn gn vi c cu chuyn mch. Trong giai on thit lp cuc ni, ni dung ca bng c cp nht ph hp vi cc yu cu ca ngi dng v mng. 3.3. ng dng ATM v xu hng pht trin 3.3.1 Cc dch v ng dng ATM Da trn ITU-T I.211, cc dch v ng dng ATM c phn loi mt cch rng ri thnh dch v truyn thng v dch v phn phi. Cc dch v truyn thng li c chia nh thnh dch v tng tc qua li, dch v kiu thng bo, v dch v phc hi, trong khi cc dch v phn phi c chia nh thnh nhng dch v m ngi s dng c th iu khin v nhng dch v m ngi s dng khng th iu khin. Bng 3.1 v 3.2 s trnh by nhng loi dch v khc nhau v cc mu ng dng tng
n K Thut Chuyn Mch 27

Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-Hn

Cng Ngh Chuyn Mch ATM

ng vi dch v truyn thng v dch v phn phi, c phn loi trn c s ca kiu thng tin. Bng 3.1 S phn loi ca cc dch v ng dng truyn thng.

n K Thut Chuyn Mch

28

Kiu thng Dch v Cc Trng C CNTT Hu tin Vit-Hn mu dch v ngh

Cc Chuyn dng Cng Ngh mu ngMch ATM Gio dc, mua bn, qun l t xa Gio dc, mua bn, qun l t xa Bo v cc ta nh, canh phng giao thng Truyn dn tn hiu TV, m thoi bng m thanh v truyn hnh Truyn dn a ngn ng, a chng trnh Truyn dn tc cao gia cc LAN/MAN, truyn dn tranh tnh, CAD/CAM Truyn dn file d liu iu khin thi gian thc, chung, kim tra t xa Truyn dn vn bn, hnh nh, hnh v Cc hnh nh c bit, cc nh y hc Thng tin c s dng di dng hn hp Video/audio P.O.B in t P.O.B in t i vi thng tin di dng hn hp Vn bn truyn hnh bao gm nh chuyn ng, gio dc, mua bn, qung co, khi phc tin tc t xa Gii tr, hc tp, gio dc t xa Gii tr, hc tp, gio dc, t xa, lin lc bng hnh nh c bit, nh y hc Khi phc ti liu c bit t trung tm thng tin Phn mm t xa 29

1) VDT
Hnh nh v chuyn ng m thanh

in thoi truyn hnh bng rn Hi ngh truyn hnh bng rng Gim st hnh nh Dch v truyn thng tin bng hnh nh, ting ni Chng trnh a m thanh Truyn dn thng tin s tc cao khng b gii hn Truyn dn file dung lng ln

m thanh

Dch v tng tc qua li D liu

X l t xa tc cao Sao chp t xa tc cao Dch v lin lc bng hnh nh Precession Ti liu Dch v lin lc bng ti liu Hnh nh chuyn ng v m thanh Ti liu Dch v th tn bng truyn hnh Dch v th tn bng ti liu Vn bn truyn hnh bng rng Dch v khi phc hnh nh Dch v khi phc hnh nh cht lng cao Dch v khi phc ti liu n K Thut Chuyn Mch Dch v khi phc d liu t xa

Dch v kiu thng bo

Cc dch v phc hi

Vn bn, d liu, hnh v, nh tnh, nh chuyn i

Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-Hn

Cng Ngh Chuyn Mch ATM

Ngi ta p dng dch v VDT, dch v c gi tr then cht c b sung vo mng truyn thng bng rng, cho cc thu bao ti nh. Dch v ny cho php lu gi cc chng trnh truyn hnh nh phim truyn, phim ti liu, cc chng trnh th thao vo trm thu truyn hnh (video server) di dng s nn v cung cp mt lot dch v m khch hng yu cu thng qua mng ATM/B-ISDN, do ngi s dng c th la chn , thc hin, iu khin, khi phc, v t cu hi cho cc chng trnh. Dch v CATV v truyn hnh cho thu s c thay th bi dch v mng t nhn ny, dch v m ngi ta ch i rng n s nhanh chng tr thnh dch v mng cng cng. 2) Dch v bo tng/th vin in t Dch v ny cho php bn s dng d liu ca cc th vin hoc bo tng di hnh thc a phng t nhng trm thng tin a phng tin (multi-media server), ni m d liu c lu tr. Dch v ny c thit lp u tin bi cc trng i hc, cc th vin cng cng v cc vin nghin cu mt cch ring bit, sau c a ra phc v rng ri tng bc mt bi qu tnh tp trung cng vi mng. 3) Dch v mua hng t xa Dch v ny cho php ngi s dng c th mua cc sn phm trn u cui a phng tin thng qua nhng danh mc hoc nhng ca hng o c lu gi di hnh thc a phng tin ti nh hoc ti vn phng. u tin, dch v ny c trin khai rt chm chp xung quanh mt s ca hng quy m ln hoc nhng ca hng c bit, tuy nhin n s c m rng trn tt c cc loi hnh kinh doanh mua bn thng qua s ci tin i vi h thng phn mm trong tng lai hoc i vi cng ngh nh hnh h thng. 4) Dch v hc tp trn my tnh t xa. Dch v ny s cung cp mt lc nhiu mi trng gio dc nh t nghin cu ca mi cc nhn, nghin cu trong mt nhm c s trao i qua li, hc tp qua th tn in t bng cch s dng c s d liu v gio dc ti nh hoc ti trng hc thng qua mng my tnh v truyn thng. 5) Dch v hi ngh l thuyt t xa. Dch v ny c nhim v cung cp ni dung chi tit ca hi ngh l thuyt bi vic s dng dch v hi ngh t xa bng my tnh m khng cn phi tham d hi ngh. Thit lp v khi phc d liu a phng tin, th tn in t a phng tin, lin lc theo nhm, v cng ngh hin th trn mn nh kch thc ln l nhng yu t c yu cu h tr cho dch v nu trn. 6) Dch v phc tho d n cng cng t xa Dch v ny c tc dng h tr cho cng nhn c phn b nhng ni xa si cho h c th thc hin c nhng cng vic nm trong d n cng cng, v d nh dch v CAD phc tp, v nhu cu ca dch v ny s tng mnh khi cc vn phng ti nh, s nghin cu phn tn, s hp tc gia cc cng ty, v vn vn ... c a vo hot ng.

n K Thut Chuyn Mch

30

Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-Hn

Cng Ngh Chuyn Mch ATM

7) Dch v mng thng tin y t Dch v ny s cho php cc bc s kim tra bnh nhn t xa v khi phc thng tin v qu trnh iu tr bng y hc hoc nhng thng tin y t khc t DB. Trong trng hp cc trung tm y t cht lng cao c tp trung quanh cc th th dch v trn s ch c s dng rng ri nu nh n c kh nng p ng c cc nhu cu v thng tin trong lnh vc y hc. 8) Dch v bo ch in t Dch v ny s em li cho ngi s dng nhng thng tin thi s c t hp t m thanh, truyn hnh, vn bn v ho vi kh nng tr thp nht. Khi bo v tp ch ang c a dn vo cc CD-ROM, v hn na, khi m cng ngh nn/tho nn v cng ngh trnh din thng tin hyper - media c nng cao, th nhu cu v dch v ny s tng ln mt cch nhanh chng. 9) Dch v ging bi t xa Dch v ny c nhim v cung cp cc bi ging c thi gian thc cht lng cao cho ngi s dng phn b nhng ni xa, v n c th c s dng i vi nhng bi ging dnh cho khi c bn v khi chuyn ngnh ca mt trng i hc, ti gio dc x hi v o to k thut cho cng vic chuyn mn trong phm vi ca mt cng ty. 10) Dch v hi ngh a phng tin trong phm vi vn phng. Dch v ny cho php iu khin mt cuc hi ngh di hnh thc cho thng qua PC hoc trm lm vic, v nu nh gi thnh ca dch v ny gim xung do s pht trin v mt k thut th nhu cu s dng i vi dch v ny s tng ln mnh m. Bng 3.2 S phn loi ca cc dch v ng dng phn phi.
Dch v Kiu thng tin Cc mu dch v Dch v phn phi TV (nh NTSC) Hnh nh, m thanh Dch v phn phi TV (nh HDTV) TV tr tin Vn bn, ho, nh tnh Dch v phn phi ti liu Dch v phn phi thng tin khng b gii hn tc cao Cc mu ng dng Phn phi chng trnh TV Phn phi chng trnh TV Phn phi chng trnh TV In n in t, bo ch in t

D liu

Phn phi d liu khng b gii hn

n K Thut Chuyn Mch

31

Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-Hn nh chuyn ng v m thanh Ngi s dng c th iu khin Vn bn, ho, m thanh, nh tnh

Cng Ngh Chuyn Mch ATM

Phn phi thng tin bng truyn hnh Tt c cc knh truyn thanh, tp chi bng truyn hnh

Phn phi truyn hnh/ting ni

Hc tp, gio dc, qung co, khi phc tin tc t xa, phn mm t xa.

3.3.2 Xu hng pht trin Chuyn mch ATM c chc nng phn phi mi t bo ti ni nhn tng ng, ph hp vi VPI/VCI, l ni truyn i thng tin ca phn tiu i vi mi knh. iu c ngha l, nh c trnh by trn hnh 4-1, cc t bo c a vo h thng chuyn mch ATM khi phc bng chuyn i a ch bng nhng phng tin phn cng ph hp vi cc gi tr ca VPI/VCI v sau a ch ca cng ra c la chn mt cch t ng. ng thi, cc gi tr ca VPI/VCI c chuyn i thnh gi tr mi cho qu trnh x l tip theo. c tnh ca chuyn mch ATM l ch n th nghim s bin i ca tr t bo thng qua vic s dng k thut t nh tuyn ca lp phn cng, v c th d dng h tr cho truyn thng a phng tin s dng d liu, ting ni v hnh nh. Hn th na, n c th m bo vic iu khin phn tn v song song mc cao. Nhng yu cu i vi h thng chuyn mch ATM l qu trnh x l t bo phi thc hin xong trong phm vi 1 msec trn mi nt, trong trng hp x l thng tin CBR l 10-9 trn mi nt, v trong trng hp x l thng tin VBR, t l tn tht t bo c 10-7 trn mi nt phi c m bo chc chn. Ngoi ra, n cn phi m bo vic truyn t 100% s h tr ca tc truy nhp ca lp STM-1 (155 Mbps) hoc ca lp cao hn trn cng ca yu t chuyn mch, s d dng trong vic iu khin phn tn v t nh tuyn, v vic m bo tnh mun ho v m rng tuyt vi ca tng i. Mt khc, nhng vn quan trng nht c lin quan ti cng ngh chuyn mch ATM m nht thit hin nay phi c gii quyt l m bo s h tr c hiu qu ca truy nhp im - a im trong h thng chuyn mch, h tr ca chc nng phn nhm knh c s dng nhm mc ch lin kt cc cng chuyn mch v nhm chng li, s s dng dung lng ln ca h thng chuyn mch ATM (v d : vt qu 1024x1024), v s h tr ca cc dch v vn chuyn ATM mi nh ABR (tc bit kh nng) v UBR (tc bit khng xc nh). Do mng chuyn mch ATM nht thit phi h tr cho dch v phn tn nh VDT m ngi ta ch i rng nhu cu ca dch v ny s tng ln mt cch mnh m, nn n nht nh phi c chc nng truy nhp im a - im. t c mc tiu ny, h thng chuyn mch ATM cn phi c chc nng sao chp t bo ngay trong h thng chuyn mch ATM. Chc nng sao chp v trao i t bo cn phi c mng sao chp ng trc h thng chuyn mch c chc nng x l im - im, v nhng nghin cu v vic thc hin chc nng truy nhp a im v ang c bt u.
n K Thut Chuyn Mch 32

Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-Hn

Cng Ngh Chuyn Mch ATM

Nh vy, cu trc chuyn mch ATM c chc nng im - im v chc nng a im khng c mng sao chp ring bit ang c xem xt li mt cch tch cc. Nhc im ca h thng chuyn mch ATM trc y l s phc tp ca phn cng v s tng thm ca tr truyn dn t bo, trong khi nhc im ca h thng sau ny l s iu khin phc tp do vic chc nng sao chp v x l phi c thc hin ng thi. Do vy, trong nhng hot ng nghin cu c thc hin trn mng sao chp ca h thng c, trng tm c nhn mnh vo vic lm n gin phn cng v thut ton ca chc nng sao chp, trong khi , i vi h thng mi, vic nghin cu c tp trung ch yu vo cu trc chuyn mch kiu vng m kt xut hoc kiu vng m phn chia (xem s phn loi bi v tr vng m phn sau). Bn cnh , nghin cu vi thut ton phn phi chc nng sao chp s dng a im ang c thc hin mt cch nghim tc cho vic thit k h thng chuyn mch dung lng ln. Mng sao chp ca Turner s dng mng banyan c b nh m hin nay ang ph bin nh mt mng sao chp c ngh. Tuy nhin, hiu qu ca phng php ny gim xung i vi ti xc nh (v d nh khi s lng bn sao chp vn gi nguyn s ging nhau). Mng sao chp ca T.T.Lee ang c ngh gii quyt nhng thiu st ca h thng Turner v n s dng mng banyan qung b. Nhng yu cu k thut cn phi c gii quyt i vi vic p dng tng i ATM dung lng ln bao gm iu khin phn tn, kh nng m rng kch thc, s d dng trong vic ti thit lp cu hnh da trn thit k mun, kh nng ng b i vi lin lc khu vc, s ci tin trong vic t hp yu t bng cu trc thng thng, v lm gim xung ti mc ti thiu s tiu th nng lng gy ra bi s kt ni lin tc ca u xa.

n K Thut Chuyn Mch

33

Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-Hn

Cng Ngh Chuyn Mch ATM

KT LUN
C th ni, k thut chuyn mch truyn ti khng ng b ATM th hin c vai tr ct li cc k quan trng trong mng bng rng B-ISDN, ng thi gp phn a cng ngh tin gn hn vi xu th hi t. Qua bi lm ca mnh, em tm hiu v cc kin thc c s v chuyn mch, cc c im, k thut chuyn mch c bn. c bit vi phn tm hiu sau hn vi cng ngh chuyn mch tin tin l cng ngh chuyn mch ATM. Tuy nhin do thi gian hn ch v ngun ti liu cha nhiu nn khng trnh khi nhng thiu st. Em rt mong nhn c kin nh gi ca cc thy c hon hin thm kin thc ca mnh. Sau cng, em xin mt ln na c gi li cm n ti c Trn Th Tr Vinh tn tnh ch bo em trong qu trnh thc hin n ny.

n K Thut Chuyn Mch

33

Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-Hn

Cng Ngh Chuyn Mch ATM

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Gio trnh c s k thut chuyn mch, Hc Vin Bu Chnh Vin Thng, nh xut bn Thng Tin V Truyn Thng. [2] K Thut Chuyn Mch (2007), Hc Vin Cng Ngh Bu Chnh Vin Thng.

n K Thut Chuyn Mch

34

Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-Hn

Cng Ngh Chuyn Mch ATM

n K Thut Chuyn Mch

35