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AL-AZHAR ENGINEERING
TENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
December 24 - 26, 2008
Code: E 42
ABSTRACT
It is clearly noticeable that the applications of Energy Capacitor System (ECS) are widely
and rapidly spread in the world of powAAer system. Different applications of these unique
devices have been performed and applied. This paper is proposing an important application of
the ECS in the form of double layer capacitor added to power distribution system which
contains renewable energy sources, such as wind energy and photovoltaic. Digital simulations
have been made in order to regulate the power from the upper system, in one case and to
regulate the frequency of the completely isolated system in other case. In other words, Load
Following Operation (LFO) and Automatic Generation Control (AGC) have been applied,
respectively, with the help of the ECS. Results and simulations illustrated in Matlab
environment shows an efficient usage of the ECS.
© 2008 Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt. All rights reserved.
INTRODUCTION
Energy Capacitor System or what is commonly known as Ultra Capacitors are occupying a
very wide area of the research studies. Moreover, their applications have been strongly
invaded markets and industries, such as, Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS), clean electric
vehicles and others.
Deregulation of electrical utilities, environmental concerns and globalization are the main
reasons behind the rapid increase of using small and clean distributed power sources such as
photovoltaic, wind energy, fuel cells and energy capacitor devices. The challenge in this case
is how to offer and provide an integrated performance and flexibility for the power consumers
in the presence of uncontrollable and environmental dependant power sources.
Previous paper discussed one of the applications of the ECS in form of Load Following
Operation which will be repeated here to be continued with another related study of
Automatic Generation Control after isolating the same system [1]. Other studies explain the
situation when dealing with distribution systems in the presence of distributed generation.
Some of them discuss analytically the allocation of Distributed Generation in primary
distribution network [2]. others achieve to find the optimal allocation for reliability, losses,
and voltage improvement [3]. and others discuss about the Distributed Generation
contribution to primary frequency control [4]. However, still the impact of Distributed
Generation makes the system very sensitive to be reconfigured.
A three-phase instantaneous value based modeling has been considered for the detailed
simulation of the study systems, and the distribution study systems have been performed in
the Matlab/Simulink environment together with the Power System Blockset [5]. The single
Al-Azhar University Engineering Journal, JAUES
Vol. 3, No. 12, Dec. 2008
430
APPLICATIONS OF ENERGY CAPACITOR SYSTEMS ON POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
line diagram of the study system is shown in figure 1. Digital simulations have been
performed to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed schemes.
In this paper a coordination scheme between diesel unit and ECS has been proposed with the
help of multi agents, for the best performance of the system. Moreover, it discussed how ECS
could follow up the changes in system.
2.METHODOLOGIES
2.1 MULTI-AGENT BASED LOAD FOLLOWING OPERATION
A coordination between ECS and the diesel unit has been established in such a way that
agents are responsible about carrying the information from one element to another, namely the
power from the upper system to the ECS and then to the diesel generator and so on [6].
However in this paper more improvement in regulating the power from the upper system have
been achieved, and the case when computer network is failed for any reason, has been
investigated. This paper distinguished between the two cases as follow:
I. Global Control Both ECS and diesel generator are coordinated following the load changes
and regulating the power from the upper system. The arrangement of the agents required is
illustrated in figure 2, and communication time delay is neglected. For all the simulation the
specified target power is set to be zero except in the local control, as it will be explained in the
next paragraph.
II. Local Control As the ECS is placed at the head of the system, so in the case of computer
network failure, it receives information directly from the upper system via physical
connection and the controller is hierarchically changed by adjusting the target power, in order
to play the role of the diesel unit, to keep the ECS energy in the specified charging and
discharging level, in other words to support the ECS function. Figure 3, illustrates the
condition of local control.
Fig.4. Matlab representation of the Synchronous generator and the governing system (GOV)
Fig. 5. Coordination controller between the ECS and the diesel unit,
0.1
d w (ra d /s )
-0.1
0 a 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
time(s)
3.SIMULATION RESULTS
Two indices have been used to evaluate the simulation result as shown in equations (1) (2) as
follow:
To evaluate the flactuations in the real power from the upper system
Index =
∑P up − Pt …………. (1)
N
Where Pup is the real power from the upper system, Pt is the target power and N is the
noumber of entered data.
To evaluate the speed deviation of the diesel unit which is related to the frequency of the
system.
Index =
∑ dω …………. (2)
N
Where d߱ is the speed deviation and N is the number of entered data.
Figure 7, illustrates the situation when both global and local control has been applied to the
system.
In case of computer failure the signal cannot be reach to the diesel unit and there is no chance
for coordination between the two controllable devices, for that reason a modification in the
upper system real power has been implemented to keep the system as efficient as possible.
This is clear in figure 8, in the period where local control is applied; clearly the result is
compared with figure 7.
When the system is fully isolated by using the main circuit breaker shown in the single line
diagram, the control strategy will be shifted to control the frequency of the system, in terms of
speed deviation in our case. Figures 9-12, illustrate the result of simulation under different
kind of control strategy.
In the graphs Pup is the power from the upper system, Pecs the power from the ECS unit,
Eecs the stored energy, Pdg the power from the diesel unit, Pwt the power from the wind
turbine ,Pload the power demand on the variable load and dω is the speed deviation.
E e c s (k W h ) P e c s (k W )
500
0
-500
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
3
2
1
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
P d g (k W ) 4000
2000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
3000
P V (k W )
2000
1000
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
1000
P lo a d (k W )
500
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
2
d w (ra d /s )
1
0
-1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
time(s)
-1000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
3
E e c s (k W h )
2
1
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
P d g (k W )
4000
2000
2000
1000
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
P lo a d ( k W )
1000
500
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
0.1
d w (ra d /s )
-0.1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
a time(s)
500
P e c s (k W )
0
-500
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
3
E e c s (k W h )
2
1
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
P d g (k W )
4000
2000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
3000
P V (k W )
2000
1000
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
P lo a d (k W )
1000
500
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
0.1
d w (ra d /s )
-0.1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
time(s)
4.CONCLUSION
In this paper a hierarchical load following operation has been proposed for the described
target power systems, with dispersed power sources, including Energy Storage Device.
The performance of the Energy Capacitor System (ECS) is highly improved which results in
an improvement of power profile from the upper system. A big chance has been given for
further improvement in power quality, compared with the conventional control, where same
controller is used. By following these criteria the system is more flexible to be reconfigured,
as we utilized the Distributed Generation themselves to achieve this goal. Further studies are
going on to reach optimal target power from upper system in local control condition
The proposed methodology of automatic generation control, by utilizing the Energy Capacitor
System, supported by a diesel unit, is efficient to control the frequency of the isolated system.
Either the two controllable units are in the same location or not the proposed methodology
still the same with the help of Multi-Agent system.
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