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‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻷزهﺮ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ‬

AL-AZHAR ENGINEERING
TENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
December 24 - 26, 2008

Code: E 42

APPLICATIONS OF ENERGY CAPACITOR SYSTEMS ON POWER


DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Yaser Soliman Qudaih1, Omar Noureldeen,2and Hiyama Takashi1
1
Depatment of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,Kumamuto University- Japan
2
South Valley University, Faculty of Engineering, Qena

ABSTRACT
It is clearly noticeable that the applications of Energy Capacitor System (ECS) are widely
and rapidly spread in the world of powAAer system. Different applications of these unique
devices have been performed and applied. This paper is proposing an important application of
the ECS in the form of double layer capacitor added to power distribution system which
contains renewable energy sources, such as wind energy and photovoltaic. Digital simulations
have been made in order to regulate the power from the upper system, in one case and to
regulate the frequency of the completely isolated system in other case. In other words, Load
Following Operation (LFO) and Automatic Generation Control (AGC) have been applied,
respectively, with the help of the ECS. Results and simulations illustrated in Matlab
environment shows an efficient usage of the ECS.

© 2008 Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt. All rights reserved.

KEYWORDS: ENERGY CAPACITOR SYSTEM, POWER DISTRIBUTION


SYSTEM, AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROL.

INTRODUCTION
Energy Capacitor System or what is commonly known as Ultra Capacitors are occupying a
very wide area of the research studies. Moreover, their applications have been strongly
invaded markets and industries, such as, Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS), clean electric
vehicles and others.
Deregulation of electrical utilities, environmental concerns and globalization are the main
reasons behind the rapid increase of using small and clean distributed power sources such as
photovoltaic, wind energy, fuel cells and energy capacitor devices. The challenge in this case
is how to offer and provide an integrated performance and flexibility for the power consumers
in the presence of uncontrollable and environmental dependant power sources.
Previous paper discussed one of the applications of the ECS in form of Load Following
Operation which will be repeated here to be continued with another related study of
Automatic Generation Control after isolating the same system [1]. Other studies explain the
situation when dealing with distribution systems in the presence of distributed generation.
Some of them discuss analytically the allocation of Distributed Generation in primary
distribution network [2]. others achieve to find the optimal allocation for reliability, losses,
and voltage improvement [3]. and others discuss about the Distributed Generation
contribution to primary frequency control [4]. However, still the impact of Distributed
Generation makes the system very sensitive to be reconfigured.
A three-phase instantaneous value based modeling has been considered for the detailed
simulation of the study systems, and the distribution study systems have been performed in
the Matlab/Simulink environment together with the Power System Blockset [5]. The single
Al-Azhar University Engineering Journal, JAUES
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APPLICATIONS OF ENERGY CAPACITOR SYSTEMS ON POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

line diagram of the study system is shown in figure 1. Digital simulations have been
performed to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed schemes.
In this paper a coordination scheme between diesel unit and ECS has been proposed with the
help of multi agents, for the best performance of the system. Moreover, it discussed how ECS
could follow up the changes in system.

Fig.1. Single line diagram of the loop distribution system


power caused by the renewable energy sources, even in the absence of the diesel generator
support, by using a suitable controller. The hierarchical system in this case is applied in order
to ease the complexity during computer networks failure and offer an alternative controller for
proper operation of the Energy Capacitor Device, which results in an improvement of the
power from the upper system.

2.METHODOLOGIES
2.1 MULTI-AGENT BASED LOAD FOLLOWING OPERATION
A coordination between ECS and the diesel unit has been established in such a way that
agents are responsible about carrying the information from one element to another, namely the
power from the upper system to the ECS and then to the diesel generator and so on [6].
However in this paper more improvement in regulating the power from the upper system have
been achieved, and the case when computer network is failed for any reason, has been
investigated. This paper distinguished between the two cases as follow:
I. Global Control Both ECS and diesel generator are coordinated following the load changes
and regulating the power from the upper system. The arrangement of the agents required is
illustrated in figure 2, and communication time delay is neglected. For all the simulation the
specified target power is set to be zero except in the local control, as it will be explained in the
next paragraph.

Fig. 2. Multi-Agent configuration for Global Control

II. Local Control As the ECS is placed at the head of the system, so in the case of computer
network failure, it receives information directly from the upper system via physical
connection and the controller is hierarchically changed by adjusting the target power, in order
to play the role of the diesel unit, to keep the ECS energy in the specified charging and
discharging level, in other words to support the ECS function. Figure 3, illustrates the
condition of local control.

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Fig. 3. Multi-Agent configuration for Local Control

2.2 AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROL


The performance of a completely isolated system, which contains renewable energy or
dispersed power source have been tested. The unbalanced generation-demand situation caused
by the photovoltaic units and the wind turbine which is environmentally dependent power
sources, in addition to the variable load, result in a disturbance in the frequency of the system.
Energy Capacitor System (ECS) is utilized to solve this problem via the unique characteristics
of this device, such as fast charging and discharging capabilities [7]. A coordination scheme
between the ECS and a diesel unit is used to keep the charging and discharging level of the
ECS in a certain desired level. Furthermore the ECS control action is compared with the
action of governor, modeled for this purpose i.e. to compare and check the efficiency of the
ECS in performing that action.

2.3 GOVERNING SYSTEM


Governor of ideal characteristics has been modeled for the purpose of frequency control, to
compare its function with the function of the ECS, which has the main mission in the
proposed methodology. The governor is attached to the diesel unit which attached to the diesel
unit which is deriving a synchronous generator, as shown in Figure 4.

Fig.4. Matlab representation of the Synchronous generator and the governing system (GOV)

2.4 ECS SYSTEM


Energy Capacitor System in the form of double layer capacitor is mostly located at the same
position where the controllable diesel generating unit is placed. The balance between the
generation and demand is provided due to the fast charging and discharging characteristics of
the ECS. The coordination controller is shown in Figure 5, where PI controller is used for the
purpose of supporting the ECS that has a small size, and in order to keep the ECS in a specific
operating range. Figure 6 shows the simulation result when the system is supported by the
ECS in the same location with the diesel unit. In the mentioned graph at point (a) the AGC
control on the ECS is activated. If the ECS and the diesel unit are not in the same location, the
coordination process cannot be hold unless a communication process is provided to
coordinate between the two units. Multi-Agent system scheme has been utilized here as
explained in the case of load following operation,

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APPLICATIONS OF ENERGY CAPACITOR SYSTEMS ON POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Fig. 5. Coordination controller between the ECS and the diesel unit,

Where Et: is the target stored energy of the ECS


EECS: is the stored energy,
PECS: is the ECS power output,
and Pm: is the control signal to the diesel unit

0.1
d w (ra d /s )

-0.1
0 a 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
time(s)

Fig.6. d߱ with Coordination between the ECS and the diesel

3.SIMULATION RESULTS
Two indices have been used to evaluate the simulation result as shown in equations (1) (2) as
follow:
To evaluate the flactuations in the real power from the upper system

Index =
∑P up − Pt …………. (1)
N
Where Pup is the real power from the upper system, Pt is the target power and N is the
noumber of entered data.
To evaluate the speed deviation of the diesel unit which is related to the frequency of the
system.

Index =
∑ dω …………. (2)
N
Where d߱ is the speed deviation and N is the number of entered data.
Figure 7, illustrates the situation when both global and local control has been applied to the
system.
In case of computer failure the signal cannot be reach to the diesel unit and there is no chance
for coordination between the two controllable devices, for that reason a modification in the
upper system real power has been implemented to keep the system as efficient as possible.
This is clear in figure 8, in the period where local control is applied; clearly the result is
compared with figure 7.
When the system is fully isolated by using the main circuit breaker shown in the single line
diagram, the control strategy will be shifted to control the frequency of the system, in terms of
speed deviation in our case. Figures 9-12, illustrate the result of simulation under different
kind of control strategy.
In the graphs Pup is the power from the upper system, Pecs the power from the ECS unit,
Eecs the stored energy, Pdg the power from the diesel unit, Pwt the power from the wind
turbine ,Pload the power demand on the variable load and dω is the speed deviation.

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APPLICATIONS OF ENERGY CAPACITOR SYSTEMS ON POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Fig.7. Global-Local-Global Control results

Fig.8. Global-Local-Global Control results

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APPLICATIONS OF ENERGY CAPACITOR SYSTEMS ON POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

E e c s (k W h ) P e c s (k W )
500
0
-500
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
3
2
1
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

P d g (k W ) 4000

2000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

3000
P V (k W )

2000
1000
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

1000
P lo a d (k W )

500

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

2
d w (ra d /s )

1
0
-1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
time(s)

Fig.9. Results of isolated system without control results


1000
P e c s (k W )

-1000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

3
E e c s (k W h )

2
1
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
P d g (k W )

4000

2000

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180


3000
P V (k W )

2000
1000
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
P lo a d ( k W )

1000
500
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

0.1
d w (ra d /s )

-0.1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
a time(s)

Fig.10. Results of isolated system with ECS control results

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APPLICATIONS OF ENERGY CAPACITOR SYSTEMS ON POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

500

P e c s (k W )
0
-500
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
3

E e c s (k W h )
2
1
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

P d g (k W )
4000

2000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
3000
P V (k W )

2000
1000
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
P lo a d (k W )

1000
500
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

0.1
d w (ra d /s )

-0.1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
time(s)

Fig.11. Results of isolated system with Governor control

4.CONCLUSION
In this paper a hierarchical load following operation has been proposed for the described
target power systems, with dispersed power sources, including Energy Storage Device.
The performance of the Energy Capacitor System (ECS) is highly improved which results in
an improvement of power profile from the upper system. A big chance has been given for
further improvement in power quality, compared with the conventional control, where same
controller is used. By following these criteria the system is more flexible to be reconfigured,
as we utilized the Distributed Generation themselves to achieve this goal. Further studies are
going on to reach optimal target power from upper system in local control condition
The proposed methodology of automatic generation control, by utilizing the Energy Capacitor
System, supported by a diesel unit, is efficient to control the frequency of the isolated system.
Either the two controllable units are in the same location or not the proposed methodology
still the same with the help of Multi-Agent system.

REFERENCES
[1] Yaser Qudaih and Takashi Hiyama “Reconfiguration of Power Distribution System Using
Multi Agent and Hierarchical Based Load Following Operation with Energy Capacitor
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[2] Naresh Acharia, Pukar Mahat and N.Mithulananthan, “An analytical approach for DG
allocation in primary distribution network,” Electrical Power and Energy Systems 28 (2006)
669-687.
[3] Carmen L.T.Borges, Djalma M Falcao “Optimal distributed generation allocation for
reliability, losses, and voltage improvement,” Electrical Power and Energy Systems 28
(2006) 413-420.
[4] J.Morren, S. W. H. de Haan, and J.A. Ferreira, “Contribution of DG units to primary
frequency control,” European Transaction on Electrical Power 2006; 16:507-512.
[5] T. Hiyama, K. Tomsovic, M. Yoshimoto, and Y. Hori, “Modeling and Simulation of
Distributed Power Sources”, Proceedings of the IPEC’2001, Vol. 2, pp.634-638, 2001.
[6] T. Hiyama, D.Zuo, T. Funabashi, “Multi-Agent Based Control and Operation of
Distribution System with Dispersed Power Sources,” Proceedings of the IEEE Power
Engineering Society Transmission and Distribution Conference 3 (ASIA PACIFIC), pp.
2129-2133.
[7] M. Okamoto, “A basic Study on Power Storage Capacitor Systems”, Trans. IEE of Japan,
Vol. 115-B, No.5, 1995.

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