N TP HA PHN TCH 1 I CNG HA PHN TCH: - Phn tch ha hc l nhng phng php dng trong thc t xc nh thnh phn,

, hm lng ca mi thnh phn v cu trc ha hc ca cht phn tch. - Ha hc phn tch l khoa hc v cc phng php phn tch ha hc. - Phn tch nh lng l nhm xc nh thnh phn nh lng. - Phn tch nh tnh l xc nh cu to,lin kt. - K thut phn tch l da trn hin tng khoa hc thu thp thng tin v thnh phn ha hc ca cht phn tch. - Phng php phn tch l ng dng ca k thut phn tch gii quyt mt vn phn tch. - Phn loi da vo bn cht ca phng php: + Phng php ha hc: nh lng (khi lng, th tch (chun , th tch kh)); nh tnh + Phng php ha l, vt l: quang hc, tch phn tch (sc k), in ha + Phng php sinh hc. - Phn loi da theo th tch v khi lng cht: phn tch th, bn vi lng, vi lng, siu vi lng. - Phn loi da trn bn cht ca hp phn cht cn xc nh: nguyn t, phn t, nhm chc, cht, tng (pha) - Phn loi da vo vic s dng cht chun: tuyt i (khng dng cht chun; VD: phn tch khi lng, phn tch th tch); tng i (dng cht chun; VD: phn tch dng c). - Cc phn ng trong phn tch: oxy ha kh, acid base, to ta, to phc. - Yu cu ca thuc th: tinh khit (ha cht k thut 99%, cht khc 99%); c hiu, nhy. - Quy trnh phn tch: Xc nh mc tiu v ni dung -> chn phng php -> ly mu v bo qun mu -> x l mu -> tin hnh o cht phn tch -> tnh ton x l kt qu. CN BNG HA HC - Nguyn l Le Chatelier: khi tc ng ln h th bn thn h s t iu chnh hn ch nh hng tc ng . - Yu t nh hng: nhit , p sut (cht kh), nng . - Hng s tc phn ng k trong nh lut tc dng khi lng ph thuc bn cht ca cht tham gia v nhit . - S solvate ha l yu t cn thit cho s phn ly. - Dung dch cht in ly mnh nng cao c dn in ln, khi pha long dn in tng khng ng k. - Dung dch cht in ly yu nng cao c dn in khng ng k, khi pha long dn in tng mnh. NNG DUNG DCH - Nng khi lng: nng phn trm, nng molan (s mol trong 1000g dung mi). - Nng th tch: nng mol (Formality khc Molarity ch khng xt n s phn ly trong dung dch, ch xt cng thc ha hc nguyn thy), nng ng lng, nng gam, nng rt nh, khc. - Nng khng c n v: nng phn mol. - Dung dch c nng nguyn chun N l dung dch cha 1 ng lng gam ca cht tan. - CN = n.CM . CN =
m EV

E=M/n

(n: s H+ cho nhn trong phn ng acid-base, s ha tr ca phn t trong phn ng trao i, s e - cho nhn trong phn ng oxy ha kh) - Nng gam: nng g/l (s gam cht tan trong 1 lt dung dch), chun Tg/ml (s gam trong 1ml dung dch). g g mg mg ng ng g g = = = = = = - Nng rt nh: ppm = ; ppb = . g ml kg l g ml kg l - Nng nh hng bi nhit : Mol/lt, ng lng gam/lt. - Nng khng nh hng bi nhit : molan, phn mol. (Dng nhiu trong ha l chnh xc).

PHN TCH KHI LNG - K thut phn tch lu i nht: phn tch khi lng. - Ti sao phng php khi lng quan trng? V n l k thut m vic o lng duy nht da trn h SI. - Phn loi: kt ta, in phn, bc hi, ht. - Quy trnh phng php phn tch khi lng kt ta: MuDung dchTaLc ly taSy kh hoc nungcnxc nh khi lnghm lng mu. - Nguyn nhn gy tp cht trong ta l: Cng kt, s hp ph b mt, cng kt ni (ng hnh, hp lu), kt ta theo. - qu bo ha tng i: + Nu qu bo ha cng ln, s mm to ra cng nhiu, xu hng to ta ht keo. + Nu qu bo ha b, mm to ra t, xu hng to ta tinh th. - Cch to ta tinh th vi qu bo ha cc tiu: + Kt ta trong dd long. + Cho thuc th vo t t v khuy. + pH thp v un. + Kt ta trong mi trng ng th. - Giy lc ta: giy bng xanh (rt mn), giy bng trng (mn va phi), giy bng (dng cho ta v nh hnh), giy bng vng hay en (0,01mm). Lc ly tinh th Phu Busne p thp Lc dd nng, nht cao Phu thy tinh trn bp in (2 lp) Lc cht km bn, d bay hi, nng chy Dng c lc lm lnh bng nc Lc acid mnh, base mnh Phu thy tinh xp - Tnh ton kt qu: Hm lng % khi lng (a gam cht A, dng cn p gam)

C %( A) =

p Fx 100 a

p C %( A) = .F .100 Hm lng % th tch (V ml cht A, klr d, dng cn p gam) Vxd Khi lng P gam ca cht A P(A) = a.F Tha s chuyn: F = Phn t lng cht cn xc nh / Phn t lng dng cn - nh gi: chnh xc cao, thi gian phn tch lu. Thch hp phn tch: cht mi PHN TCH TH TCH I CNG - im tng ng: thi im lng cht chun them vo phn ng va vi ton b lng cht cn nh lng. Ni cch khc l thi im s mol ng lng thuc th cho vo bng s mol ng lng cht cn xc nh. y l im l thuyt, khng th xc nh bng thc nghim. - im kt thc: l thi im gy ra s bin i v tnh cht vt l hay s i mu ch th, s to ta.. gip kt thc chun . - Sai s h thng cho php: 5%. - Chun trc tip: Nh dung dch chun R vo dung dch cn xc nh nng X. - Chun ngc (tha tr): Thm th tch chnh xc, d dd chun R vo th tch xc nh dd cht cn nh lng X. Sau xc nh lng d dd chun bng mt thuc th khc. - Chun gin tip (th): Cho cht cn nh lng X tc dng vi lng d thuc th R, to ra sn phm trung gian P. Sau chun P bng thuc th khc. - Cht chun gc base: Na2B4O7.10H2O, Na2CO3, KHCO3. - Cht chun gc acid: acid benzoic, C2H2O4.2H2O.

- Hiu chnh dung dch chun vi h s hiu chnh K: + Th tch nc cn thm vo th tch dd cn hiu chnh Vc: VH 2O = ( K 1).Vc (1 K ).a .Vc (a = N.E :lng l thuyt) 1000 - Ngi t nn tng cho phn tch th tch: Gay Lusac. + Lng cht cn thm vo: m = PHNG PHP ACID BASE: - Thuyt Bronsted: acid l cht cho proton, base l cht nhn proton. - Kt qu thuyt Bronsted: cp acid base lin hp. - Hng s ion ha Ki = [S-].[SH2+] = K.[SH]2, thay i theo nhit . - Ka cng ln th pKa cng nh: acid cng mnh v ngc li. - Xc nh lc acid ca cht tan: dung mi c kh nng nhn H+ ca acid cng cao th cng d pht hin c lc acid ca cht tan. - Xc nh lc base ca cht tan: dung mi c kh nng cho H+ cng cao th cng d pht hin lc base cht tan. - Cng thc tnh pH: Ka: hng s phn ly ca i tng, C: nng ban u. 1 + Acid yu, mui (ca acid mnh v base yu): pH = ( pK a log C ) . 2 1 + Base yu, mui (ca acid yu v base mnh): pH = 7 + ( pK a + log C ) . 2 1 + Mui (ca acid yu v base yu): pH = ( pK a1 + pK a2 ) . 2 [ BA ] + Cht lng tnh HAB: pK a1 + pK a2 = 2 pH log [ HABH + ] [base] + Dung dch m: pH = pK a + log . [acid ] - Gii hn chuyn mu ca ch th: pH = pKa + 1( dng base gp 10 ln dng acid), pH = pKa 1 (ngc li). - Dung dch c kh nng m ln nht khi c mt acid v base lin hp vi nng tng ng. - Nng acid cng cao th bc nhy pH cng r. - Acid cng yu, pKa cng ln, ng cong pH cng cao v bc nhy cn im tng ng tri trn vng nh. PHNG PHP OXY HA KH: - Cht kh l cht cho electron. Cht oxy ha l cht nhn electron. S kh l s nhn in t. S oxy ha l s mt in t. - Pin Galvanic c to thnh t hai bn pin. Hai bn pin ni nhau bng mt cu mui v c hai bn pin cng c ni nhau bn ngoi bi mt dy dn. - Th oxy ha kh l th nng to ra c do s chnh lch gia 2 bn pin. 0,0591. log[ M n+ ] 0,0591 [Oxh] = E0 + . log - Phng trnh Nernst : E = E0 + n n [ Kh] - Cc yu t nh hng n phng trnh Nernst : + pH : pH cng cao th gi tr th chun biu kin cng thp, tnh oxy ha cng gim.
E0 ' = E0 0,0591 .s ' H +. pH n

* Ngoi l: Phn ng khng c s tham gia ca H+ v OH- nhng vn chu nh hng pH: 2 < pH < 6 : xut hin phc hydroxo vi Fe3+ v hnh thnh h oxy ha kh. E = E0 + 0.0591. log [ H + ]3 . [ Fe 2+ ]

+ S to phc: thng thng, dng oxy ha to phc mnh hn dng kh, do E 0 thp, th gim, tnh kh tng.
E = E0 + 0,0591 . log K ox K Kh

Kox/Kkh ~ 10-44.

+ S to kt ta: Nu dng kh to ta: khi TST cng nh, [Y] cng ln th th cng tng. Nu dng oxy ha to ta: TST cng nh, [Y] cng ln th th gim. Dng kh to ta:
E = E0 0,0591 TST 0,0591 log + log[ Oxh ] n [Y ]m n

Dng oxy ha to ta:

E = E0 +

0,0591 TST 0,0591 log log[ Kh ] n [Y ]m n

- Cng thc tnh hng s cn bng K da vo th oxy ha kh : phn ng pOX1 + qKH2 pKH1 + qOX2.
log K =
1 2 ( E0 E0 ). p.q 0,0591

Phn ng xy ra hon ton khi: K > 102(p+q). Tc l: E0 ti thiu 0,0591.2.(p+q). - Th im tng ng:
Eeq =
1 2 qE 0 + pE 0 p+q

- ng cong chun trong phng php oxy ha kh khng ph thuc vo s pha long nng dung dch. - Tr s bc nhy th ph thuc vo hiu s E0 . Hiu s cng ln th bc nhy cng ln. - Khong i mu ca ch th nm trong gii hn : Ei mu ~ E0In 0.0591/n. - Diphenylamin c E0 l + 0,76 (Iox Ikh : tm khng mu). - Xanh methylen c E0 l +0,53 (Iox Ikh : xanh bin khng mu). Permanganat Iod Nitrit Dicromat Ceri Nguyn tc MnO4-/Mn2+ = +1,51V I2/2I- = +0,53V NaNO2 + amin Cr2O72- + 14H+ Ce4+ +14H+ pH=0 thm bc I -> 2Cr3+ + 7H2O 0 iu kin Acid H2SO4 v H3PO4 Trung tnh hoc Acid long, t Acid Acid 0 acid yu,t thp Dd chun Acid oxalic Iodid, KIO3, NaNO2 0,1M K2Cr2O7 Ceri sunfat KbrO3, K2Cr2O7, khan,ceri Na2S2O3 amoni nitrat... Ch th T ch th H tinh bt Giy tm h tinh Natri bt c iodid, diphenylamin tropeolin 00 sulfonat ng dng Fe2+, Fe3+, H2O2... Glucose, CHC, Cha nhm amin Fe2+, ethanol Fe2+, peroxyd, sulfit... thm bc I alcol...

PHNG PHP KT TA - TST v nng bo ha Q: Q < TST : tan tng, Q > TST : tan gim. - Cht c TST thp s kt ta trc trong dung dch. - TST : AgCl > AgCrO4 > AgBr > AgI. - tan S : AgCrO4 > AgCl > AgBr > AgI - TST l hng s c trng ca mt cht, ch ph thuc vo nhit . - tan S biu din bng s mol cht tan trong 1 lt hoc s gam trong 100g dung mi, ph thuc nhit . TST - Cng thc tnh tan trong nc nguyn cht: S = m+n m n m .n - Vi gi tr no ca tan th chp nhn hot bng nng ? S<10-4 M - Cc nh hng n tan: + Lc ion (ion l): lm tng tan hiu ng mui. + Thuc th d (ion ng dng): lm gim tan (nu nng ion ng dng cao lm tng tan mt t) + pH: phn ln lm tng tan
[H + ] S = TST . K + 1

. ngha: tan ca mui t tan (ca acid yu) trong

dd acid mnh s tng ln so vi tan ca n trong nc. + S to phc: lm tng tan rt nhiu. + S oxy ha kh: lm tng tan. + Nhit : phn ln khi tng nhit lm tng tan. - C 2 loi kt ta: ta v nh hnh (ta sulfit, ta hydroxyd kim loi nng) v ta tinh th. - Cc yu t nh hng ng cong chun : + Nng : cng cao th bc nhy cng di. + TST: cng b th bc nhy cng di. - Cc phng php nhn din im tng ng: + Morh: Trong nh lng Cl-, Br- bng AgNO3 vi ch th kalicromat (nng 10-2 10-3M), trong mi trng trung tnh. y l phng php trc tip. + Volhard: dng nh lng cc ion to c kt ta vi bc, vi ch th Fe3+ (nng 0,01M), trong mi trng acid mnh. S dng k thut gin tip. + Fajans: dng nh lng Cl-, Br-, I-, vi th th hp ph eosin hoc fluorescein, trong mi trng ty ch th (Fluorescein: pH = 7-10, eosin: pH = 2). y l k thut trc tip. PHNG PHP TO PHC: =
[ MLn ] [ M ].[ L]n

' =

[ ML n ] = n [ M ' ].[ L' ] M ( X ) . n L (Y )

[M ] =

CM 1 + 1,i [ L]
1 n i

[ M ' ] = [ M ] + MX i ] = [ M ].M ( X ) [
1

M ( X ) = 1 + i [ X ]i
1

[ M i ] =,i .[ M ].[ L]i L 1

[ L' ] =[ L]. (Y ) L

L (Y ) = 1 + j [Y ] j
1

Fi =

[ MLi ] = CM

1,i .[ L]i
1 + 1,i [ L]i
1 n

F0 =

[M ] = CM

1 1 + 1,i .[ L]i
1 n

F0 + F1 + F2 +...+ Fn = 1

- phn ng xy ra ton lng c th dng cho nh lng th phi t ti thiu 108. - pH cng tng th log Y(H) gim.