Tanah (soil / turbah)

Assoc Prof Dr. Wan Zuhairi Yaacob Program Geologi UKM

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Definasi
Geologist Engineer Soil scientist Pedologist

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Soil Scientist
Geologist !!!

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The importance of soil (tanah)

Natural resource for plant growth Erosion environmental degradation Source of sediment Filter for groundwater Bearing material Construction material Land-use planning Waste Management Evaluate natural hazards
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KISAH PEMBUNUHAN PERTAMA

Kenapa mayat manusia di tanam dalam tanah? Kisah QABIL membunuh HABIL (semak AlQuran, Al Maidah ayat 31)
kemudian Allah menyuruh seekor burung gagak menggali-gali di bumi untuk memperlihatkan kepada Qabil bagaimana dia seharusnya menguburkan mayat saudaranya -- manusia banyak belajar dari alam -- jangan segan mengambil pelajaran dari yang lebih rendah tingkatan pengetahuannya.
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Physical Biological chemical

The breaking down of various types of rocks into smaller pieces through mechanical and chemical processes.

ROCK

weathering

(Secondary minerals)

SOIL
RESIDUAL SOIL
-formed in place -cover the rock surface -cold / cool area = fairly thin; slow weathering -hot / warm area = thick; rapid weathering.

(Primary minerals)

TRANSPORTED SOIL
1. Alluvial or fluvial = running water (estuarine deposits) 2. Glacial = glacier 3. Aeolian = wind action

NON-INDURATED (SOFT) ROCKS

-referred as soil by engineers -Eg. Oxford clay; Kajang Formation
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NON-INDURATED (SOFT) ROCKS

soil to me but rock to you

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Weathered Granit (Grade III-IV)

Fresh Granit (Grade I)

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Kadar luluhawa beberapa mineral pembentuk batuan

S.S. Goldich (1938)

Mencadangkan siri luluhawa mineral pembentuk batuan Di permukaan bumi; olivine dan Ca-plagioclase feldspar sangat mudah terluluhawa Quartz dan muscovite mica adalah sukar terluluhawa (inert)
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Soil Horizons
Vertical and horizontal movements of materials in soil create distinct layering; parallel to surface collectively known as soil profile The layers are called zones / horizons.

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Soil horizons
O

Descriptions

Colour

Highly concentrated organic matter (Plant litter and other organic material) Zone of leaching (eluviation) Contains both organic and resistant mineral material Leaching process of dissolving, washing, or draining earth materials by water. Moves clay and other material such as iron & calcium to B Zone of leaching Resulting from leaching of clay, Ca, Mg, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 to B Light in colour; less organic material than O & A Zone of accumulation (illuviation) Enriched in clay, iron oxides, Si, CO3 Parent material partly altered by weathering process

Dark brown/black Light black/brown

Light colored (white) Red (iron/Al oxides)

Unaltered parent material

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Soil Profile

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Soil chronosequences (kronojujukan tanah)

Sama seperti kronojujukan batuan (penentuan usia relatif batuan) Penentuan usia relatif berdasarkan kepada pemerhatian di lapangan Digabungkan dengan C dating (14C) numerical dating
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Soil chronosequences (kronojujukan tanah)

the leached zone thickens with time a redder color and becomes dark red in 10,000 years (zone of accumulation iron)

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Penkelasan tanah (Soil classification )

Soil Science
Soil taxonomy US Dept. of Agriculture triangle

Engineering
Unified soil classification (USC)

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 Soil Science
Soil taxonomy US Dept. of Agriculture textural triangle
Loam: 40% silt ; 40% sand; 20% clay

US Dept. of Agriculture standard textural triangle dwzwy-geologi-2008 18

 Engineering
Unified soil classification (USC)

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Engineering properties of soils

The most important : Soil = solid + liquid + gas
1. Texture (Tekstur saiz butiran tanah) 2. Plasticity (keplastikan) - water content of soil 3. Strength (kekuatan); resistance to deformation
- Bergantung kpd cohesion & friction

4. Sensitivity (kesensitifan); change in soil strength from disturbances (vibration / excavation) liquifaction 5. Compressibility (Kebolehpadatan); soils tendency to consolidate (decrease in volume); settlement
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Plastic limit

Panos

Paolo

PI = LL PL PI (<5%) = cause problems; easily change from solid to liquid state PI (>35%) = potential to expand and contract
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Engineering properties of soils

6. Erodibility (hakisan); 7. Permeability (ketertelapan); finer grained materials are less permeable 8. Corrosion potential (kekaratan); tendency to corrode materials and structures, esp. metals, laid in the ground 9. Ease of excavation (pengorekan)
- Common excavation ; rippable ; blasting / rock cutting

10. and shrink-swell potential (kembang-kecut).

clays absorb water and expand "fat clays. Eg. Montmorillonite; bentonite; smectite

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Soil texture (Tekstur tanah)

Bergantung kepada peratusan bahagian pasir; lodak dan lempung.
Stones and cobbles are bigger than 64 mm Gravel is from 2 mm to 64 mm Sand is from .05 to 2 mm Silt is from .002 to .05 mm

Clay is less than .002 mm.

Boleh ditentukan di lapangan & makmal

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Soil Classification Calculator

http://www.tulsamastergardeners.org/black box/soil_clas_calc.htm

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Mechanical analysis of soil

Determination of the size range of particles. Sieve analysis
Particle > 0.075mm

Hydrometer
Particle <0.075mm
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Sedigraph

Particle Size Analyser (micromeritics SediGraph III)

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Sampel (Wet sieving 2mm; 63 um; pan)

Ayakan basah

> 63um

<63um

Sieve analysis
Ayakan kering (dry sieving)

Sedimentation analysis
hydrometer

Pasir

kerikil

Lempung/clay

lodak/silt
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* Name the fractions for soil A, B, C and D? ** What is the percentage of silt for soil D?
5% sand

Silt and fine sand Silt = 95-31 = 64%

Silt, Sand and gravel Sand & fine gravel

Sand and Gravel

31% clay

*** Which one is poorly graded curve? dwzwy2004 **** Which one is well graded curve?

Universal Soil Loss Equation (USDA)

A = f (R,K,L,S,C,P)
meaning, soil erosion is a function of the following factors: A = average annual soil loss R = erosive impact by rainfall (energy and intensity of rainfall) K = soil erodibility factor (coarse grains need more energy to transport, clay is cohesive and takes more energy to erode) L = slope length factor (long slopes gather more water and greater erosive flow velocity) S = slope angle factor (water flows faster down steeper slopes) C = the soil cover factor (soil cover; cover crops) P = support practice factor (erosion control practice/contouring)
Kira berapa nilai A, sekiranya semua faktor/parameter yang digunakan ialah 1 ?
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Your good friend has the opportunity to buy this riverside land in a beautiful canyon at a good price. She wants to build a log cabin on the site. Knowing some geology. What should you tell her?

Latihan Berkumpulan (Boleh print dari website) 25hb Januari 2010 (sebelum jam 11am)

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TAMAT

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