Khi nim v giao thc SMTP

SMTP (ting Anh: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol giao thc truyn ti th tn n gin) l mt chun truyn ti th in t qua mng Internet. SMTP c nh ngha trong bn RFC 821 (STD 10) v c chnh l bng bn RFC 1123 (STD 3), chng 5. Giao thc hin dng c l ESMTP (extended SMTP SMTP m rng), c nh ngha trong bn RFC 2821.

Lch s
SMTP l mt giao thc dng nn vn bn v tng i n gin. Trc khi mt thng ip c gi, ngi ta c th nh v mt hoc nhiu a ch nhn cho thng ip nhng a ch ny thng c kim tra v s tn ti trung thc ca chng) . Vic kim th mt trnh ch SMTP l mt vic tng i d dng, dng chng trnh ng dng telnet (xem di y). SMTP dng cng 25 ca giao thc TCP. xc nh trnh ch SMTP ca mt tn min no y (domain name), ngi ta dng mt mu tin MX (Mail eXchange Trao i th) ca DNS (Domain Name System H thng tn min). SMTP bt u c s dng rng ri vo nhng nm u thp nin k 1980. Ti thi im , SMTP ch l mt phn mm b sung ca b trnh ng dng ng giao thc UUCP (Unix to Unix CoPy Sao chp t my Unix sang my Unix) nhng tin li hn trong vic truyn ti th in t gia cc my vi tnh nhng my ny thnh thong mi li c kt ni vi nhau mt ln, truyn thng d liu. Thc ra, SMTP s lm vic tt hn nu cc my gi v my nhn c kt ni lin tc. Trong bi vit v ngi gi vit li a ch, nhng tin tc cn bn v k thut ca SMTP trong lch s trc y, v k thut nh tuyn tr v ngun, trc khi RFC 1123 ra i (nm 1989, b thay th bi RFC 2821) c cp n. Sendmail l mt trong nhng phn mm c v truyn ti th tn (mail transfer agent) u tin (nu khng phi l ci trc tin nht) thc thi giao thc SMTP. Tnh n nm 2001, ngi ta thy c t nht l 50 chng trnh ng dng thc thi giao thc SMTP, bao gm c trnh khch (phn mm dng gi thng ip) v trnh ch (phn mm dng nhn thng ip). Mt s trnh ch SMTP ni ting c th lit k bao gm: exim, Postfix, qmail, v Microsoft Exchange Server. Do thit k ca giao thc dng dng thc vn bn thng ca b m ASCII, khi bn thit k c khi cng, chc nng ca SMTP gii quyt tp tin c dng thc nhi phn rt km. Nhng tiu chun nh MIME c xy dng m ha nhng tp tin nh phn, cho php chng c truyn ti dng giao thc SMTP. Hin nay, phn ln cc trnh ch SMTP h tr phn m rng 8BITMIME ca SMTP, cho php cc tp tin dng thc nh phn c truyn thng qua ng dy, d nh vic truyn ti vn bn thng vy. SMTP l mt giao thc y thng ip v khng cho php ai rt thng ip t my ch xa, theo yu cu ca mnh, mt cch ty tin. ly c thng ip, mt trnh khch th in t phi dng POP3 (Post Office Protocol Giao thc bu in t) hoc IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol Giao thc truy cp thng ip Internet). Chng ta cn c th dng phn mm ETRN (Extended Turn) khi ng mt trnh ch SMTP phn pht thng ip m n ang lu tr.

V d v truyn thng ca SMTP

Sau khi kt ni gia ngi gi (trnh khch) v ngi nhn (trnh ch) c thit lp, nhng vic lm sau y l nhng vic hon ton hp l, i vi mt phin giao dch dng giao thc SMTP. Trong cuc hi thoi di y, nhng g trnh khch gi c nh du bng ch C: ng trc, cn nhng g trnh ch gi c nh du bng S:. Cc h thng my tnh u c th thit lp mt kt ni, bng cch dng nhng dng lnh ca phn mm telnet, trn mt my khch. Chng hn: ?

telnet www.example.com 25

khi ng mt kt ni SMTP t my gi thng ip n my ch www.example.com. ?

1
S: 220 www.example.com ESMTP Postfix

2
C: HELO mydomain.com

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

S: 250 Hello mydomain.com C: MAIL FROM:<sender@mydomain.com> S: 250 Ok C: RCPT TO:<friend@example.com> S: 250 Ok C: DATA S: 354 End data with <CR><LF>.<CR><LF> C: Subject: test message C: From: sender@mydomain.com C: To: friend@example.com C: C: Hello, C: This is a test. C: Goodbye. C: . S: 250 Ok: queued as 12345

18
C: QUIT

19 20

S: 221 Bye

Tuy khng bt buc v khng c lit k trn y, hu ht cc trnh khch s hi trnh ch xem tnh nng m rng SMTP no l tnh nng trnh ch h tr, bng cch gi thng ip cho hi HELLO cho trnh ch, v khi ng tnh nng ESMTP (Extended SMTP SMTP m rng) ca trnh ch. Nhng trnh khch hin i thng dng cu lnh SIZE (c) mt trong nhng t cha kha (keyword) trong SMTP m rng iu tra c ln ti a ca thng ip m trnh ch c th chp nhn. Nhng trnh khch v trnh ch c trc y thng cho truyn ti o t mt lng thng ip tht ln qua cho nhau, ri chng li b t chi sau khi n ch, phung ph ti nguyn ca mng li mt cch v thc. y l cha k thi gian kt ni tn km vo cc ISP ( Internet Service Provider Nh cung cp dch v Internet) quay s, m ngi dng phi tr gi tng pht ng h mt.

Khi c d nh hiu chnh nhng tp tin khng l, hoc d nh gi tp tin bng nhng trnh khch c, ngi dng c th xc nh c ln ti a ca thng ip m trnh ch ESMTP cho php v chp nhn, trc khi gi thng ip. Ngi dng c th s dng phn mm telnet nh ni trn, thay th dng lnh HELLO mydomain.com vi dng lnh HELLO mydomain.com, nh c lit k di y: ?

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

S: 220-serverdomain.com ESMTP {postfix version and date} S: 220-NO UCE. {etc., terms of service} C: EHLO mydomain.com S: 250-serverdomain.com Hello mydomain.com [127.0.0.1] S: 250-SIZE 14680064 S: 250-PIPELINING S: 250 HELP

Trnh ch ti serverdomain.com trn y bo co vi ngi dng rng n s nhn mt thng ip vi c ti a l 14.680.064 byte (mt byte bng 8-bit). Tuy bo vy, song thc t cn ty thuc vo thc trng v tnh hnh s dng ti nguyn my ch lc , trnh ch c th khng c kh nng chp nhn c thng ip c ln nh bo. C trng hp trnh ch ESMTP ch thng bo c SIZE ti a, khi trnh khch dng HELLO trong khi tng giao vi trnh ch, m thi. Khi dng, nu chng ta pht hin thy khng c con s no hin ra sau cu lnh SIZE, trong khi gii hn v ln ca thng ip nht nh phi c xc nh mt cch chnh xc, th ngi dng c th tng giao tip tc vi trnh ch bng cch gi v to mt mu tin u ESMTP trong mt thng ip, trong gn mt con s c chng no y v c ln ca thng ip v gi thng ip ny cho trnh ch. Xin xem thm phn lin kt ngoi, dng kt ni cho RFC 1870 di y bit thm chi tit.

B giao thc TCP/IP

Tng ng dng_Applications

BGP DHCP DNS FTP GTP HTTP IMAP IRC Megaco MGCP NNTP NTP POP RIP RPC R TP RTSP SDP SIP SMTP SNMP SOAP SSH Telnet TLS/SSL XMPP

Tng giao vn_Transport

TCP UDP DCCP SCTP RSVP ECN

Tng mng_Internet

IP (IPv4, IPv6) ICMP ICMPv6 IGMP IPsec

Tng truy nhp mng_Network Access

ARP RARP NDP OSPF Tunnels (L2TP) PPP Media Access Control (Ethernet, MPLS, DSL, ISDN,FDDI) Device Drivers