Trng THPT chuyn L Qu n Math 08-11

Nguyn Vn Tun Anh 1

PHNG TRNH LNG GIC C CCH GII
KHNG MU MC
A.PHNG PHP GII
Mt s bi ton v phng trnh lng gic m cch gii tu theo c
th ca phng trnh, ch khng nm trong phng php nu hu ht
cc sch gi o khoa.
Mt s phng trnh lng gic th hin tnh khng mu mc ngay
dng ca chng, nhng cng c nhng phng trnh ta thy dng rt bnh
thng nhng cch gii li khng mu mc.
Sau y l nhng phng trnh lng gic c cch gii khng mu mc
thng gp.
I.PHNG PHP TNG BNH PHNG
Phng php ny nhm bin i phng trnh lng gic v dng mt
v l tng bnh phng cc s hng (hay tng cc s hng khng m) v v
cn li bng khng v p dng tnh cht:

=
=
= +
0
0
0
2 2
B
A
B A
Bi 1. Gii phng trnh:
0 2 sin 4 tan 3 2 sin 4 tan 3
2 2
= + + x x x x
GII
( ) Z n m
n x
m x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x x x
x x x x
e

+ =
+ =

=
=

=
=

= +
= + + +
= + +
,
2
6
6
2
1
sin
3
3
t an
0 1 sin 2
0 1 t an 3
0 ) 1 sin 2 ( ) 1 t an 3 (
0 1 sin 4 sin 4 1 t an 3 2 t an 3
0 2 sin 4 t an 3 2 sin 4 t an 3
2 2
2 2
2 2
t
t
t
t
Trng THPT chuyn L Qu n Math 08-11
Nguyn Vn Tun Anh 2
S t
t
k x 2
6
+ = ) ( Z k e
II.PHNG PHP I LP
Phng php ny c xy dng trn tnh cht: gii phng trnh
) ( ) ( x g x f = , ta c th ngh n vic chng minh tn ti A R:
) , ( , ) ( b a x A x f e > v ) , ( , ) ( b a x A x g e s th khi :

=
=
=
A x g
A x f
x g x f
) (
) (
) ( ) (
Nu ta ch c A x f > ) ( v A x g < ) ( , ) , ( b a x e th kt lun phng trnh
v ngim.
Bi 2. Gii phng trnh:
0 cos
2 5
= + x x
GII
x x x x
5 2 2 5
cos 0 cos = = +
V 1 cos 1 s s x nn 1 1 1 0
2
s s s s x x
m | | | | | | 1 , 1 , 0 cos 1 , 1 , 0 cos
2
,
2
1 , 1
5
e < e > |
.
|

\
|
c x x x x
t t
Do 0
2
> x v 0 cos
5
< x nn phng trnh v nghim.
Vy phng trnh cho v nghim.
Bi 3. Gii phng trnh:
1 cos sin
1996 1996
= + x x (1)
GII
(1) x x x x
2 2 1996 1996
cos sin cos sin + = +
) cos 1 ( cos ) 1 (sin sin
1994 2 1994 2
x x x x = (2)
Ta thy x x x
x
x
s

s
>
, 0 ) 1 (sin sin
1 sin
0 sin
1994 2
1994
2
M x x x
x
x
>

>
>
, 0 ) cos 1 ( cos
0 cos 1
0 cos
1994 2
1994
2
Do (2) ) , (
2
2
1 cos
0 cos
1 sin
0 sin
0 ) cos 1 ( cos
0 ) 1 (sin sin
1994 2
1994 2
Z n m
n x
n x
m x
m x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x
e

=
+ =

+ =
=

=
=

=
=

=
=

t
t
t
t
t
t
Trng THPT chuyn L Qu n Math 08-11
Nguyn Vn Tun Anh 3
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l: ) (
2
Z k k x e =
t
S ) (
2
Z k k x e =
t
p dng phng php i lp, ta c th suy ra cch gii nhanh chng
nhng phng trnh lng gic cc dng c bit di y:
-

=
=

=
=
=
1 sin
1 sin
1 sin
1 sin
1 sin . sin
bx
ax
bx
ax
bx ax
-

=
=

=
=
=
1 sin
1 sin
1 sin
1 sin
1 sin . sin
bx
ax
bx
ax
bx ax
Cch gii tng t cho cc phng trnh thuc dng:
1 cos . sin
1 cos . sin
1 cos . cos
1 cos . cos
=
=
=
=
bx ax
bx ax
bx ax
bx ax

III. PHNG PHP ON NHN NGHIM V CHNG MINH
TNH DUY NHT CA NGHIM
Tu theo dng v iu kin ca phng trnh, ta tnh nhm mt nghim
ca phng trnh, sau chng t nghim ny l duy nht bng mt trong
nhng cch thng sng sau:
- Dng tnh cht i s
- p dng tnh n iu ca hm s
Phng trnh 0 ) ( = x f c 1 nghim ) , ( b a x e =o v hm f n iu
trong ) , ( b a th 0 ) ( = x f c nghim duy nht l o = x .
Phng trnh ) ( ) ( x g x f = c 1 nghim ) , ( b a x e =o , ) ( x f tng (gim)
trong ) , ( b a , ) ( x g gim (tng) trong ) , ( b a th phng trnh ) ( ) ( x g x f = c
nghim o = x l duy nht.
Bi 4. Gii phng trnh:
2
1 cos
2
x
x = vi 0 > x
Trng THPT chuyn L Qu n Math 08-11
Nguyn Vn Tun Anh 4
GII
Ta thy ngay phng trnh c 1 nghim 0 = x .
t 1
2
cos ) (
2
+ =
x
x x f l biu thc ca hm s c o hm
0 , 0 sin ) ( ' > > + = x x x x f (v x x x > , sin )
Hm f lun n iu tng trong ( ) + , 0
0 ) ( = x f c 1 nghim duy nht trong ( ) + , 0
Vy phng trnh cho c 1 nghim duy nht 0 = x .
B.CC BI TON C BN
Bi 1: Gii phng trnh:
0 2 sin 2 cos 2
2
= + x x x x (1)
GII
Ta c (1) 0 1 sin 2 sin cos cos 2
2 2 2
= + + + x x x x x x

=
=

=
=

= +
1 sin
cos
0 1 sin
0 cos
0 ) 1 (sin ) cos (
2 2
x
x x
x
x x
x x x
Phng trnh v nghim.
Bi 2: Gii phng trnh:
1 cos sin
15 4
= + x x
GII
Ta c: 1 cos sin
15 4
= + x x
x x x x
2 2 15 4
cos sin cos sin + = +
) cos 1 ( cos ) 1 (sin sin
13 2 2 2
x x x x = (1)
V x x x s , 0 ) 1 (sin sin
2 2
V x x x > , 0 ) cos 1 ( cos
13 2
Do (1)

=
=

0 ) cos 1 ( cos
0 ) 1 (sin sin
13 2
2 2
x x
x x
Trng THPT chuyn L Qu n Math 08-11
Nguyn Vn Tun Anh 5

=
=

=
=

1 cos
0 cos
1 sin
0 sin
x
x
x
x
) , (
2
2
2
Z n m
n x
n x
m x
m x
e

=
+ =

+ =
=

t
t
t
t
t
t
S t
t
k x + =
2
hay t k x 2 = , ) ( Z k e
C.CC BI TON NNG CAO V THI
Bi 3: Gii cc phng trnh:
1.
4
1
)
4
( cos sin
4 4
= + +
t
x x (1)
2. ,...) 4 , 3 , 2 ( sin cos ) cot
4
1
(t an = + = + n x x x x
n n n
GII
1. Ta c:
(1)
4
1
4
)
2
2 cos( 1
4
) 2 cos 1 (
2
2
=
(

+ +
+

t
x
x
1 ) 2 sin 1 ( ) 2 cos 1 (
2 2
= + x x
2
2
)
4
2 cos(
1 2 sin 2 cos
=
= +
t
x
x x
) (
4
Z k
k x
k x
e

+ =
=

t
t
t
2.Vi iu kin
2
t
k x = ta c x t an v x cot lun cng du nn:
1 cot
4
1
t an 1 cot
4
1
t an 2 cot
4
1
t an cot
4
1
t an > + = > + = +
n
x x x x x x x x
Trng THPT chuyn L Qu n Math 08-11
Nguyn Vn Tun Anh 6
Du "=" xy ra
2
1
t an
4
1
t an cot
4
1
t an
2
= = = x x x x
- Vi 2 = n : phng trnh 1 cot
4
1
t an
2
= |
.
|

\
|
+ x x c nghim cho bi:
) (
2
1
arct an
2
1
t an Z k k x x e + = = t
- Vi 2 , > e n Z n th:
1 sin cos sin cos
2 2
= + s + x x x x
n n
Du bng xy ra ) , (
1 2 2
2
2
2
2
Z m k
m n khi k x hay k x
m n khi k x
e

+ = + = =
= =

t
t
t
t
(u khng tho mn iu kin
2
t
k x = ca phng trnh)
Vy vi Z n n e > , 2 th phng trnh v nghim.
S ) (
2
1
arct an Z k k x e + = t
Bi 4: Gii phng trnh:
1 1
3 cos
1
3 cos 1
cos
1
cos = +
x
x
x
x (1)
GII
iu kin:

>
>
0 3 cos
0 cos
x
x
Khi (1) 1 3 cos 3 cos cos cos
2 2
= + x x x x
V
4
1
0 )
2
1
(
4
1
2 2 2
s > = + a a a a a
Do
4
1
cos cos
2
s x x v
4
1
3 cos 3 cos
2
s x x
2
1
3 cos 3 cos
2
1
cos cos
2 2
s s x x v x x
Du bng xy ra C e

=
=

=
=
x
x
x
x x
x x
2
1
3 cos
2
1
cos
4
1
3 cos 3 cos
4
1
cos cos
2
2
Vy phng trnh (1) v nghim.
D.CC BI TP NGH
Trng THPT chuyn L Qu n Math 08-11
Nguyn Vn Tun Anh 7
Bi 1: Gii phng trnh:
x x x
4 3 3
sin 2 cos sin = +
HNG DN
x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
>
s +
s
s
, 1 sin 2
, 1 cos sin
, cos cos
, sin sin
4
3 3
2 3
2 3
Vy phng trnh tng ng:

=
= +
1 sin 2
1 cos sin
4
3 3
x
x x
S ) ( 2
2
Z k k x e + = t
t
Bi 2: Gii phng trnh:
0 2 tan sin = + x x x vi
2
0
t
s s x
HNG DN
D thy phng trnh c 1 nghim 0 = x
t x x x x f 2 tan sin ) ( + = lin tc trn
|
.
|

2
; 0
t
C o hm:
|
.
|

e >

=
2
; 0 , 0
cos
) 1 cos )(cos 1 (cos
) ( '
2
2
t
x
x
x x x
x f do
0 1 cos cos
2
5 1
1 cos 0
2
5 1
2
<
+
< s s <

x x x
f n iu tng trn
|
.
|

2
; 0
t
Bi 3: Gii phng trnh:
( ) x x x 3 sin 5 2 cos 4 cos
2
+ =
S ) ( 2
2
Z k k x e + = t
t
Bi 4: Gii phng trnh:
x x x x sin cos sin cos
4 4
+ =
S ) ( Z k k x e = t
Bi 5: Gii phng trnh:
0 1 sin 2
2
= + xy x
Trng THPT chuyn L Qu n Math 08-11
Nguyn Vn Tun Anh 8
S

+ =
=
t
t
k y
x
2
2
1
hay

+ =
=
t
t
k y
x
2
2
1
) ( Z k e