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east asia: china, north and south korea, japan southeast asia: cambodia, laos, myanmar, thailand, vietnam,

brunei, east timor, indonesia, malaysia, philippines south asia: bangladesh, bhutan, india, maldives, nepal, pakistan, sri lanka middle east: saudi arabia, kuwait, bahrain, qatar, united arab emirates, oman, yemen, iran, Iraq Factors Affecting Food Ways and Culinary Practices 1. Geographical Location 2. Climate 3. Topography 4. History 5. Religiona. Buddhismb. Christianityc. Confucianismd. Hinduisme. Islamf. Judaismg. Seventh day Adventistsh. Shintoism 6. Factors Affecting Cultural Foods 7. Social Factors Affecting Cultural Food 8. Economic Factors that Affect Cultural Food
9. Psychological Factors of Cultural Food

10. Health concern

TOURISM DE STIN A TION PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT LEARNING OBJECTIVE: To identify the major elements of a tourism destination plan To understand the concept of master or comprehensive planning in tourism development To understand the importance of tourism destination planning To understand the factors that influence the tourism planning process Key terms and concepts Action plan Carrying capacity Comprehensive master plan Condominium Demand analysis Destination planning Financial feasibility Integrated resort development Land use planning Mixed use Private sector Public sector Resort master plan TO 490, Tourism Destination Planning, page 2 Self-contained resort destination Shoreline setback Supply analysis Sustainable tourism development Tourism gateway INTRODUCTION : Tourism provides a major economic development opportunity for many countries and a means of improving the livelihoods of its residents. Both the public and private sectors involved in tourismdepend on planning to achieve sustainable tourism development that respects the local community, createsappropriateemployment, maintains the natural environment, and delivers a quality visitor experience. However,many tourism destinations have pursued development without proper planning and without considering themany impacts such development will bring to the community.This session will discuss tourism planning approaches to achieve the goals and objectives of tourismdevelopment for a destination. For the purposes of discussion, a tourism destination can mean anentirecountry, a region, an island, a resort area, or a single project. The tourism plan is generally a formal document to guide both public sector and private sector development activities. Destination planning includesmany different forms of planning such as economic development planning, land use planning, infrastructure planning, and social services planning and involves many groups with different perspectives includinggovernments, private investors and developers, and local communities. THE TOURISM PLANNING Levels of Tourism Planning Tourism planning is implemented at different levels from the general level which may apply to an entirecountry or region down to the local level which may apply to detailed planning for specific resort. What isimportant to emphasize is the tourism planning and development must be integrated among all levels totake

TO 490, Tourism Destination Planning, page 3 into account different levels of concern and to avoid duplication of efforts and policies. Each level involvesdifferent considerations as follows: International level - Tourism planning at the international level involves more than one countryand includes areas such as international transportation services, joint tourism marketing, regional tourism polices and standards, cooperation between sectors of member countries, and other cooperative concerns. National level - Tourism planning at the national level is concerned with national tourism policy,structure planning, transportation networks within the country, major tourism attractions, national level facility and service standards, investment policy, tourism education and training, and marketing of tourism. Regional level Tourism planning at the regional level generally is done by provinces, states, or prefectures involving regional policy and infrastructure planning, regional access and transportationnetwork, and other related functions at the regional level. Local or community level- Tourism planning at the local level involves subregions, cities, towns,villages, resorts, rural areas and some tourist attractions. This level of planning may focus ontourism area plans, land use planning for resorts, and planning for other tourism facilities and attractions. Site planning level - Site planning refers to planning for specific location of buildings and structures, recreational facilities, conservation and landscape areas and other facilities carried out for specific development sites such as tourism resorts and may also involve the design of buildings,structures, landscaping and engineering design based on the site plan. Importance of Planning Tourism planning is primarily economic development planning that is directed towards tourismrelated objectives which differ between the public sector and the private sector. In the public sector, most planning isdone by different levels of government. Public sector tourism planning includes consideration of economic and social factors, land use policies and zoning controls, environmental concerns, infrastructuredevelopment,employment concerns, and the provision of public services. Private sector tourism planning is usually concerned TO 490, Tourism Destination Planning, page 4 with investment objectives involving various aspects of product development, building and design,financial feasibility, marketing, management and operations.Tourism planning is important because it provides a common vision, direction and commitment for

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