I.

Naringinase:
Enzyme naringinase c ng dng trong cng nghip ch bin cc loi nc tri cy c mi nh cam, bi, v cc loi rau c qu khc.

Hnh I.1: Nc bi. 1. Tng quan: Tn ting anh: Beta L 1 rhamnosidase M s h thng quc t: EC 3.2.1.40 2. c tnh: Enzyme naringinase b c ch cnh tranh bi ru v glucose. Nng cn 12% lm gim 20% hot tnh ca naringinse. Nng ion khng nh hng n hot ng ca enzyme ny. Tc thy phn khng b nh hng khi c SO2 nng 50ppm (Gallego v ctv, 2001) 3. Cu trc v chc nng: Naringinase l mt enzyme gm s kt hp ca hai thnh phn l rhamnosidase (EC 3.2.1.40) v - D glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21). Qu trnh naringinase phn ct naringin thnh naringenin: L

4. iu kin hot ng ti u: pH ti u: 3 5 Kh nng thy phn ca naringinase tng khi tng nhit . Tuy nhin, mi quan h ny khng tuyn tnh. nng thp, kh nng thy phn t l vi thi gian thy phn. Cn nng cao hn th kh nng thy phn t ph thuc vo thi gian. Nhit tt nht cho qu trnh thy phn l 600C, pHopt= 4 (theo Walson, 2001). Theo kt qu nghin cu ca Ting, nng enzyme thp th hiu qu thy phn t l thun vi thi gian, trong khi nng enzyme cao hn th t l thy phn gim theo thi gian phn ng.

Hnh I.2: Nhit v pH ti u cho mc hot ng ca enzyme naringinase. 5. Ngun thu nhn: Enzyme naringinase c thu nhn t nhiu vi sinh vt, c bit t cc loi nm mc nh Aspergillus Niger, Penicillium. Naringinase t nm mc Aspergillus niger c nhiu c tnh tt v khng cha mycotoxin.

Bng I.1: Vi sinh vt sinh tng hp enzyme naringinase. 6. Naringinase t nm mc Penicillium spp.: Naringinase t Penicillium spp. cha c -L-rhamnosidase hot ng cao v -Dglucosidase hot ng thp. pH ti u cho hai enzyme ny ln lt l 4,5 v 3,0 (Gabor v Pittner, 1984).

Hnh I.3: Penicillium spp. Pht trin trn qu cam. 7. ng dng trong cng ngh thc phm: Ph gia t naringinase khng gy c cho ngi s dng. Naringinase c s dng trong sn xut thc phm vi hai mc ch ch yu l ci thin gi tr cm qun sn phm v sn xut ph gia thc phm. Naringinase thng c s dng trong cc qu trnh kh ng nc qu t tri cy c mi. Naringinase thy phn hp cht c v ng naringin trong nc bi. Naringin c th c thy phn bi -L-rhamnosidase to ra rhamnose v prunin (4,5,7-trihydroxyflavonone-7-glucopy - ranoside), cng c th thu c prunin bi -

D-glucosidase (Ngun: Park and Chang, (1979)). Lc ng ca dch qu p sau khi x l bng enzyme gim i rt nhiu do tnh ng ca prunin nh hn naringin khong 1/3. Nh vy m nc bi mang li v hi ha hn, tng gi tr cm quan ca sn phm.

Hnh I.3: Naringin c trong bi to v ng. Bn cnh , n cn c s dng loi tinh th hesperidin, dng tng hp dihydrochalcone. ngt ca dihydrochalcone glucoside ca naringin, neohespiridin v hespiridin ln lt l 300, 1100 v 300 ln so vi ng saccharose (Ngun: Horowitz v Gentili. (1984)). Ngoi ra, cc hot ng rhamnosidase ca naringinase kt hp vi -glucosidase v Arabinosidase c xem l ph hp nng cao hng thm trong ru vang.

II. Lipase:
Lipase l enzyme c ng dng rng ri trong cc ngnh cng nghip. Chng tham gia vo s chuyn ha sinh hc ca lipid trong t nhin. Trong cng nghip thc phm, s dng lipase nh mt cht ph gia ci thin v tng cng mi, hng v cho cc sn phm thc phm. 1. Tng quan: Tn ting anh: tryacylglycerol acylhydrolase M s h thng quc t: EC 3.1.1.3 2. c tnh: Lipase tan trong nc v cc dung mi phn cc khc, khng tan trong ete v cc dung mi khng phn cc. Enzyme ny c kh nng xc tc bn trong v bn ngoi t bo vi cng xc tc mnh, iu kin xc tc n ha.

3. Cu trc v chc nng: Lipase l enzyme lng cu t gm hai thnh phn l protein (apoenzyme) v coenzyme. Lipase thuc nhm ph enzyme thy phn, c cu trc , xc tc cho s thy phn triacylglycerol thnh glycerol v cc acid bo. S thy phn triacylglycerol l phn ng thun nghch. Lipase xc tc cc phn ng sinh hc linh hot v th hin nhiu phn ng bin i sinh hc: thy phn, ni ester ho, ester ho, Chng c kh nng hot ng bn vng trong mi trng c nhit cao v dung mi hu c.Lipase c kh nng hoi ng trong cc dung mi hu c khc nhau v thng th hin tnh chn lc qua tng loi phn ng. Nt c trng chuyn bit gip phn bit lipase vi cc enzyme esterase khc l kh nng hot ng ti b mt phn cch gia pha nc vi cc pha khng ha tan cha c cht

Hnh II.1: M hnh enzyme lipase.

Hnh II.2: Cu trc 3D ca lipase t Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 4. C ch tc dng: Enzyme lipase xc s thy phn, lm t lin kt ng ha tr gia hai nguyn t ca phn t c cht gn cc phn t ca phn t nc. Chng xc tc thy phn ln lt tng lin kt ch khng ct t c ba lin kt este cng mt lc. Cc ha tr c to nn do s t lin kt c th biu th nh sau: A B + H2 O A H + B OH

Trong A B l c cht.

Qu trnh xc tc ca lipase thng chm hn so vi qu trnh xc tc ca cc enzyme khc nh protease hay amylase. 5. iu kin hot ng ti u: a s lipase hot ng nhit 50 600C. Tuy nhin c mt vi chng hot ng nhit thp hn. Chng Penicillium cyclopium, Pythium ultium v Rhizopus oryae chu nhit km, s b c ch khi nhit ln ti 500C. Lipase t Candida rugosa n nh mi trng kim c ph t 7 10, pHopt l 8,5. [ Sharon v cng s, 1998] Bng II.1: pH ti u v nhit ti u ca mt s lipase v lipase tng hp t cc vi sinh vt: Stt 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tn vi sinh vt Aspergillus niger Candida cylindraceae Mucor miehei Pancreatic lipase Rhizopus spp. Pregastric esterase pH 57 8 7.5 7.5 8 58 5.5 7 Nhit (0C) 40 50 50 40 40 30 60

6. Ngun sinh tng hp lipase: Lipase phn b rng ri trong t nhin c ng vt, thc vt v vi sinh vt nhng ch c lipase ca vi sinh vt mi c gi tr ng dng trong cc ngnh cng nghip, nht l trong cng nghip thc phm. Trong cng nghip thc phm, lipase c th thy phn acid bo khng no nh astaxathine, methyl ketone, decalactone to hng cho cc sn phm thc phm nh b, chocolate, sa v trong ung hoa qu. Cc vi sinh vt c kh nng tng hp lipase gm vi khun, nm men, nm mc, x khun c tm thy trong cc mi trng nh nc thi cng nghip, nh my ch bin du thc vt, sa, ht c du, thc phm thi ra Lipase t Candidum, Candida cylindracae (Candida rugosa), Corynebacterium acnes, Chromobacterium viscosum, Penicillium cyclopium v Humicola lanuginosa cha c thng bo, nghin cu c th. Ch c mt s vi sinh vt sinh tng hp lipase c trnh by c th nh Aspergillus niger, Mucor javanicus, Rhizopus, Pseudomonas fragi v lipase t tuyn ty ng vt. Vi khun c kh nng sinh tng hp lipase: Pseudomonas spp., Achromobacter ssp., Staphylococcus spp. 7. ng dng trong cng nghip thc phm:

Ph gia s dng enzyme lipase khng gy c cho ngi s dng. Lipase tr thnh mt phn quan trng ca cng nghip thc phm hin i (Jeger v cs., 1994; Kirk v cs., 2002; Jeger v Eggert; 2002).Vic s dng lipase ci thin qu trnh ch bin ho hc trong sn xut thc phm c pht trin trong nhng nm gn y. Yoneda v cs. (1996) dng lipase Pseudomonas ng dng trong qu trnh ch bin thc phm v sn xut du n. Alcoholysis ca du gan c tuyt sn xut omega-3 l mt acid bo chng li s hnh thnh cholesterol. iu ny c khm ph khi dng lipase ca Pseudomonas (Zuyi v Ward 1993). Enzyme lipase c s dng cho sn xut phomai cng v mm to cu trc mn, y n, hng bo ngy m vn gi c hng v ban u ca sn phm. Mt vi loi vi khun sn sinh ra ester to mi ng dng trong cng nghip phomai. Sn phm mi do lipase ca vi khun Staphylococcus warneri v staphylococcus xylosus cng c miu t bi Talon (1996). Lipase ca vi khun C.viscosum gip cho vic tch tr hng v tt hn khi tch tr trong vng mt thng. B sung enzyme lipase vo cc sn phm b, sa, phomai gip thy phn cht bo ca sa, lm chn phomai, bin i cht bo ca b [Bech, 1992]. Tng hng v nh dng lng hoc bt 1% DS. Lipase thy phn cht bo gii phng cc acid bo chui ngn (C4 C6) gip to mi, cc acid bo chui di (C12 C14) gip tng hng v cho thc phm. Thm vo nng acid bo t do ny c th tham gia vo cc phn ng ha hc n gin vi vi sinh vt dn n vic tng hp nhng gia v c mi thm khc nhau. Nhng ngun lipase dng cho vic tng hng v phomai trn m ca nhng loi ng vt nhai li (d non, cu, b).

Hnh II.3: trong qu trnh sn xut phomai c s dng enzyme lipase. Hin nay lipase vi sinh vt ang c nghin cu v pht trin cho ngnh cng nghip sn xut phomai nh lipase ca Mucor miehei, Aspergillus niger v Aspergillus oryzae.

B cocoa l mt m c gi tr cao, cha palmitic v stearic acid, c im nng chy vo khong 370C. B cocoa tan chy trong ming sinh ra cm gic lnh. nng cao mt vi loi m km cht lng thnh cht thay th b cocoa, ngi ta s dng lipase chuyn i s este ha, thy phn.

Hnh II.4: b cocoa. i vi cc loi bnh, b sung ph gia nhm enzyme lipase nhm ci thin mi thm v ko di thi gian s dng. Trong nc gii kht,lipase gip ci thin mi hng. Ph gia cha lipase tng cng hng v cho cc sn phm tht c, loi m ra khi cc sn phm tht v c. Trong sn xut du v m, s dng lipase sn xut acid bo t do 2% DS v interesterification. Lipase bin i cc tnh cht ca lipid bng cch thay i v tr ca chui acid bo v thay th mt hoc nhiu acid bo bng cc acid mi. Khi cc lipid t mong mun v tng i r c th c bin i thnh m c gi tr cao. Trng v cc sn phm t trng: lipase ci thin qu trnh hnh thnh th sa, tnh nh dng bt hay dng c nh.

Ti liu tham kho: Food Adiditives, edited by A. Lary Branen, P. Michael Davidsonn, Seppo Salminen, John H.Thorngate III. Chapter 22, Page 689 of 912, VII Use of enzymes in the food industry. Food Additives Data Book, edited by Jim Smith and Lily Hong Shum, part 5, page 434 and 440. Cng ngh enzyme, Nguyn c Lng (ch bin), NXB i hc Quc gia TP HCM, xut bn nm 2004, trang 63, 391, 392, 393. Tp ch Cng ngh sinh hc (2007), Biu hin gen m ha lipase t chng Bacilluss Subtilis FS2, Nguyn Hng Thanh, Phng Thu Nguyt, Trng Nam Hi, trang 41. Bi Hng un (200 ), .

Www.nsl.hcmus.edu.vn/greenstone/collect/thesiskh/.../chuong1.pdf Http://baigiang.violet.vn/present/same/entry_id/2063540 Http://www.scribd.com/doc/89582320/Enzym-Lipase Http://www.canthostnews.vn/?Tabid=230&NDID=19767&keyword=Ung-dungnaringinase-tu-Aspergillus-niger-VL1-trong-che-bien-nuoc-buoi-tuoi Www.scribd.com/doc/70486656/Noi-Dung-Nien-Luan-tinh