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Microelectronic Circuits 5th edition Sedra/Smith

: : 031-290-7143 bskim@ece.skku.ac.kr TA: :031-290-7225


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Introduction
Microelectronics
the integrated-circuit (IC) technology implementing passive (R,L,C) and active device (transistor) in the same chip area Millions of components Area on the order of 100mm2

Scope of Electronic Circuits I


Design and analysis of Op Amp application circuits based on the terminal characteristics
Op amp is composed of about 20 transistors. We will return to the internal circuitry of Op amp in Electronic Circuits II

Physical operation and terminal characteristics of diode and its application circuits Physical operation and terminal characteristics of MOSFET and BJT Design and analysis of single stage amplifier using MOSFET and BJT Frequency response of single stage amplifier Single stage IC amplifier Differential and multistage amplifiers(* if time is enough) CMOS inverter and digital logic circuits (topics concerning digital circuit will be treated in the last lecture)

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Chapter 1. Introduction to Electronics


1.1 Signals 1.2 Frequency Spectrum of Signals 1.4 Amplifiers 1.5 Circuit Models for Amplfiers 1.6 Frequency Response of Amplifiers 1.8 Spice
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1.1 Signals
Electric signals
Voltage or current

All signal source can be represented by


A current source with a shunt source resistance : Norton equivalence A voltage source with a series source resistance : Thevenin equivalence Two representations are equivalent and their parameters are related by

vs (t ) = Rs is (t )
Norton equivalence is preferred when Rs is high and Thevenin when Rs is low

Figure 1.1 Two alternative representations of a signal source: (a) the Thvenin form, and (b) the Norton form.

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Thevenins theorem

Vt is a open circuit voltage of A circuit Source impedance can be determined by two methods
Direct measurement of impedance with source reduced to zero Zt = (open circuit voltage)/(short circuit current)

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Nortons Theorem

In is a short circuit current of A circuit Source impedance can be determined by two methods
Direct measurement of impedance with source reduced to zero Zt = (open circuit voltage)/(short circuit current)

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Ex. Thevenin equivalence


R1 R3

vI
R2 R4 C

vo
( R1 / / R2 )

R3

vI (

R2 ) R1 + R2

R4

vo
R4 / / R3 + ( R1 / / R2 )

vI (

R2 R4 )( ) R1 + R2 R4 + R3 + ( R1 / / R2 )

vo

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1.2 Frequency Spectrum of Signals


Why frequency spectrum?
Practical circuit normally operates in the finite bandwidth. To avoid signal distortion, the bandwidth of a circuit enough for the signal bandwidth.

How can we get a frequency spectrum of a time domain waveform?


Periodic signal : Fourier series Arbitrary signal(nonperiodic) : Fourier transform Audio band 20Hz 20kHz, Video band 0MHz 4.5MHz

Example

Figure 1.4 A symmetrical square-wave signal of amplitude V.

v (t ) =

4V

1 1 (sin 0t + sin 30t + sin 50t + ....) 3 5

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1.4.1 Amplification
Linear amplification
y (t ) = Ax (t ) x (t ) input signal (current or voltage) vo (t ) output signal (current or voltage) A amplifier gain, constant independent of the amplitude of x (t )

Nonlinear distortion
If the output is not linear to the input It can be approximated by power series of the input signal
y (t ) = Ax (t ) + A2 x (t ) 2 + A3 x (t )3 + ....

Harmonic distortion
For the sinusoidal input x(t)=sint, nth order power series term generate n frequency components at the output

Class of amplifiers
Small signal amplifier : (ex) preamplifier in home stereo Power amplifier : (ex) amplifier driving speakers in home stereo
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1.4.2 Amplifier Circuit Symbol


Amplifier
Two port network Symbol
(a) input port has two distinct terminals from the two output terminals (b) when a common terminal exists between the input and output ports of the amplifier

Circuit ground
Common terminal used as a reference point between the input and output ports

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1.4.3-5 Gain

Voltage gain Av =

vO i v i , Current gain Ai = O , Power gain Ap = O O = Av Ai vI iI v I iI

Gain in decibel 20 log Av dB, 20 log Ai dB, 10 log Ap dB is used because gain may be a negative number Negative gain means a 180 phase difference between input and output signals

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1.4.6 The amplifier Power Supplies

dc Power deliveled to the amplifier from the supply Pdc = V1I1 + V2 I 2 Power balance Pdc + PI (input power) =PL (power delivered to the load) + Pdissipated (dissipated power in the amplifer) Efficiency PL 100 Pdc

Solve example 1.1 V or represent the peak values. I Vrms V I = , I rms = ,P=Vrms I rms 2 2

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1.4.7 Amplifier Saturation

An amplifier transfer characteristic that is linear except for output saturation. The range of input signal swing for linear amplification L L vI Av Av
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1.4.8 Nonlinear Transfer Characteristics and Biasing

Nonlinear region

Nonlinear region

Biasing the circuit to operate at a point near the middle of the transfer characteristics for a linear amplification Q point is an abbreviation for the quiescent point : Operating point or bias point Av (voltage gain) is a slope or derivative at Q point A = dvO
v

dv I

at Q

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Ex 1.2
Conditions vO = 10 1011 e 40vI , v I > 0V , vO 0.3V (i ) L, L+ and corresponding v I ? L = 0.3V , L+ = vO
v I =0V

10V

(ii )Input bias voltage VI for VO =5V and the voltage gain?

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1.4.9 Symbol convention

iC Total instantaneous quantity ic Incremental signal quantities I C Direct current quantities I c magnitude of sinusoidal signal

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(cf) Voltgae Source


Ideal source : ( ) Rs=0 Practical source: ( ) , Rs>0 Rs
Rs iL

Vs'
Vs

RL

ideal
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practical

(cf) Current source


Ideal source : (VL) ( ), Rs = infinite Practical source: (VL) ( ), Rs = finite Rs
Ideal
Is RS RL VL

practical
is'

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(cf) Voltage meter and Current meter


Voltage meter
Ideal voltmeter Ri =infinite Practical voltmeter : Ri = finite Ri V Oscilloscope 1M

Ri = (ideal )

Current meter
Ideal current meter: Ri=0 Practical current meter : Ri>0 Ri
A

Ri = 0 (ideal )
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1.5 Circuit Models for Amplifiers


: dependent voltage source or current source : voltmeter or current meter Assume unilateral amplifiers
No reverse transmission of the output voltage or current to the input

Voltage amplifier
Characterized by three parameters
Avo : open circuit voltage gain, unloaded voltage gain Ri : input resistance Ro: output resistance

Resulting gain is affected by the source and load resistances


Ro Ri

vi

Av o v i

Voltage Amplifier

voltmeter

voltage source

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1.5.1 Voltage Amplifiers


Overall voltage gain is
vo Ri RL = Avo vs Ri + Rs RL + Ro

Even though Avo is large, the overall gain will be low if Ro is high and RL is low.
Need a buffer amplifier which has a unity voltage gain but a high input resistance and a low output resistance

Ex 1.3 : Solve it. There are four types of amplifiers. They are equivalent to each other. The choice of equivalent circuit is for convenience.
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Table 1.1 The four amplifier types Circuit models


vi
Ri

Gain parameter
Ro

Ideal characteristic
Ri = Ro = 0

io

Open-circuit voltage gain

Voltage amplifier

Avo vi vo

Avo =

vo vi

(V/V)
io =0

ii
Current Amplifier
Ri

io
Aisii
Ro

Short-circuit current gain

vo

i Ais = o ii

(A/A)
vo =0

Ri = 0 Ro =

io
Transconductance amplifier

Short-circuit Transconductance

vi
ii

Ri

Ro

Gm vi
Ro

vo

Gm =

io vi

(A/V)
vo =0

Ri = Ro =

io
vo

Open-circuit Transresistance

Transresistance Amplifier
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Ri

Rmii

v Rm = o ii

(V/A)
i =0

Ri = 0 Ro = 0

1.5.4 Relationships Between the Four Amplifier Models


Conversion of amplifier gains
Av0 = vo (open circuit voltage) Ais Ro R G vR R i R = = Ais o = m i o = Gm Ro = m i = m vi ii Ri Ri vi ii Ri Ri

Determination of the input and output resistances


ii
Input resistance Force v x and measure i x and take the ratio
vi vo

Ri

Ro

Ri =

vx ix

Output resistance Ro

iX
Vx

= =

open circuit voltage or short circuit current vx ix


vi =0 or ii =0

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Ex 1.4 Common Emitter Equivalent Circuit of Bipolar Junction Transistor

As a transconductance amplifier

voltage gain in (b) vo r = g m ( RL || ro ) vs r + Rs in (b)

ib = g m vbe = g m r ib = g m r
Solve excercise 1.20
As a current amplifier
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1.6 Frequency Response of Amplifiers


bandwidth

Linear Amp
vi = VI sin t vo = VO sin(t + )

|T(j)|dB Tm dB Tm3 dB L H H (rad/s) (rad/s)

90o 180
o

Transfer function |T(j)|=VO/VI , T(j) = () 3dB bandwidth = H - L Evaluating frequency response using complex frequency s
-Capacitor ZC =1/(sC) , Inductor ZL=sL -T(j)=Vo (s) /VI (s)|s=j

. , sin((t-td)) . =-td
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(cf) Bode Plot


Bode Plot? : p A(j ) = pole Bode Plot j +
Gain 0 dB 20 dB Phase Shift 0.1P 0o 45
o

0.1P

10P

A( j ) =

p + p
2 2

1 = , 2 = 10
20 log

R1 | S | T

( < p ) ( > p )

-6dB/octave or -20dB/decade P 10P -45/dec

A( j 2 ) = 20 log 1 = 20dB A( j 1 ) 2

20dB / decade

90o
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R < 0.1 A( j ) 1 0 | S > 10 A( j ) j 90 | T


0 p p p

1.6.4 Single Time Constant Circuits


STC circuit : reactance (L C) (appendix F ) Time constant()
RL circuit =L/R RC circuit =RC

Reduction to STC circuit and rapid evaluation of


( short, open) C : C Req =ReqC R C : R Ceq =RCeq RL R C( L) :
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Classification of STC circuit -Low pass, High pass


Table 1 Test at Replace C by o.c L by s.c C by s.c. L by o.c circuit is LP if Output is finite Output is zero Circuit HP if Output is zero Output is finite
L R

=0

=
R C R3

vI

vo

vI

vo

io
vI

iI

io

iI

i L o

iI

vo

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Low pass STC

vI

vo

vI

L vo

vI

io

iI

io

iI

io
L R

iI

vo

High pass STC


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=R4||(R3+(R1||R2))C
R1 R2 R3 R4 C

Vo

=R(C1+C2)
C1 C2

=(C1+C2)(R1||R2)
R1 C1 C2

V0

R2

V0

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Frequency response of STC circuit


Low pass
R Vs
C

vo

T ( s) =

K 1 = 1 + sRC 1 + s 1

= RC , o =
T ( j ) = 1+ j 1

= 1 RC , K = 1

1 o 2 T ( j 0) == 1 , T ( j) = 0 T ( j o ) = = 20 log T ( j o ) 20 log T ( j 0)
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= 3dB

Frequency response of STC circuit


High pass
Vs C R

vo

T ( s) =

s s+ 1

= RC 1

Ks s+o

= RC , o =
T ( j ) = 1

= 1 RC , K = 1

1 j o 1 2

T ( j o ) =

T ( j 0) == 0 , T ( j) = 1 20 log T ( j o ) = 3dB T ( j)

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Example 1.5
Low pass STC Transfer function T ( s) =
K 1+ s

Ri / / 1 sC vo RL i = vs RL + Ro RS + Ri / / 1 sC i 1 1 1 = R sCi Ri Rs R 1+ S R 1+ 1+ o R ( Rs + Ri ) i L CRR 1 1 = i i S , K = R R RS + Ri 1+ S R 1+ o R i L

Low pass STC = ( RS / / Ri ) Ci o = 1 Ri RL K = T ( j 0) = Rs + Ri Ro + RL


T ( s) = K 1+ s K1 , o

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Step response of STC

X(t) S

Step function t 0 Formally solve first order differential equation with an initial condition General solution form of simple STC(one R, one C(or L), no reduced STC) LP STC :Y = S , Y = 0
y (t ) = Y (Y Y0+ )e
t /

0+

y (t ) = S (1 e t / ) HP STC :Y = 0, Y0+ = S y (t ) = Se t /
y(t)

Y : the final value of STC response Y0+ : the initial value of STC response at t=0+

y(t)

Initial slope = S/
S S

t
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Initial slope = -S/

Example appendix D4
(a)
vI + R2 C2 vO R1 C1 R1 + vI + R2 vO C2

(b)
C1 + vI

VI 10V step input

10V

R1||R2

C1+ C2 + vo + VI(C1/(C1+ C2))

(c)

VI(R2/(R1+ R2))

+ x' R1||R2

circuit (a) and (b) are equivalent circuit (c) is Thevenin equivalent circuit of (b) Vo of (c) is superposition of response of (d) and (e) VO=VO1+VO2 (d) low pass STC, (c ) high pass STC
R2 C1 10(1 e t / ), vo 2 = 10e t / R1 + R 2 C1 + C 2 = (C1 + C 2)( R1 || R 2) R2 C1 R2 vo = 10 ) + 10e t / ( R1 + R 2 C1 + C 2 R1 + R 2 Compensated Attenuator R2 : attenuated R1 + R 2 C1 R2 Set = perfect step response C1 + C 2 R1 + R 2 used in the oscilloscope probe vo1 =

(d)

VI(R2/(R1+ R2)) + -

C1+ C2 C1+ C2

+ vo1 -

(e)

vo2

+ -

R1||R2

+ -

VI(C1/(C1+ C2))

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Pulse response of low pass STC


Pulse : sum of two step functions
X(t) T P P Low pass STC response

0
X(t) P

t <<T
P

0
X(t)

tr T

tf tr : rising time 0.1P to 0.9P tf: falling time 0.9P to 0.1P tr = tf2.2

0
P

>>T

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Pulse response of high pass STC response

P T P

T >>T
P -Almost linear, slope P/, P= (P/)T - sag[%]= P/P100= T/ 100

<<T
P

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1.6.5 Classification of Amplifiers Based on Frequency Response


a capacitively coupled amplifier

DC coupled

Gain reduction at low frequencies due to the impedance of the coupling capacitor increases

Gain reduction at high frequencies due to the internal parasitic capacitances of devices

a tuned or bandpass amplifier

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Homework
Problems
17,18,44,46,48,51,54,56,58,63,65,69,77,79

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