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Introduction
Microelectronics
the integrated-circuit (IC) technology implementing passive (R,L,C) and active device (transistor) in the same chip area Millions of components Area on the order of 100mm2
Physical operation and terminal characteristics of diode and its application circuits Physical operation and terminal characteristics of MOSFET and BJT Design and analysis of single stage amplifier using MOSFET and BJT Frequency response of single stage amplifier Single stage IC amplifier Differential and multistage amplifiers(* if time is enough) CMOS inverter and digital logic circuits (topics concerning digital circuit will be treated in the last lecture)
1.1 Signals
Electric signals
Voltage or current
vs (t ) = Rs is (t )
Norton equivalence is preferred when Rs is high and Thevenin when Rs is low
Figure 1.1 Two alternative representations of a signal source: (a) the Thvenin form, and (b) the Norton form.
Thevenins theorem
Vt is a open circuit voltage of A circuit Source impedance can be determined by two methods
Direct measurement of impedance with source reduced to zero Zt = (open circuit voltage)/(short circuit current)
Nortons Theorem
In is a short circuit current of A circuit Source impedance can be determined by two methods
Direct measurement of impedance with source reduced to zero Zt = (open circuit voltage)/(short circuit current)
vI
R2 R4 C
vo
( R1 / / R2 )
R3
vI (
R2 ) R1 + R2
R4
vo
R4 / / R3 + ( R1 / / R2 )
vI (
R2 R4 )( ) R1 + R2 R4 + R3 + ( R1 / / R2 )
vo
Example
v (t ) =
4V
1.4.1 Amplification
Linear amplification
y (t ) = Ax (t ) x (t ) input signal (current or voltage) vo (t ) output signal (current or voltage) A amplifier gain, constant independent of the amplitude of x (t )
Nonlinear distortion
If the output is not linear to the input It can be approximated by power series of the input signal
y (t ) = Ax (t ) + A2 x (t ) 2 + A3 x (t )3 + ....
Harmonic distortion
For the sinusoidal input x(t)=sint, nth order power series term generate n frequency components at the output
Class of amplifiers
Small signal amplifier : (ex) preamplifier in home stereo Power amplifier : (ex) amplifier driving speakers in home stereo
RF Microelectronic Design Lab.
Circuit ground
Common terminal used as a reference point between the input and output ports
1.4.3-5 Gain
Voltage gain Av =
Gain in decibel 20 log Av dB, 20 log Ai dB, 10 log Ap dB is used because gain may be a negative number Negative gain means a 180 phase difference between input and output signals
dc Power deliveled to the amplifier from the supply Pdc = V1I1 + V2 I 2 Power balance Pdc + PI (input power) =PL (power delivered to the load) + Pdissipated (dissipated power in the amplifer) Efficiency PL 100 Pdc
Solve example 1.1 V or represent the peak values. I Vrms V I = , I rms = ,P=Vrms I rms 2 2
An amplifier transfer characteristic that is linear except for output saturation. The range of input signal swing for linear amplification L L vI Av Av
RF Microelectronic Design Lab.
Nonlinear region
Nonlinear region
Biasing the circuit to operate at a point near the middle of the transfer characteristics for a linear amplification Q point is an abbreviation for the quiescent point : Operating point or bias point Av (voltage gain) is a slope or derivative at Q point A = dvO
v
dv I
at Q
Ex 1.2
Conditions vO = 10 1011 e 40vI , v I > 0V , vO 0.3V (i ) L, L+ and corresponding v I ? L = 0.3V , L+ = vO
v I =0V
10V
(ii )Input bias voltage VI for VO =5V and the voltage gain?
iC Total instantaneous quantity ic Incremental signal quantities I C Direct current quantities I c magnitude of sinusoidal signal
Vs'
Vs
RL
ideal
RF Microelectronic Design Lab.
practical
practical
is'
Ri = (ideal )
Current meter
Ideal current meter: Ri=0 Practical current meter : Ri>0 Ri
A
Ri = 0 (ideal )
RF Microelectronic Design Lab.
Voltage amplifier
Characterized by three parameters
Avo : open circuit voltage gain, unloaded voltage gain Ri : input resistance Ro: output resistance
vi
Av o v i
Voltage Amplifier
voltmeter
voltage source
Even though Avo is large, the overall gain will be low if Ro is high and RL is low.
Need a buffer amplifier which has a unity voltage gain but a high input resistance and a low output resistance
Ex 1.3 : Solve it. There are four types of amplifiers. They are equivalent to each other. The choice of equivalent circuit is for convenience.
RF Microelectronic Design Lab.
Gain parameter
Ro
Ideal characteristic
Ri = Ro = 0
io
Voltage amplifier
Avo vi vo
Avo =
vo vi
(V/V)
io =0
ii
Current Amplifier
Ri
io
Aisii
Ro
vo
i Ais = o ii
(A/A)
vo =0
Ri = 0 Ro =
io
Transconductance amplifier
Short-circuit Transconductance
vi
ii
Ri
Ro
Gm vi
Ro
vo
Gm =
io vi
(A/V)
vo =0
Ri = Ro =
io
vo
Open-circuit Transresistance
Transresistance Amplifier
RF Microelectronic Design Lab.
Ri
Rmii
v Rm = o ii
(V/A)
i =0
Ri = 0 Ro = 0
Ri
Ro
Ri =
vx ix
Output resistance Ro
iX
Vx
= =
As a transconductance amplifier
ib = g m vbe = g m r ib = g m r
Solve excercise 1.20
As a current amplifier
RF Microelectronic Design Lab.
Linear Amp
vi = VI sin t vo = VO sin(t + )
90o 180
o
Transfer function |T(j)|=VO/VI , T(j) = () 3dB bandwidth = H - L Evaluating frequency response using complex frequency s
-Capacitor ZC =1/(sC) , Inductor ZL=sL -T(j)=Vo (s) /VI (s)|s=j
. , sin((t-td)) . =-td
RF Microelectronic Design Lab.
0.1P
10P
A( j ) =
p + p
2 2
1 = , 2 = 10
20 log
R1 | S | T
( < p ) ( > p )
A( j 2 ) = 20 log 1 = 20dB A( j 1 ) 2
20dB / decade
90o
RF Microelectronic Design Lab.
=0
=
R C R3
vI
vo
vI
vo
io
vI
iI
io
iI
i L o
iI
vo
vI
vo
vI
L vo
vI
io
iI
io
iI
io
L R
iI
vo
=R4||(R3+(R1||R2))C
R1 R2 R3 R4 C
Vo
=R(C1+C2)
C1 C2
=(C1+C2)(R1||R2)
R1 C1 C2
V0
R2
V0
vo
T ( s) =
K 1 = 1 + sRC 1 + s 1
= RC , o =
T ( j ) = 1+ j 1
= 1 RC , K = 1
1 o 2 T ( j 0) == 1 , T ( j) = 0 T ( j o ) = = 20 log T ( j o ) 20 log T ( j 0)
RF Microelectronic Design Lab.
= 3dB
vo
T ( s) =
s s+ 1
= RC 1
Ks s+o
= RC , o =
T ( j ) = 1
= 1 RC , K = 1
1 j o 1 2
T ( j o ) =
T ( j 0) == 0 , T ( j) = 1 20 log T ( j o ) = 3dB T ( j)
Example 1.5
Low pass STC Transfer function T ( s) =
K 1+ s
Ri / / 1 sC vo RL i = vs RL + Ro RS + Ri / / 1 sC i 1 1 1 = R sCi Ri Rs R 1+ S R 1+ 1+ o R ( Rs + Ri ) i L CRR 1 1 = i i S , K = R R RS + Ri 1+ S R 1+ o R i L
X(t) S
Step function t 0 Formally solve first order differential equation with an initial condition General solution form of simple STC(one R, one C(or L), no reduced STC) LP STC :Y = S , Y = 0
y (t ) = Y (Y Y0+ )e
t /
0+
y (t ) = S (1 e t / ) HP STC :Y = 0, Y0+ = S y (t ) = Se t /
y(t)
Y : the final value of STC response Y0+ : the initial value of STC response at t=0+
y(t)
Initial slope = S/
S S
t
RF Microelectronic Design Lab.
Example appendix D4
(a)
vI + R2 C2 vO R1 C1 R1 + vI + R2 vO C2
(b)
C1 + vI
10V
R1||R2
(c)
VI(R2/(R1+ R2))
+ x' R1||R2
circuit (a) and (b) are equivalent circuit (c) is Thevenin equivalent circuit of (b) Vo of (c) is superposition of response of (d) and (e) VO=VO1+VO2 (d) low pass STC, (c ) high pass STC
R2 C1 10(1 e t / ), vo 2 = 10e t / R1 + R 2 C1 + C 2 = (C1 + C 2)( R1 || R 2) R2 C1 R2 vo = 10 ) + 10e t / ( R1 + R 2 C1 + C 2 R1 + R 2 Compensated Attenuator R2 : attenuated R1 + R 2 C1 R2 Set = perfect step response C1 + C 2 R1 + R 2 used in the oscilloscope probe vo1 =
(d)
VI(R2/(R1+ R2)) + -
C1+ C2 C1+ C2
+ vo1 -
(e)
vo2
+ -
R1||R2
+ -
VI(C1/(C1+ C2))
0
X(t) P
t <<T
P
0
X(t)
tr T
tf tr : rising time 0.1P to 0.9P tf: falling time 0.9P to 0.1P tr = tf2.2
0
P
>>T
P T P
T >>T
P -Almost linear, slope P/, P= (P/)T - sag[%]= P/P100= T/ 100
<<T
P
DC coupled
Gain reduction at low frequencies due to the impedance of the coupling capacitor increases
Gain reduction at high frequencies due to the internal parasitic capacitances of devices
Homework
Problems
17,18,44,46,48,51,54,56,58,63,65,69,77,79