COUGAR DRILLING SOLUTIONS Cougards.

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FAQ
If you have additional questions not answered below, feel free to Contact Us and one of our professional staff will assist you. Q1: What effect does fluid weight have on jar placement in the drilling string? Q2: What factors should be considered when determining drilling jar placement? Q3: What is the Difference between Cougars DJ6 Jar and DJ4 Jar? Q4: Why do I need a Drilling Jar? Q5: What is the difference between Pre-firing Total Pull and Post-firing Total Pull which are listed in the jar specifications table? Q6: What is Pump Open Force? Q7: Why should I use a shock tool? Q8: Where is the best BHA location to run a shock tool. Q9: Should I run a shock tool with a PDC bit? Q10: What is the Cougar Mech-Thruster and what does it do? Q11: What is the purpose behind jetting or bypassing a mud motor? Q12: What is an Adjustable and what does it do for me? Q13: Why cant I rotate with the adjustable set over 1.5 degrees? Q14: What is the difference between a performance power section and a standard one? Q15: What is the advantage in a flow restricted motor? Q16: Is there performance loss due to the flow restrictor? Q17: Can a flow restricted motor be used in air drilling? Q18: What is a Bit Bull? Q19: What does a Bit Bull do for me? Q20: How do I install a Bit Bull? Q21: Can a Bit Bull be run in other locations other than directly on the bit? Q22: What is the difference between a drilling jar, a fishing jar and a coring jar? Q23: What is J.E.P. and what does it do? Q24: Why should I trust J.E.P.s calculations over my own? Q25: What features can I expect to see in the next release of J.E.P.? Q26: What equipment is used to service the tools at Cougar Drilling Solutions? Is it available for sale? Q27: What are some key features of the Breakout Unit? Q28: What are some key features of the Test Bed? Q29: What kind of quality system is used at Cougar Drilling Solutions?

Q1: WHAT EFFECT DOES FLUID WEIGHT HAVE ON JAR PLACEMENT IN THE DRILLING STRING? TOP
A1: Due to buoyancy, items in fluid weigh less than in air. For drilling fluids, the following formula can be used to determine a weight ratio that can be used to correct for the string weight. R = 1.0 1.0/65.49 * Mud Weight Here the mud weight must be in pounds per US gallon. So if the string weight in air was 100,000 pounds, in 12 lb/gal mud, the string weight can be determined as follows: R = 1.0 1.0/65.49 * 12 R = 0.8168 Buoyed Weight = 100,000 * .8168 = 81,680 lb. Since, in this case, the strings buoyed weight is approximately 80% of the strings dry weight, the jar placement would have to be corrected for this 20,000 lb difference.

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Q2: WHAT FACTORS SHOULD BE CONSIDERED WHEN DETERMINING DRILLING JAR PLACEMENT? TOP
A2: There are many factors that should be considered when determining the proper location for jar placement:

Pump open force. Cougar drilling jars have pistons which, when the pump pressure is applied, act to open the tool. This can cause firing on connections. Weight above the jar. The Neutral Point is the location where the drill string has no stress. All drill string above the Neutral Point is in tension while all string below is in compression, so the weight above the jar is the string weight between the jar and the Neutral Point. Based on this, assuming the jar is running in compression, the weight above the jar must not exceed the jars down lock load. This could cause firing down while drilling.

Weight below the drilling jar. The weight below must be below the jars Up Lock Load. This could cause firing when tripping or making up connections. String buoyed weight. The drill string weight is different in fluid than in air; therefore, the difference in weight must be taken into account. Hole Drag. When tripping, the friction between the string and the hole adds additional force that the rig must overcome and that could contribute to prematurely fire the jar. Weight on Bit. This directly affects the location of the Neutral Point thus also altering jar placement. Other Tools. In performing jar placement, one must also consider what other tools make up the bottom hole assembly. i.e. jars should not be run near stabilizers, nor should they be run directly above or below a cross-over sub.

Q3: WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COUGARS DJ6 JAR AND DJ4 JAR?TOP
A3: The DJ6 is a HydraulicMechanical Drilling Jar whereas the DJ4 is strictly hydraulic. What this means is that the DJ6 uses a mechanical locking mechanism to prevent firing. When operating a DJ6, the mechanical lock must be overcome before the hydraulic section will meter. The DJ4 uses a hydraulic lock. The force applied to the jar creates pressure internally in the tool. Once this pressure exceeds a specified amount, the lock releases and the tool meters hydraulically. Another key difference is that the DJ6 is double acting. This means that it can be fired up or down. The DJ4 can only be fired up, but it can be used as a bumper sub to bump down.

Q4: WHY DO I NEED A DRILLING JAR? TOP

A4: The basic reason to include a drilling jar as part of your bottom hole assembly is that it provides an opportunity to free a stuck string without having to resort to drastic and expensive measures. Drilling can resume very quickly without waiting for outside services to be brought in to assist.

Q5: WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRE-FIRING TOTAL PULL AND POST-FIRING TOTAL PULL WHICH ARE LISTED IN THE JAR SPECIFICATIONS TABLE? TOP
A5: Pre-firing Total Pull refers to the maximum pull allowed when the jar is metering hydraulically. Post-firing Total Pull refers to the tensile strength of the jar, and is the maximum tensile load that can be applied to the drilling jar after an impact.

Q6: WHAT IS PUMP OPEN FORCE? TOP

A6: Pump Open Force is a hydraulic force that results from the difference between the annular and drill string pressures. The Pump Open Force acts to open the jar and is calculated as follows: POF = Washpipe Area * Pressure Drop across the bit (for DJ4, and DJ6 with a ported Piston Sub) POF= Piston Area * Pressure Drop across the bit (for ST-5, and DJ6 with a non ported Piston Sub)

Q7: WHY SHOULD I USE A SHOCK TOOL? TOP

A7: When drilling with a tri-cone bit, it is very likely that the bottom of the hole will not be perfectly flat. Any indentation from the bit in the bottom of the hole will cause axial vibrations. This is similar to driving over a pothole with your car. When your cars wheel rolls over the pothole, it drops vertically into the hole and then bounces back up vertically when it leaves the pothole. As a drilling bit is spinning on the bottom of the hole, if it encounters an indentation, it will drop into the indentation and bounce back

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out of it. This repeated movement induces axial oscillations into the entire drill string and can be very damaging to the bit and other BHA tools like drilling motors and MWD equipment. If the movement becomes large enough, the bit may actually lift off the bottom of the hole, and then smash back into it as the drill string motion reverses. A shock tool is designed to compensate for this movement and keep it isolated from the rest of the drilling assembly, thus protecting the bit and other BHA tools.

Q8: WHERE IS THE BEST BHA LOCATION TO RUN A SHOCK TOOL. TOP
A8: Since the purpose of a shock tool is to protect the bit and other BHA tools from vibration, the best location is as close to the bit as possible. When a drilling motor and MWD equipment are utilized, the shock tool can be run just above the non-magnetic drill collars.

Q9: SHOULD I RUN A SHOCK TOOL WITH A PDC BIT? TOP

A9: The principle behind a PDC bit is that it cuts away the formation, rather than crushing it like a tri-cone bit. In this sense, we find that a PDC bit induces more reactive torque than a tri-cone bit under the same drilling conditions. It is a well-known fact that the weight applied to a PDC bit directly influences the reactive torque. The more weight added, the harder the cutters press into the formation, and the deeper the cut taken by the bit. Given this relation, we know that any oscillations in the WOB will result in oscillations of reactive torque. This makes it difficult to control the direction of the bit, and is hard on BHA tools like drilling motors. Our goal, then, should be to maintain WOB as constant as possible. We can accomplish this by using a shock tool specifically set up for drilling with a PDC bit. Since the weight on bit used for drilling with a PDC bit is significantly less than the weight used for drilling with a tri-cone bit, it is necessary to adjust the spring rate of the shock tool accordingly.

Q10: WHAT IS THE COUGAR MECH-THRUSTER AND WHAT DOES IT DO? TOP
A10: The Cougar Mech-Thruster is similar to a shock tool with an extended stroke (24 compared to 2 in a shock tool). It can be operated in two capacities. First, it can be used in place of a shock tool when drilling with a PDC bit. Since its stroke is so much longer than that of a shock tool, it is not necessary to adjust the spring rate. It actually acts more as a motion compensator to maintain WOB, as opposed to a vibration isolator like a shock tool. Second, it can be used in extended-reach horizontal wells. Typically, it becomes very difficult to maintain WOB in extended-reach wells. Any time weight can be applied to the bit, it is drilled off since the drill string cannot slide. It becomes necessary to rotate the drill string to overcome the friction associated with all the drill pipe laying on the bottom of the horizontal section. As weight is stacked up, the drill string does not slide. When the drill string is rotated however, all this stacked up weight releases and smashes the bit and BHA tools back into the bottom of the hole. Needless to say, this is very damaging to bits and BHA tools. When utilized, the Cougar Mech-Thruster absorbs the impact and prevents the bit and BHA tools from smashing into the bottom of the hole.

Q11: WHAT IS THE PURPOSE BEHIND JETTING OR BYPASSING A MUD MOTOR?TOP

A11: Jetting a mud motor enables fluid to pass through the motor without being used to create torque. Under specific flow rates and pressures, a mud motor will produce specific torque and RPMs. By passing some of the working fluid through the power section, the amount of torque and the RPMs can be modified to suit customer requests.

Q12: WHAT IS AN ADJUSTABLE AND WHAT DOES IT DO FOR ME? TOP

A12: The Adjustable Housing is the component that allows the motor to be set at a specific angle. It is designed such that the angle can be changed on the rig. Different angles create or cause different build rates while drilling.

Q13: WHY CANT I ROTATE WITH THE ADJUSTABLE SET OVER 1.5 DEGREES?TOP
A13: The restriction of the 1.5 degree angle is to reduce fatigue and prevent excessive bending in the tool. When the motor is in the build section the angle of the tool may conform to the hole. By rotating the motor 180 degrees, such that the angle of the tool points the bit away from the build direction, the tool must still conform to the hole. This creates a large bending moment in the tool.

Q14: WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A PERFORMANCE POWER SECTION AND A STANDARD ONE? TOP
A14: The primary difference is in the number of stages. For example, a 6-7 lobe, 3 stage may be the standard whereas the 6-7 lobe, 5 stage would be the performance section. The overall length is longer and the torque output is higher. The specific amounts of length and torque is dependent on the power section size (diameter), the lobe configuration and the number of stages. (refer to PV Fluid website for further information)

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Q15: WHAT IS THE ADVANTAGE IN A FLOW RESTRICTED MOTOR? TOP

A15: Many seals are not capable of maintaining a good seal under high pressure in a rotary application. Using a flow restrictor balances the tool oil pressure to that of the annulus pressure. This way the seals in the tool do not undergo a differential pressure. This promotes long life and predictable performance from the seals.

Q16: IS THERE PERFORMANCE LOSS DUE TO THE FLOW RESTRICTOR? TOP

A16: Essentially no. The flow restrictor has a very tight, tortured path through which only approximately .5% of the fluid is lost to the annulus. This is so small that there is no appreciable performance loss.

Q17: CAN A FLOW RESTRICTED MOTOR BE USED IN AIR DRILLING? TOP

A17: Yes. Cougar has different restrictor configurations for use with air drilling. The configuration depends on the amount of fluid used as lubricant in the air drilling process. Our standard restrictor works with air drilling when the lubricant fluid is 40% or more of the overall drilling fluid. For conditions when the drilling fluid contains less than 40% liquid content, the other configurations are used.

Q18: WHAT IS A BIT BULL? TOP

A18: The Cougar Bit Bull is a near-bit stabilizer that is slightly undersized to that of the bit. The Bit Bull is available in two styles, the carbide button and carbide plaquet styles.

Q19: WHAT DOES A BIT BULL DO FOR ME? TOP

A19: The Cougar Bit Bull was designed to do two things. First, it maintains gauge on the bit. Once the bit wears down to the diameter of the Bit Bull, the wear will be reduced as now there is three times as much surface area against the formation. Once the Bit Bull engages the formation the torque indicator will jump up. The increased surface area against the formation creates significantly more reactive torque.

Q20: HOW DO I INSTALL A BIT BULL? TOP

A20: Cougar supplies wrenches with each Bit Bull to simplify the installation process. They are available in a rig-tong format or a bit-breaker style.

Q21: CAN A BIT BULL BE RUN IN OTHER LOCATIONS OTHER THAN DIRECTLY ON THE BIT? TOP
A21: Possibly. The Bit Bull was designed for maintaining the bit gauge and indicating the necessity of a bit trip by increased reactive torque, however, it has been proposed that the plaquet style Bit Bull could be used in conjunction with a stabilized Mud Motor by running the Bit Bull on the top of the power section for added stability.

Q22: WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A DRILLING JAR, A FISHING JAR AND A CORING JAR? TOP
A22: A drilling jar has an oil lubricated spline and it is an integral part of the drill string. They are designed for long-term use, high torque and as well rotary drilling mud motor applications. They also have locks so that they can be run anywhere in the drilling assembly and they also feature large bores so directional tools can pass through them. A fishing jar has a mud lubricated spline. They are designed for short-term use and are meant to be part of a fishing string so in other words they have a very definite purpose. They have small bores so no directional tools can pass through. Often they have no lock and have a very specific location in the string. Fishing jars are designed to hit a certain way, specific to fishing. A coring jar is very similar to a fishing jar, but the difference is that it has a lock so that there is no accidental fire on the core.

Q23: WHAT IS J.E.P. AND WHAT DOES IT DO? TOP

A23: J.E.P. (which stands for Jar Effective Placement) is simply a computer program that has been designed by down-hole tool experts here at Cougar. Its function is to analyze your drill string and calculate the most effective location to place a jar. It is constantly being revised and new releases made available. To download a free copy of J.E.P., click here.

Q24: WHY SHOULD I TRUST J.E.P.S CALCULATIONS OVER MY OWN? TOP

A24: J.E.P. offers the user three different methods of calculating the neutral-point which ultimately comes down to personal preference. The calculations have been based off of the experience of years of manual jar placements by Cougar Drilling Solutions engineers.

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Q25: WHAT FEATURES CAN I EXPECT TO SEE IN THE NEXT RELEASE OF J.E.P?TOP
A25: J.E.P. V2.0 will have lots of new features such as a new interface which will enable the user to jump to specific screens directly, more control for directional and horizontal wells, and an iterative approach to evaluating the placement variables which in turn will reduce the need to vary the input parameters manually.

Q26: WHAT EQUIPMENT IS USED TO SERVICE THE TOOLS AT COUGAR DRILLING SOLUTIONS? IS IT AVAILABLE FOR SALE? TOP
A26: The equipment used at Cougar is the BU1-1500 Breakout Unit and the TB1-30 Test Bed, both of which are designed and built by Cougar Drilling Solutions. Both items are available for sale.

Q27: WHAT ARE SOME OF THE KEY FEATURES OF THE BREAKOUT UNIT? TOP
A27: For a description of the Breakout unit including specifications and pictures, click here.

Q28: WHAT ARE SOME OF THE KEY FEATURES OF THE TEST BED? TOP
A28: For a description of the Test Bed including specifications and pictures, click here.

Q29: WHAT KIND OF QUALITY SYSTEM IS USED AT COUGAR DRILLING SOLUTIONS? TOP
A29: Cougar Drilling Solutions is an ISO 9001:2000 certified company. As such all aspects of design, manufacturing, and shop functions are documented with strict adherence to policies and procedures.

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Cougar Drilling Solutions was recently highlighted in Oil & Gas Middle East magazine. Below are a several key points mentioned by Brod Sutcliffe, the V.P. of Cougar Drilling Solutions. READ MORE