POWER SYSTEM HARMONICS - 2010

COURSE OUTLINE
1. POWER QUALITY AND HARMONICS
2. HARMONIC ANALYSIS
3. FUNDAMENTALS OF HARMONICS
4. HARMONICS IN POWER SYSTEMS
5. EFFECTS OF HARMONIC DISTORTION ON POWER SYSTEMS
6. MITIGATION OF POWER SYSTEM HARMONICS
7. STANDARDS FOR THE LIMITATION AND CONTROL OF
POWER SYSTEM HARMONICS
8. MODELING OF POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS FOR
HARMONIC ANALYSIS
9. POWER SYSTEM HARMONIC STUDIES
REFERENCES

1. Power System Harmonics: fundamentals, analysis, and filter design , George
J.Wakileh, Springer Verlag Press, 2001
2. Power System Harmonics, J.Arrilaga, D.A.Bradley, P.S.Jodger, John Willey and
Sons, 1985.
3. Power Quality in Electrical Systems, Alexander Kusko, Marc T.Thompson,
McGraw Hill P.C., 2007
4. Harmoben denics and Power Systems, Francisco C. De La Rosa, CRC Press, 2006
5. Electrical Power Systems Quality, Roger C.Dugan, Mark F. McGranagham,
Surya Santoso, H.Bayne Beaty, McGraw Hill P.C., 2002
6. Power System Analysis: Short Circuit, Load Flow and Harmonics, J.C.Das, 2002
7. Handbook of Power Quality, Edited by Angelo Baggini, John Willey, 2008.
8. Power Quality in Electrical Machines and Power Systems, Ewald
F.Fuchs,Mohommad A.S.Masoum,2008
9. Power System Harmonic Analysis, Jos Arrillaga, Bruce C Smith, 2000

GRADING :
Homeworks : 30%
Term Project : 30%
Final : 40%




October 12, 2010
HOMEWORK #1

1. Harmonic current spectrum of a rectifier connected to a 3-phase 36 kV 50 Hz
feeder is given below. The load is a star-connected inductive load with P
L
= 720
kW, Q
L
= 240 kVAR. A star-connected capacitance of 0.25 F is used for power
factor correction at the same bus. The 36 kV busbars are fed from an 170 kV/36 kV
, 1200 kVA transformer having an equivalent impedance of Z
t
= 0.04 + j 0.30 pu.
The short circuit impedance of 170 kV system is 0.002 + j 0.006 pu.
Sketch the diagram of the system and determine the harmonic current and voltage
levels up to 47
rd
order harmonic. Determine the THD for the bus voltages and
branch currents
h h 1 1 5 5 7 7 1 11 1 1 13 3 1 17 7 1 19 9 2 23 3
I Ih h[ [A A] ] 6 6 1 1. .6 6 0 0. .4 47 7 0 0. .3 32 2 0 0. .2 20 0 0 0. .1 11 1 0 0. .1 10 0 0 0. .0 05 5

h h 2 25 5 2 29 9 3 31 1 3 35 5 3 37 7 4 41 1 4 43 3 4 47 7
I Ih h[ [A A] ] 0 0. .0 04 45 5 0 0. .0 04 4 0 0. .0 03 35 5 0 0. .0 02 24 4 0 0. .0 02 24 4 0 0. .0 01 18 8 0 0. .0 01 16 6 0 0. .0 01 12 2

Single line diagram of the system reduced to 36 kV level and its equivalents both
for the fundamental frequency and harmonic frequencies are given below.
V
s
: Phase-to-ground source voltage at fundamental frequency
V
sn
: Phase-to-ground source voltage at n
th
harmonic frequency
V
B
: Phase-to-ground distribution voltage at fundamental frequency
V
Bn
: Phase-to-ground distribution voltage at n
th
harmonic frequency
Z
B
: Base impedance at 36 kV, 1200 kVA = O =1080 2 . 1 / 36
2

Z
s
: Source impedance at 36 kV, fundamental frequency =
O + = + ) 48 . 6 16 . 2 ( ) 006 . 0 002 . 0 ( * 1080 i i

Z
sn
: Source impedance at 36 kV, n
th
harmonic = O + ) 48 . 6 * 16 . 2 ( i n
Z
T
: Transformer impedance at 36 kV, fundamental frequency =
O + = + ) 324 2 . 43 ( ) 3 . 0 04 . 0 ( * 1080 i i

Z
Tn
: Transformer impedance at 36 kV, n
th
harmonic = O + ) 324 * 2 . 43 ( i n



Z
L
: Load impedance at 36 kV, fundamental frequency =
O + = + ) 540 1620 ( )* 240000 720000 /( 36000
2
i i

Z
Ln
: Load impedance at 36 kV, n
th
harmonic = O + ) 540 * 1620 ( i n
Z
C
: Capacitor impedance at 36 kV, fundamental frequency =
O =

i i 2 . 1273 ) 10 * 25 . 0 * 50 * * 2 /(
6
t

Z
Cn
: Capacitor impedance at 36 kV, n
th
harmonic = O i n / 2 . 1273

















Calculations at fundamental frequency
V V
B
6 . 20784 3 / 36000 = =

A A i Z V I
A A i Z V I
A I
C B C
L B L
R
0
0
90 63 . 1 63 . 1 /
4 . 18 17 . 12 85 . 3 55 . 11 /
6
< = = =
< = = =
=

A A i I I I I
C L R S
0
2 . 7 69 . 17 22 . 2 55 . 17 < = = + + =


V V i Z I V V
T S B S
0
1 . 14 22952 5 . 5589 8 . 22260 < = + = + =


Line to line source voltage = V V
S
187726
36
170
* 3 =

Calculations at n
th
harmonic frequency
Rn
I

is given in the table

170 kV
170/36 kV
36 kV
Rectifier Load
C
Single Line diagram
I
S

I
C
I
L

I
R

V
S

Z
S

Z
T

Z
L

Z
C

Equivalent network for fundamental
frequency
V
B

Z
Tn

I
Sn

I
Cn
I
Ln

I
Rn

Z
Sn

Z
L

Z
C

Equivalent network for harmonic
frequencies
V
Sn

V
Bn



Cn Ln Cn sn Ln sn
Cn Ln sn
Cn Ln sn
n eq
Tn sn sn
Z Z Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z
Z Z Z
+ +
=
+ +
=
+ =

' '
'
1 1
'
1
1
'

n eq Rn Bn
Z I V

=


' ; ;
sn Bn Sn Cn Bn cn Ln Bn Ln
Z V I Z V I Z V I

= = =

Sn Sn Sn
Z I V

=

36 / 170 * 3
Sn LL Sn
V V =

Branch current and bus voltage magnitudes are tabulated in the following table
together with their Total Harmonic Distortions.

n I
R
[A] I
L
[A] I
S
[A] I
C
[A] V
B
[V] V
S-170-LL
[V]
1 6.0 12.17 17.69 1.6324 20785 187726
5 1.6 0.9834 1.8732 1.2160 3096.4 497.5
7 0.47 0.7693 1.3674 1.7394 3163.8 507.9
11 0.32 0.1196 0.2025 0.6360 736.2 118.1
13 0.20 0.0425 0.0712 0.3123 305.9 49.1
17 0.11 0.0112 0.0186 0.1396 104.6 16.8
19 0.10 0.0078 0.0129 0.1205 80.8 13.0
23 0.05 0.0025 0.0041 0.0566 31.3 5.0
25 0.045 0.0019 0.0031 0.0499 25.4 4.1
29 0.040 0.0012 0.0020 0.0432 19.0 3.0
31 0.035 0.0009 0.0015 0.0374 15.4 2.5
35 0.024 0.0005 0.0008 0.0253 9.2 1.5
37 0.024 0.0004 0.0007 0.0251 8.7 1.4
41 0.018 0.0003 0.0004 0.0187 5.8 0.9
43 0.016 0.0002 0.0003 0.0166 4.9 0.8
47 0.012 0.0001 0.0002 0.0123 3.3 0.5
THD 28.6 10.3 13.2 137.7 21.7 0.4

2. Determine the harmonic components (magnitude and phase) of the discrete
signal given below. Sketch the magnitude and the phase of the harmonic
components.

n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
x(n) 15.0 14.0 11.3 8.0 5.2 3.5 3.0 2.8 2.7 1.6 0.8 0.0 -0.8
n 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
x(n) -1.6 -2.7 -2.8 -3.0 -3.5 -5.2 -8.0 -11.3 -14.0 -15.0 -14.0 -11.3 -8.0
n 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
x(n) -5.2 -3.5 -3.0 -2.8 -2.7 -1.6 -0.8 0.0 0.8 1.6 2.7 2.8 3.0
n 39 40 41 42 43 44
x(n) 3.5 5.2 8.0 11.3 14.0 15.0



22 / 44 / 2 / 2
; ) (
44
1
) (
44
1
) (
1
) ( X
43 43 1
0 0 0
t t t j kn kn j N kn j
e W W t x e t x e t x
N
f
n n n
n n
N
n k

= = = =

= = =


(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

) (
) (
) (
1
1
1 1 1
44
1
) 3 4 X(
) X(
) X(
43
1
0
43 * 43 43
43
1
0
t x
t x
t x
W W
W W f
f

The results of the computations are illustrated below. Note that the angles are given in
degrees.

k X(f
k
)
) X(
k
f
<X(f
k
) K X(f
k
)
) X(
k
f
<X(f
k
)
0 0.00 0.00 0 22 0.00 0.00 0
1 4.70 4.70 0 23 0.02 0.02 0
2 0.00 0.00 0 24 0.00 0.00 0
3 1.62 1.62 0 25 -0.04 0.04 180
4 0.00 0.00 0 26 0.00 0.00 0
5 1.01 1.01 0 27 0.02 0.02 0
6 0.00 0.00 0 28 0.00 0.00 0
7 0.23 0.23 0 29 -0.01 0.01 180
8 0.00 0.00 0 30 0.00 0.00 0
9 -0.07 0.07 180 31 -0.01 0.01 180
10 0.00 0.00 0 32 0.00 0.00 0
11 0.03 0.03 0 33 0.03 0.03 0
12 0.00 0.00 0 34 0.00 0.00 0
13 -0.01 0.01 180 35 -0.07 0.07 180
14 0.00 0.00 0 36 0.00 0.00 0
15 -0.01 0.01 180 37 0.23 0.23 0
16 0.00 0.00 0 38 0.00 0.00 0
17 0.02 0.02 0 39 1.01 1.01 0
18 0.00 0.00 0 40 0.00 0.00 0
19 -0.04 0.04 180 41 1.62 1.62 0
20 0.00 0.00 0 42 0.00 0.00 0
21 0.02 0.02 0 43 4.70 4.70 0







November 30, 2010
HOMEWORK #2

Design a passive filter for the system defined in Q1 of Homework I. Determine the new
harmonic current and voltage levels up to 47
rd
order harmonic. Determine the new THD for
the bus voltages and branch currents.
Note : Assume that the resistances are constant.
Since the fifth and the seventh harmonics are the dominant ones (see the solution of Hw#1) 2
shunt filters tuned to the 5
th
and the 7
th
harmonics and a damped filter (optional) having a
corner frequency of 11
th
harmonic will be a good choice. Let the power factor correction
capacitor of 0.25 F be shared by the filters as 0.10 F, 0.10 F and 0.05 F, respectively.
Filter details are calculated and illustrated below.

= = = = = =
filter damped for X
filter for tuned / X
, , X X X ,
X
X
,
X
X ,
X
kV
Q ,
1
X
n
n
L C n
L
C
2
C
L
C
2
C C
Q
Q
R given Q h
h wC
n
n

Filter
Type
h Q C
|F]
X
C

[]
Q
C

[MVAr]
XL
[]
Xn
[]
R
[]
ZF(h) []
Tuned
5 100 0.1 31831 0.0407 1273 6366 63.7 0.37+j(5.29h-259.2/h)
Tuned
7 100 0.1 31831 0.0407 649 4547 45.5 0.59+j(5.36h-648.0/h)
Damped
11 5 0.05 63662 0.0204 526 5787 28937.3 Given below


(

+
+
+
=
h h
h
j
h
h
h
63662
* 276815 133978425
7 7049034231
* 276815 133978425
* 3204106469
) ( Z
2 2
2
3


) ( Z ) ( Z ) ( Z ) ( Z ) ( Z ) ( Z
) ( Z ) ( Z ) ( Z
) ( Z
1
) ( Z
1
) ( Z
1
1
) ( Z
3 2 3 1 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
f
h h h h h h
h h h
h h h
h
+ +
=
+ +
=



I
S

I
f

I
L

I
R

V
S

Z
S

Z
T

Z
L

Z
f

Equivalent network for fundamental frequency
V
B

C
1

R
1

L
1

C
2

R
2

L
2

C
3

R
3
L
3



Calculations at fundamental frequency
V V
B
6 . 20784 3 / 36000 = =

A A i Z V I
A A i Z V I
A I
f B f
L B L
R
0
0
91 . 89 68 . 1 676 . 1 0025 . 0 /
4 . 18 17 . 12 85 . 3 55 . 11 /
6
< = + = =
< = = =
=

A A i I I I I
f L R S
0
1 . 7 68 . 17 17 . 2 55 . 17 < = = + + =


V V i Z I V V
T S B S
0
1 . 14 22939 5592 22247 < = + = + =


Line to line source voltage = V V
S
187620
36
170
* 3 =

Calculations at n
th
harmonic frequency
Rn
I

is given in the table

fn Ln fn sn Ln sn
fn Ln sn
fn Ln sn
n eq
Tn sn sn
Z Z Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z
Z Z Z
+ +
=
+ +
=
+ =

' '
'
1 1
'
1
1
'

n eq Rn Bn
Z I V

=


' ; ;
sn Bn Sn fn Bn fn Ln Bn Ln
Z V I Z V I Z V I

= = =

Sn Sn Sn
Z I V

=

36 / 170 * 3
Sn LL Sn
V V =

Branch current and bus voltage magnitudes are tabulated in the following table
together with their Total Harmonic Distortions.

N I
R
[A] I
L
[A] I
S
[A] I
f
[A] V
B
[V] V
S-170-LL
[V]
1 6.0 12.17161 17.68347 1.6759471 20784.6 187620.2
5 1.6 0.0320 0.0609 1.5818 100.6 16.2
7 0.47 0.0052 0.0092 0.4675 21.2 3.4
Z
Tn

I
Sn

I
fn

I
Ln

I
Rn

Z
Sn

Z
L

Z
f

Equivalent network for harmonic frequencies
V
Sn

V
Bn

C
1

R
1

L
1

C
2

R
2

L
2

C
3

R
3
L
3



11 0.32 0.0479 0.0812 0.2599 295.2 47.4
13 0.20 0.0279 0.0467 0.1300 200.8 32.2
17 0.11 0.0189 0.0313 0.0606 176.0 28.2
19 0.10 0.0179 0.0296 0.0531 185.9 29.8
23 0.05 0.0094 0.0154 0.0255 117.4 18.8
25 0.045 0.0085 0.0141 0.0227 116.2 18.6
29 0.040 0.0077 0.0127 0.0199 121.7 19.5
31 0.035 0.0068 0.0112 0.0174 114.4 18.3
35 0.024 0.0047 0.0077 0.0119 89.2 14.3
37 0.024 0.0047 0.0077 0.0119 94.5 15.1
41 0.018 0.0035 0.0058 0.0089 78.7 12.6
43 0.016 0.0032 0.0052 0.0079 73.4 11.8
47 0.012 0.0024 0.0039 0.0060 60.2 9.7
THD 28.6 0.6 0.7 100.1 2.6 0.05



December 14, 2010
HOMEWORK #3

1. Consider the following power system, where an induction motor and a 6-pulse
convertor are fed from a 6 kV busbar. Fundamental current and the harmonic
currents of the convertor is given in the following table. Transformer and induction
motor resistances are known to follow
5 . 1
* 35 . 0 * ) 1 ( ) ( h R h R =

h h 1 1 5 5 7 7 1 11 1 1 13 3 1 17 7 1 19 9 2 23 3 2 25 5 2 29 9 3 31 1 3 35 5 3 37 7 4 41 1 4 43 3
I Ih h[ [A A] ] 6 60 00 0 1 12 20 0 5 55 5 3 35 5 2 22 2 1 10 0 9 9 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3. .5 5 3 3 2 2 1 1. .4 4 0 0. .5 5


a) Construct the equivalent circuit and determine equivalent circuit parameters at
fundamental frequency.
b) Assume that convertor bus (Bus-3) is at 6 kV. Determine the voltages of Bus-2
and Bus-1 and power factor of Bus-2 at fundamental frequency.
c) Determine bus voltages and line currents for 5,7,..43 th harmonics.
d) Determine THD for bus voltages and line currents.
e) Determine the value of the capacitance that can improve bus pf to 0.95 when
connected to Bus-2.
f) Repeat case-c after compensation.
g) Repeat case-d after compensation.
h) Determine the resonance frequency.
i) Plot the impedance of the system versus frequency.








Due date : December 28, 2010


36 kV, 100 MVA, X/R=10
T
1

Bus-2
2
6 kV
T
2

IM
T
1
, 36/6 kV, 20 MVA, Z=%6, X/R=9
T
2
, 6/6 kV, 8 MVA, Z=%8, X/R=8
IM : 6 kV, 6 MVA, pf=0.90 at 50 Hz
6 pulse convertor: 600 A, pf=0.80 at 50 Hz


6 pulse convertor
6 kV
Bus-1
1
Bus-3
3





a.







O + = O = O =
+ = + = O = =
1073 . 0 0119 . 0 , 1073 . 0 0119 . 0
81 108 . 0
20
) 6 (
* 06 . 0
1 1 1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
j Z X R
R R X R
MVA
kV
Z
T T T
T T T T T


O + = O = O =
+ = + = O = =
3572 . 0 0447 . 0 , 3572 . 0 0447 . 0
64 36 . 0
8
) 6 (
* 08 . 0
2 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
j Z X R
R R X R
MVA
kV
Z
T T T
T T T T T


| | A A j pf j pf I I
C C R R
0 2
9 . 36 600 360 480 1 < = = =


O = O = O + =

= = = 62 . 2 4 . 5 ; 62 . 2 4 . 5
) 9 . 0 1 9 . 0 ( 6
6
2
2
*
2
*
2
IM IM
IM
IM
IM
IM
X R j
j MVA
kV
S
V
Z
Z
V
S


b. Let
V V
f
0 0
3
0 1 . 3464 0
3
6000
( = ( =

A A j I
Cos A
V
S
V
S
I
V V j Z I V V
A A j j I
IM
V IM
f
IM IM
IM
T R f f
R
0
0 1
6
2 2
0
2 3 2
0 2
6 . 20 9 . 552 6 . 194 5 . 517
6 . 20 ) 90 . 0 ( ; 9 . 552
5 . 3617 * 3
10 * 6
3 3
5 . 2 5 . 3617 4 . 155 1 . 3614
9 . 36 600 360 480 )) 8 . 0 1 ( 8 . 0 ( * 600
2
< = =
= u + = u = = = =
( = + = + =
< = = =

V V V
V V j Z I V V
V V j Z I V V
Cos pf I V
A A j I I I
Sf S
S S f Sf
T S f f
BUS S f
IM R S
41202
6
36
3
6 . 8 6 . 3694 3 . 593 0 . 3920 *
0 . 4 4 . 3694 8 . 255 6 . 3685 *
852 . 0 6 . 31
1 . 29 3 . 1141 6 . 554 5 . 997
0
1
0
1 2 1
2 2
0
2 2
0
= =
< = + = + =
< = + = + =
= u = = < =< u
( = = + =

c.





Z
T2n

V
2n
I
Sn

I
IMn

Z
Sn

Z
T1n

Z
IMn

Equivalent network for harmonic frequencies
V
1n

Z
T2n

I
Rn

V
2n
I
Sn

I
IMn

Z
1n

Z
IMn

I
Rn

Reduced equivalent network
for harmonic frequencies
V
2

I
S

I
IM

I
R

V
S

Z
S

Z
T1

Z
IM

Equivalent network for fundamental frequency
V
1

Z
T2

V
3

O = = = 96 . 12
100
36 ) 36 (
2
36
2
kV
s
SCC
kV
Z

O + =
O = O =
O = + = + =
896 . 12 2896 . 1
, 896 . 12 2896 . 1
96 . 12 100
2 2 2 2
j Z
X R
R R X R Z
s
s s
s s s s s

, 358 . 0 0358 . 0
6 / ) 896 . 12 2896 . 1 ( 6
2
O = O =
O + =
s s
s
X R
j Z side kV For

I
R

+


n IMn
n IMn
n IMn n
n T sn n
T T n T
s s sn
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
jn n jnX n R Z
jn jnZ R Z
1
1
1 ' 1
1 1
5 . 1
1
5 . 1
1 1
1073 . 0 * 0042 . 0 * 35 . 0 *
3582 . 0 * 0358 . 0
+
= =
+ =
O + = + =
O + = + =

nf n T Rn nf
nf n Sn Sn nf
IMn nf IMn n nf Sn
n Rn nf
V Z I V
V V Z I V
Z V I Z V I
Z I V
2 2 3
1 1 1
2 1 2
' 1 2
*
6
36
* 3 ; *
/ ; /
*
+ =
= =
= =
=


Bus voltage and line current magnitudes for 5,7,..43 th harmonics are
tabulated below.
n I
rn
[A] V
2f
[V] I
S
[A] I
IM
[A] V
1f
[V] V
1
[V] V
3f
[V]
5 120 267.0 114.6 9.96 205.3 2134.0 482.3
7 55 173.1 53.1 4.03 133.1 1383.1 311.5
11 35 174.9 34.1 2.14 134.5 1397.8 313.8
13 22 130.4 21.5 1.25 100.2 1041.7 233.7
17 10 77.8 9.8 0.51 59.8 621.8 139.4
19 9 78.4 8.9 0.43 60.3 626.4 140.4
23 6 63.4 5.9 0.26 48.7 506.7 113.6
25 5 57.5 4.9 0.21 44.2 459.4 103.0
29 4 53.5 4.0 0.16 41.1 426.9 95.8
31 3.5 50.0 3.5 0.13 38.4 399.5 89.7
35 3 48.5 3.0 0.11 37.2 387.0 86.9
37 2 34.2 2.0 0.07 26.3 272.9 61.3
41 1.4 26.5 1.4 0.05 20.4 211.8 47.6
43 0.5 9.9 0.5 0.02 7.6 79.4 17.9
THD 23.23 11.66 11.71 2.0 8.78 21.32

d. Calculated harmonic distortions are given in the table above.

e. | | ) ( ) (
2
1
1
1
pf Cos Tg pf Cos Tg P Q
C

=

| |
| |
F
Z w
C j
Q
V
j Z
Z
V
Q
MVar Cos Tg Cos Tg
pf Cos Tg pf Cos Tg pf I V Q
C C
C
C
C
s C
95 . 243
1
, 05 . 13
009 . 3 ) 9 . 0 ( ) 846 . 0 ( * 846 . 0 * 66 . 1436 * 3 * 3650 * 3
) ( ) ( 3
2
2
2
2
1 1
2
1
1
1
1 2
= = O = = =
= =
=










f. Equivalent networks are given below









g.









Fundamental frequency computations

Let
V V
f
0 0
3
0 1 . 3464 0
3
6000
( = ( =


A A j
Z
V
I
A A j I
V V j Z I V V
A I
C
f
C
IM
T R f f
R
0 2
0
0
2 3 2
0
5 . 92 2 . 277 99 . 276 91 . 11
6 . 20 9 . 552 6 . 194 5 . 517
5 . 2 5 . 3617 4 . 155 1 . 3614
9 . 36 600
< = + = =
< = =
( = + = + =
< =

V V V
V V j Z I V V
V V j Z I V V
Cos pf I V
A A j I I I I
Sf S
S S f Sf
T S f f
BUS S f
C IM R S
5 . 39883
6
36
3
01 . 9 8 . 3837 0 . 601 5 . 3790 *
03 . 4 8 . 3664 9 . 257 7 . 3655 *
95 . 0 2 . 18
7 . 15 9 . 1023 6 . 277 6 . 985
0
1
0
1 2 1
2 2
0
2 2
0
= =
< = + = + =
< = + = + =
= u = = < =< u
( = = + + =

Harmonic frequency computations : In addition to previous harmonic impedances

Cn n Cn IMn n IMn
Cn n IMn
Cn n IMn n
C
Cn
Z Z Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
n
j
n
Z
Z
1 1
1
1 ' 1
05 . 13
+ +
= =

= =

V
2

I
S

I
IM

I
R

V
S

Z
S

Z
T1

Z
IM

Equivalent network for fundamental frequency
V
1

Z
T2

V
3

I
R

+
I
C

C
Z
C
= - j 13.05
All the other quantitities are given in a
Z
1n

V
1n

Z
T2n

V
2n
I
Sn

I
IMn

Z
Sn

Z
T1n

Z
IMn

Equivalent network for harmonic frequencies
Z
T2n

I
Rn

V
2n
I
Sn

I
IMn

Z
IMn

I
Rn

Reduced equivalent network
for harmonic frequencies
I
Cn

X
Cn

I
Cn

X
Cn



nf n T Rn nf
nf n Sn Sn nf
Cn nf Cn IMn nf IMn n nf Sn
n Rn nf
V Z I V
V V Z I V
Z V I Z V I Z V I
Z I V
2 2 3
1 1 1
2 2 1 2
' 1 2
*
6
36
* 3 *
/ ; / ; /
*
+ =
= =
= = =
=


Bus voltages and line currents for 5,7,..23 th harmonics are tabulated below.



n I
rn
[A] V
2f
[V] I
S
[A] I
IM
[A] I
C
[A] V
1f
[V] V
1
[V] V
3f
[V]
5 120 1505.3 646.3 56.12 576.8 1157.7 12031.3 1692.8
7 55 247.1 75.8 5.75 132.6 190.1 1975.2 118.7
11 35 54.3 10.6 0.66 45.8 41.8 434.2 86.0
13 22 26.6 4.4 0.25 26.5 20.4 212.2 77.4
17 10 8.5 1.1 0.06 11.1 6.5 68.0 53.4
19 9 6.7 0.8 0.04 9.8 5.2 53.6 55.6
23 6 3.6 0.3 0.01 6.3 2.8 28.7 46.9
25 5 2.7 0.2 0.01 5.2 2.1 21.8 43.0
29 4 1.9 0.1 0.01 4.1 1.4 14.9 40.8
31 3.5 1.5 0.1 0.00 3.6 1.2 12.1 38.4
35 3 1.1 0.1 0.00 3.1 0.9 9.1 37.6
37 2 0.7 0.0 0.00 2.0 0.6 5.7 26.7
41 1.4 0.5 0.0 0.00 1.4 0.3 3.6 20.9
43 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.00 0.5 0.1 1.2 7.8
THD 23.23 42.2 63.6 1.5 214.4 32.0 49.2

g. Calculated harmonic distortions are given in the table above.

h. Let the base power of the system be 10 MVA.

Hz f f
Q
S
n
Q
pu Z Z S pu j j Z Z
pu S Z pu S
kV for kV for S V Z MVA S
r
pu C
SCC
r
pu C
pu
T s SCC
pu
T s
SCC s SCC
b b b b
250 * 5 5 06 . 5
3009 . 0
69 . 7
3009 . 0 10 / 009 . 3
69 . 7 1 13 . 0 6 . 3 / 1073 . 0 0119 . 0 358 . 0 0358 . 0
01 . 0 1 10 10 / 100
6 6 . 3 36 / 6 . 129 , 36 6 . 129 10 / 36 10
0
2
1 2 1
1 1
2 2
= = ~ = = =
= =
= + = = + + + = +
= = = =
O = O = = = =

Note that there are other methods to determine the resonance frequency.
i. System impedance seen by the harmonic source is:

| |
C IM T s
T C IM T s T system
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
1 1 1
1
) ) (
1 1
2 1 1 2
+ +
+
+ = + + =
=

The following table shows the frequency behaviour of the impedances.



n
r
Z
sysem
,[] < Z
sysem
, [Degree]



1 0.79 83.8
2 1.70 83.5
3 2.94 82.2
4 5.21 78.6
5 14.11 56.8
6 8.47 -59.6
7 2.16 -64.4
8 0.60 -8.4
9 1.12 61.0
10 1.83 72.1
11 2.46 75.5
12 3.01 76.9
13 3.52 77.6
14 4.00 77.9
15 4.46 78.1
16 4.90 78.1
17 5.34 78.1
18 5.76 78.0
19 6.18 77.9
20 6.59 77.7
21 7.00 77.6
22 7.41 77.4
23 7.81 77.2
24 8.21 77.0
25 8.61 76.9
26 9.01 76.7
27 9.40 76.5
28 9.80 76.3
29 10.19 76.1
30 10.58 76.0
31 10.98 75.8
32 11.37 75.6
33 11.76 75.4
34 12.15 75.2
35 12.55 75.0
36 12.94 74.9
37 13.33 74.7
38 13.72 74.5
39 14.11 74.4
40 14.51 74.2
41 14.90 74.0
42 15.29 73.8
43 15.68 73.7















Z
system
,
n
<Z
system
,degree


December 14, 2010
HOMEWORK #4

Consider the system of Homework #3. Design a filter to alleviate the effects of the
harmonics. Compute harmonic bus voltages and branch currents together with
associated total harmonic distortions.

One can easily conclude from the frequency spectrum of the bus voltages, branch
currents or the system impedance that the most critical frequency is the 5
th
harmonic.
Therefore tuned filter for 5
th
harmonic is required. Additional damped filter for 7
th
and
higher harmonics will improve the performance.












O = = =
= = O = = O =
O = = = =
= = O = = O =
= =
=
0946 . 9 X 2 Assuming
068 . 2 / X , 6496 . 0 7 Z X , 31.83 j - = Z , F 100.00 C
45 . 88 / X X 50 Assuming
815 . 2 / X , 8845 . 0 5 Z X , 22.11 j - = Z , F 143.95 C
F 100.00 C , F 143.95 C as shared be e capactinac total Let the
F 243.95 C
r 2 2
L2 2
2
C2 L2 C2 2
L1 r 1 1
L1 1
2
C1 L1 C1 1
2 1
Q R Q
mH w L
m Q r Q R Q
mH w L

Let
V V
f
0 0
3
0 1 . 3464 0
3
6000
( = ( =


V Z I V V
A I
T R f f
R
0
2 3 2
0
5 . 2 5 . 3617
9 . 36 600
( = + =
< =

A
Z
V
I
A I
F
f
F
IM
0 2
0
3 . 92 4 . 286
6 . 20 9 . 552
< = =
< =

95 . 0 7 . 17
2 . 15 9 . 1021
2 2
0
2 2
0
= u = = < =< u
( = + + =

Cos pf I V
A I I I I
BUS S f
F IM R S

V V V
V Z I V V
V Z I V V
Sf S
S S f Sf
T S f f
9 . 39840
6
36
3
0 . 9 7 . 3833 *
0 . 4 8 . 3663 *
0
1
0
1 2 1
= =
< = + =
< = + =


V
2

I
S

I
IM

I
R

V
S

Z
S

Z
T1

Z
IM

Equivalent network for fundamental frequency
V
1

Z
T2

V
3

I
R

+
I
C

C
1

L
1

R
1

C
2

R
2
L
2

I
F

Filter


Harmonic frequency computations :












n F n F
n F n F
n filter
C
L
L
n F
C
L n F
Z Z
Z Z
Z
n
j
jn
jn
n
X
j
jnX R
jnX R
Z
n n j
n
X
nX j R Z

+
=

+
=
+
=
+ = + =
2 1
2 1
2
2 2
2 2
1
1
1 1 1
*
83 . 31
0496 . 0 095 . 9
908 . 5 *
) / 1 . 22 8845 . 0 * ( 08845 . 0 ) (

n filter n IMn
n filter n IMn n
n T sn n
Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z

+ +
= =
+ =
/ 1 / 1 / 1
1
1
1 ' 1
1 1

nf n T Rn nf
nf n Sn Sn nf
n filter nf Cn IMn nf IMn n nf Sn
n Rn nf
V Z I V
V V Z I V
Z V I Z V I Z V I
Z I V
2 2 3
1 1 1
2 2 1 2
' 1 2
*
6
36
* 3 ; *
/ ; / ; /
*
+ =
= =
= = =
=

Bus voltages and line currents for 5,7,..23 th harmonics are tabulated below.

n I
rn
[A] V
2f
[V] I
S
[A] I
IM
[A] I
F
[A] V
1f
[V] V
1
[V] V
3f
[V]
1 600.0 3617.5 1021.9 552.9 286.4 3663.8 39840.5 3464.1
5 120.0 10.5 4.5 0.4 119.5 8.1 83.9 216.8
7 55.0 85.3 26.2 2.2 39.5 65.6 681.7 209.9
11 35.0 68.8 13.4 0.9 23.3 52.9 549.8 204.1
13 22.0 52.4 8.6 0.6 14.4 40.3 418.3 153.5
17 10.0 31.5 4.0 0.2 6.6 24.2 251.4 91.8
19 9.0 31.5 3.6 0.2 6.0 24.2 251.4 92.2
23 6.0 24.8 2.3 0.1 4.1 19.1 198.1 73.8
25 5.0 22.1 1.9 0.1 3.5 17.0 176.6 66.5
29 4.0 19.8 1.5 0.1 2.9 15.2 158.0 60.9
31 3.5 18.1 1.3 0.1 2.6 13.9 144.8 56.6
35 3.0 16.8 1.0 0.0 2.3 12.9 134.3 54.0
37 2.0 11.6 0.7 0.0 1.5 8.9 92.6 37.8
41 1.4 8.6 0.4 0.0 1.1 6.6 68.6 28.9
43 0.5 3.1 0.2 0.0 0.4 2.4 25.1 10.8
THD 23.2 3.8 3.1 0.4 45.1 2.8 12.4
Z
1n

V
1n

Z
T2n

V
2n
I
Sn

I
IMn

Z
Sn

Z
T1n

Z
IMn

Equivalent network for harmonic frequencies
Z
T2n

I
Rn

V
2n
I
Sn

I
IMn

Z
IMn

I
Rn

Reduced equivalent network
for harmonic frequencies
Z
Fn

I
Fn

Z
Fn

I
Fn



January 12, 2011
POWER SYSTEM HARMONICS FINAL TEST

1. Consider the following industrial power system supplied through two transformers, and
feeds several converter drives, high voltage motors, several low voltage distribution boards
(passive loads) and filters.
a) Calculate the value of the capacitance that should be installed at 36 kV busbar to
improve the pf (at fundamental frequency) to 0.95. (10)
b) Design a passive harmonic filter comprising two single tuned filters tuned to 11
th
and
13
th
harmonics and two damped filters whose corner frequencies are 4f
o
and 24f
o
. Plot
the filter impedance versus frequency. (10)
c) Calculate fundamental frequency impedances of the system components. (10)
d) Calculate the fundamental frequency branch currents and input voltage, assuming that
the distribution voltage is 36 kV. (10)
e) Calculate the harmonic branch currents and harmonic bus voltages together with
corresponding harmonic distortions. (10)
f) Determine the frequency dependent impedance looking from the harmonic source and
plot the impedance magnitude versus frequency. Interpret the results. (10)














420 kV High Voltage Network : I
3
= 50 kA , I
1
= 42 kA , [X/R]
3
= 10 , [X/R]
1
= 9
T
1
-T
2
: 420 kV Y-grounded/36 kV Y-R grounded, 125 MVA, Z
T
= 0.25 + j 8 %, R
G
= 450
T
3
: 36 kV Y-grounded/6 kV Y-grounded, 20 MVA, Z
T
= 0.4 + j 10 %
Motor (M): 6 kV, P
shaft
= 10 MW, pf =0.82 ,=0.90, X
M
= 20%, X
M
/ R
M
= 10, - connected
Passive Load (PL) : 36 kV, 6 MVA, pf = 0.85
Converter (C) : 12 pulse, 25 MVA, pf (at fundamental frequency)= 0.80

The followings are take home questions which should be solved individually.
2. Investigate the effect of short circuit capacity of 420 kV system. (10)
3. Investigate the effect of 420/36 kV transformer outage. (10)
4. Investigate the effect of reduced transformer impedance. (10)
5. Investigate the effect of increased motor load. (10)
H 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
I
h
% 100 0.3 0.5 0.3 2.4 0.3 1.9 0.3 0.5 0.2 12.0 0.3 9.2 0.2 0.3

16 17 18 19 23 25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49
0.2 0.8 0.2 0.6 3.8 3.4 0.4 0.4 2.2 2.0 0.2 0.2 1.4 1.2
M
36 kV
T
1

CONV
ERTER
420 kV
T
2

HARM.
FILTER
PASSIVE
LOAD
M
Converter
>4
>24
11
13
Harmonic Filter
T
3



TERM PROJECT
- The first student of each group is responsible to provide the communication between
the group members as well as with me.
- Presentation of term projects:

GROUP Group Members Project
1
Fikri B.UZUNLAR MODELING AND SIMULATION OF THE PROPAGATION OF
HARMONICS INELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS
PART I : CONCEPTS, MODELS, AND SIMULATION TECHNIQUES
PART 11 : SAMPLE SYSTEMS AND EXAMPLES
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 11, No. 1, January 1996

Bra YILDIZ
Fuat O.BALAN
2
Bura AKDUMAN
Stk GNER

HW#1 HW#2 HW#3 HW#4* Project Final GRA
DE

Fikri B.UZUNLAR (D) 50 40 70 70
Bra YILDIZ (YL) 45 45 70 70
Fuat O.BALAN (D) 70 70
Stk GNER (D) 96 70 70 70
Bura AKDUMAN (D) 75 75 70 70
Average 66.5 57.5 70 70
Standard Deviation 20.5 15.2 0 0