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Introduction.
This page should be read in conjunction to " Engineering Materials, Shear Stress"
Contents 1. Introduction. 2. Variation Of Shear Stress. 3. Rectangular Sections. 4. I-section 5. Principle Stresses In I-beams. 6. Pitch Of Rivets In Built Up Girders. 7. Solid Circular Sections. 8. Thin Circular Tubes. 9. Miscellaneous Sections 10. Shear Centre. 11. Page Comments
A shear stress is defined as the component of stress coplanar with a material cross section. Shear stress arises from a force vector perpendicular to the surface normal vector of the cross section.
Let s be the value of the complementary shear stress and hence the transverse shear stress at a distance z be the width of the cross section at A be the area of cross section cut off by a line parallel to the Neutral Axis. be the distance of the centroid of A from the Neutral Axis. from the Neutral Axis.
and are the Normal Stresses on an element of Area . There is a difference in Longitudinal Forces equal to this summed over the area A must be in equilibrium with the transverse Shear Stress s on the longitudinal plane of area Thus,
and
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or
(2) Note: . See "Shearing Force and Bending Moments. is the Total
It should also be noted that is the actual width of the section at the position where is being calculated and that Moment of Inertia about the neutral axis. In some applications it is advantageous to calculate as several parts.
Rectangular Sections.
For a rectangular section at any distance from the Neutral Axis :
This shows that there is a parabolic variation of Shear Stress with . The maximum Shear Force occurs at the Neutral Axis and is given by:
If
I-section
The dimensions are shown in the diagram. It is required to find an expression for the Shear Stress in the Web. is made up of two parts as follows: for the flanged area
As with the rectangular section, the maximum transverse Shear Stress is at the neutral axis.
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Since the Shear Stress has to follow the direction of the boundary, the distribution must be of the form shown becoming horizontal at the flanges. Consequently the complementary Shear Stress in the flanges is on longitudinal planes perpendicular to the neutral axis and the "width z" is replaced by the flange thickness Then,
Showing that the Shear Stress in the flanges varies from a maximum at the top web to zero at the outer tips. In Practice, however it will be found that most of the Shearing Force ( About 95%) is carried by the Web and the Shear Force in the flanges is negligible. As the variation over the web is comparatively small ( about 25%) it is convenient for design purposes and also in calculating deflection due to Shear, to assume that all the Shearing Force is carried by the Web and is uniformly distributed. Similarly it is normal practice to assume that, as a first approximation, the Bending Moment is carried wholly by the flanges.
Example - Example 2
Problem
[imperial] Example:
A 12 in. by 5 in. British Standard Beam is subjected to a Shearing Force of 10 tons. Calculate the value of the transverse Shear Stress at the Neutral Axis and at the top of the Web and compare this with the mean Stress calculated on the assumption that the Stress is uniformly distributed over the Web. What percentage of the Shearing Force is carried by the Web?
Workings
Area= thickness=
Web Thickness=
and Flange
Assuming that all the Shearing Force is carried uniformly by the web.
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i.e.
of the Total
The remaining 5 % of the vertical Shear Stress is presumably accounted for by the component of the Shear Stress at the junction of the flange and the web. Failure due to Shear in the Web usually takes the form of buckling brought about by the Compressive Stresses on planes at 45 degrees to the transverse section. ( See Compound Stress and Strain). For this reason deep webs are often supported by vertical stiffeners.
Solution
of the Total.
section. The horizontal elements of the the web. The web resists shear forces while the flanges resist most of the
Example - Example 3
Problem
A short vertical column is firmly fixed at the base and is 1 ft high. The column is of and the web is 0.28 in. thick. and
An inclined load of 8 tons acts on the top of the column in the centre of the section and in the plane which contains the centre-line of the web. The line of action is to the vertical.
Example:
1
Determine the position and magnitude of the greatest principle stress on the base of the column.
Workings
The inclined load will intersect the base cross-section at a distance Resolving the load into horizontal and vertical components: Direct Load = Shearing Force = Bending Moment = At the top of the Web:
Bending Stress = Direct Stress = Therefore, Total Normal Stress = See the Reference Pages on Compound Stress and Strain (currently in preparation) The Maximum Principle Stress =
(in Compression) This will occur at the top of the Web. Checking the value of the maximum Bending Stress which is:-
Which together with the direct Stress gives a maximum value of and which is less than the value at the top of the Web.
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The load carried by one rivet in a beam section built up as shown in the diagram, is determined by the difference between normal stresses on certain areas of two transverse sections at a distance apart equal to the pitch of the rivets.
The are to be used is that part of the cross-section which " comes away" when the particular set of rivets are removed. I.e. in the case of the rivets holding the flange to the angle section, the area is that shaded in (b) and for the rivets holding the angles to the web, the area is shown in (c) If is the pitch of the rivets and of Shear Stress: is the force on the rivets over a length of beam then proceeding as in the section on the variation
(Compare with
and let
Note that for the flanges there are two rivets to a pitch length and they are usually staggered so as not to occur together in one cross section. Also note that the web rivets are in double shear.
Example - Example 4
Problem
[imperial] Example:
An
in. with flange plates 6 in. by 1 in. which are secured by rivets through angle
in. ( The arrangement is the same as the above diagram) estimate the maximum uniformly distributed load which can be carried over a
in. diam. rivets, calculate their pitch if the allowable Shearing Stress is 5 tons/sq.in. and the bearing pressure 10
If the loading is
Now
The Permissible Load per pitch length. For one rivet in double shear in the web or two rivets in single shear in the flange
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For the flange rivets The load per pitch length if the smaller of equations
Solution
The directional distribution of the Shear Stress is as indicated. This does not affect the magnitude of the greatest Shear Stress which is usually the value required. This particular case is applicable to Rivets in Shear but the ratio may be assumed to have been incorporated in the allowable stress
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but
where
where A represents the area and R the mean radius See Engineering Materials , Bending Stress, Moments of Inertia.
The Maximum Shear Force will occur at the neutral axis and is given by:
Miscellaneous Sections
The Shear Stress at any point in a cross-section can always be calculated from the basic formula
[imperial] Example:
For the section shown determine the average Shearing Stress at ratio of the maximum to mean Stress.
, and
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Draw to scale a diagram to show the variation of shearing Stress across the section.
Workings
At and At
At
At
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Shear Centre.
For unsymmetrical sections and in particular angle and channel sections, the summation of the Shear Stresses in each leg gives a set of Forces which must be in equilibrium with the applied Shearing Force.
Consider the angle section which is bending about a principle axis and with a Shearing Force the Shear Stresses produces a force in the direction of each leg as shown above.
It is clear that their resultant passes through the corner of the angle and unless is applied through this point there will be a twisting of the angle as well as Bending. This point is known as The Shear Centre or Centre of Twist. For a channel section with loading parallel to the Web, the total Shearing Force carried by the web must equal and that in the flanges produces two equal and opposite horizontal forces. It can be seen that for equilibrium the applied load causing must lie in a plane outside the channel as indicated. Its position is calculated as in the following example.
Example - Example 6
Problem
[imperial] Example:
Explain why a single section channel with its web vertical, subjected to vertical loading as a beam will be in torsion unless the load is applied through a point outside the section known as the Shear Centre. Find its approximate position for a channel section
Workings
by
outside by
If is the Shearing Force at the section, then the Total Vertical Force in the Web can be taken to be equal to . It should be mentioned that integrating from the height of the web only will give a value slightly less than ( Compare with Example 2) but the remaining vertical force is assumed to be carried by the corners of the section.
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is given by:
If is the distance of the Shear Centre ( Through which the applied load must act if there is to be no twisting of the section) from the centre line of the Web, then for equilibrium.
Or
Solution
Page Comments
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