Ancient Greece

Ancient Europe
~Greece~
Essential Questions:
1) Why did people settle in Greece? 2) What are the two leading theories pertaining to the destruction of the Minoans?
=Terms/Events
=Questions
=People
Ancient Greece
Greece is seen as the beginning of Europes history The area is very mountainous, and is comprised of many islands Why did people move here? Where did they come from?
Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece
First of all, the islands allowed easy navigation of the sea
Ancient Greece
First of all, the islands allowed easy navigation of the sea Secondly, sea provided an abundance of food, olive trees
Ancient Greece
First of all, the islands allowed easy navigation of the sea Secondly, sea provided an abundance of food, olive trees Climate was very warm
Ancient Greece
First of all, the islands allowed easy navigation of the sea Secondly, sea provided an abundance of food, olive trees Climate was very warm Lastly, mountainous terrain provided protection
Ancient Greece
First civilization was the that of the Minoans They lived on the island of Crete This civilization was lost to the world until the 1800s Arthur Evans discovered vast palace complex at Knossos
Ancient Greece
Knossos was a seat of the Minoan rulers It was a vast city Had elaborately decorated vases and fresco paintings Royalty also enjoyed houses with indoor plumbing They traded with the many great empires by mastering the sea
North Entrance to the Palace of Knossos
The Queens Megaron in the Palace at Knossos
Throne of the King of Minos
Minoan Toreador
The Dolphin Fresco
The Blue Maidens
Ancient Greece
The Minoan civilization lasted until c 1450 BC It abruptly vanished Reasons are twofold 1) Volcano Thera possibly caused tsunami 2) May have been destroyed by rival Mycenaeans
Ancient Europe
~Greece~
Essential Question:
1) How did Mycenaean culture dier from that of the Minoans?
=Terms/Events
=Questions
=People
Ancient Greece
The Mycenaean civilization began about 1900 BC They came from India, Europe and the Middle East They lived, not on the sea, but on the Greek mainland Rocky terrain eventually separated the people into tribes
Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece
These tribes over time began to rival and war with one another They built great stone fortications high in the mountains They developed into a warrior society Prided themselves o strength and valor in battle
Ancient Greece
It is likely the Mycenaeans expanded to reach the island of Crete One of the heralded accomplishments of the Mycenaeans was the conquest of Troy This was thought to be just a fable written by Homer Later, archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann discovered the city of Troy, verifying the Iliad
The Iliad
Paris
Prince of Troy. Seeks out his new wife Helen and takes her back to Troy starting the Trojan War. He ultimately slays Achilles with an arrow guided by Apollo.
Helen
Most beautiful woman in the world. Left her husband to live with Paris, a prince of Troy.
Agamemnon
King of Mycenaea who initiates the war after Helen is taken from him by Paris
Achilles
Superhuman warrior of the Mycenaeans.Baptized in the river styx. Only weakness is his heel.
Patroclus
Best friend of Achilles. Killed by Hector.
Hector
Greatest warrior of the Trojans. Kills Achilles' protege, Patroclus
Achilles Laments over Patroclus
Achilles vs Hector From Troy
Achilles vs Hector From Troy
The Death of Hector
The Death of Achilles
Greek Mythology
Essential Question:
1) What is mythology? 2) What are some words and symbols that western culture has taken from the ancient Greeks?
=Terms/Events
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=People
Greek Mythology
Greek Mythology
What is mythology?
Greek Mythology
What is mythology? In ancient Greece, it was religion
Greek Mythology
What is mythology? In ancient Greece, it was religion Before science, people believed in various Gods
Greek Mythology
What is mythology? In ancient Greece, it was religion Before science, people believed in various Gods They used these Gods to explain the supernatural
Greek Mythology
Greek Mythology
What are some examples of the supernatural?
Greek Mythology
What are some examples of the supernatural? Lightning, Volcano, Rain, Ocean Waves etc...
Greek Mythology
What are some examples of the supernatural? Lightning, Volcano, Rain, Ocean Waves etc... They created certain Gods and used them to explain things they did not understand
Greek Mythology
What are some examples of the supernatural? Lightning, Volcano, Rain, Ocean Waves etc... They created certain Gods and used them to explain things they did not understand Example: Lightning = Zeus was angry and threw lightning from clouds in the sky
Greek Mythology
In Greek mythology there are 12 chief Gods They were worshipped through prayer and sacrice Gods were also beautiful, same was sought by Greeks The Greek religion did not have a moral code or doctrine Greeks held festivals in order to honor and appease the Gods
The Titans
Legendary beings, rulers of the Universe. Overthrown by the Olympian Gods. Uranus, Gaia, Kronos, Rhea and the Cyclops
Zeus
Father of the Gods, ruler of the heavens and the Universe. Dispenser of Justice.
Athena
Goddess of wisdom, handicrafts, war and agriculture. Chosen as patron goddess of Athens
Ares
Called Mars by the Romans. The God of war. Patron to soldiers.
Aphrodite
Goddess of love and beauty. Patron of marriage, and sailors.
Poseidon
God of the Sea. Brother of Zeus.
Apollo
God of light, purity, music, poetry and prophecy. Patron of healers, archers and musicians.
Greek Mythology
Greeks often wanted to know of the Gods will. They invoked them at several oracles The most renowned is the Oracle at Delphi Delphi was considered the center of the world There a priestess would be inspired by Apollo and give prophecies
Asclepius
~Snake sta~
Correct
Incorrect
Sta of Aesclepius
Sta of Hermes
Tantalus
~Tantalized~
Echo
~To Hear an Echo~
Narcissus
~Narcissism~
Pan
~Panic~
Ancient Greece
The Dark Ages & Emergence of Classical Greece
1) How did democracy develop in Ancient Greece? 2) How did democracy make the Greeks feel superior to other societies?
=Terms/Events
=Questions
=People
Ancient Greece
By the 13th century BC, Mycenaean Greece was in decline Frequent warfare, earthquakes, and northern invaders ended the Mycenaeans After the collapse, Greece entered a Dark Age Life reverted to huts, small kings, and little technological advancement
Ancient Greece
Of the new Greeks that replaced the Mycenaeans were the Aeolians who live in north central Greece And the Dorians who established themselves in the south In time, these Greeks learned to make iron tools and weapons They also adopted the Phoenician Alphabet These two technologies promoted advancement
Classical Greece
In this new emerging Greece, several cities began to spring up In Greek, such a city was called a Polis A Polis is a community that shares a common identity and goals There were many cities that dotted the mainland of Greece They all ruled themselves dierently, were not unied but were essentially the same people
Classical Greece
In the 8th century BC, a group of Aeolian Greeks settled in Attica and founded the city of Athens It was chosen for it high acropolis which oered protection The founding of Athens is surrounded by the legendary battle between Poseidon and Athena Athens prided itself in wisdom, cultural and architectural achievements
Classical Greece
The population of Athens began to grew immensely It became the great sea power of all of Greece By the beginning of the 6th century BC, Athens was ruled by a aristocracy Aristocracy is the rule of the elite. It does not involve bloodlines or certain families. Slowly the aristocracy transformed into an oligarchy, rule by the wealthy few
Classical Greece
Many Athenian peasants oered themselves as slaves for loans on land Soon, the debt ridden lower classes rose up and Civil Wars abounded Both factions of society turned to a great leader, Solon, to x the problems that endured Solon instituted various reforms from which democracy grew It was Solons goal to have the people rule themselves
Classical Greece
Solon canceled debts and eliminated citizen slavery He gave citizens more voice in government aairs Solon posted laws in cities so citizens knew them and could not have their rights infringed He also organized society into classes but did it poorly based upon wealth
Classical Greece
Solon gave most Greeks the right to vote His society was not a perfect democracy He did not rid the land completely from slaves They were denied the right to vote Those not born in Greece or women were also denied voting rights
Classical Greece
This system worked for a time but was eventually overthrown by a tyrant who ruled as king In time, Cleisthenes overthrew the tyrants and brought back Solons reforms He improved upon Solons government reforms The biggest component was diving Attica into districts Democracy was born
Classical Greece
Democracy comes from the Greek word Demos = people Kratos = power It is in essence a government run by the people without a central leader Under Cleisthenes, there was no standing army, ordinary citizens defended the Polis In a direct democracy, the people voted all all issues without a king This form of government was a source of great pride The Greeks felt superior in that they had no rulers but ruled themselves
Classical Greece
Men who were 30 years of age and born in Athens could vote Slaves, foreigners and women were not allowed voting rights Those who could vote formed the Citizens Assembly or Ekklesia Athens was divided into ten districts called Demes Each deme selected 50 people from their district to serve in the Boule
Classical Greece
The Boule would gather, discuss and propose new laws These laws would then go back to the Ekklesia for voting In addition, the Ekklesia selected 10 strategoi to lead the armies and enforce laws There were also Heliaea who served as judges of the law All issues were voted on through the use of Psephos, white and black rocks
Classical Greece
Greek democracy paved the way for our government system today Ekklesia = Legal citizens of the US with the right to vote Boule = Elected representatives and senators Strategoi = Legislative branch and president Heliaea = Supreme court or judicial branch
The Ekklesia or Pynx
The Kleroterion & Ballot Disks
Ostracism
Our constitution, is ca!ed a democracy because power is in the hands, not of a minority, but of the whole people. When is it a question of settling private disputes, everyone is equal before the law... No one... is kept in political obscurity because of poverty. And just as our political life is "ee and open, so is our day-today life in our relations with each other... -Pericles 431 BC
Classical Greece
Athens and Sparta
Essential Question:
1) In what ways did Athens and Sparta dier?
=Terms/Events
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Athens
Athens is essentially in the middle of Greece Patron Goddess was Athena Began around 700 BC Composed primarily of Aeolian Greeks
Athens
Athens was very proud of its political and social achievements They became a city of thought and knowledge They made great achievements in art/science/ math and philosophy The city truly was the beating heart of all Greece Militarily, they ruled the seas
Sparta
Sparta existed to the south of Athens They were composed primarily of Dorian Greeks They developed quite dierently from their neighbors to the north Eventually they became bitter rivals
Sparta
c. 730 BC, Sparta began conquering its neighbors Their neighbors, the Messenians and Laconians were greater in number Once conquered they were enslaved by the Spartans Since their enemy population was greater, a decision to make Sparta a military state was made
Sparta
From 800 to 600 BC, all aspects of Spartan life was rigidly controlled Males, beginning as early as 7, were sent of to train as soldiers There they practiced against the Helots [slaves] They were taught to steal, pillage and kill, all to give them practice
Sparta
At the age of 20, males would enter the military and remain there until the age of 60 They led a simple life, totally based upon military skill They ate an infamous black broth = Pork boiled in blood and vinegar One Athenian remarked of the Spartan food, no wonder Spartans do not fear death.
Sparta
Men from the age of 9 lived in military barracks They did not live with wives and family Women held great power in the home They were expected to remain t and bare healthy children Women also valued war Come back carrying your shield or on it
Athens/Sparta
The two cultures valued very dierent things Which culture would like to have preferred to live in and why?
Classical Greece
Militarism and the Greco-Persian War
1) What made the Greek military the greatest military in the world? 2) Why did Greece go to war with Persia?
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The Greek Warrior on Ground

The Greek warrior was called a Hoplite He wore a plumed helmet, breastplate, greaves, carried a shield and used a spear They were exceptional at ghting in unison The fought in squares called a Phalanx
The Greek Phalanx
The Greek Warrior at Sea

On sea the Athenians were master They used galleys, not great sail ships They battled by ramming one another At the time of the Greco-Persian War, the Athenians had built the Trireme With their discipline, phalanx, trireme, and purpose to ght [freedom] the Greeks had the worlds greatest army
~The Greco-Persian War~

In the 6th century BC, two great powers begin to collide Persia was beginning to expand and took over several Greek cities in Asia Minor Athens lead a revolt which failed, but led Darius to seek revenge Persia began an invasion of Greece The Persian army was massive, composed of many slaves Many saw them as impossible to defeat
~The Greco-Persian War~

As an example of Persian power, Darius commanded a bridge be built The bridge was comprised of boats and crossed the Bosporus When the sea threatened the bridge, Darius and his men whipped it to get it to conform These two societies were vastly dierent
~Ancient Greece~
First major battle, pitted the Persians against Athenians Came at a place called Marathon Athenians requested assistance from Sparta but they did not come -helot rebellion or holidayPersians had 20,000 to 60,000 troops vs 10,000 Athenians Athenians were led by Miltiades
~Ancient Greece~
As the Persian ships began to land at Marathon, the Greeks attacked them Hoplite was far superior to the Persian soldier They were better disciplined The biggest dierence, they were free The Persian army was comprised of slaves from 100s of dierent places
The Battle of Marathon 490 BC
Battle took place on an enclosed beach
Battle took place on an enclosed beach Greek troops rushed into Persian lines as the disembarked
Battle took place on an enclosed beach Greek troops rushed into Persian lines as the disembarked Persians counterattacked, Greek center purposely retreated
Battle took place on an enclosed beach Greek troops rushed into Persian lines as the disembarked Persians counterattacked, Greek center purposely retreated Greeks then anked main Persian body
Battle took place on an enclosed beach Greek troops rushed into Persian lines as the disembarked Persians counterattacked, Greek center purposely retreated Greeks then anked main Persian body Re-treating Greek center then counterattacked
Battle took place on an enclosed beach Greek troops rushed into Persian lines as the disembarked Persians counterattacked, Greek center purposely retreated Greeks then anked main Persian body Re-treating Greek center then counterattacked Result was Greek victory
~Ancient Greece~
Phedippides, Athenian herald ran from Marathon to Athens He had previously run to Sparta to request help, 150 miles in 2 days The run to Athens from Marathon was 26 miles Upon arriving he reported, We have won -Nike- he then died Run has inspired modern marathon and olympic runs
~Ancient Greece~
Marathon would not be the end of the war The Persians would return but not for 10 years Sparta was eager to prove their worth on the battle eld Militaristic life made them the greatest foot soldiers in the world Greece and Sparta, rivals, united to fend of Persians
~Ancient Greece~
Second great battle was waged at Thermopylae After being defeated by the Athenians, the new Persian ruler Xerxes sought revenge Area was a mountain pass leading to inland Greece Agreed that the Spartans would guard the land pass, the Athenians the sea Xerxes forces numbered up to 800,000 by one source Modern historians believe 100 to 200,000
~Ancient Greece~
King Leonidas led 300 Spartans as well as over 6,000 other warriors Xerxes had heard the Spartans were the best warriors, sent spies to see them Observed the Spartans combing their long hair and doing calisthenics Xerxes thought the ght would be an easy victory, lasted 3 days
The Battle of Thermopylae 480 BC
1st wave was cut to pieces by Spartan lead troops
Bodies piled so high Xerxes had a platform built in order to see over the them
1st wave losses, 1000s Persians, only 3 Spartans
2nd wave was Persian elite, immortals
Also defeated by Spartans
Then, Spartans were betrayed by their own, Ephialtes, revealed a pass from behind
Spartans stayed along with 700 Thespians
All defeated by Persians
All defeated by Persians
Total losses: Sparta = 300 total Greek = 4,000. Persia 20,000
Classical Greece
The Greco-Persian War
Essential Question:
1) How did the Greeks prevail over Persia?
=Terms/Events
=Questions
=People
~Ancient Greece~
While the Persians won at Thermopylae, the war was far from over The Persians advanced through the mountain pass and began attacking Greek cities The Greeks sought the oracle for guidance The pythia told them they would be saved behind a wooden wall The Athenians debated on what it meant For some, the decision would bring death
~Ancient Greece~
As the War stood, the Greeks were in a dire situation Like the Spartans, the war had not gone well for the Athenians either A large navy from Persia had been dispatched At the sea Battle of Artemesium, the Athenians had also met defeat The Greeks debated the prophecy of the Oracle Many gathered at the Acropolis, others took to the sea
~Ancient Greece~
Xerxes routed the Greeks on the Acropolis A message came from Themistocles, a Greek statesman It stated that the Athenians were in disarray and could be destroyed at Salamis Xerxes sent in his navy to inict the nal blow The letter however was a trick
~Ancient Greece~
The Athenians, along with the Spartans awaited the Persians in the narrow straits The massive Persian navy could not maneuver in the narrow straits By nightfall, 200 Persian ships were destroyed to 40 Greek 40,000 Persian soldiers oated dead in the water It remains the largest loss of life in a single day at sea Persia would never recover
~Ancient Greece~
With defeat at Salamis, Xerxes ed back to Persia The last of the Persian land army prepared for one last ght The Persians bribed the Thebans to join their ranks The Persian army numbered 120,000 The Spartan and Athenians numbered 80,000 They met on the plains of Plataea in 479BC
~Ancient Greece~
The Greeks stayed in the hills and refused to be lured onto the battleeld The Persians cut o the Greek supply lines including water The Greeks had no choice but to ee As they started to leave the Persians charged The Greeks stood their ground and fought back The Spartans advanced into the Persian ranks One struck and killed the Persian commander
~Ancient Greece~
Only 43,000 Persians survived the battle 1000 to 10,000 Greeks were killed With their army routed, the Persians ed from Greece The Theban commanders who aided them were executed without trial The small Greek army achieved the impossible The victory would spark a new age of discovery and innovation The Greek Golden Age had begun
Classical Greece
The Greek Golden Age
Essential Question:
1) What did the Greek victory over Persia mean for Greek culture?
=Terms/Events
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The Golden Age

With victory over Persia, Greece became the worlds new superpower Victory brought Greece great wealth and recognition Their ideals would spread all over the world From 479 to 431, Greece would enter a Golden Age
The Golden Age ~Drama~

Drama was created by the Greeks Without Greek drama, we would have no movies today Plays were set in great stone Amphitheaters The acoustics in these theaters is incredible even today

Plays would occur during religious festivals Playwrights would compete each year for the best play The rst plays were trilogies and were entirely tragedies The only one we have left is Aeschylus play Oresteia This play tells of the Trojan War and the fate of King Agamemnon

Great playwrights include: Euripides = wrote about war, and the hardship they brought on women and children Aristophanes = The rst comedian playwright Made fun of politicians, war

Another great playwright was Sophocles His most famous play, considered by many the best ever written, is Oedipus Rex It won second prize We will be reading a portion of this play
Background to Oedipus Rex

King Laius of Thebes learns from the oracle he will be killed by his son

King Laius of Thebes learns from the oracle he will be killed by his son Binds the feet of his newborn child, tells his servant to kill it

King Laius of Thebes learns from the oracle he will be killed by his son Binds the feet of his newborn child, tells his servant to kill it Servant cant do it, leaves the baby on a hill to die

King Laius of Thebes learns from the oracle he will be killed by his son Binds the feet of his newborn child, tells his servant to kill it Servant cant do it, leaves the baby on a hill to die Shepherd hears the baby, rescues it

King Laius of Thebes learns from the oracle he will be killed by his son Binds the feet of his newborn child, tells his servant to kill it Servant cant do it, leaves the baby on a hill to die Shepherd hears the baby, rescues it The shepherd cannot raise the child, gives it to another shepherd who takes the baby to Corinth

King Laius of Thebes learns from the oracle he will be killed by his son Binds the feet of his newborn child, tells his servant to kill it Servant cant do it, leaves the baby on a hill to die Shepherd hears the baby, rescues it The shepherd cannot raise the child, gives it to another shepherd who takes the baby to Corinth Oedipus is adopted by the childless king of Corinth, Polybus and his wife Merope

Grown Oedipus learns from another, Polybus is not his father

Grown Oedipus learns from another, Polybus is not his father Confronts his mother and father, they refuse to tell him

Grown Oedipus learns from another, Polybus is not his father Confronts his mother and father, they refuse to tell him Oedipus goes to the Oracle, he is told he will kill his father and marry his own mother

Grown Oedipus learns from another, Polybus is not his father Confronts his mother and father, they refuse to tell him Oedipus goes to the Oracle, he is told he will kill his father and marry his own mother In fear, he leaves Corinth and travels to Thebes

Grown Oedipus learns from another, Polybus is not his father Confronts his mother and father, they refuse to tell him Oedipus goes to the Oracle, he is told he will kill his father and marry his own mother In fear, he leaves Corinth and travels to Thebes On the road he gets in an argument with a man over who has the right of way and kills him. Does not know it was his father Laius

Grown Oedipus learns from another, Polybus is not his father Confronts his mother and father, they refuse to tell him Oedipus goes to the Oracle, he is told he will kill his father and marry his own mother In fear, he leaves Corinth and travels to Thebes On the road he gets in an argument with a man over who has the right of way and kills him. Does not know it was his father Laius Learns Thebes is under attack by a Sphinx

The sphinx gives Oedipus a riddle, What is the creature that walks on four legs in the morning, two legs at noon and three at night

The sphinx gives Oedipus a riddle, What is the creature that walks on four legs in the morning, two legs at noon and three at night Oedipus answers correctly, frees Thebes

The sphinx gives Oedipus a riddle, What is the creature that walks on four legs in the morning, two legs at noon and three at night Oedipus answers correctly, frees Thebes Is given the Kings throne and his wife Jocasta [Oedipuss mother]

The sphinx gives Oedipus a riddle, What is the creature that walks on four legs in the morning, two legs at noon and three at night Oedipus answers correctly, frees Thebes Is given the Kings throne and his wife Jocasta [Oedipuss mother] We are going to begin reading here, Oedipus has learned of his fathers death and feels relieved the prophecy will not come true. He is about to discover though that is has.
Characters of Oedipus Rex

Jocasta = Queen of Thebes/ Wife of Laius and Oedipus Oedipus = King of Thebes Messenger = Delivers news of fathers death Choragos = Servant to Queen Jocasta Shepherd = Shepherd of King Laius 2nd Messenger = Servant to King Oedipus
Classical Greece
Greek Philosophy
Philosophy
The word philosophy comes from the Greek Philia = Love and Sophia = Wisdom Early philosophers were concerned with rational thought pertaining to the universe They tried to explain the universe and how and why things happened by following a set of questions and rules One of the earliest philosophers was Pythagoras Pythagoras developed geometry and stated that the universe could be understood by studying math and music
The Sophists

Rejected teachings of Pythagoras Argued that the most important thing was self improvement Relied upon Rhetoric, or persuasive speaking True wisdom = pursuing your own good No right or wrong to anything
Socrates

Rejected the teachings of the Sophists Delphic oracle told him there were none wiser than he Used the Socratic method, Q & A to discover knowledge Was put to death for corrupting the youth and not worshiping the Gods
Plato

Student of Socrates Wrote many things, concerning religion, nature, politics and the life of Socrates He wrote The Republic, which denounced democracy and stated a class system was best Top were philosophers, middle were military men and bottom were those not driven by knowledge but desire, artists and workers
Aristotle

Student of Plato Refuted Platos teachings Thought constitutional government was best Wrote on many topics and his teachings form the foundation of modern science Personal teacher of Alexander the Great
I tell you that virtue does not come from money, but money comes from virtue, as does every other good of man, public and private
The Golden Age ~Arts~

Athens experienced an immense growth in its economy With its newfound glory and money, it rebuilt the Acropolis Chief amongst its buildings was a new temple to Athena It is called the Parthenon
Doric
Ionic
Corinthian
The Golden Age ~Olympics~

The Olympics began as a celebration in honor of Zeus It commemorated Zeuss victory over his father Cronus The rst Olympics was held in 776 BC and consisted of only running The last was held in 393 AD consisted of over 20 events

The Olympics took place in Olympia Greece every 4 years Only young males were allowed to participate Men competed in the nude Likewise, only men could watch although some believe unmarried women may have been allowed to watch

The original Olympics, consisted of 5 events Running Javelin throw Wrestling Long Jump Discus
Text
Olympic Athlete Training Grounds

Champions would be awarded a wreath of olives They also received free meals and board for life The Olympics ended in 393 AD by Theodosius in an eort to end idolatry It returned in 1896 and has continued since
The Peloponnesian War

The Golden Age Ends
1) Why did Athens and Sparta go to war with one another? 2) What did the war do to Greece?
=Terms/Events
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=People

In the years that followed the Greco-Persian War, Athens became exceedingly powerful The Delian League was formed, which loosely divided the spoils of the Greco-Persian War amongst the Greek City States Under Pericles, the treasury was moved from Delos to Athens Athens used it to fund its many projects such as the Parthenon

Through the Delian League, Athens began to create an empire Most of the northern and central territories were under Athenian control Democracy also began to slide Rich and powerful people emerged to lead Athens as demagogues Athens continually sought to bring the Peloponnese and Sparta under their control

In 465 BC a massive Helot revolt erupted near Sparta Athens eagerly oered assistance Sparta refused, afraid they might join the Helots Six years later Corinth and Megara went to war Again Athens sought to intervene as it would provide them a spring board into the Peloponnese

Athenian intervention sparked a 27 year long war known as the Peloponnesian War The war is generally divided into three phases 1st phase comprised of Spartan invasions into Attica while Athens used its Navy to raid the Peloponnese 2nd phase, Athens made the disastrous decision to invade Syracuse which failed miserably Final phase saw Sparta build a navy and contend with Athens at sea

At rst, Athens raided the coastline of the Peloponnese with its navy Pericles knew Athens could not defeat Sparta on land Athens continued to avoid land battles While the Athenians raided the coast, the Spartans invaded Attica Athens knew this would occur and had constructed a wall around its city and port

Sparta came all the way to the wall but could not win out Athens continued to trade and raid Sparta It likely would have worked as Sparta grew impatient A huge army of Spartans was captured by the Athenians near Italy Then, tragedy struck, a plague broke out in Athens which killed their leader Pericles Without Pericles Athens made several poor decisions

Athens brutally put down revolts by Mytilene, Corcyra, and Syracuse Syracuse near Italy supported Sparta Syracuse proved dicult to defeat They cut o Athenian supply lines, surrounded and destroyed an army of 40,000 soldiers and its eet Corinth, Thebes, and Persia assisted Sparta in building up a large navy Athens relied on a small backup navy of 100 ships

Despite the odds, the Athenians, led by Alcibiades, continued to win at sea Athenian strength grew again A major battle between the two navies was fought at Arginusae The Athenians prevailed and gave chase, leaving 25 men in the water When they returned they found them all dead

When the generals returned to Athens, they were tried for their crime Only Socrates stood and defended the generals The six generals were found guilty and executed The killing of their top naval commanders crippled the Athenian eet

At a place called Aegospotami, lacking its generals, the Athenians were caught o guard by the Spartans Athens lost nearly its entire eet in the battle With its loss at sea, it could not trade or bring food into the city Within the next year, Athens was defeated Its walls were tore down, and its army disbanded

Defeat of Athens had major consequences for all of Greece Thebes and Corinth sought to destroy and enslave all the Athenians Their plans were thwarted by Sparta The economic costs were felt across all of Greece and poverty became widespread Once a burning light, Greece would turn to obscurity following the war Democracy was crushed The Golden Age was gone and it would never return
Phillip of Macedon
A New Power Emerges
Essential Question:
1) How did Philip of Macedon take over Greece?
=Terms/Events
=Questions
=People
The Corinthian War

Following the Peloponnesian War, Sparta began to dominate Greece After only 9 years, Greece was once again a scene of continual war Athens, Corinth, Thebes, and Persia joined forces against Sparta Persia feared the Athenian power and switched sides The war stalemated
Theban Dominance
In 371, Thebes rose up against Sparta They defeated a large Spartan force at Luectra from which Sparta never recovered One last major battle was fought between Thebes and a coalition of Athens and Sparta Thebes prevailed but the battle proved costly Thebes lost all its great generals and sued for peace Athens and Sparta, also greatly depleted limped home No one paid attention to the growing power in the north
Alexander the Great

Most Greeks viewed Macedonia to the north as barbarians [still do] While they were Greek, the were dierent in many ways The had no city states, no democracy, they had a king As Athens, Thebes and Sparta all fought for control, Macedonia grew more powerful Phillip II created a powerful war machine with siege engines and better technology
Alexander the Great

Phillip II was an admirer of Greek culture He sought not to destroy it, but also to adopt it Phillips army struck a war torn Greece Athens and Thebes were crushed Sparta made peace and kept to themselves Plans were quickly made to invade Persia Phillip was eager, knowing how successful Greece had been against Persia in the Greco-Persian War
Alexander the Great

Phillip II would never see his dream realized He would be assassinated before he got the chance to invade Persia The kingdom would then fall into the hands of his son Alexander Alexander proved to be ready for the challenge He would make his fathers dream become a reality In the process he would spread Greek culture across the world
Alexander the Great

~Conquest of the Known World~
Essential Question:
1) What is the most signicant contribution of Alexander the Great to Western Culture?
=Terms/Events
=Questions
=People
Alexander the Great

Growing up, Alexander was fascinated by Homers Iliad It was said that he even slept with it while on campaign in Persia His favorite hero was Achilles Alexanders mom, Olympia, told him he was a descendant of the Gods, even Achilles and Hercules Alexander took this to heart, he tried his whole life to emulate Achilles
Alexander the Great

At the age of 14, Phillip wanted to give Alexander a rare black stallion for his b-day The horse however was far too wild, many said it could never be tamed Alexander would not be deterred, he mounted to horse and tamed it He named the horse Bucephalus and rode it for the next 16 years The horses descendants were thought to have been the best horses in the world
Alexander the Great

Phillip was so proud of Alexander, told him, My son, look thee out a kingdom equal and worthy to thyself, Macedonia is too sma!. When Alexander was 20, his father was killed by an assassin With his fathers death, Alexander inherited Macedonia and Greece It was not enough however for Alexander He did not want a kingdom given to him, he wanted to win it
Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great

He took his fathers army into the Asia Minor and accomplished amazing feats of engineering and strategy
Alexander the Great

He took his fathers army into the Asia Minor and accomplished amazing feats of engineering and strategy After winning one of his earliest battles at Gordium, he was presented a knot
Alexander the Great

He took his fathers army into the Asia Minor and accomplished amazing feats of engineering and strategy After winning one of his earliest battles at Gordium, he was presented a knot It was said that whomever solved the knot would conquer Asia
Alexander the Great

He took his fathers army into the Asia Minor and accomplished amazing feats of engineering and strategy After winning one of his earliest battles at Gordium, he was presented a knot It was said that whomever solved the knot would conquer Asia Alexander took the knot solved the knot in a unique way
Alexander the Great

Alexander pursued his enemy Darius III deep into Persia Alexander allowed Darius to gather the largest army he could He wanted to beat Darius at full strength, Alexander never used trickery or attacked when his enemy was weak He allowed Darius to gather an army of over 100,000 strong He would ght them at Gaugamela, [mount camel] in northern Iraq
Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great

It was suggested to Alexander, that in order to defeat the superior numbered Persian army, he should attack at night
Alexander the Great

It was suggested to Alexander, that in order to defeat the superior numbered Persian army, he should attack at night Alexander responded, that that was what a normal general would do, he was no ordinary general
Alexander the Great

It was suggested to Alexander, that in order to defeat the superior numbered Persian army, he should attack at night Alexander responded, that that was what a normal general would do, he was no ordinary general Darius gured Alexander would attack him in the night
Alexander the Great

It was suggested to Alexander, that in order to defeat the superior numbered Persian army, he should attack at night Alexander responded, that that was what a normal general would do, he was no ordinary general Darius gured Alexander would attack him in the night Kept his army awake all night
Alexander the Great

It was suggested to Alexander, that in order to defeat the superior numbered Persian army, he should attack at night Alexander responded, that that was what a normal general would do, he was no ordinary general Darius gured Alexander would attack him in the night Kept his army awake all night The next day, Alexanders troops were refreshed, Darius tired
Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great

Note the size dierence
Alexander the Great

Note the size dierence Darius stationed himself in center
Alexander the Great

Note the size dierence Darius stationed himself in center Alexander to the right with calvary
Alexander the Great

Note the size dierence Darius stationed himself in center Alexander to the right with calvary Alexander attacked at rt, making it appear like and encirclement
Alexander the Great

Note the size dierence Darius stationed himself in center Alexander to the right with calvary Alexander attacked at rt, making it appear like and encirclement Darius countered by attacking lft to avoid encirclement
Alexander the Great

Note the size dierence Darius stationed himself in center Alexander to the right with calvary Alexander attacked at rt, making it appear like and encirclement Darius countered by attacking lft to avoid encirclement This was part of Alexanders plan, it created a hole in the center
Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great

This gap allowed Alexander to immediately attack Darius
Alexander the Great

This gap allowed Alexander to immediately attack Darius It frightened Darius so badly he immediately ed from the battle
Alexander the Great

This gap allowed Alexander to immediately attack Darius It frightened Darius so badly he immediately ed from the battle With Darius gone, his army fell into confusion
Alexander the Great

This gap allowed Alexander to immediately attack Darius It frightened Darius so badly he immediately ed from the battle With Darius gone, his army fell into confusion Alexander gave chase but did not catch him
Alexander the Great

This gap allowed Alexander to immediately attack Darius It frightened Darius so badly he immediately ed from the battle With Darius gone, his army fell into confusion Alexander gave chase but did not catch him He was later killed by his own court
Alexander the Great

This gap allowed Alexander to immediately attack Darius It frightened Darius so badly he immediately ed from the battle With Darius gone, his army fell into confusion Alexander gave chase but did not catch him He was later killed by his own court Alexander returned and led his men to victory
Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great

After defeating Darius, Alexander moved eastward conquering all the way to India
Alexander the Great

After defeating Darius, Alexander moved eastward conquering all the way to India Fought an army of elephants there
Alexander the Great

After defeating Darius, Alexander moved eastward conquering all the way to India Fought an army of elephants there In 324 BC, Alexander decided to march his army through the Gedrosian desert
Alexander the Great

After defeating Darius, Alexander moved eastward conquering all the way to India Fought an army of elephants there In 324 BC, Alexander decided to march his army through the Gedrosian desert He could have easily gone around, but wanted to do what no one else had
Alexander the Great

After defeating Darius, Alexander moved eastward conquering all the way to India Fought an army of elephants there In 324 BC, Alexander decided to march his army through the Gedrosian desert He could have easily gone around, but wanted to do what no one else had At one point, the last gourd of water was passed to Alexander
Alexander the Great

After defeating Darius, Alexander moved eastward conquering all the way to India Fought an army of elephants there In 324 BC, Alexander decided to march his army through the Gedrosian desert He could have easily gone around, but wanted to do what no one else had At one point, the last gourd of water was passed to Alexander Alexander lifted it, then looked at out his army and poured it on the ground
Alexander the Great

After defeating Darius, Alexander moved eastward conquering all the way to India Fought an army of elephants there In 324 BC, Alexander decided to march his army through the Gedrosian desert He could have easily gone around, but wanted to do what no one else had At one point, the last gourd of water was passed to Alexander Alexander lifted it, then looked at out his army and poured it on the ground If his men could not drink, neither would he
Alexander the Great

After defeating Darius, Alexander moved eastward conquering all the way to India Fought an army of elephants there In 324 BC, Alexander decided to march his army through the Gedrosian desert He could have easily gone around, but wanted to do what no one else had At one point, the last gourd of water was passed to Alexander Alexander lifted it, then looked at out his army and poured it on the ground If his men could not drink, neither would he A soldier remarked that this was more motivating than had they found water
Alexander the Great

In all, Alexander traveled over 22,000 miles on foot He conquered and renamed over 70 cities He had his generals take to wife Persian royalty to mix cultures He spread Greek culture across the world, Hellenism The spread of Greek culture was perhaps Alexanders greatest feat His inuence is still felt to this day
Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great

The last year of his life was harsh
Alexander the Great

The last year of his life was harsh He lost his horse in India
Alexander the Great

The last year of his life was harsh He lost his horse in India He then lost his best friend Hephastion to disease
Alexander the Great

The last year of his life was harsh He lost his horse in India He then lost his best friend Hephastion to disease He was so upset, he had the physician crucied
Alexander the Great

The last year of his life was harsh He lost his horse in India He then lost his best friend Hephastion to disease He was so upset, he had the physician crucied He waged war on Cossaeanas, killed its entire population
Alexander the Great

The last year of his life was harsh He lost his horse in India He then lost his best friend Hephastion to disease He was so upset, he had the physician crucied He waged war on Cossaeanas, killed its entire population Thought he tried to re-enact Achilles when Patroclus was killed
Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great

He wanted to push further east but his generals and men refused to follow him
Alexander the Great

He wanted to push further east but his generals and men refused to follow him It was said he stood on a hill and wept for there was nothing left to conquer
Alexander the Great

He wanted to push further east but his generals and men refused to follow him It was said he stood on a hill and wept for there was nothing left to conquer As he traveled back west, he took heavily to drinking
Alexander the Great

He wanted to push further east but his generals and men refused to follow him It was said he stood on a hill and wept for there was nothing left to conquer As he traveled back west, he took heavily to drinking At some point he got sick, perhaps alcoholism, maybe malaria or even poison
Alexander the Great

He wanted to push further east but his generals and men refused to follow him It was said he stood on a hill and wept for there was nothing left to conquer As he traveled back west, he took heavily to drinking At some point he got sick, perhaps alcoholism, maybe malaria or even poison Died at the age of 33
Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great

After his death his vast empire was divided into three pieces by Alexanders Generals
Alexander the Great

After his death his vast empire was divided into three pieces by Alexanders Generals The Antigonid Empire in Greece
Alexander the Great

After his death his vast empire was divided into three pieces by Alexanders Generals The Antigonid Empire in Greece The Seleucid Empire in Mesopotamia and Persia
Alexander the Great

After his death his vast empire was divided into three pieces by Alexanders Generals The Antigonid Empire in Greece The Seleucid Empire in Mesopotamia and Persia The Ptolemaic Empire in Egypt
Alexander the Great

After his death his vast empire was divided into three pieces by Alexanders Generals The Antigonid Empire in Greece The Seleucid Empire in Mesopotamia and Persia The Ptolemaic Empire in Egypt Alexanders wife Roxana [luminous beauty] and her son were protected in Macedonia
Alexander the Great

After his death his vast empire was divided into three pieces by Alexanders Generals The Antigonid Empire in Greece The Seleucid Empire in Mesopotamia and Persia The Ptolemaic Empire in Egypt Alexanders wife Roxana [luminous beauty] and her son were protected in Macedonia When Olympia was assassinated, Casander sought out Roxana and her son and had them executed
Alexander the Great

After his death his vast empire was divided into three pieces by Alexanders Generals The Antigonid Empire in Greece The Seleucid Empire in Mesopotamia and Persia The Ptolemaic Empire in Egypt Alexanders wife Roxana [luminous beauty] and her son were protected in Macedonia When Olympia was assassinated, Casander sought out Roxana and her son and had them executed Made himself king of Greece
Alexanders Empire after death

Ancient Greece

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Ancient Europe

North Entrance to the Palace of Knossos

The Queens Megaron in the Palace at Knossos

Throne of the King of Minos

The Dolphin Fresco

The Blue Maidens

1) How did Mycenaean culture dier from that of the Minoans?

Best friend of Achilles. Killed by Hector.

Greatest warrior of the Trojans. Kills Achilles' protege, Patroclus

Achilles Laments over Patroclus

Achilles vs Hector From Troy

Achilles vs Hector From Troy

The Death of Hector

The Death of Achilles

The Ekklesia or Pynx

The Kleroterion & Ballot Disks

1) In what ways did Athens and Sparta dier?

The Greek Warrior on Ground

The Greek Phalanx

The Greek Warrior at Sea

~The Greco-Persian War~

~The Greco-Persian War~

The Battle of Marathon 490 BC

Battle took place on an enclosed beach

The Battle of Marathon 490 BC

The Battle of Marathon 490 BC

The Battle of Marathon 490 BC

The Battle of Marathon 490 BC

The Battle of Marathon 490 BC

The Battle of Marathon 490 BC

The Battle of Thermopylae 480 BC

1st wave was cut to pieces by Spartan lead troops

The Battle of Thermopylae 480 BC

1st wave was cut to pieces by Spartan lead troops

The Battle of Thermopylae 480 BC

1st wave was cut to pieces by Spartan lead troops

The Battle of Thermopylae 480 BC

1st wave losses, 1000s Persians, only 3 Spartans

1st wave was cut to pieces by Spartan lead troops

The Battle of Thermopylae 480 BC

1st wave losses, 1000s Persians, only 3 Spartans

2nd wave was Persian elite, immortals

1st wave was cut to pieces by Spartan lead troops

The Battle of Thermopylae 480 BC

1st wave losses, 1000s Persians, only 3 Spartans

2nd wave was Persian elite, immortals

Also defeated by Spartans

1st wave was cut to pieces by Spartan lead troops

The Battle of Thermopylae 480 BC

1st wave losses, 1000s Persians, only 3 Spartans

2nd wave was Persian elite, immortals

Also defeated by Spartans

1st wave was cut to pieces by Spartan lead troops

The Battle of Thermopylae 480 BC

1st wave losses, 1000s Persians, only 3 Spartans

2nd wave was Persian elite, immortals

Also defeated by Spartans

Spartans stayed along with 700 Thespians

1st wave was cut to pieces by Spartan lead troops

The Battle of Thermopylae 480 BC

1st wave losses, 1000s Persians, only 3 Spartans

2nd wave was Persian elite, immortals

Also defeated by Spartans

Spartans stayed along with 700 Thespians