THEORIES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Compiled by DB Bodomo Source: Lectures of Dr Omadto in PA 211

Woodrow Wilson

Father of Public Administration PA is a multidisciplinary field 6 pillars (HOPSBE) Human resources Organizational theory Policy analysis Statistics Budgeting Ethics 4 Concepts: 1. Dichotomy of PA and Politics 2. Comparative analysis of political and private organizations 3. Improving efficiency with business-like practices and attitudes toward daily operations 4. Improving the effectiveness of public service through management and by training civil servants, merit-based assessment Founder of the science of public administration PA an integrating science Public Administrators should be concerned with both theory and practice Founder of Academy in Athens 35 dialogues and 13 letters Socratic Dialogues Goodness is wisdom and that no one does evil willingly Rule by collection and division Justice / Injustice Danger of excessive freedom Equality in democracy Statecraft Human beings are social animal Quality of life Philosopher can neither enjoy private property and family life Goodness is not theoretical idea but the ultimate state of the mind Happiness Philosopher-rulers must not only be knowledgeable but must

Lorenz von Stein

An 1855 German professor from Vienna

Plato

THEORIES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Compiled by DB Bodomo Source: Lectures of Dr Omadto in PA 211

love the city to rule Just relations Equal opportunity Social classes: Philosopher-rulers, guardian class, producer class Good society is harmony of all social classes that represent 2 values: wisdom and freedom Ignorance - is the cause of mistakes and evils Supreme soul Characteristic of a good political society is described in the Republic by 4 virtues: Justice, Wisdom, Moderation and Courage Virtue is the lifeblood of any good society Humans w/o soul are hollow, cities w/o virtue are rotten Doctrine of harmony and Interest Characterizes politics as the most authoritative science Naturalness of the city-state and of the household Blueprint of the best constitution lawgiver to frame the appropriate constitution Political Science studies the tasks of the politician or statesman Female requires male leadership One ruler: Kingship and not tyranny Few rulers: Aristocracy and not Oligarchy Many rulers: Polity and not Democracy Two concepts of liberty: the absence of obstacles external to the agent the presence of control on the part of the agent Best known for his treaties on political philosophy (The Prince and Discourses) Force and prudence are the might of all governments that ever have been and will be in the world The prince must be as friendly as a dog but as dangerous as a fox Good only come from evil actions

Aristotle
Student of Plato and Teacher of Alexander the Great

Niccolo Machiavelli

THEORIES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Compiled by DB Bodomo Source: Lectures of Dr Omadto in PA 211

The end justifies the means Fortune is the enemy of political order Virtue and wisdom will enable to respond to fortune at any time and in any way necessary Vox populi, vox dei (public opinion is remarkably the one to be considered at most) Father of Scientific Management One Best Way of Doing Work Recognized by Peter Drucker as the first man in history who did not take work for granted but looked at it and studied it Contributions: Job Analysis Time-and-motion studies & piece-rate method Standardization of process & performance Efficiency Techniques Productivity Worker rest periods Training and development Motivation by monetary considerations Father of Modern Management POCCC to POLC to POSDCoRB 14 principles of management: 1. Division of work 2. Authority and responsibility 3. Discipline 4. Unity of command 5. Unity of direction 6. Subordination of individual interest to general interest 7. Remuneration of personnel 8. Centralization 9. Scalar Chain 10. Order 11. Equity 12. Stability of tenure 13. Initiative 14. Esprit de corps

Frederick W Taylor An Industrial engineer

Henri Fayol

THEORIES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Compiled by DB Bodomo Source: Lectures of Dr Omadto in PA 211

Max Weber

Father of Organizational Theory Bureaucracy as the ideal pure form of organization Bureaucracy is a model of organization based on defined positions, formal authority, and a regulated environment that includes well-documented rules, policies, and procedures 7 Characteristics of Bureaucracy: (RIDHALR) 1. Rules formal guidelines for behavior on the job 2. Impersonality employees are selected based on merit 3. Division of labor dividing duties based on simpler and more specialized task 4. Hierarchical Structures ranks job according to power and authority 5. Authority structure determines the right to make decisions of varying importance at different levels in the organization 6. Lifelong career commitment job security is guaranteed as long as employees continued to be qualified 7. Rationality use of most efficient possible means to achieve the organizations objectives Webers 3 types of authority: 1. Traditional based on tradition and custom 2. Charismatic based on followers personal belief and trust in the leader because of special or personal qualities 3. Rational-legal based on impersonal laws and rules that apply to all. A superior is obeyed because of position Mother of Scientific Management Admonished bossism Pioneered DuPont (lateral processes within hierarchical organizations) Reciprocal relationships Principle of "integration," or non-coercive power-sharing based on the use of her concept of "power with" rather than "power over Ideas on negotiation, power, employee participation, and the winwin philosophy

Mary Parker Follet

THEORIES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Compiled by DB Bodomo Source: Lectures of Dr Omadto in PA 211

"Transformational Leadership the interrelationship of leadership and followership, and the power of collective goals of leaders and followers Administrative Behavior - "decision making is the heart of administration, and that the vocabulary of administrative theory must be derived from the logic and psychology of human choice The task of rational decision making is to select the alternative that results in the more preferred set of all the possible consequences Task can be divided into three (3) required steps: 1. the identification and listing of all the alternatives; 2. the determination of all the consequences resulting from each of the alternatives; and 3. the comparison of the accuracy and efficiency of each of these sets of consequences Simons 3 Activities / Stages in Decision Making: 1. Intelligence gathering search environment for condition, calling for decision 2. Design possible course of design: invent, develop, analyze 3. Choice - select particular course Efficiency itself is a value, and it can run counter to other values, such as democratic participation in governance

10

Herbert Alexander Simon

11

Dwight Waldo
An American political scientist

12

Luther Gulick

POSDCORB Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Coordination, Reporting & Budgeting Organizations as systems of cooperation of human activity Organizations are not long-lived because they do not meet the two criteria necessary for survival: effectiveness and efficiency The Functions of the Executive: Establishing and maintaining a system of communication; Securing essential services from other members; Formulating organizational purposes and objectives

13

Chester Irving Barnard

THEORIES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Compiled by DB Bodomo Source: Lectures of Dr Omadto in PA 211

7 essential rules of communication system: 1. The channels of communication should be definite; 2. Everyone should know of the channels of communication; 3. Everyone should have access to the formal channels of communication; 4. Lines of communication should be as short and as direct as possible; 5. Competence of persons serving as communication centers should be adequate; 6. The line of communication should not be interrupted when the organization is functioning; 7. Every communication should be authenticated. Founder of the Human Relations Movement - study the behavior of people in groups, in particular workplace groups He concluded that people's work performance is dependent on both social issues and job content Summary of Mayo's Beliefs: Individual workers cannot be treated in isolation, but must be seen as members of a group. Monetary incentives and good working conditions are less important to the individual than the need to belong to a group. Informal or unofficial groups formed at work have a strong influence on the behavior of those workers in a group. Managers must be aware of these 'social needs' and cater for them to ensure that employees collaborate with the official organization rather than work against it Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology - "A Theory of Human Motivation. Physiological needs comes first they are the literal requirements for human survival Safety needs as financial and personal security Love and belonging Esteem - All humans have a need to be respected

14

George Elton Mayo

15

Abraham Maslow

THEORIES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Compiled by DB Bodomo Source: Lectures of Dr Omadto in PA 211

Self-actualization - What a man can be, he must be. Theory X and Y Assumptions of Theory X Employees dislike work and avoid it if possible They must be forced and controlled to achieve organizational goals Most are lazy, prefer to be directed, have little ambition, but want security Average human being preferred to be led than to lead Assumptions of Theory Y Work is natural, and people prefer the physical and mental effort of working Commitment to objectives is natural to people particularly when rewards are associated with achievement Human beings can exercise self-control, prefer selfdirection, and have the capacity for innovation and creativity Under most reasonable circumstances, most people accept responsibility, seek leadership than security of being led Theory Z (Japan) Refers to Japanese Management practices of consensus decision-making, quality circles, and employee participation to enhance productivity. Compared American and Japanese Organizations American: Mobile Employees Personal Decision making Individual Responsibility Rapid Advancement Specialization in Careers Explicit Control Mechanisms Focused Concern for Employees

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Douglas McGregor

17

William Ouchi

THEORIES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Compiled by DB Bodomo Source: Lectures of Dr Omadto in PA 211

Japanese: Lifetime Employment Collective decision Making Group Responsibilities Slow and Systematic Advancement General Career Perspective Implicit Control System Holistic concern for Employees

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: New Perspective

1 Christopher Hood A New Public Management for All Seasons, a research paper in 1991 Systematic exposition of the New Public Management (NPM) Reinventing Government: How the Entrepreneurial Spirit is Transforming public Sector,' a book published in 1992 New Public Management also known as 'Entrepreneurial Government Governance is an act of collectively solving our problems. Government is the instrument we use. The instrument is outdated and it is time to remake it. Characteristics of New Public Management: 1. Catalytic Role of Government 2. Empowerment of Citizens 3. Efficiency and Economy in performance 4. Emphasis on goals rather than Rules 5. Customer-oriented government 6. Competitive Government 7. Anticipatory Approach 8. Enterprising Government 9. Decentralization of Authority 10. Emphasis on Market Mechanism Digital Governance Building and Sustaining Democratic and Accountable Governance Institutions using ICT Generic Models

David Osborne and Ted Gaebler

THEORIES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Compiled by DB Bodomo Source: Lectures of Dr Omadto in PA 211

Broadcasting / Wider-Dissemination Model Critical - Flow Model Comparative Analysis Model E-Advocacy / Mobilization and Lobbying Model Interactive-Service Model (G2C2G)

THEORIES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Compiled by DB Bodomo Source: Lectures of Dr Omadto in PA 211

New Public Governance Combination of NPM and DG Profitable government Good Governance Assessment tools to identify the good and the bad practices in government Governance is the exercise of management of a countrys affairs at all levels Prescriptions for Good Governance Transparency of government Simplicity of procedures Responsibility and Accountability Fight against corruption Individual freedom and collective expression Independence of the legal system