1. Research on the average wastewater flows from a) Residential b) Commercial and c) Industrial sources (Philippines setting) 2.

What is Sanitary System Overflow (SSO)? A sanitary sewer overflow (SSO) is any overflow, spill, release, discharge or diversion of untreated or partially treated wastewater from a sanitary sewer s ystem. SSOs often contain high levels of suspended solids, pathogenic organisms, toxic pollutants, nutrients, oil, and grease. 3. What are the effects of SSOs? Human health impacts include significant numbers of gastrointestinal illness each year, although death from one overflow event is uncommon. Additional human impacts Include beach closures, swimming restrictions and prohibition of the consumption of certain aquatic animals (particul arly certain molluscs) after overflow events. Ecological consequences include fish kills, harm to plankton and other aquatic microflora and microfauna. Flooding, Health Issues, Clean water or potable water contamination, Pollution of Rivers and Streams. 4. What is sewer corrosion? Causes for Crown Corrosion Bacteria in the slime under flowing sewage convert sulphates in the sewage into sulphides. Sulphides in the liquid make their way to the surface of the sewage and released into the sewer atmosphere as hydrogen sulphide (H2S) gas. H2S gas in atmosphere makes contact with slime in the crown of the sewer , which contains more bacteria. Bacterial action converts,H2S gas to sulphuric acid which causes corrosion in the crown of the pipe and this corrosion is also called crown corrosion. If pipe material is of corrodible nature sulphuric acid attacks the pipe material and causing ultimate failure.

5. What is smoke testing? Smoke testing refers to physical tests made to closed systems of pipes to test for leaks. By metaphorical extension, the term is also used for the first test made after assembly or repairs to a system, to provide some assurance that the system under test will not catastrophically fail. Smoke test proves that "the pipes will not leak.

6. Enumerate and describe the common sewer material and their commercial sizes in the market? Ductile Iron Pipe (DIP) this is the most common water distribution pipe used in the United States for water mains 400 mm in diameter or smaller. The standard length is 5.5 m. Sizes range from 100 to 1,350 mm. Current practice is to use cement mortar lining and an asphaltic outer coating. DIP manufacturers recommend that the pipe be encased in a loose-fitting flexible polyethylene tube (0.2 mm thick) in corrosive soils. These are commonly known as baggies.Rubber push-on and mechanical joints are used to connect the pipes. These joints allow for about 2 to 5 degrees of deflection. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipe - this is the most common plastic pipe used in the United States. Although it is manufactured in sizes up to 900 mm, the commonly used sizes for water distribution systems are 300 mm and smaller. PVC is corrosion resistant, and no coating or lining is provided. High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE). Although it is manufactured in sizes from 100 to 1,200 mm, this pipe has primarily served as a transmission line. Like PVC, it is rated for pressure capacity at 23 C. It is rated for pressure transients not exceeding two times the nominal pressure class. Thermal butt-fusion is the most widely used method for joining HDPE pipe. The pipe is normally joined above ground and then placed in the trench. This method of joining requires a much higher skill level than push joints. This joint does not allow for

deflection. HDPE is not to be joined by solvent cements, adhesives, or threaded connections. Ductile iron fittings are used. HDPE is corrosion resistant, and no coating or lining is provided. 7. What are the primary appurtenances for sanitary sewers? Man Holes - Manholes are the most familiar appurtenance of a wastewater collection system. Although they have been built of brick and cast in place, current practice is to use precast concrete. The manhole cover is always round to prevent it from falling into the manhole. Current practice is to use a solid cast iron or ductile iron cover. The cover should not be perforated because of the potential for inflow from storm water. This also minimizes escape of odors. When there is potential for the manhole to be submerged, the cover is provided with a gasket and is bolted down. Alternatively, if the manhole is not in a roadway, the manhole may be constructed so that the top is above flood level. Inverted Siphons - When it is necessary for a sewer to pass under structures such as depressed highways, under a river, or across a valley floor, the pipe falls below the hydraulic grade line. This portion of the sewer is called a depressed sewer or, more commonly, an inverted siphon. Although it is always full of sewage under pressure, at times there may be little flow.