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HKDSE CHEMISTRY A Modern View (Chemistry)

Coursebook 1 Suggested answers

Chapter 1

The fundamentals of chemistry

Page Number 1 3

Class Practice Chapter Exercise Chapter 2 The atmosphere

Class Practice Chapter Exercise Chapter 3 Oceans

6 7

Chapter Exercise Chapter 4 Rocks and minerals

Class Practice Chapter Exercise

12 13 15

Part Exercise Atomic structure

Chapter 5

Class Practice Chapter Exercise Chapter 6 The Periodic Table

17 19

Class Practice Chapter Exercise

21 22

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Chapter 7

Chemical bonding: ionic bonding 24 26

Class Practice Chapter Exercise Chapter 8 Chemical bonding: covalent bonding

Class Practice Chapter Exercise Chapter 9 Structures and properties of substances

29 31

Class Practice Chapter Exercise Part Exercise Chapter 10 Occurrence and extraction of metals Class Practice Chapter Exercise Chapter 11 Reactivity of metals Class Practice Chapter Exercise Chapter 12 Reacting masses Class Practice Chapter Exercise Chapter 13 Corrosion of metals and their protection Class Practice Chapter Exercise

34 35 37

41 42

44 45

47 52

55 56 58

Part Exercise

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HKDSE CHEMISTRY A Modern View (Chemistry)

Coursebook 1

Chapter 1

Fundamentals of chemistry

Class Practice A1.1 (b) Food : fertilizers, insecticides, food additives (c) Housing : metals, alloys, cement, glass, plastics (d) Transport : metals, alloys, fuels, glass, plastics (e) Medicines : drugs, antibiotics, artificial hormones (f) Amusement park facilities : metals, alloys, cement, glass, plastics, semiconductors A1.2 Phosphorus and mercury are elements. The others are not. (Note: A substance with a name consisting of two words (e.g. sodium chloride) is not an element. A substance with a name of only one word (e.g. ammonia) may or may not be an element. The only sure way is to check the name against the Periodic Table.) A1.3 Sodium silvery grey solid; Chlorine greenish yellow gas; Sodium chloride white solid. A1.4 (a) Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, iron, sulphur (b) Water, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sodium chloride, iron(II) sulphide (c) Air, sea water, town gas, sodium chloride solution, wine (Other answers may be given.) A1.5 (a) Chemical change (b) Physical change (c) Physical change (d) Chemical change (b) and (c) are physical changes because no new substances are formed. (a) and (d) are chemical changes because new substances are formed. A1.6 (a), (b) and (e).

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A1.8 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) Flat-bottomed flask Round-bottomed flask Clamp Retort stand Conical flask Wire gauze Evaporating basin Tripod Crucible Pipeclay triangle Bunsen burner (l) (m) (n) (o) (p) (q) (r) (s) (t) (u) (v) Crucible tongs Spatula Heat-resistant mat Pestle Mortar Desiccator Test tube holder Test tube rack Test tube Boiling tube Dropping bottle (w) (x) (y) (z) (aa) (bb) (cc) (dd) (ee) (ff) (gg) Reagent bottle Gas syringe Measuring cylinder Beaker Funnel Plastic washbottle Teat pipette Thermometer Watch glass Separating funnel Glass rod

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Chapter 1

Fundamentals of chemistry

Chapter Exercise 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. science, observations, experiments substances, compositions, structures, properties, changes Oxygen, atmosphere chemically combined together, hydrogen, oxygen. heating, electrolysis mixture chlorine, compound element, compound, mixture retains, different ppearance , dour , aste , ensity , elting chemical physical new A B D C C D B B A D A D C B D A

30. (a) A = beaker, B = test tube, C = Bunsen burner, D = wire gauze, E = tripod stand, F = heat-proof mat, G = test tube holder, H = evaporating dish (evaporating basin) (b) (i) Test tube (B). (ii) Test tube(B), test tube holder (G), Bunsen burner (C) , heat-proof mat (F). (iii) Beaker (A), tripod stand (E), wire gauze (D), Bunsen burner (C), heatproof mat (F). 31. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Tasteless; no smell; colourless; liquid at room conditions React with iron; react with sodium Water changes into steam at 100oC. / Water changes into ice at 0oC. It is because no new substance is formed. Iron reacts with water to form iron rust. / Sodium reacts with water to form hydrogen gas. New substance (e.g. rust or hydrogen gas) is formed.

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32. (a) Chlorine, hydrogen, iron, mercury , oxygen, sodium and sulphur (b) An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into anything simpler by chemical methods. (c) Ammonia, sodium chloride and water (d) A compound is a pure substance made up of two or more elements chemically combined together (e) A mixture consists of two or more pure substances (elements or compounds) which have not chemically combined together. (f) Sodium chloride solution is a mixture (because a solution is a homogeneous mixture). 33. (a) No. Both oxygen and hydrogen are gases at room conditions while glucose is a solid at room conditions. Carbon is black in colour while glucose is white. (b) Glucose solution is a mixture. It is because there is no chemical reaction taking place between glucose and water. (c) Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water 34. Compounds and mixtures are different in a number of ways. These include: (1) Compounds have fixed chemical composition while mixtures have variable chemical composition. Examples: water and air (2) During the formation of compounds, a chemical change occurs. New substances are always formed. On the other hand, a mixture is obtained when different substances are physically mixed. There is no chemical change. No new substance is formed and the change is seldom accompanied by energy changes. Examples: formation of water from hydrogen and oxygen, mixing of sand and sugar (3) Properties of a compound are very different from that of its constituent elements. For example, water is colourless liquid while hydrogen and oxygen are colourless gases. On the other hand, each constituent substance retains its own properties in mixtures. For example, nitrogen and oxygen are both colourless gases no matter whether they are isolated or present together in the air. (4) Separation of the constituents of a compound requires a chemical process. For example, breaking water down into the elements hydrogen and oxygen requires a chemical process called electrolysis. On the other hand, separation of a mixture requires a physical process only. For example, separation of iron powder from a mixture just requires the use of a magnet. 35. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES of a substance are those properties that can be determined without the substance changing into another substance. Examples of physical properties of a substance include colour, odour (smell) and physical state. For example water is a colourless, odourless liquid under room conditions. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of a substance are the chemical reactions of the substance, and the respective conditions under which each reaction takes place.

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Examples of chemical properties of a substance include how fast and vigorous it reacts (i.e., its reactivity) with another substance, the condition(s) needed for it to react with other substances and what products can be produced when it reacts with other substances. For example, hydrogen reacts vigorously with oxygen (or air) only when lit with a burning splint to form water.

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Chapter 2

The atmosphere

Class Practice A2.1 (a) People in ancient times had little scientific knowledge. In fact, any visible portion of the Earth appeared more or less flat to the eyes. (b) Satellite photos clearly show that the Earth is roughly spherical. (Other answers may be given.) A2.2
atmosphere crust mantle inner core outer core

A2.3 1. (a) No. (7 planets have an atmosphere.) (b) Yes. 2. There is no air on the Moon. A2.4 Elements nitrogen oxygen helium neon argon krypton xenon A2.5 (a) Helium Neon Nitrogen Argon Oxygen Krypton Xenon Carbon dioxide (b) Neon and helium. 269 246 196 186 183 153 109 78 Compounds carbon dioxide water vapour

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Chapter 2

The atmosphere

Chapter Exercise 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. crust, mantle , core, atmosphere atmosphere nitrogen, oxygen fractional distillation liquefied supporter glowing A A B B B D

14. (a) Nitrogen (b) Carbon dioxide and water vapour (c) Oxygen, argon, neon, helium, krypton, xenon (any two) 15. (a) The volumes of the three gases obtained i.e. argon, nitrogen and oxygen are 930 litres, 78,000 litres and 21,000 litres respectively. (b) Fractional distillation (c) No. Oxygen is the most reactive gas in air, whereas nitrogen is unreactive, which serves the good purpose of diluting oxygen in air. If there were more oxygen in air, metals would be oxidized and corroded faster. Things would also burn easier, so there would be a greater hazard of fire. 16. (a) Fractional distillation of liquid air (b) Oxidizing (c) Physical property: colourless, odourless Chemical property: it supports combustion (d) Put a glowing splint into a test tube containing the gas to be tested. If the gas is oxygen, the splint relights. 17. (a) (b) (c) (d) Nitrogen and oxygen Oxygen copper + oxygen copper(II) oxide 50 cm3 33 cm3 = 17 cm3 17 cm 3 (e) 100% = 34% 50 cm 3 (f) 21% (g) The percentage of oxygen in dissolved air (34 %) is much greater than that in the atmosphere (21 %) because oxygen is more soluble in water than nitrogen.

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18. Fractional distillation of liquid air is used to separate nitrogen and oxygen from air. The air is first liquefied by repeated cooling and compression. Then the liquid air is warmed up bit by bit very slowly. Different gases in air boil at different temperatures, so they can be collected one by one. The one boiling off first is nitrogen (boiling point 196 C). The second one to be collected is argon(boiling point 186 C) /noble gas. Then oxygen gas (boiling point 183 C) is collected.

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Chapter 3

Oceans

Chapter Exercise 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. sodium chloride (common salt), sodium, chlorine evaporation filtration, crystallization saturated boiling, condensation distillate, residue distillation flame test brilliant golden yellow white water, white, blue, blue, pink Brine hydrogen, chlorine, sodium hydroxide B C B C D A

20. (a) Filtration (b)

glass rod

sand + sodium chloride solution

folded filter paper sand filter funnel

sodium chloride solution stand

(c) Distillation

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(d)
thermometer

clamp boiling tube delivery tube

receiver test tube sodium heat anti-bumping granule water pure water solution chloride

(e) Test for sodium ions: Flame test. The sample gives a brilliant golden yellow flame in the flame test if sodium ions are present. Test for chloride ions: Silver nitrate test Add silver nitrate solution to the sample, followed by excess dilute nitric acid. The appearance of a white precipitate indicates the presence of chloride ions. 21. His conclusion is not justified. He should add the white-powder to distilled water and stir well, then filter and evaporate the filtrate to dryness by heating, and see if any solid is left. 22. (a) This is because some metal ions can produce a characteristic coloured light when they are heated strongly. (b) (1) Moisten a clean platinum wire with concentrated hydrochloric acid. (2) Dip the platinum wire into a crushed sample of the salt (or solution) to be tested. (3) Heat the platinum wire with the sample strongly in a non-luminous flame. (4) Observe the colour of the flame at the wire and identify the metal ions present. (c) Potassium ions: lilac; calcium ions: brick red; copper (II) ions: bluish green. 23. (a) It was not a suitable method because the liquid may be unclean, harmful or even poisonous. (b) Flame test. (c) To show the presence of chloride ions, acidified silver nitrate solution is added to the sample. If chloride ions are present, a white precipitate will be formed. (d) To show the presence of water, a few drops of the liquid are added to anhydrous copper(II) sulphate. The powder changes from white to blue if water is present. Alternatively, add a few drops of the liquid to dry cobalt chloride test paper. The paper changes from blue to pink if water is present.

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(e) He could not be sure that the liquid was sea water. Even if the tests showed that sodium ions, chloride ions and water were present, the liquid might not necessarily be sea water. For example, it might be just a sodium chloride solution, without any other salts naturally present in sea water. 24. (a) Electrolysis means decomposition by electricity. (b) Chlorine, hydrogen and sodium hydroxide. (c) Chlorine water sterilization, manufacture of bleach, etc. Hydrogen production of margarine, as rocket fuel, etc. Sodium hydroxide manufacture of soap, extraction of aluminium, etc. 25. Sea water is an important source of common salt (sodium chloride) which has many uses. By the electrolysis of sea water, useful products, hydrogen, chlorine and sodium hydroxide are obtained. These products can be used to manufacture a lot of useful chemicals. Hydrogen can be used to produce ammonia. Chlorine can be used to produce bleach. Sodium hydroxide can be used to produce soap.

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Chapter 4

Rocks and minerals

Class Practice A4.1 Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: calcium carbonate h eat calcium oxide + carbon dioxide calcium oxide + water calcium hydroxide calcium hydroxide + water calcium hydroxide solution (limewater) calcium hydroxide solution (limewater) + carbon dioxide calcium carbonate + water

A4.2 calcium carbonate + nitric acid calcium nitrate + carbon dioxide + water

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Chapter 4

Rocks and minerals

Chapter Exercise 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. mineral, a mixture of minerals crystalline, chemical extraction ore, aluminium haematite, carbon (or coke) chalk, marble Neutralizing, building material, cement (or other acceptable answers) Weathering Erosion Physical Chemical uicklime, calcium oxide. acids, carbon dioxide milky iron + carbon dioxide aluminium + oxygen carbonic acid calcium hydroxide + heat calcium hydrogencarbonate calcium oxide + carbon dioxide calcium carbonate (white solid) + water calcium chloride + carbon dioxide + water B D D C A B D C C B Both react with acid to give out carbon dioxide. Both are decomposed on strong heating. Neutralizing acidic soil and lakes affected by acid rain. As a raw material to make glass by heating with sand and sodium carbonate. (3) As a raw material to make cement by heating with clay. (or any other possible answers)

32. (a) (1) (2) (b) (1) (2)

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33. (a) Weathering is the slow process in which exposed rocks are broken down into smaller pieces. (b) Physical weathering and chemical weathering. (c) It is because carbon dioxide in air dissolves slightly in rainwater, forming carbonic acid. Carbonic acid can attack rocks. (d) Calcium hydrogencarbonate (e) calcium carbonate + carbonic acid calcium hydrogencarbonate 34. (a) Calcium carbonate (b) calcium carbonate strong calcium oxide + carbon dioxide heat (c)
delivery tube

limewater

limestone heat

(d) When the gas is passed through limewater for a few seconds, the limewater turns milky. 35. (a) (i) (ii) (iii) (b) (i) (ii) Calcium oxide Calcium hydroxide Calcium hydroxide solution calcium carbonate h a calcium oxide + carbon dioxide e t calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid calcium chloride + carbon dioxide + water (iii) calcium oxide + water calcium hydroxide (iv) carbon dioxide + calcium hydroxide solution calcium carbonate + water (c) The rock fizzes (colourless gas is given out).

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Part I

Planet earth

Part Exercise 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. C C A A C A B C A C D D C B A C B C B

20. (a) Hydrogen as fuel Oxygen in breathing aids (or any other possible answers) (b) No. Oxygen and hydrogen inside the container mix to form a gaseous mixture. All mixtures are impure substances. (c) Water (d) Yes. Water is a compound, and a single compound when existing alone is a pure substance. 21. (a) This conclusion is valid. The brick red colour in the flame test indicates the presence of calcium, and the white precipitate formed when acidified silver nitrate solution is added indicates the presence of chloride. (b) This conclusion is invalid. The bubbles formed when acid was added may not be carbon dioxide. (c) Conclusion (a) cannot be disproved. To test the validity of conclusion (b), pass the gas formed into limewater. If the limewater turns milky, the gas is carbon dioxide, then the conclusion is valid. If the limewater doesnt turn milky, the conclusion is invalid. (d) The only validity of this statement is that the sample is a mixture containing calcium chloride. Even carbonate is shown to be present, the tests carried out are insufficient to rule out the possibility of other substances present in the sample.

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22. (a) X: carbon dioxide; Y : water; Z : carbon dioxide. (b) calcium carbonate h a calcium oxide + carbon dioxide e t The limestone cracks and makes a cracking noise. (c) calcium oxide + water calcium hydroxide + heat A lot of heat is produced, with the possible production of some steamy vapour. The white solid turns into a paste. (d) calcium hydroxide + carbon dioxide calcium carbonate + water The calcium hydroxide solution (limewater) turns milky. (e) This is the limewater test for carbon dioxide. 23. (a) Refer to Coursebook 1 page 69. (b) Refer to Coursebook 1 page 70. (c) Frost action is a physical weathering process. This is because no new substances are formed during the process. Action of carbonic acid is a chemical weathering process. This is because carbonic acid changes calcium carbonate to a new substance, calcium hydrogencarbonate. (d) When excess of carbon dioxide is bubbled in, soluble calcium hydrogencarbonate is formed.

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Chapter 5

Atomic structure

Class Practice A5.1 They are the only two liquid elements. A5.2 1. (a) Only an element can be classified as a metal or non-metal. Water is not an element. (b) Non-metal. (c) Metal. 2. (a) Mercury. All are metals. Mercury is a liquid, while the others are solids at room conditions. (b) Sulphur. Sulphur is a non-metal, while the others are metals. (c) Iodine. All are non-metals. Iodine is a solid, while the others are gases at room conditions. (d) Graphite. All are non-metals. Graphite conducts electricity, while the others are non-conductors of electricity. A5.3 (a) (i) (ii) (iii) (b) (i) (ii) (iii) (c) (i) (ii) (iii) Mg Ag Na Ar, He Ne fluorine bromine mercury

A5.4 (a) 118 (b) Br (c) N (d) The element copper or a copper atom. A5.5 (a) The commonest type of hydrogen atom. (b) 91 electrons. Number of neutrons cannot be predicted. (c) It is not an atom. The numbers of protons and electrons are not equal. A5.6 A magnesium atom would be changed to a chlorine atom. A5.7 1. (a) silver (b) silver (c) silver

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2.

(a) Aluminium (b) (c) (i) 13 (ii) 13 (iii) 27 13 = 14


27 13

Al

A5.8 (a) 3
16

(b)

(16O, or oxygen-16)

A5.9 (a) 37 (b) 35 (c) 4 (d) 238 (e) We cannot tell from the given data. (The mass number is not given.) A5.10 (a) Relative atomic mass of sodium = mass number of the only type of sodium atom = 23 (b) Relative atomic mass of neon 20 90 + 22 10 = = 20.2 100 A5.11 (a) (b)

(c)

(d)

A5.12 (a) 17 (b) (i) (ii)

2,8,7

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Chapter 5

Atomic structure

Chapter Exercise 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. physical bromine, mercury metals, non-metals metals, non-metals, graphite ymbol smallest part element atoms nucleus, neutrons, nucleus, electrons positively, negatively, neutral protons mass number same, different carbon-12 weighted average, relative isotopic shells electronic arrangement (electronic configuration) B D D B C D C D

26. (a) True. This is because there is no gaseous metal or semi-metal at room conditions. (b) False. This is because mercury is a liquid metal at room conditions. (c) False. This is because carbon (graphite) is a non-metal which can conduct electricity. / This is because semi-metals cannot conduct electricity by themselves. (d) False. This is because some metals (e.g. sodium) are soft. (e) True. This is because metals are silvery white, golden or brown in colour. No metal is red in colour. 27. (a) The mass number of an atom is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the atom. (b) The atomic number of an atom is the number of protons in the atom. (c) Isotopes are different atoms of the same element, with the same number of protons (and electrons) but different numbers of neutrons.

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(d) Atom Number of Number of Electronic protons neutrons configuration 1 0 5 5 2, 3 5B 1 1 5 6 2, 3 5 B 10 20 +11 80 =10.8 100

(e)

28. (a) Q and R (b) Carbon (c) Carbon-13 and carbon-14 (d) 13 P, 13 Q, 14 R, 14 S 5 7 6 6 29. (a) Atom (a) (b) (c) (b)
35 17

Cl O 40 Ar

Atomic no. 17 8 18

Mass no. 35 17 40

Number of protons neutrons 17 18 8 9 18 22

Electronic electrons arrangement 17 2, 8, 7 8 2, 6 18 2, 8, 8

(c) Neon (d) Argon is very unreactive. 30. Elements can be classified according to their physical states. For example, at room temperature, hydrogen and oxygen are gases; bromine and mercury are liquids; carbon and iodine are solids. Elements can also be classified into metals and non-metals. A few elements have properties in between those of metals and non-metals. They are classified as semi-metals. Examples of metals include sodium and mercury; examples of non-metals include bromine and hydrogen; examples of semi-metals include boron and silicon.

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Chapter 6

The Periodic Table

Class Practice A6.1 (a) Period 7, Group II; alkaline earth metals. (b) Radium. (c) Yes. Radium is a metal (all metals conduct electricity). A6.2 Element X: Metal Element Y: Non-metal Element Z: We cannot tell from the given data as elements in Group IV can be a metal, non-metal or semi-metal. A6.3 (a) 2, 8, 8, 2. (b) Yes, it is a metal. (c) (ii). A6.4 (a) Yes. By knowing the chemical properties of familiar elements in the same group and the group trend, predictions about the unfamiliar element can be made. (b) Astatine: D; strontium: A

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Chapter 6

The Periodic Table

Chapter Exercise 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Element Electronic arrangement A 2, 6 B 2, 8, 2 C 2, 8, 8, 1 D 2, 8 E 2, 8, 18, 3 F 2, 8, 18, 18, 7 19. (a) (b) (c) (d) Atomic number 8 12 19 10 31 53 Period number 2 3 4 2 4 5 Group number VI II I 0/VIII III VII electrons, outermost ascending, atomic numbers period, group, eight, period number, outermost metals, semi-metals, non-metals chemical 1, 1, increases 7, halogens, decreases 8, noble gases B B D C C C C D

2 They all have two electrons in the outermost shell. Increase down the Group. (i) Beryllium reacts very slowly with water. (ii) Barium reacts vigorously with water. (e) Barium is more reactive than calcium. It should be stored under paraffin. Magnesium, silicon, chlorine. They are in Period 3. Lithium, rubidium, caesium. They are in Group I. Iron, copper Caesium Fluorine Silicon Helium Helium, fluorine, chlorine Fluorine, chlorine

20. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)

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21. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Group II Alkaline earth metals Strontium has 2 outermost shell electrons. Strontium is a silvery white solid at room conditions. Strontium reacts with cold water more readily than calcium does and colourless gas bubbles are given off. This is because the reactivity of Group II elements will increase down the group.

22.

In the modern Periodic Table, elements are arranged in ascending order of atomic number. The elements are arranged in periods and groups of the Periodic Table. A horizontal row of elements is called a period while a vertical column of elements is called group. Period number = number of occupied electron shells Group number = number of electrons in outermost shell Elements within the same group of the Periodic Table have similar chemical properties. Across a period, the elements change from metals through semi-metals to non-metals. Some of the groups have special names. Group I elements are named as alkali metals; Group II elements are named as alkaline earth metals; Group VII elements are named as halogens; Group 0 elements are named as noble gases. The elements in between Group II and Group III are called the transition elements.

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Chapter 7

Chemical bonding: ionic bonding

Class Practice A7.1 (a) Delete non-metals. (b) Delete metals. A7.2 (a) Colourless (b) Purple (c) Yellow (d) Green A7.3 (a) The cathode. Potassium ions are positively charged. They are thus attracted towards the negative electrode (cathode). (b) No. Potassium ions are colourless. (c) A green patch would move towards the negative electrode (cathode). Chromium(III) ions are green in colour and positively charged. They are attracted towards the negative electrode. A7.4 (a) (i) Aluminium atom: 2, 8, 3; aluminium ion: 2, 8 (ii) Chlorine atom: 2, 8, 7; chloride ion: 2, 8, 8 (b) Charge on aluminium ion = +3; charge on chloride ion = 1 A7.5 Simple ions: H+, H, Mn2+ Polyatomic ions: NH4+, NH2, OH A7.6

Period
2 3 4 (a)

Group

I Li+ Na+ K+

II Be2+ Mg2+ Ca2+

III

IV

V N3

VI O2 S2

VII F Cl Br

Al3+

(b) (i) Sr2+ (ii) At


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A7.7 (a)

(b)

A7.8 (a) CuCl2 (b) CaS (c) Al(OH)3 (d) (NH4)2CO3 A7.9 (a) Mg(OH)2 (b) Na2O (c) PbSO4 (d) K2Cr2O7 A7.10 (a) Calcium nitrate (b) Iron(III) chloride (c) Zinc sulphate-7-water (d) Copper(II) hydroxide

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Chapter 7

Chemical bonding: ionic bonding

Chapter Exercise 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. octet, duplet electrons, noble gas, ions simple, polyatomic cations, anions coloured electrolysis name, formula group minus ionic, ionic, calcium oxide, calcium, oxygen, Calcium (Ca2+), oxide (O2), ionic bonds giant ionic structure B A D A C A C B Compound Sodium nitrate Copper(II) sulphate Potassium chloride Nickel(II) sulphate Potassium dichromate Iron(II) sulphate Iron(III) chloride Sodium permanganate Ammonium nitrate 21. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Formula NaNO3 CuSO4 KCl NiSO4 K2Cr2O7 FeSO4 FeCl3 NaMnO4 NH4NO3 Expected colour Colourless Blue Colourless Green Orange Pale green Yellow Purple Colourless 20.

Calcium sulphate Cation: calcium ion; anion: sulphate ion Ionic bonding CaSO4 The coagulant is white in colour.

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(f)

(g) Polyatomic ion 22. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) A: 2,5; B: 2, 8, 1; C: 2, 8, 2; D: 2, 8, 6 Elements A and D tend to gain electrons to attain an octet of electrons. Elements B and C tend to lose electrons to attain an octet of electrons. 4 B3A; B2D; C3A2; CD

B3A

B2D

C3A

CD

23. (a) Magnesium chloride: MgCl2; potassium chloride: KCl; sodium chloride: NaCl (b)

MgCl2

KCl

NaCl (c) Giant ionic structure

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(d)

24. Consider the reaction between sodium and chlorine. A sodium atom Na has the electronic arrangement 2,8,1. It loses 1 electron to get the stable octet structure to form a Na+ ion. A chlorine atom Cl has the electronic arrangement 2,8,7. It gains 1 electron to get the stable octet structure to form a Cl ion. When sodium atom reacts with a chlorine atom, the sodium atom loses 1 electron to the chlorine atom. By transfer of electron, two ions are formed. The electrostatic force between the ions is called ionic bonds and the compound is called ionic compound.
electron transfer

sodium atom(Na) (loses one electron)

chlorine atom(Cl) (gains one electron)

sodium ion(Na+)

chlorine ion(Cl)

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Chapter 8

Chemical bonding: covalent bonding

Class Practice A8.1 1. Br2, C6H12O6, Ne, NH3 2. (a) Ne (b) H2 (c) Na (d) N2 (e) F2 (f) Mg A8.2 1. lose, gain, share 2. (a) (i)

(or (ii) 3 bond pairs, 1 lone pair (b) (i) NCl3 (ii) A8.3 (a) CF4 (b) H2O (c) PH3 (d) SiCl4 A8.4 (a) Molecule (b) Atom or molecule (c) Ion (d) Atom (e) Molecule (f) Ion (g) Molecule (h) Atom

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A8.5 H4 1. (a) C 12.0 + 1.0 4 = 16.0 (b) H6 C2 12.0 2+1.0 6= 30.0 H22 O11 C12 (c) 12.0 12+ 1.0 22+ 16.0 11= 342.0 2. (a) 23.0 + 35.5 = 58.5 (b) 12.0 2 + 1.0 6 = 30.0 (same as relative molecular mass) (c) 12.0 + 16.0 3 = 60.0 (d) 63.5 + (14.0 + 16.0 3) 2 + 3 (1.0 2 + 16.0) = 241.5

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Chapter 8

Chemical bonding: covalent bonding

Chapter Exercise 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. (a) molecule atomicity covalent, covalent share, covalent double covalent triple covalent molecular structural molecular formula, structural dative covalent lone pairs electrostatic, non-directional, directional molecules, ions Relative molecular mass Formula mass C D B C A C C B

(b ) (c)

(d )

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(e)

25. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

HBr PH3 CCl4 CS2 NCl3

26. (a) A: 2,1; B: 2,4; C: 2,6; D: 2,8; E: 2, 8, 2; F: 2, 8, 7 (b) Element D (c) (i)

(ii)

(d) BC2; C=B=C (e) A diatomic molecule refers to a molecule of an element which is formed by 2 atoms (i.e. its atomicity is 2). (f) (i)

(ii)

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27. Hydrogen reacts with chlorine to form hydrogen chloride. It is formed by sharing of electrons, one from hydrogen and one from chlorine. Covalent bond exists between hydrogen and chlorine atoms.

Ammonia reacts with hydrogen chloride to form ammonium chloride. The ammonium ion has an overall charge of +1. Ammonium chloride contains one ionic bond and four covalent bonds, three of the NH bond are normal covalent bonds and one is dative covalent bond. The reaction between ammonia and hydrogen chloride can be considered to be the formation of dative covalent bond between the lone pair of electrons on the N atom in NH3 and a H+ ion from HCl.

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Chapter 9

Structures and properties of substances

Class Practice A9.1 (a) Simple molecular structure, giant covalent structure (b) Simple molecular structure, macromolecules, giant covalent structure A9.2 Iodine, bromine, chlorine and fluorine have a simple molecular structure and their molecules are held by weak intermolecular forces called van der Waals' forces. The larger the molecular size, the greater the van der Waals' forces. The molecular sizes of the substances are: I2 > Br2 > Cl2 > F2. Therefore, the strength of the van der Waals' forces are: I2 > Br2 > Cl2 > F2. A9.3 (a) Low-melting. (b) No. They are soft. (c) No (d) (i) No (ii) Yes A9.4 (a) (i) No (ii) No (b) No A9.5 (a) 2 (b) 2 A9.6 (a) C. It conducts electricity when solid. (b) B. It does not conduct electricity when solid, but conducts when molten. (c) A. It does not conduct electricity whether solid or molten, and has a low melting point. (d) D. It does not conduct electricity whether solid or molten; and has a very high melting point. (e) A. Substances with a simple molecular structure are usually soluble in nonaqueous solvents (such as heptane). A9.7 (a) The compound formed between a Group II element X (a metal) and a Group VII element Y (a non-metal) is an ionic compound. Element X forms X2+ ions; Element Y forms Y ions. The formula of the compound is thus XY2. (b) It has a giant ionic structure. (c) Its physical properties are similar to those mentioned in the answer to Example 9.3, part (a) (iii).

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Chapter 9

Structures and properties of substances

Chapter Exercise 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. giant molecules, covalent bonds, intermolecular forces (or van der Waals forces) giant, giant lattice (or network) low, non-conductors, insoluble, soluble, non-aqueous solvents solid, high, molten, aqueous solution, soluble, insoluble, non-aqueous solids, high, graphite, non-conductors, insoluble structure giant metallic, metallic, metal ions, sea, delocalized electrons delocalized electrons, non-directional. C A A B A C B

17. (a) Covalent bonding (b) Giant covalent structure (c) Diamond

carbon atom

Quartz

oxygen atom silicon atom

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(d) (e) (f) (g)

Diamond > quartz> glass Quartz is a crystalline solid while glass is a non-crystalline solid. Diamond Diamond

18. (a) X: Giant ionic structure; Y: Giant covalent structure; Z: Simple molecular structure (b) X: Sodium chloride; Y: Diamond; Z: Iodine (Accept other reasonable answers) (c) X: ionic bond; Y: covalent bond; Z: van der Waals forces (d) (i) X has a higher melting point than Z as X has a giant ionic structure while Z has a simple molecular structure. (ii) Y has a higher melting point than Z as Y has a giant covalent structure while Z has a simple molecular structure. 19. (a) Substance B (b) (i) Substance E is a metal because it conducts electricity in solid state. (ii) Substance A is an ionic compound because it does not conduct electricity in the solid state but conducts electricity when molten. (iii) Substances B and C are covalent compounds with simple molecular structure because both of them do not conduct electricity whether in the solid state or in molten form. Besides, they have low melting points. (iv) Substance D is a covalent compound with giant covalent structure because it does not conduct electricity whether in the solid state or in molten form and has a very high melting point. (c) Substances B and C are likely to be soluble in heptane (a non-aqueous solvent.) 20. The melting point of the above compounds follows the order: CO2 < Li2O < SiO2 SiO2 has a giant covalent structure. It has the highest melting point. To melt the compound, large amount of energy is required to break the strong covalent bonds among the atoms in SiO2. CO2 has a simple molecular structure. It has the lowest melting point. To melt the compound, relatively small amount of energy is required to break the weak intermolecular forces among the molecules of CO2. Li2O has a giant ionic structure. It has a melting point in between SiO2 and CO2. To melt the compound, energy is required to break the strong ionic bonds among the ions in Li2O.

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Part II

Microscopic World I

Part Exercise 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 11. 12. B C B A B D C A A C C A

13. (a) The air is first liquefied by repeated cooling and compression. The liquid air is then warmed up very slowly. Different gases in air boil at different temperatures and are collected separately. (b) Ne (c) (i) 2, 8 (ii)

(d) Neon has an octet of electrons which gives it an exceptional stability. Therefore, it is very unreactive. 20 90 .48 + 21 0.27 + 22 9.25 (e) Relative atomic mass of neon = =20.19 100 14. (a) (i) C (ii) D (or E) (iii) D and E (iv) A (v) B (b) A and B A: 2; B: 2, 8 (c) (i) CD2 (ii) HE (iii) CO (iv) AB

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15. (a) No. If dry filter paper is used, the circuit will be an open one as no electrolyte is present to complete the circuit. (b) No. Since copper(II) ions are coloured, they will interfere with the experimental result. (c) Permanganate ions. (d) Since purple permanganate ions are anions (or negatively charged ion), they are attracted towards the positive electrode (i.e. anode). Hence, Q is positive electrode (i.e. anode). (e) It is because the substance migrating towards P is colourless. (f) The purple patch would migrate towards the opposite direction. 16. (a) The electronic arrangement of C and D are 2,6 and 2,8,7 respectively. Their atoms can attain noble gas structure by sharing electrons.

(b) A, since it is a metal while all others are non-metals. (c) (i) A2C; ionic (ii) AD; ionic (iii) BC2; covalent (d) The compound in (c) (iii), BC2. Since BC2 is a covalent compound with simple molecular structure, only weak van der Waals forces exist between the discrete molecules. Little energy is required to overcome these forces during melting and boiling. (e) No. It is because E is a noble gas. 17. (a) Gas (b) At2 (c) Size of I2 > Br2 > Cl2 > F2. The size of molecule is proportional to the strength of van der Waals forces between the molecules. As the van der Waals forces between iodine are the greatest, iodine is a solid at room conditions. (d) At2 < I2 < Br2 <Cl2 < F2 (e) Sodium + iodine sodium iodide (f)

= Na+ = I

18. (a) A: Giant ionic structure B: Giant covalent structure C: Giant covalent structure D: Simple molecular structure

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(b) A: Sodium chloride B: Diamond C: Graphite D: Water (or other acceptable answers) (c) A: Ionic bonding B: Covalent bonding (d) (i) Covalent bonding (ii) In structure B, each atom is covalently bonded to four other atoms, forming a three-dimensional giant network. In structure C, each atom is covalently bonded to only three other atoms to form a layer. Between each layer, van der Waals forces exist. (e) (i) C (ii) A (iii) B (iv) D (v) A H 19. (a) W: HH; X: O=O; Y: HOH; Z: H (b) CH H

W X Y Z (c) Simple molecular structure (d) Van der Waals forces (e) No, the van der Waals forces between molecules W are weaker than those between molecules Z. This is because the size of molecule Z is larger than that of molecule W.

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20.

In sodium chloride, Na and Cl are held together by ionic bonds. They are packed regularly, so that each ion is surrounded by 6 ions of the opposite charge. The packing continues until a continuous, three-dimensional giant ionic structure is formed. The ions are arranged to form a cubic structure as shown below:

= Na+ = Cl

Sodium chloride has a high melting point as energy is required to break the strong ionic bonds among the ions in the compound. In solid state, the ions present in sodium chloride lattice are not mobile. Thus, solid sodium chloride cannot conduct electricity. When molten or in aqueous solution, the ions become mobile and can conduct electricity.

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Chapter 10 Occurrence and extraction of metals Class Practice A10.1 (a) B. It is hard and strong, yet very cheap. (b) A and C. They have a beautiful shiny appearance. A is chemically inert, and C is also corrosion resistant. They are both very expensive metals. (c) C. It is very expensive. (d) D. It is light (with a low density) but strong and corrosion resistant. (e) A and C. C is more widely used because it is cheaper. A10.2 (a) Electrolysis. aluminium oxide electrolysis aluminium + oxygen (b) Electrolysis. sodium chloride electrolysis sodium + chlorine (c) Heating the metal ore with carbon. heat with carbon haematite iron + carbon dioxide (d) Displacement from solution containing silver. (e) Physical separation. (f) Electrolysis. magnesium chloride electrolysis magnesium + chlorine (g) Heating the metal ore in air and then with carbon lead(II) sulphide heat in lead(II) oxide + sulphur dioxide air heat with carbon lead(II) oxide lead + carbon dioxide

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Chapter 10 Occurrence and extraction of metals Chapter Exercise 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. physical Iron electrical wires. high, density Silver , expensive compounds heating, carbon, electrolysis abundance, mining, extracting Abundance, ore, extracting, upply, emand non-renewable, conserving, longer. reusing, reducing, replacing, recycling melting, using, conserves, pollution D B B D C A B E. This is because it is light and highly resistant to corrosion. A. This is because it is strong and cheap. D. This is because it is strong and highly resistant to corrosion. E. This is because it is a good conductor of electricity and light. C. This is because it is highly resistant to corrosion and expensive. Electrolysis Silver (or other acceptable answers) silver oxide silver + oxygen lead (or other acceptable answers) lead(II) sulphide + oxygen lead(II) oxide + sulphur dioxide lead(II) oxide + carbon lead + carbon dioxide Metal X is the most reactive whereas metal Y is the least reaction.

20. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 21. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

22. (a) P might be calcium. Calcium would react with cold water to give calcium hydroxide and hydrogen at a moderate rate. Q is mercury. Mercury(II) nitrate and silver nitrate would decompose on heating to give metal, nitrogen dioxide (brown fumes) and oxygen. Since Q is a liquid metal, it should be mercury. R might be copper. Since R has no reaction with dilute hydrochloric acid, it should be below lead in the reactivity series (i.e. it may be copper, mercury, silver or gold). But R displaces Q (mercury) from an aqueous solution of nitrate of Q, therefore R is more reactive than mercury. It is therefore likely to be copper. S might be zinc. Zinc oxide could be reduced to metal by carbon monoxide but not by hydrogen at 1500 C.

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(b) P, S, R, Q (c) The lower the position of a metal in the reactivity series, the more ancient would be the year of discovery. 23. (a) Landfills (b) We have to conserve metal resources because metals are limited in amount in the Earths crust and non-renewable. (c) (1) Reuse the metal mooncake containers to hold things e.g. stationery or letters. (2) Recycle the used metal mooncake containers by putting them at used metal collection booths so that iron and tin can be recycled for use. (3) Replace the metal mooncake containers with paper containers. (We can choose to buy mooncakes with more environmentally friendly paper containers.) (4) Reduce the consumption of mooncakes to save metal resources. 24. Social perspective: Recycling promotes public awareness of resource scarcity. For example, special containers are provided for people to dispose of recyclable aluminum cans. Posters and television advertisements are designed for educational purposes. Economic perspective: Metal resources are limited. However, demand for metals keeps on increasing. Recycling is an effective way of conserving metals. Recycling saves energy and other resources. Thus, it reduces the cost of metals. Environmental perspective: Recycling of metals can reduce pollution due to metal waste. Also, recycling would cause less metal ores to be mined. This would minimize the environmental problems arising from mining and extraction from ores.

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Chapter 11 Reactivity of metals Class Practice A11.1 Rubidium hydroxide. As can be seen from Figure 11.10, very reactive metals (e.g. K, Na, Ca) react with water to form a metal hydroxide and hydrogen; fairly reactive metals form a metal oxide and hydrogen. Rubidium should be more reactive than potassium, since it is lower than potassium in Group I. (The reactivity of Group I elements increases down the group.) Thus rubidium should form rubidium hydroxide, not rubidium oxide. A11.2 (a) C, A, D, B (b) C: potassium; A: calcium; D: magnesium; B: copper A11.3 1 molecule of sulphur dioxide gas reacts with 2 formula units of aqueous sodium hydroxide, to produce 1 formula unit of aqueous sodium sulphite and 1 molecule of liquid water. A11.4 (a) (i) (ii) (b) (i) (ii) (c) Yes 2 2 4 4

A11.5 (a) (i) 2 Cl atoms, 7 O atoms (ii) 2 N atoms, 8 H atoms, 2 Cr atoms, 7 O atoms (iii) 6 Fe atoms, 9 S atoms, 36 O atoms (iv) 6 Na atoms, 3 C atoms, 39 O atoms, 60 H atoms (b) 2Pb3O4(s) 6PbO(s) + O2(g) A11.6 (a) Mg(s) + 2Ag+(aq) Mg2+(aq) + 2Ag(s) (b) 3Mg(s) + 2Al3+(aq) 3Mg2+(aq) + 2Al(s) A11.7 1. Yes. Magnesium is more reactive than iron. 2. No. Magnesium is much more expensive than iron. 3. (a) 2Fe2O3(s) + 3C(s) 4Fe(s) + 3CO2(g) (b) 2AgO(s) 2Ag(s) + O2(g)

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Chapter 11 Reactivity of metals Chapter Exercise 1. (a) oxides (b) hydroxide, hydrogen, oxide, hydrogen (c) chloride, hydrogen (d) reactivity, same, reactivity, metal reactivity series formulae, symbols, physical states, relative, products electrons, positive, electrons more, displace, xides, ompounds lower heat, reactive, carbon. ions, ions, Ions, spectator ions position, electrolysis, carbon, old, impurities. B A B C D C C D copper potassium gold iron potassium 4Al(s) + 3O2(g) 2Al2O3(s) 2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) 2Cu(NO3)2(s) 2CuO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g) 2KClO3(s) 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g) 2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) 3CuO(s) + 2NH3(g) 3Cu(s) + N2(g) + 3H2O(l) 4FeS2(s) + 11O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s) + 8SO2 (g) 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(l) Mg3N2(s) + 3H2O(l) 3MgO(s) + 2NH3(g) 2Al(s) + 3Fe2+(aq) 2Al3+(aq) + 3Fe(s)

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

17. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 18. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j)

19. (a) A reaction takes place. Magnesium dissolves and colourless bubbles are evolved. Mg(s) + H2SO4(aq) MgSO4(aq) + H2(g) (b) A reaction takes place. Calcium burns quite vigorously with a brick-red flame to produce a white powder. 2Ca(s) + O2(g) 2CaO(s) (c) No reaction takes place. (d) No reaction takes place. (e) No reaction takes place.

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(f)

A reaction takes place. Copper slowly dissolves and some shiny crystals form on the copper surface. The solution gradually turns blue. Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s) Oxygen gas Silver Hydrogen gas Sodium (i) Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) (ii) Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s) A<C<B

20. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

21. Electrolysis of molten ore: Reactive metals can be obtained from their ores by electrolysis. During the process, the purified ore is melted. Electricity is then passed through the ore to separate the metal from it. e.g. aluminium oxide electricity aluminium + oxygen Reduction of the metal ore with carbon: Some less reactive metals can be extracted from their ores by heating with carbon. e.g. iron(III) oxide + carbon iron + carbon dioxide Heating the metal ore in air: Metal oxides of some unreactive metal decompose on heating to produce the metal and oxygen. e.g. silver oxide silver + oxygen The lower the position of the metal in the reactivity series, the easier it is extracted (e.g. by heating the metal ore in air).

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Chapter 12 Reacting masses Class Practice A12.1 1 mole of silver contains 6.02 1023 silver atoms. number of moles of silver atoms = number of atoms/L 1.204 10 23 = = 0.200 mol 6.02 10 23 Molar mass of silver (Ag) = 108 g mol1 Mass of pure silver metal to be weighed out (for counting indirectly) = number of moles molar mass = 0.200 108 g = 21.6 g A12.2 1. (a) 55.8 2 + (32.1 + 16.0 4) 3 = 399.9 (b) 399.9 g mol-1 (c) 399.9 0.2000 = 79.98 g 2. Molar mass of silver (Ag) = 108 g mol1 Number of moles of silver atoms =
mass (g) molar mass (g mol
-1

27.0 = mol 108 = 0.250 mol Number of silver atoms = number of moles L = 0.250 (6.02 1023) = 1.51 1023
A12.3 1. (a) 0.200 35.5 = 7.10 g (b) 0.200 (35.5 2) = 14.2 g (c) 1.20 mol of chlorine (Cl2) contains the same number of molecules as 1.20 mol of water (H2O). Mass of chlorine = 1.20 (35.5 2) g = 85.2 g 2. (a) Molar mass of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) = 23.0 + 16.0 + 1.0 g mol1 = 40.0 g mol1 Mass of NaOH = 0.250 40.0 g = 10.0 g

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Number of formula units of NaOH = 0.250 6.02 1023 = 1.51 1023 (b) Since helium is monoatomic, molar mass of He = 4.0 g mol1. Number of moles of He molecules 0.20 = mol 4.0 = 0.050 mol Number of He molecules = 0.050 6.02 1023 = 3.0 1022 (c) Molar mass of sulphur dioxide (SO2) = 32.1 + 16.0 2 g mol1 = 64.1 g mol1 Number of moles of SO2 =
3.01 10 24 6.02 10 23

mol

= 5.00 mol Mass of SO2 = 5.00 64.1 g = 321 g (d) Number of moles of X =
3.01 10 23 mol 6.02 10 23

= 0.500 mol

Molar mass of X=

23.0 g mol1 0.500 = 46.0 g mol1

A12.4 1. Number of moles of Na 100 = = 4.35 mol 23 Since number of moles of Na : number of moles of NaNO3 = 1 : 1 number of moles of NaNO3 = 4.35 mol Mass of NaNO3 = 4.35 (23.0 + 14.0 + 16.0 3) = 369.75 g 14.0 % by mass of N in NaNO3 = 100% 23.0 +14.0 +16.0 3 = 16.5% Mass of N = 369.75 g 16.5% = 61.0 g 2. Number of moles of Na 4.6 = = 0.2 mol 23 .0 Since number of moles of Na : number of moles of Na2CO310H2O = 2 : 1 number of moles of Na2CO310H2O = 0.1 mol Mass of Na2CO310H2O = 0.1 (23.0 2 + 12.0 + 16.0 3 + 10 (1.0 2 + 16.0)) g = 28.6 g

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% by mass of H2O in Na2CO310H2O 10 (1.0 2 +16 .0) = (23 .0 2 +12 .0 +16 .0 3 +10 .0 (1.0 2 +16 .0)) 100% = 62.9% Mass of H2O = 28.6 62.9% = 17.99 g 3. Let the relative atomic mass of M be a Fraction by mass of M in MO =
relative atomic mass of M 1 formula mass of M

4.

79 .87 a = 100 a +16 .0 a = 63.5 5.68 % by mass of Cl in MCl = 100% = 21.13% 26 .88 % by mass of M in MCl = 100% 21.13% = 78.87% Let the relative atomic mass of M be a.
Fraction by mass of M in MCl =

relative atomic mass of M 1 formula mass of MCl

78 .87 a = 100 a +35 .5 a = 132.5


A12.5 (a) C4H8 (b) CH2 A12.6 1. Let CxHyOz be the empirical formula of the compound. 1.173 Number of moles CO2 = = 0.0267 mol 44 .0 number of moles of C = 0.0267 mol 0.24 Number of moles of H2O = (1.0 2 +16 ) mol = 0.0133 mol number of moles of H = 0.0133 2 mol = 0.0266 mol Mass of C in the compound = 0.0267 12.0 g = 0.3204 g Mass of H in the compound = 0.0266 1.0 g = 0.0266 g mass of O in the compound = (1.200 0.3204 0.0266) g= 0.849 g 0.849 number of moles of O in the compound = mol = 0.053 mol 16 .0 C H O Masses (in g) 0.3204 0.0266 0.849 Number of moles(mol) 0.0267 0.0266 0.053 0.0267 0.0266 0.053 Relative number of 1 =1 2 moles 0.0266 0.0266 0.0266 Empirical formula of the compound is CHO2.

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2. C Masses (in g) 0.857 0.857 Number of moles(mol) = 0.07142 12 .0 0.07142 Relative number of =1 moles 0.07142 Empirical formula of the compound is CH2. H 0.143 0.143 = 0.143 1.0 0.143 2 0.07142

A12.7 Since all the C in CO2 and H in H2O came from the compound, 12 .0 mass of C in the compound = 1.32 g = 0.36 g 12 .0 +16 .0 2 1.0 2 mass of H in the compound = 0.45 g = 0.05 g 1.0 2 +16 .0 The rest of the compound must be oxygen. mass of O in compound = (0.81 0.36 0.05) g = 0.40 g Now go on to find the empirical formula as follows: C Masses (in g) Number of moles of atoms (mol) mass in g (= ) in g mol1 molar mass Relative number of moles (divided by the smallest number) 0.36

H 0.05

O 0.40

0.36 =0.03 12 .0

0.05 =0.05 1.0

0.4 =0.025 16 .0

0.03 =1.2 0.025

0.05 =2 0.025

0.025 =1 0.025

Multiplied by the smallest possible whole number (5 1.2 5 = 6 2 5 = 10 15=5 here) to turn all values into whole number empirical formula of compound is C6H10O5 Let its molecular formula be (C6H10O5)n, where n is a whole number. Relative molecular mass of (C6H10O5) n = 320 n (12.0 6 + 1.0 10 + 16.0 5 ) = 320 162n = 320 n=2 molecular formula of compound is C12H20O10.

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A12.8 (a) Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g) (b) Mole ratio of Ca : Ca(OH)2 = 1 : 1 Molar mass of Ca = 40.1 g mol1 Molar mass of Ca(OH)2 = 40.1 + (16.0 + 1.0) 2 g mol1 = 74.1 g mol1 1.50 Number of moles of Ca used = mol 40 .1 = 0.0374 mol Number of moles of Ca(OH)2 formed = 0.0374 mol theoretical mass of Ca(OH)2 formed = 0.0374 74.1 g = 2.77 g (c) (1) Calcium used might be impure. (2) There was loss of material during the various experimental processes, e.g. filtration.

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Chapter 12 Reacting masses Chapter Exercise 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Formula (a) Na (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) NO3 N N2 H2O NaCl [Cu(NH3)4]2+

relative atomic masses Avogadro constant (L) 12, carbon12 formula mass, gram molar mass Relative atomic mass, number empirical composition relative molecular mass theoretical B C D C D B A Molar mass 23.0 62.0 14.0 28.0 18.0 58.5 131.5

Relative atomic mass 23.0 N.A. 14.0 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.

Relative molecular mass N.A. N.A. N.A. 28.0 18.0 N.A. N.A.

19. (a) (i) (ii)

(iii) (iv) (v)

Number of sodium atoms = 2 6.02 1023 atoms = 1.204 1024 atoms Number of moles of oxygen gas 2 = mol = 0.0625 mol 16 .0 2 Number of oxygen atoms = 0.0625 2 6.02 1023 atoms = 7.525 1022 atoms Number of atoms in 1.5 moles of nitrogen dioxide gas = 1.5 3 6.02 1023 atoms = 2.709 1024 atoms Number of atoms in 0.5 moles of sodium carbonate-10-water = 0.5 36 6.02 1023 atoms = 1.084 1025 atoms Number of moles of aluminium sulphate 22 = 27 .0 2 +(32 .1 +16 .0 4) 3 mol = 0.0643 mol Number of atoms in 0.0641 mol aluminium sulphate = 0.0643 17 6.02 1023 atoms = 6.580 1023 atoms
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HKDSE CHEMISTRY A Modern View (Chemistry)

Coursebook 1

Mass of chloride present in 267 g of aluminium chloride = (267 54) g = 213 g (ii) Number of moles of chlorine atoms in 267 g of aluminium chloride 213 = mol = 6 mol 35 .5 (iii) Number of moles of aluminium atoms in 54 g of aluminium 54 = mol = 2 mol 27 .0 (iv) Al Cl Number of moles (mol) 2 6 2 6 Relative number of =1 = 2 2 moles 3 Empirical formula of aluminium chloride is AlCl3. 20. (a) (i) Assume the mass of the compound to be 1 g. Masses (in g) Number of mole (mol)

(b) (i)

C H 0.75 0.25 0.75 0.25 = = 12 .0 1. 0 0.0625 0.25 0.0625 0.25 Relative number of moles =1 =4 0.0625 0.0625 The empirical formula of this compound is CH4. (ii) Assume the mass of the compound to be 1 g. Na S O Masses (in g) 0.365 0.254 0.381 0.365 0.254 0.381 Number of moles = = = 0.0238 (mol) 23 .0 32 .1 16 .0 0.0159 0.0079 0.0159 0.0079 0.0238 Relative number =2 =1 =3 of moles 0.0079 0.0079 0.0079 The empirical formula of this compound is Na2SO3. (b) Assume the mass of the sodium to be 1 g. Sodium oxide formed in air: Masses (in g) Number of moles(mol) Relative number of moles Na 1 O 0.35 0.35 = 16 .0 0.0219 0.0219 =1 0.0219

1 =0.043 23 .0 5 0.0435 =2 0.0219

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HKDSE CHEMISTRY A Modern View (Chemistry)

Coursebook 1

The empirical formula of the sodium oxide formed in air is Na2O. Sodium oxide formed in pure oxygen: Na O Masses(in g) 1 0.70 1 0.70 Number of moles(mol) = = 23 .0 16 .0 0.0435 0.0438 0.0435 0.0438 Relative number of moles =1 =1 0.0435 0.0435 The empirical formula of the sodium oxide formed in pure oxygen is NaO.

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HKDSE CHEMISTRY A Modern View (Chemistry)

Coursebook 1

21. (a) Mass of anhydrous sodium carbonate = (13.07 8.23) g = 4.84 g (b) Formula mass of anhydrous sodium carbonate = 23.0 2 + 12.0 + 16.0 3 = 106.0 (c) Number of moles of anhydrous sodium carbonate in the sample 4.84 = mol = 0.0457 mol 106 .0 (d) Number of moles of water in the sample 8.23 = mol = 0.457 mol 1.0 2 +16 .0 (e) Na2CO3 H2O Number of moles (mol) 0.0457 0.4572 0.0457 0.4572 Relative number of moles =1 = 0.0457 0.0457 10 22. (a) 2Fe2O3(s) + 3C(s) 4Fe(s) + 3CO2(g) (b) Number of moles of 2 kg of iron(III) oxide 2000 = mol = 12.53 mol 55 .8 2 +16 .0 3 Mole ratio of Fe2O3 to C = 2 : 3

3 mol = 18.80 mol 2 Mass of carbon needed = 18.80 12.0 g = 226 g (or 0.226 kg) (c) Mole ratio of Fe2O3 to Fe = 1 : 2 number of moles of iron produced = 12.53 2 mol = 25.06 mol Mass of iron produced = 25.06 55.8 g = 1398 g (or 1.398 kg)
number of moles of carbon needed = 12.53

23. (1) Weigh a clean, dry crucible and lid. (2) Clean a magnesium ribbon with sand paper and put it into the crucible. (3) Cover the crucible with the lid and weigh again. Calculate the mass of magnesium used. (4) Heat the crucible strongly until the magnesium catches fire. (5) From time to time, lift the lid slightly so as to let air in to react with magnesium. (6) When reaction completed, allow the crucible to cool. (7) Weigh the lid, crucible and the contents. (8) Calculate the mass of magnesium oxide formed. Then calculate the mass of oxygen in the compound. (9) The empirical formula can be worked out by changing the composition by mass to the simplest whole number mole ratio.

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HKDSE CHEMISTRY A Modern View (Chemistry)

Coursebook 1

Chapter 13 Corrosion of metals and their protection Class Practice A13.1 1. In Tube 1, moisture in air has been absorbed by anhydrous calcium chloride. In Tube 2, dissolved air in water has been driven out by boiling. Besides, the oil layer on top prevents air from dissolving in water again. Iron nail is immersed in distilled water in Tube 3. Distilled water contains dissolved air. 2. No; there is no air on the Moon. (In March 1998, NASA revealed that there was strong evidence for the existence of a large quantity of ice at the poles of the Moon. Thus the old idea that there was no water on the Moon might have to be changed.) A13.2 Stainless steel is too expensive to be used in large objects.

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HKDSE CHEMISTRY A Modern View (Chemistry)

Coursebook 1

Chapter 13 Corrosion of metals and their protection Chapter Exercise 1. 2. 3. 4. Corrosion, air, water rusting water, iron(III) oxide (a) acidic solutions, soluble salts (b) temperature (c) less (d) neven, ointed blue, Fe2+(aq) (a) aint, il, rease, metal (b) lloys (c) acrificial, alvanizing (d) athodic aluminium oxide, anodizing (or anodization) A B B B B C

5. 6.

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

14. (a) The anhydrous calcium chloride can absorb moisture (water) in air. (b) The oil layer can prevent air from dissolving in water. (c) Tubes 2, 3 and 4. This is because all these tubes have both water and air inside. (d) Tubes 1 and 5. This is because tube 1 has no water inside wheras in tube 5 the boiled distilled water does not contain air. (e) 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) + 2nH2O(l) 2Fe2O3nH2O(s) (f) Adding acidic solutions or soluble salts to the test tubes can increase the speed of rusting. 15. (a) Dish 1: A blue colour appears, mainly around the head and tip of the nail. Dish 2: A blue colour appears, mainly around the head and tip of the nail. The blue areas are larger than the ones observed in Dish 1. Dish 3: No blue colour appears but gas bubbles appear around the magnesium ribbon. (b) Dish 1: A blue colour appears, showing that the iron nail rusts. The blue colour appears mainly around the head and tip of the iron nail because these regions are sharply pointed. Iron loses electrons more readily in these regions. Dish 2: A blue colour appears, showing that the iron nail rusts. The iron wrapped with copper rusts more quickly than iron alone. This is because the copper is less reactive than iron, causing iron to lose electrons more readily. This speeds up the rusting of the iron nails. Dish 3: A blue colour does not appear, showing that the iron nail does not rust. This is because magnesium is more reactive than iron, preventing iron from losing electrons. However, magnesium reacts with hot water in the gel to form hydrogen. This explains why there are gas bubbles around the magnesium ribbon.
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(c) Magnesium > Iron > Copper 16. Both water and air are necessary for rusting to occur. Any method which can keep out one or both of them from iron will prevent rusting. Applying a protective layer: Coating with paint, plastic, oil or grease as well as tin-plating prevents oxygen and water from contacting iron for rusting to occur. Sacrificial protection: When iron is in contact with a more reactive metal, the more reactive metal loses electrons in preference to iron. This would prevent iron from rusting. Using alloys of iron: Stainless steel can be made by alloying steel with other metals like chromium, nickel and manganese. Cathodic protection: Electricity can prevent iron rusting by supplying electrons to the iron. Thus, it prevents the iron from losing electrons.

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HKDSE CHEMISTRY A Modern View (Chemistry)

Coursebook 1

Part III Metals Part Exercise 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. A D B B A B D D A A Y>X>Z Stored under paraffin oil. 2Y + 2H2O(l) 2YOH(aq) + H2(g) Y floats on water and burns. Colourless gas bubbles are evolved. X is calcium. Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2(g) (f) Brick red flame (g) Z is iron. Z can be extracted from its ore by heating with carbon. Fe3O4(s) + 2C(s) 3Fe(s) + 2CO2(g)

11. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

12. (a) 0.90 g (read from the graph) (b) One mole of X weighs 65 g. mass of Y produced by the reaction of one mole of X = 3. 0
65 g = 217 g 0.90
217 mol = 2 mol 108

(c) Number of moles of Y produced = Charge of an ion of X = +2 (d) X(s) + 2Y+(aq) X2+(aq) + 2Y(s) 13. (a) (i)

Mass of 6.02 1022 lead atoms = 207.2

(ii) Mass of 3.01 1024 carbon dioxide molecules = (12.0 + 16.0 2)


3.10 10 24 g = 220 g 6.02 10 23

6.02 10 22 g = 20.72 g 6.02 10 23

mol

(iii) Mass of 3.01 1023 sulphate ions 3.01 10 23 = (32.1 + 16.0 4) g = 48.1 g 6.02 10 23 2.48 10 24 (iv) Number of moles of aluminium nitrate = mol = 1.37 3 6.02 10 23 Mass of aluminium nitrate = [27.0 + (14.0 + 16.0 3) 3] 1.37 g = 292 g

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HKDSE CHEMISTRY A Modern View (Chemistry)

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(b) (i)

Assume the mass of the compound to be 1 g. C H Masses(in g) 0.923 0.077 0.923 0.077 Number of moles(mol) = = 12 .0 1 .0 0.0769 0.077 0.0769 0.077 Relative number of moles =1 =1 0.0769 0.0769 The empirical formula of this compound is CH. (ii) Assume the mass of the compound to be 1 g. Pb O Masses(in g) 0.866 0.134 0.866 0.134 Number of moles(mol) = = 207 .2 16 .0 0.0042 0.0084 0.0042 0.0084 Relative number of moles =1 =2 0.0042 0.0042 The empirical formula of this compound is PbO2. (iii) Assume the mass of the compound to be 1 g. Al S O Masses(in g) 0.1579 0.2807 0.5614 0.1579 0.2807 0.5614 Number of moles(mol) = =0.00 = 0.0351 27 .0 32 .1 16 .0 0.0058 87 0.0058 0.0087 0.0351 Relative number of =1 = 1.5 =6 moles 0.0058 0.0058 0.0058 The empirical formula of this compound is Al2S3O12. (iv) Assume the mass of the compound to be 1 g. C N O H Masses(in g) 0.4067 0.2373 0.2713 0.0847 0.4067 0.2373 0.2713 0.0847 Number of moles(mol) 12 .0 14 .0 16 .0 1.0 = 0.0339 = 0.0170 = 0.0170 = 0.0847 0.0339 0.0170 0.0170 0.0847 Relative number of = = = =6 moles 0.0170 0.0170 0.0170 0.0170 2 1 1 The empirical formula of this compound is C2NOH5.

14. (a) To maintain a continuous flow of town gas over copper oxide and to burn away excess town gas. (b) Larger (c) Mass of copper oxide used = (22.68 20.10) g = 2.58 g (d) Mass of copper formed = (22.16 20.10) g = 2.06 g (e) Mass of oxygen combined with copper = (2.58 2.06) g = 0.52 g (f) This oxygen was removed by combining with CO and H2 in town gas to form CO2 and H2O respectively. 2.06 (g) Number of moles of copper atoms formed = mol = 0.0324 mol 63 .5

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(h) Number of oxygen atoms combined with copper = (i)

0.52 mol = 0.0325 mol 16 .0

Cu O 0.0324 0.0325 0.0324 0.0325 = = 0.0324 0.0324 1 1 The empirical formula of the copper oxide is CuO. Number of moles(mol) Relative number of moles 15. (a) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Air and water Sodium chloride and wet mud Yes The paint acts as a protective layer which keeps oxygen and water from iron. (b) Car exhaust contains acidic gas like nitrogen oxides which speed up the rusting process. Also, the exhaust is very hot. (c) Aluminium

16. The reactivity of metals can be found out by displacement reactions: (1) Clean the metals with sand paper. (2) Add solutions B to E to 4 different test tubes. Label them accordingly with a whiteboard marker. (3) Add metal A to each of the test tubes. Leave them to stand for a few minutes. (4) Check carefully for any coating formed on the metal surface. The formation of a coating indicates that a displacement reaction has happened. (5) Repeat procedures (2) to (4) by using the following combinations: (a) add metal B to test tubes containing solutions of A, C, D and E. (b) add metal C to test tubes containing solutions of A, B, D and E. (c) add metal D to test tubes containing solutions of A, B, C and E. (d) add metal E to test tubes containing solutions of A, B, C and D. (6) A metal with higher reactivity will displace any metal from their nitrate solutions. (7) The reactivity of metals can thus be arranged according to their reaction behaviours with other metal nitrate solutions.

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