Mc lc

Mc lc...........................................................................................................................................................1 I/ p dng t hp v xc sut trong gii ton di truyn..................................................................................2 1/Phng php........................................................................................................................................................2 II/ Phn loi cc QLDT...............................................................................................................................................5 III/ Phng php gii bi tp cc quy lut di truyn (Bi ton nghch - phn 2)........................................................6 PHNG PHP GII BI TP T BIN NHIM SC TH.........................................................................14 PHNG PHP GII BI TP T BIN GEN................................................................................................16 Phng php gii bi tp di truyn qun th............................................................................................................23 Phng php gii bi tp cc quy lut di truyn (Bi ton nghch - phn 1)............................................................31

I/ p dng t hp v xc sut trong gii ton di truyn

1/Phng php
Cnk = n!/k!.(n-k)! Nu cc cp NST c s PLL, t hp t do. 1. S giao t khc nhau v ngun gc NST = 2n . 2. T l mi loi giao t: (1/2n) 3. S t hp cc loi giao t = 2n . 2n = 4n 4. S giao t mang a NST ca b (hoc m) = (Can = n!/(a!.(n-a)! 5. Xc sut mt giao t mang a NST t b (hoc m) = Can/2n 6. S t hp gen c a NST t ng (b) ni (giao t mang a NST ca b) v b NST t ng (b) ngoi (giao t mang b NST ca m) = Can.Cbn 7. Xc sut ca mt t hp gen c mang a NST t ng (b) ni v b NST t ng (b) ngoi = Can.Cbn/4n 8. S loi hp t = S loi giao t . S loi giao t . 9. Xc xut c th con cha a alen tri (ln) t c th b, m d hp = Ca2n/4n 10. S lng t bin lch bi (d bi) 10.1. S dng lch n bi (Th 1, th 3): C1n =n 10.2. S dng lch n bi kp (Th 1 kp, th 3 kp) =C2n =n 10.3. S trng a th lch bi khc nhau (Va th 0, th 1, th ba ...): Aan = n!/(n-a)! 11. S kiu gen c th c ca c th: = Cnn-k2n-k = Cnm2m (n: s cp gen; k: s cp gen d hp; m s cp gen ng hp) 12. Mt locus c n alen, s kiu gen d hp (t hp khng lp) = Cn2 13. Mt gen c n alen, s kiu gen ti a c th c trong qun th (t hp lp) C2n+2+1 = n(n+1)/2 12. Xc sut trong n ln sinh c a con c (con trai) v b con ci (con gi) = Can/2n 13. A- bb + aabb = aaB- + aabb = ( 25%)

2. Bi tp minh ha
Bi 1. rui gim, b NST 2n = 8. Qu trnh gim phn khng xy ra hin tng trao i on. a. S loi giao t ti a c th to ra khi gim phn? b. S kiu t hp to ra ti a khi th tinh? Hng dn a. S loi giao t: b. S loi t hp: 2n = 24 = 16 24 x 24 = 28 = 256

Bi 2. B NST lng bi ca loi = 24. Xc nh: 2

a. C bao nhiu trng hp th 3 c th xy ra? b. C bao nhiu trng hp th 1 kp c th xy ra? c. C bao nhiu trng hp ng thi xy ra c 3 t bin; th 0, th 1 v th 3? Hng dn a. S trng hp th 3 c th xy ra: 2n = 24 n = 12 => S dng th 3 = C121 = 12 b. S trng hp th 1 kp c th xy ra = C122 = 66 c. S trng hp ng thi xy ra c 3 t bin: th 0, th 1 v th 3:A312 = 1320 Bi 3: ngi, gen qui nh dng tc do 2 alen A v a trn nhim sc th thng qui nh; bnh mu kh ng do 2 alen M v m nm trn nhim sc th X on khng tng ng vi Y. Gen qui nh nhm mu do 3alen trn NST thng gm: IA ; IB (ng tri ) v IO(ln). S kiu gen v kiu hnh ti a trong qun th i vi 3 tnh trng trn? Hng dn Kiu gen = 3.6.5 = 90 Kiu hnh: 2.2.4 = 16 Bi 4: Gen th I c 3 alen, gen th II c 4 alen, c 2 gen u nm trn NST thng khc nhau. Qun th ngu phi c bao nhiu kiu gen d hp v c 2 gen trn? Hng dn S kiu gen d hp =Cn2 => C32.C42 =3.6 = 18. Bi 5: Cc gen phn li c lp v tri hon ton, php lai: AaBbDdEe x AaBbDdEe cho th h sau vi kiu hnh gm 3 tnh trng tri v 1 ln vi t l bao nhiu? 27/64. Hng dn 4 tnh trng. T l tnh trng tri mi cp tnh trng l 3/4; t l tnh trng ln l 1/4 => T l = (3/4)3 (1/4) = 27/64 Bi 6. Trong trng hp gim phn v th tinh bnh thng, tnh theo l thuyt, php lai AaBbDdHh AaBbDdHh s cho s c th mang kiu gen c 2 cp ng hp tri v 2 cp d hp chim t l bao nhiu? 3/32. Hng dn T l ng hp tri mi cp: 1/4 T l d hp: 1/2 T hp: (1/4)2(1/2)2C24 = 3/32. Bi 7. Lai hai ging ng ng hp t, khc nhau v 6 cp gen, mi cp gen quy nh mt cp tnh trng, cc cp phn li c lp nhau thu c F1 c 1 kiu hnh. Khi tp giao F1vi nhau, tnh theo l thuyt, F2 c tng s kiu gen v s kiu gen ng hp t v c 6 gen nu trn? Hng dn F1 c 6 cp d hp s KG = 36 = 729 v s KH = 26 = 64

Bi 8. ngi, xt 3 gen: gen th nht c 3 alen nm trn NST thng, cc gen 2 v 3 mi gen u c 2 alen nm trn NST X (khng c alen trn Y), cc gen trn X lin kt hon ton vi nhau.Theo l thuyt s kiu gen ti a v cc lcut trn trong qun th ngi? Hng dn - S KG trn NST thng = 3(3+1)/2 = 6 - V cc gen LKHT nn cho d trn NST c nhiu alen nhng v khng c HV nn ging trng hp 1 gen c 2 alen trn NST thng S KG trn NST gii tnh = 2(2+1)/2+2 = 5 S Kg vi 3 locus = 6.5 = 30

II/ Phn loi cc QLDT

H thng DT V tr gen S TT S cp Tn quy lut gen/NST Phn li PLL Tng tc 3:1 9:3:3:1 TT B 9:3:3:1; sung: 9:7; T l KH c bn 1:1 1:1:1:1 12:3:1;3:1; 1:2:1; 1:1:1:1 3:1 1:1 Ph thuc f T l khi lai PT

Trong nhn NST thng

1 1/1 2 2/2 1 2/2

TT cng cng: 15:1 2 2/1 2 2/1 NST GT Ngoi nhn TBC 2 2/1 1 1/1 LK hon ton 3:1 Hon v LKGT Ph thuc f

Ph thuc loi nhim sc th. Ph thuc loi nhim sc th mang gen. KH ging m

DT ngoi nhnKH ging m

III/ Phng php gii bi tp cc quy lut di truyn (Bi ton nghch - phn 2).
1/ Phng php
Bc 1. Bin lun, xc nh quy lut di truyn chi phi 1. Xc nh mi tnh trng do mt cp gen hay hai cp gen quy nh. 2. Nu mi tnh trng do nhiu cp gen quy nh => Tnh trng tun theo quy lut di truyn tng tc gen. 3. Nu mi tnh trng do 1 cp gen quy nh cn xac inh 3.1. Quan h tri, ln. 3.2. Mi cp gen nm trn 1 cp nhim sc th hay 2 cp gen cung nm trn 1 nhim sc th, phn b trn nhim sc th thng hay trn nhim sc th gii tnh. TH1. Nu s biu hin cc tnh trng gii c v gii ci nh nhau => Gen phn b trn NST thng - Nu mi cp gen nm trn mt cp nhim sc th: => tun theo quy lut phn li c lp - Nu 2 cp gen nm trn mt cp nhim sc th cn xac inh lin kt hoan toan hay hoan vi gen. Nu xay ra hoan vi gen, xc nh hon v 1 bn hay hon v 2 bn v tinh tn s hoan vi gen. + Lin kt gen: T th phn hoc giao phi gia 2 c th d hp 2 cp gen=> i con c t l Kh 1: 2: 1 hoc 3: 1. Hay khi lai phn tch c th d hp 2 cp gen c FB c t l KH 1: 1 + Hon v gen: Nu t l chung ca c 2 tnh trng biu hin tng bin d t hp, v khng bng tch cc nhm t l (khi xt ring). Nu t l giao t ab > 25% => C th d hp u, ngc li c th d hp cho. Nu c th em lai d hp 2 cp gen v t l ln l s chnh phng => Hon v 2 bn, ngc li hon v 1 bn. TH2. Nu s biu hin cc tnh trng gii c v gii ci khc nhau => Gen phn b trn NST gii tnh. Bc 2. Kim chng bng s lai (Hoc tnh ton s dng cng thc tnh nhanh) V d minh ha

2/ Bi tp v hon v gen 2.1/ Phng php.

D kin: Cho KH ca P; T l phn tnh kiu hnh th h lai. Yu cu: Bin lun v vit s lai. Cch gii chung: Bc 1. Bin lun xc nh tnh trng tri ln, v qui lut di truyn chi phi s di truyn ca hai cp tnh trng *C s l thuyt: - Da vo nh lut ng tnh, phn tnh ca G. Mendel xc nh tnh trng tri ln - Nu th h lai xut hin 4 loi KH phn tnh 9:3:3:1 (hay 1:1:1:1 trong lai phn tch) th s di truyn chi phi tun theo qui lut di truyn hon v gen Bc 2: Xc nh hon v 1 gii hay hon v 2 gii, xc nh f , KG P. *C s l thuyt: T t l phn tnh th h lai (thng cn c vo t l % KH mang hai tnh trng ln) t l giao t lin kt (hoc t l giao t hon v) KG ca c th em lai Bc 3: Lp s lai kim chng

2.2/ Bi tp
Bi tp 1. Khi cho giao phn gia hai cy cng loi, ngi ta thu c F1 c t l phn ly sau: 70% cy cao, qu trn; 20% cy thp, qu bu dc; 5% cy cao, qu bu dc; 5% cy thp, qu trn. Bin lun v vit s lai t P n F1 6

Hng dn 1. Bin lun: Bc 1. Xt ring kiu hnh tng tnh trng F1 + Tnh trng chiu cao: cy cao : cy thp = 3 cao : 1 thp (ph hp L phn tnh Mendel) cy cao(A) , cy thp (a) v P Aa x Aa qu trn (B), qu bu dc(b) v P Bb x Bb (1), (2) => P d hp 2 cp gen. So snh tch cc cp tnh trng phn tch vi d kin u bi nhn din quy lut di truyn chi phi Nu 2 cp gen/ 2 cp nhim sc th th t l F1 l: (3:1)(3:1) = 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 d kin bi ra (70%: 5%: 5%: 20%) hai cp gen phn b trn 1 cp NST v tnh trng di truyn tun theo qui lut hon v gen. (V s KH ti a ca lin kt l 3) Bc 2: Xc nh hon v 1 gii hay hon v 2 gii, d hp t u hay d hp t cho v tnh f - F1 cy thp, bu dc (KG ab/ab ) = 20% = 40% ab x 50% ab (V t l KG ab/ab = 20% khng l s chnh phng => c th khng nh hon v ch xy ra 1 gii) 1 bn P cho giao t AB = ab = 40% Ab = aB = 10% 25% v l giao t hon v KG ca P AB/ab xy ra hon v gen vi tn s f = 20% => 1 cy P AB = ab =50% KG P AB/ab (lin kt gen) Bc 3: Vit s lai. Bi tp 2. Cho nhng cy c chua F1 c cng kiu gen vi kiu hnh cy cao, qu t th phn. F 2 thu c t l phn tnh kiu hnh: 50,16% cao, : 24,84% cao, vng : 24,84% thp, : 0,16% thp, vng. Bin lun v vit s lai t F1 n F2 Hng dn Bc 1: Quy c, nhn din quy lut di truyn + F2 xut hin tnh trng cy thp, qu vng F1 khng thun chng d hp hai cp gen => cy cao, qu biu hin trong kiu gen d hp l tnh trng tri. Qui c: A qui nh cy cao, a qui nh cy thp; Xt ring kiu hnh tng tnh trng F2 + Tnh trng chiu cao: cy cao : cy thp =75:25 = 3 : 1 (ph hp L phn tnh Mendel) P Aa x Aa P Bb x Bb (1) B qui nh qu ; b qui nh qu vng (1)

+ Tnh trng hnh dng qu: qu trn : qu bu dc = 3 qu trn : 1 qu bu dc ( ph hp L phn tnh Mendel) (2)

+ Tnh trng hnh dng qu: qu : qu bu vng = 75:25 = 3 : 1 ( ph hp L phn tnh Mendel) (2)

(1), (2) => P d hp 2 cp gen. 7

So snh tch cc cp tnh trng phn tch vi d kin u bi nhn din quy lut di truyn chi phi Nu 2 cp gen/ 2 cp nhim sc th th t l F1 l: (3:1)(3:1) = 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 d kin bi ra (50,16% : 28,84% : 28,84% : 0,16%) hai cp gen phn b trn 1 cp NST v tnh trng di truyn tun theo qui lut hon v gen. (V s KH ti a ca lin kt l 3) Bc 2. Xc nh hon v 1 gii hay hon v 2 gii, d hp t u hay d hp t cho v tnh f - F2 cy thp, vng(ab/ab) = 0,16% = 4% ab x 4% ab Hon v gen xy ra c hai bn b m F1 em lai. -AB = ab = 4% 25% l giao t hon v => F1 d cho kiu gen ca F1 l Ab/aB, f = 2 x 4% = 8% Bc 3. Lp s lai kim chng (Hoc tnh nhanh bng cng thc xc nh kt qu) Bi tp 3. Khi lai th la thn cao, ht go trong vi th la thn thp, ht c. F1 thu c ton cy thn cao, ht go c. Cho cc cy F1 t th vi nhau F2 thu c 15600 cy bao gm 4 kiu hnh, trong c 3744 cy thn cao, ht trong. Bin lun v vit s lai t P n F2 ( Bit rng mi tnh trng do mt gen tc ng ring r qui nh, qu trnh hnh thnh ht phn v non ging nhau) Hng dn Bc 1. - P thun chng hai cp tnh trng em lai F1 ng tnh trng thn cao, ht go c ( ph hp L ng tnh Mendel ) Thn cao(A ), thn thp(a); ht c (B ) ht trong(b) v kiu gen F1 d hp 2 cp gen (Aa, Bb) - T l cy cao, ht trong (A-bb) F2 = 3744: 15600 = 0,24. - Nu 2 cp gen trn 1 cp NST th t l F2 l 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 trong cy cao, ht trong chim 3/16 = 18,75% 24% 2 cp gen phn b trn 1 cp NST v qui lut di truyn chi phi hai cp tnh trng l qui lut di truyn hon v gen. KG(p)x KG(F1) Bc 2. Gi t l giao t ca F1 AB = ab = x; Ab = aB = y => Cy cao, ht trong (Ab/Ab hoc Ab/ab) = Ab x Ab v Ab xab) => y2 + 2xy = 0,24 x + y = 1/2 (2) (1)

Gii h phng trnh (1) & (2) ta c x= 0,1 ; y = 0,4 tn s f = 0,2 Bc 3. Lp s lai t p n F2 Bi tp 4. em giao phi gia b m u thun chng khc nhau v hai cp gen tng phn thu c F1 ng lot cy cao, chn sm. F2 c 4 kiu hnh trong kiu hnh cy cao, chn mun chim 12,75%. Bin lun v vit s lai t P n F2 Hng dn Bc1: 8

- P thun chng hai cp tnh trng tng phn em lai F1 ng tnh trng cy cao, chn sm (ph hp nh lut ng tnh Melen ) cao, sm tri so vi thp mun. + Qui c A: cao a: thp; B: chn sm b: chn mun

+ F1 c kiu gen d hp hai cp gen (Aa,Bb) - T l phn tnh kiu hnh F2: Cy cao, chn mun ( A-;bb) = 12,75% 18,75 qui lut di truyn chi phi s di truyn hai cp tnh trng l qui lut di truyn hon v gen Bc2: - Gi t l giao t ca F1 AB = ab = x; Ab = aB = y Ta c y2 + 2xy = 0,1275 x + y = 1/2 (1) (2)

Gii h phng trnh c: x = 0,35 0,25 ( giao t lin kt) ; y = 0,15 0,25 (giao t hon v) => Kiu gen F1 l AB/ab v (f) = 0,15 x 2 = 0,3; Kiu gen ca P AB/AB x ab/ab - Bc 3: Lp s lai kim chng Bi tp 5. : mt loi thc vt, gen A quy nh thn cao tri hon ton so vi gen a quy nh thn thp, gen B quy nh hoa tri hon ton so vi gen b quy nh hoa trng. Lai cy thn cao, hoa vi cy thn thp, hoa trng thu c F1 phn li theo t l : 37,5% cy thn cao, hoa trng : 37,5% cy thn thp, hoa : 12,5% cy thn cao, hoa : 12,5% cy thn thp, hoa trng. Cho bit khng c t bin xy ra hy xc nh kiu gen ca cy b, m trong php lai trn. Hng dn: - Tri ln hon ton, cy thp, hoa trng tnh trng ln ch cho 1 loi giao t. F 1 cho 4 loi t hp nn P d hp, cho 4 loi giao t. - F1 Cao : thp = 1:1; : trng = 1 : 1. Nu 2 cp gen/2 cp nhim sc th th t l F1 l 1:1:1:1 . Vy 2/1 v hon v. - F1 thp, trng = 12,5% => ab= 12,5% <25 => L giao t hon v => P d cho => Ab/aB x ab/ab Bi tp 6. mt loi thc vt, gen A quy nh thn cao tri hon ton so vi gen a quy nh thn thp, gen B quy nh qu trn tri hon ton so vi gen b qui nh qu di. Cc cp gen ny nm trn cng mt cp nhim sc th. Cy d hp t v 2 cp gen giao phn vi cy thn thp, qu trn thu c i con phn li theo t l : 310 cy thn cao, qu trn : 190 cy thn cao, qu di : 440 cy thn thp, qu trn : 60 cy thn thp, qu di. Cho bit khng c t bin xy ra. Tnh tn s hon v. Hng dn F1 c cy thp, di (ab/ab) => cy em lai thp qu trn KG: aB /ab (1) cho 2 loi giao t 0.5 aB : 0.5 ab F1 ab/ab = 60/(310+190+440+60) = 0.06 = 6% => cy d hp 2 cp cho ab = 12% < 25 => d cho => f = 2.ab = 24%

Bi tp 7 : mt loi thc vt khi cho lai cy thn cao, chn mun thun chng vi cy thn thp, chn sm F1 thu c 100% cy thn cao chn mun. Cho F1 lai phn tch Fb thu c 40% cy cao, chn mun, 40% cy thp, chn sm, 10% cy cao, chn sm. 10% cy thp, chn mun. Bin lun v vit s lai. Hng dn Cy thn cao, chn mun x cy thn, thp chn sm -> F1 100% cy thn cao, chn mun. => Thn cao tri (A), thn thp (a). Chn mun tri (B) chn sm ln (b). - F1 lai phn tch, thu c 4 t hp vi t l khng bng nhau => F1 cho 4 loi giao t t l khng bng nhau. - f = ab x ab => F1 cho ab = 0.4 > 0.25 => D u. => f = 20% Bi tp 8: Cho ng thn cao (A), ht vng (B) lai vi ng thn thp (a), ht trng (b) ngi ta thu c 81 cy thn thp, ht vng, 79 cy thn cao, ht trng, 21 cy thn thp, ht trng, 19 cy thn cao, ht vng. Bin lun, vit s lai. Hng dn - Xt ring s di truyn tng cp tnh trng: - Tnh trng chiu cao: Cao : Thp = 1 : 1; Tnh trng mu sc: Vng : trng = 1 : 1 => Lai phn tch - Nu phn li c lp th t l i lai l 1 : 1 : 1 : 1, nu lin kt gen th t l i lai l 1 : 1 => hon v gen. - Cy thp, trng (21) = 10% => Cy d hp cho ab = 10% <25 => Giao t hon v => Di cho => f = 20%. Bi tp 9: Cho chut c F1 lai vi chut ci cha bit kiu gen c th h lai gm: 28 en, x; 20 en, mt; 4 trng, x; 12 trng, mt. Bit mi gen quy nh mt tnh trng, lng en tri hon ton so vi lng trng, lng x tri hon ton so vi lng mt. Bin lun, vit s lai. Hng dn Quy c: A: lng en, a lng trng. B lng x, b lng mt. - Xt ring s di truyn ca tng cp tnh trng + TT mu sc lng: Lng en : lng trng = 3:1. (Aa x Aa) + TT mt ca lng : Lng x : lng mt = 1 : 1. (Bb x bb) - Xt chung c hai tnh trng: Nu 2 cp gen / 2 cp NST th s phn li i con l 3 en, x : 3 en, mt : 1 trng, x : 1 trng, mt. => 2/1. Nu lin kt th ti a c 3 kiu hnh => hon v gen. - Do chut c kiu gen Ab/ab ch cho 2 loi giao t hon v gen xy ra chut c kiu gen d hp 2 cp. - Ta c ab/ab = ab x ab = 0.5x ab = 0,1875 => ab = 37.5 > 25 => d u => f = (50 -37.5).2 = 0.25. Bi tp 10: mt loi thc vt, alen A quy nh thn cao tri hon ton so vi alen a quy nh thn thp, alen B quy nh qu tri hon ton so vi alen b quy nh qu vng. Cho cy thn cao, qu giao phn vi cy thn cao, qu (P), trong tng s cc cy thu c F 1, cy c kiu hnh thn thp, qu vng chim t l 1%. Bit rng khng xy ra t bin, tnh theo l thuyt, t l kiu hnh thn cao, qu c kiu gen ng hp t v c hai cp gen ni trn F1 bao nhiu? Hng dn 10

+ Cy c KG thn thp, qu vng (tnh trng ln) F 1 chim t l 1% => P d hp 2 cp gen. Nu 2 cp gen/2 cp nhim sc th th t l l 9:3:3:1 trong cy thp, vng chim 6.25%. => Hon v gen. + ab/ab = 1% = 0.01=> % ab * % ab = 0.1 * 0.1 => hon v 2 bn, d cho. f = 20 % + V khng xy ra t bin, tnh theo l thuyt, t l kiu hnh thn cao, qu c kiu gen ng hp t v c hai cp gen ni trn F1 l: AB x AB = 1%

III. PHNG PHP GII BI TP QUY LUT HON V GEN (Mi gen quy nh mt tnh trng thng) Dng 3A: BIN LUN V VIT S LAI F1 N F2. D kin bi cho: - Cho KH ca P. - T l phn tnh kiu hnh th h lai. A. Cch gii chung: Bc 1. Bin lun xc nh tnh trng tri ln, v qui lut di truyn chi phi s di truyn ca hai cp tnh trng - Da vo nh lut ng tnh, phn tnh ca G. Mendel xc nh tnh trng tri ln - Nu th h lai xut hin 4 loi KH phn tnh 9:3:3:1 (hay 1:1:1:1 trong lai phn tch) th s di truyn chi phi tun theo qui lut di truyn hon v gen Bc 2. Xc nh tn s hon v gen t suy ra KG ca P v tn s hon v gen: Dng phng php phn tch giao t xc nh tn s HVG (p) - T t l phn tnh th h lai (thng cn c vo t l % KH mang hai tnh trng ln) t l giao t lin kt (hoc t l giao t hon v) KG ca c th em lai Bc 3: Lp s lai B. Bi tp minh ha: 1.Trng hp HVG xy ra mt bn b hoc m Bi 1: Khi cho giao phn gia hai cy cng loi, ngi ta thu c F1 c t l phn ly sau: 70% cy cao, qu trn; 20% cy thp, qu bu dc; 5% cy cao, qu bu dc; 5% cy thp, qu trn. Bin lun v vit s lai t P n F1 2.Trng hp HVG xy ra hai bn b v m Bi 2: Cho nhng cy c chua F1 c cng KG vi KH cy cao, qu t th phn. F2 thu c t l phn tnh kiu hnh: 50,16% cao, : 24,84% cao, vng : 24,84% thp, : 0,16% thp, vng. Bin lun v vit s lai t F1 n F2 C. Hng dn gii: Bi 1: Bc 1. - Bin lun: + Phn tch t l phn tnh KH ca tng cp tnh trng ring r 11

+ Tnh trng chiu cao: cy cao : cy thp = 3 cao : 1 thp (ph hp vi L phn tnh Menen) cy cao (A) tri hon ton so vi cy thp (a) v P: Aa x Aa (1) + Tnh trng dng qu: qu trn : qu bu dc = 3 qu trn : 1 qu bu dc (ph hp L phn tnh Menen) qu trn (B) tri hon ton so vi qu bu dc (b) v P: Bb x Bb (2) . T (1) v (2) P (Aa,Bb) x (Aa,Bb) * Phn tch t l phn tnh KH ca ng thi hai cp tnh trng: cao, trn : cao, bu dc : thp, trn : thp, bu dc = 70%: 5%: 5%: 20% 9:3:3:1 hai cp tnh trng di truyn theo qui lut hon v gen Bc 2: F1 cy thp, bu dc (ab / ab) = 20% = 40% ab x 50% ab + 1 cy P cho giao t AB = ab = 40% Ab = aB = 10% 25% l giao t HVG KG ca P (AB / ab) xy ra hon v gen vi tn s p = 20% + 1 cy P AB = ab = 50% KG P: (AB / ab) => DT lin kt gen Bc 3: Lp s lai Bi 2: Bc1: - Bin lun: + F2 xut hin tnh trng cy thp, qu vng F1 khng thun chng c kiu gen d hp hai cp gen. Vy cy cao, qu biu hin trong kiu gen d hp l tnh trng tri Qui c: A qui nh cy cao ; a qui nh cy thp B qui nh qu ; b qui nh qu vng F1 (Aa, Bb) x F1 (Aa, Bb) + T l phn tnh kiu hnh F2: 50,16% : 28,84% : 28,84% : 0,16% 9 : 3: 3:1 1: 2: 1 nn s di truyn ca hai cp tnh trng tun theo qui lut di truyn hon v gen Bc 2: - F2 cy thp, vng (ab / ab) = 0,16% = 4% ab x 4% ab Hon v gen xy ra c hai bn b m F1 em lai - AB = ab = 4% 25% l giao t HVG - Ab = aB = 46% 25% l giao t bnh thng KG ca F1 l (Ab / aB) v tn s HVG: p = 2 x 4% = 8% Bc 3: Lp s lai Dng 3B: BIN LUN V VIT S LAI T P N F2 D kin bi cho: - KH ca P v cho bit trc KG ca F1 hoc khng cho bit trc KH ca P v kiu gen cu F1 - T l % 1 loi KH th h con lai F2 nhng khng phi l mang c hai tnh trng ln (aabb), m thng mang mt tnh trng tri v mt tnh trng ln (A-bb hoc aaB-) A. Cch gii chung: Bc 1. -Bin lun xc nh tnh trng tri, ln v xc nh qui lut di truyn chi phi hai cp tnh trng (thc hin tng t nh bc 1 ca dng 3A) 12

Bc 2. - Xc nh tn s HVG KG ca F1 KG ca P: Dng phng php lp phng trnh xc nh tn s HVG (p) Gi t l giao t ca F1 AB = ab = x Ab = aB = y x + y = 0,5 (1) + Da vo t l KH mang 1 tnh trng tri, 1 tnh trng ln (A-bb; aaB-) = a% lp phng trnh y2 + 2xy = a% (2) ri gii h phng trnh (1) & (2) chn n ph hp t suy ra tn s HVG v kiu gen ca P v F1 Bc 3. - Lp s lai: B. Bi tp minh ha: 1.Trng hp 1: cho bit KH ca P v bit trc KG ca F1 Bi 1: Khi lai th la thn cao, ht go trong vi th la thn thp, ht c. F1 thu c ton cy thn cao, ht go c. Cho cc cy F1 t th vi nhau F2 thu c 15600 cy bao gm 4 kiu hnh, trong c 3744 cy thn cao, ht trong. (Bit rng mi tnh trng do mt gen tc ng ring r quy nh). Bin lun v vit s lai t P n F2 2.Trng hp 2: cha cho bit KH ca P v cha bit c KG ca F1 Bi 2: em giao phi gia b m u thun chng khc nhau v hai cp gen tng phn thu c F1 ng lot cy cao, chn sm. F2 c 4 kiu hnh trong kiu hnh cy cao, chn mun chim 12,75%. Bin lun v vit s lai t P n F2 C. Hng dn gii: Bi 1: Bc 1. - Bin lun: - P thun chng hai cp tnh trng em lai F1 ng tnh trng thn cao, ht go c (ph hp vi quy lut phn li ca Menen) tnh trng thn cao (A) l tri hon ton so vi thn thp (a); ht go c (B) l tri hon ton so vi ht go trong (b) v kiu gen F1 (Aa, Bb) - T l cy cao, ht trong (A-bb) F2 = (3744/1560) x 100% = 24% 18,75% 25% qui lut di truyn chi phi hai cp tnh trng l qui lut di truyn hon v gen KG P: (Ab / Ab) x (aB / aB) KG F1 : (Ab / aB) Bc 2 : Gi t l giao t ca F1 AB = ab = x Ab = aB = y Ta c : y2 + 2xy = 0,24 (1) x + y = 1/2 (2) Gii h phng trnh (1) & (2) ta c x = 0,1 ; y = 0,4 tn s HVG: p = 2x = 0,2 Bc 3. Lp s lai t P n F2. Bi 2: Bc 1: 13

- P thun chng hai cp tnh trng tng phn em lai, F1 ng lot cy cao, chn sm cao, sm tri so vi thp mun (theo quy lut phn li ca Melen) + Quy c A: cao B: chn sm a: thp b: chn mun

+ F1 c kiu gen d hp hai cp gen (Aa,Bb) - T l phn tnh kiu hnh F2 : cy cao, chn mun (A-bb) = 12,75% 3/16 s di truyn hai cp tnh trng theo quy lut hon v gen Bc 2: - Gi t l giao t ca F1 AB = ab = x Ab = aB = y Ta c : y2 + 2xy = 0,1275 (1) x + y = 1/2 (2) gii h phng trnh (1) & (2) ta c + x = 0,35 0,25 (giao t lin kt) ; + y = 0,15 0,25 (giao t hon v gen) + Suy ra kiu gen F1 l (AB / ab) v tn s HVG (p) = 0,15 x 2 = 0,3 + Kiu gen ca P : (AB / AB) x (ab / ab) Bc 3: Lp s lai t P n F2. PHNG PHP GII BI TP T BIN NHIM SC TH (Phng php gii bi tp v t nhim sc th - bi tp thuc chng trnh Sinh hc 12 - THPT) 1. Bi tp t bin cu trc Lu : xc nh dng t bin suy ra hu qu. 2. Bi tp t bin s lng 2.1. t bin lch bi Lu khi nim th khng, th mt, th mt kp .... 2.2. t bin a bi Lu : - Cch vit s lai v vit giao t lng bi ca cc c th lai. - Tp trung vo cc t l: 11:1; 35:1; 18:8:8:1. 14

- Giao t lng bi ca cc c th t bi: Kiu gen AAAA AAAa AAaa Aaaa aaaa 3. Mt s v d minh ha V d 1. c chua, A quy nh qu ; a quy nh qu vng. Cho mt cy c chua t bi c kiu gen AAaa lai vi mt cy lng bi c kiu gen Aa. Qu trnh gim phn cc cy b m xy ra bnhthng, cc loi giao t c to ra u c kh nng th tinh. Xc nh t l kiu gen, kiu hnh con lai. 1AA 1/2AA: 1/2Aa 1/6AA:4/6Aa/1/6aa 1/2Aa:1/2aa 1aa Giao t lng bi

(11:1; 1:5:5:1)

V d 2. Dng cnsixin x l cc hp t lng bi c kiu gen Aa thu c cc th t bi. Cho cc th t bi trn giao phn vi nhau, trong trng hp cc cy b m gim phn bnh thng, xc nh t l kiu gen, kiu hnh con lai.(1AAAA : 8AAAa : 18AAaa : 8Aaaa : 1aaaa; 35 :1) V d 3. c chua, alen A quy nh qu tri hon ton so vi alen a quy nh qu vng. Bit rng cc cy t bi gim phn cho giao t 2n c kh nng th tinh bnh thng. Xc nh t l kiu gen, kiu hnh con lai (5 cy qu : 1 cy qu vng) V d 4. c chua c c cy t bi v cy lng bi. Gen A quy nh qu mu l tri hon ton so vi alen a quy nh qu mu vng. Bit rng, cy t bi gim phn bnh thng v cho giao t 2n, cy lng bi gim phn bnh thng v cho giao t n. Vit cc php lai cho t l phn li kiu hnh 11 qu mu : 1 qu mu vng i con. (AAaa Aa v AAaa Aaaa) V d 5. mt loi thc vt, gen A qui nh ht mu nu tri hon ton so vi gen a qui nh ht mu trng; cc c th em lai gim phn u cho giao t 2n. Php lai khng th to ra con lai c kiu hnh ht mu trng l (AAAa aaaa) V d 6. c chua, gen A quy nh tnh trng qu mu tri hon ton so vi alen a quy nh tnh trng qu mu vng. Lai nhng cy c chua t bi vi nhau (F1), thu c th h lai (F2) phn li theo t l 35 cy qu mu : 1 cy qu mu vng. Cho bit qu trnh gim phn hnh thnh giao t 2n din ra bnh thng. Xc nh kiu gen ca F1. (AAaa AAaa)

15

PHNG PHP GII BI TP T BIN GEN (Phng php gii bi tp v t bin gen - Thuc chng trnh Sinh hc 12 - THPT) DNG 1. Xc nh dng t bin lin quan ti s lin kt hyr v axit amin Lu : - t bin gen lm gen mi khng thay i chiu di gen v s lin kt hyr, s aa nhng lm phn tprtin c 1 aa mi thuc dng thay th 1 cp nucltit ny bng 1 cp nucltit khc. - t bin gen khng thay chiu di nhng + S lin kt hyr tng thuc dng AT thay bng GX; + S lin kt hyr gim thuc dng GX thay bng AT. - Khi t bin xy ra, b 3 mi thuc 1 trong ba b 3: UAG, UGA, UAA => V tr kt thc dch m. - Khi t bin xy ra, b 3 mi thuc 1 trong cc b 3 AUG, UAG, UGA, UAA => Thay i axit amin DNG 2. Bi tp t bin gen, xc inh s nucltit , s lin kt hir ... Lu : Cc cng thc phn vt cht di truyn. V d 1. Gen A di 4080 A0, trong s nucltit loi Anin chim 30% tng s nucltit ca gen. Gen A t bin thnh gen a lm thay i t l A/G = 1,498 nhng khng lm thay i chiu di ca gen. Tnh s lin kt hyr ca gen a. Hng dn gii bi tp - t bin khng thay chiu di gen => Dng thay th cp nucltit ny bng cp nucltit khc NA = 4080x2/3.4 = 2400. A = T = 30% x 2400 = 720; G = X = (2400 - 720x2)/2= 480. => A/G = 3/2 = 1,5. - Gen t bin c A/G =1,4948, t l A/G gim => A gim, G tng => Thay A-T bng G-X. - Gi s cp thay l x, => ta c => x =1 (Thay 1 cp G-X bng 1 cp AT) => Gen a c: A = T = 720-1=719; G=X = 480+1 = 481. => S lin kt hydr = 2A+3G = 719x2 + 481x3 = 1438 + 1443 = 2881. V d 2. Gen B c 390 Guanin v c tng s lin kt hir l 1670, b t bin thay th mt cp nucltit ny bng mt cp nucltit khc thnh gen b. Gen b nhiu hn gen B mt lin kt hir. Tnh s nucltit mi loi ca gen b. Hng dn gii bi tp - t bin dng thay th A-T bng G-X. - Gen B: 2A+3G = 1670 => A = (1670-3G)/2 = (1670-3x390)/2 = 250. Vy, gen b c: A = T = 249; G = X = 391. V d 3. Gen D c 3600 lin kt hir v s nucltit loi anin (A) chim 30% tng s nucltit ca gen. Gen D b t bin mt mt cp A-T thnh alen d. Mt t bo c cp gen Dd nguyn phn mt ln, xc nh s nucltit mi loi m mi trng ni bo cung cp cho cp gen ny nhn i. Hng dn gii bi tp - Ta c A=T = 30% => G =X = 20% => A = 1,5G - 2A+ 3G = 3600 => 2x1,5G+ 3xG = 3600 => G=600 =X; A = T =900. - Gen d c A = T = 899; G = X = 600. V d 4. Mt gen c 4800 lin kt hir v c t l A/G = 1/2, b t bin thnh alen mi c 4801 lin kt hir v c khi lng 108.104 vC. Tnh s nucltit mi loi ca gen ban u v gen sau t bin. Hng dn gii bi tp 1. Gen ban u - Ta c 2A+3G =4800; => 2A + 3x2A = 4800 => A = T = 600; G = X = 1200. 2. Gen sau t bin - S Nucltit gen t bin = 108.104: 300 = 3600. - Gen t bin c 2A + 3G = 4801; 2A+ 2G = 3600. => G = 4801-3600 = 1201; A = T = 599. 16

V d 5. Gen A di 4080A0 b t bin thnh gen a. Khi gen a t nhn i mt ln, mi trng ni bo cung cp 2398 nucltit. t bin trn thuc dng Hng dn gii bi tp N = 2l/3,4=2400 Nu bnh thng, khi t nhn i mi trng cung cp = N = 2400; thc t 2398 => mt 2 cp. Phng php gii bi tp v ADN - ARN Dng 1. Xc nh trnh t nucltit Cho bit: Trnh t nucltit trn mt mch ca gen. Yu cu: + Xc nh trnh t nucltit trn gen (ADN). + Hoc xc nh trnh t nucltit ARN do gen phin m. - Cch gii: + Xc nh trnh t nucltit trn mch cn li ca ADN (gen): Cn c nguyn tc cu to ca ADN, cc n phn ca hai mch lin kt vi nhau theo nguyn tc b sung: A lin kt vi T; G lin kt vi X . + Xc nh trnh t nucltit trn ARN: Cn c c ch qu trnh phin m, phn t ARN ch c tng hp t mch gc ca gen. Cc n phn ca mch gc lin kt vi cc nucltit mi trng ni bo theo nguyn tc b sung A mch gc lin kt vi U mi trng T mch gc lin kt vi A mi trng G mch gc lin kt vi X mi trng X mch gc lin kt vi G mi trng V d 1: Mt gen cha on mch c trnh t nucltit l . . . A- G - X - T - T - A - G - X - A . . . . Xc nh trnh t nucltit tng ng trn mch b sung. Hng dn gii bi tp Theo NTBS cc nucltit trn gen lin kt vi nhau theo nguyn tc A lin kt vi T, G lin kt vi X Vy: Mch c trnh t: . . . A - G - X - T - T - A - G - X - A . . . . Mch b sung l: . . . T - A - G - A - A - T - X - G - A . . . V d 2: Mt gen cha on mch b sung vi on mch mang m gc c trnh t nucltit l: ...A-G-X-T-T-A-G-X-A.... Xc nh trnh t cc rib nucltit c tng hp t on gen ny. Hng dn gii bi tp Khi bit mch b sung => Xc nh mch gc => xc nh ARN (theo nguyn tc b sung) Gii - Theo NTBS: Cc nucltit trn gen lin kt vi nhau theo nguyn tc A lin kt vi T, G lin kt vi X Trong qu trnh phin m cc nucltit trn gen lin kt vi cc nucltit mt trng theo nguyn tc: A mch gc lin kt vi U mi trng T mch gc lin kt vi A mi trng G mch gc lin kt vi X mi trng X mch gc lin kt vi G mi trng Theo bi ra: mch b sung ca gen: . . . A - G - X - T - T - A - G - X - A . . . . => Mch gc ca gen: . . . T - X - G - A - A - T - X - G - T . . . . => ARN ...A-G-X-U-U-A-G-X-A.... Lu : Trnh t nucltit mARN ging trnh t nucltit ca mch b sung (Thay T bng U) Dng 2. Xc nh trnh t nucltit ca gen (ADN) khi bit trnh t nucltit ca ARN. - Cch gii: Cn c nguyn tc b sung trn gen v qu trnh phin m + Xc nh trnh t nucltit trn mch mang m gc ca ADN (gen) + Xc nh trnh t nucltit trn mch b sung. -----------------------------------------------V d: Phn t mARN cha on mch c trnh t nucltit l . . . A- G - X - U - A - G - X - A . . . . 17

Xc nh trnh t nucltit tng ng trn gen. Hng dn gii bi tp mARN ...A-G-X-U-U-A-G-X-A.... Mch gc: ...T-X-G-A-A-T-X-G-T.... Mch b sung: ...A-G-X-T-T-A-G-X-A.... Dng 3. Xc nh s nucltit, s lin kt hyr, chiu di gen, s lin kt peptit . . . Mt s lu : Virut, ADN ch c 1 mch. tinh trng v trng, hm lng ADN gim 1/2 hm lng ADN trong t bo sinh dng. k u, k gia, k sau: hm lng ADN gp 2 hm lng ADN cc giai on khc. I / Gii thiu mt s cng thc gii bi tp 1. Tnh chiu di gen: lgen = 3.4.N/2 2. N = 2l/3,4= A+T+G+X = 2A + 2G 3. A=T; G=X. => A+G = T+X 4. %A=%T; %G=%X. => %A+%G = %T+%X=50%. 5. S chu k xon: (C) = N/20 6. S b ba m ha =N/6 6.Tnh s axit amin: 6.1. S axitamin trong chui plipeptit c tng hp (gen phin m 1 ln, 1 ribxm trtt qua khng lp li:) : N/6 - 1 6.2. S axitamin mi trng cung cp trong dch m khi gen phin m 1 ln, 1 ribxm trt qua khng lp li: N/6-2 6.3. Gen phin m k ln. Trn mi phn t mARN tham gia dch m c n Ribxmcng trt qua m ln. S axit amin mi trng cung cp l: k. n. (m+1)(N- 1) 6.4. Gen phin m k ln. Trn mi phn t mARN tham gia dch m c n Ribxmcng trt qua, lp li m ln. S axit amin mi trng cung cp l: 7. S Lin kt hir ca gen: H = 2A + 3G ( lk) 8. Khi lng phn t ADN (gen): MAD N = N . 300 ( vC). 9. S lin kt phtphoieste 9.1. S lin kt phtphoieste trn mt mch = s lin kt phtphoieste trn ARN = N -1. 9.2. S lin kt phtphoieste trn c phn t ADN = 2N - 2. 10. S gen con c to ra sau k ln ti bn: 2k. 11. S gen con c 2 mch hon ton mi c to ra sau k ln ti bn: 2k - 2. 12. S nucltit trong cc gen con khi gen ti bn k ln: N. 2k 13. S nucltit mi trng cung cp khi gen ti bn k ln: N. (2k-1) 14. S nucltit trn cc phn t mARN khi gen phin m k ln: k.N/2 15. S lin kt peptit trn chui plipeptit = s axitamin trong phn t prtin -1 16. S nu tng loi tng mch v c gen: A1 = T2 %A1 = % T2 T1 = A2 % T 1 = % A2 G1 = X2 % G1 = % X2 X1 = G2 % X1 = % G2 => A = T = A1 + A2 = T1 + T2 = A1 + T1 = A2 + T2 G=X = G1 + G2 = X1 + X2 = G1 + X1 = G2 + X2 17. Phin m: (n phn ca ARN l rNu) - Gi s nu tng loi ca ARN l rA, rU, rX, rG th - Theo NTBS: rA = Tmch gc. % rA = % Tmch gc rU = Amch gc. % rU = % Amch gc. rX = Gmch gc % rX = % Gmch gc 18

rG = Xmch gc % rG = % Xmch gc V Amch gc + Tmch gc = Agen = Tgen => rA + rU = Agen = Tgen rG + rX = Ggen = Tgen 18. Khi lng ARN: Ngen/2. 300VC 19. S Lk hir b ph hy: Hph hy = Hgen. (2k 1). 20. S LK hir hnh thnh: Hht = H. 2k 21. S rib nucltit (rNu) mi trng cung cp cho gen phin m K ln: rAmt = rA. K = Tgc . K rUmt = rU. K = Agc . K rXmt = rX. K = Ggc . K rGmt = rG. K = Xgc . K 22. S lin kt peptit c hnh thnh khi cc axit amin lin kt nhau = s phn t H2O = s aa -1. Bi ton 1. Mt gen c chiu di l 5100 A0, s nucltit loi Adenin chim 20%. Hy xc nh: 1. S lng tng loi nucltit trn gen. 2. S lin kt hydro ca gen 3. S nucleoti trn mARN do gen phin m 4. S chu k xon ca gen. 5. S b ba m ha (Triplet) trn gen. 6. S axitamin trong chui plipeptit c tng hp khi gen phin m 1 ln, mARN c 1 riboxom trt qua khng lp li. 7. S lin kt photphodieste trn mi mch v trn phn t ADN. 8. Gen tin hnh ti bn 3 ln, xc nh s gen con c to thnh. 9. S nucltit trong cc gen con khi gen ti bn 3 ln. 10. Gen ti bn 3 ln, xc nh s nucltit mi trng cung cp. 11. Gen phin m 5 ln, xc nh s nucltit trn cc phn t ARN. Hng dn gii bi tp 1. S nucltit ca gen (N) N = 3000 (nu) => ( ) S nucltit tng loi (A, T, G, X) Theo NTBS => %A=%T =20% => A = T = 3000. 20% = 600 (nu) %G = %X = 50% -20% = 30% => G = X= 3000. 30% =900 (nu) 2. S lin kt hyr trn gen = 2A + 3G = 3000. 3. S nucltit trn mARN = 1500 4. S chu k xon =150. 5. S b ba m ha = 500. 6. S axitamin trong chui plipeptit c tng hp = 500-2 = 498. 7. S lin kt photphodieste Trn mi mch = N-1 = 2999. Trn phn t ADN = 2N-2 = 5998. 8. S gen con to thnh sau 3 ln ti bn: 23 = 8. 9. S nucltit trong cc gen con khi gen ti bn 3 ln = 23. 3000 = 24000. 10. Gen ti bn 3 ln, s nucltit mi trng cung cp =(23 -1). 3000 = 21000. 11. Gen phin m 5 ln, s nucltit trn cc phn t ARN = 5. 1500 =7500 Bi tp t gii Bi 1. Mt gen c chiu di l 4080 A0, s nucltit loi Adenin chim 20%. 1. Xc nh s lng tng loi nucltit trn gen. 2. Xc nh s lin kt hydro ca gen 19

3. Xc nh s nucleoti trn mARN do gen phin m 4. Xc nh s chu k xon ca gen. 5. Xc nh s b ba m ha (Triplet) trn gen. 6. Xc nh s axitamin trong chui plipeptit c tng hp khi gen phin m 1 ln, mARN c 1 riboxom trt qua khng lp li. 7. Xc nh s lin kt photphodieste trn mi mch v trn phn t ADN. 8. Gen tin hnh ti bn 3 ln, xc nh s gen con c to thnh. 9. Xc nh s nucltit trong cc gen con khi gen ti bn 3 ln. 10. Gen ti bn 3 ln, xc nh s nucltit mi trng cung cp. 11. Gen phin m 5 ln, xc nh s nucltit trn cc phn t ARN. 12. Xc nh s phn t H2O c gii phng hnh thnh chui plipeptit. Bi 2. Mt gen c tng s nucltit l 3000. S nucltit loi Adenin chim 20%. 1. Xc nh s lng tng loi nucltit trn gen. 2. Xc nh s lin kt hydro ca gen 3. Xc nh s nucltit trn mARN do gen phin m 4. Xc nh s chu k xon ca gen. 5. Xc nh s b ba m ha (Triplet) trn gen. 6. Xc nh chiu di gen. 6. Xc nh s axitamin trong chui plipeptit c tng hp khi gen phin m 1 ln, mARN c 1 riboxom trt qua khng lp li. 7. Xc nh s lin kt photphodieste trn mi mch v trn phn t ADN. 8. Gen tin hnh ti bn 3 ln, xc nh s gen con c to thnh. 9. Xc nh s nucltit trong cc gen con khi gen ti bn 3 ln. 10. Gen ti bn 3 ln, xc nh s nucltit mi trng cung cp. 11. Gen phin m 5 ln, xc nh s nucltit trn cc phn t ARN. Bi 3. Mt gen c 3120 lin kt hir v c 480 Adenin. 1. Tnh s lng v t l nucltit ca mi loi ca gen. 2. Xc nh s nucltit trn mARN do gen phin m 3. Xc nh s chu k xon ca gen. 4. Xc nh s b ba m ha (Triplet) trn gen. 5. Xc nh chiu di gen. 6. Xc nh s axitamin trong chui plipeptit c tng hp khi gen phin m 1 ln, mARN c 1 riboxom trt qua khng lp li. 7. Xc nh s lin kt photphodieste trn mi mch v trn phn t ADN. 8. Gen tin hnh ti bn 3 ln, xc nh s gen con c to thnh. 9. Xc nh s nucltit trong cc gen con khi gen ti bn 3 ln. 10. Gen ti bn 3 ln, xc nh s nucltit mi trng cung cp. 11. Gen phin m 5 ln, xc nh s nucltit trn cc phn t ARN. Bi ton 2. Vng m ha ca gen (khng k codon kt thc) gm 735 cp baz nit. Tnh khi lng phn t protein do gen m ha bit khi lng phn t trung bnh ca 1 axit amin dng cha mt nc l 122 v c 5 lin kt issulfit hnh thnh t pht trong qu trnh cun gp ca phn t protein ny. Bi gii - S b 3 tham gia tng hp prtin = 245 => S aa trong phn t prtin = S aa to thnh - 1 = 245-1=244 - S phn t nc to thnh khi hnh thnh chui polipeptit = 245-1 =244. - Khi aa m u tch khi chui plipeptit => c 1 phn t nc kt hp to phn ng thy phn. => Ton b qu trnh gii phng ra 244-1=243 phn t nc. - S nguyn t H2 to cu isulfit = 5.2=10 => Khi lng prtin = S aa .Maa - S H2O.18 - mH2 tch ra to cu isulfit = 244.122 - 243.18 -10 = 29768 - 4374 - 10 = 25384. Dng 4. Xc nh s b ba, chiu di gen khi bit s axitamin 20

Bi ton 1. Trong qu trnh dch m, tng hp 1 chui plipeptit cn mi trng cung cp 249 axitamin. 1. Xc nh s nucltit trn gen. 2. Xc nh s nucltit trn mARN do gen phin m. 3. Xc nh s chu k xon ca gen. 4. Xc nh chiu di gen. 5. Tnh s lin kt peptit trn chui plipeptit. Hng dn gii bi tp 1. S nucltit trn gen = (249+1)x 6 = 1500. 2. S nucltit trn mARN do gen phin m = 1500/2=750 3. S chu k xon ca gen =75. 4. lgen = 2550A0. 5. S lin kt peptit trn chui plipeptit = 249-1 =248. Bi ton 2. Chui plipeptit hon chnh c 248 axitamin. 1. Xc nh b ba trn mARN 2. Xc nh s nucltit trn mARN do gen phin m. 3. Xc nh chiu di gen. 4. S lin kt peptit c hnh thnh to ra chui plipeptit. Hng dn gii bi tp 1. Xc nh b ba trn mARN = 248+2=250 2. S nucltit trn mARN do gen phin m =250x3 =750 3. lgen = lARN=750x3,4 = 2550A0. 4. S lin kt peptit c hnh thnh to ra chui plipeptit = 248. Dng 5. Tnh s nucltit ca t bo sinh dng, giao t. Bi ton 1. Mt t bo lng bi ca mt loi sinh vt cha hm lng ADN gm 6 109 cp nucltit. 1. Khi bc vo k u ca qu trnh nguyn phn t bo ny c hm lng ADN cha bao nhiu cp nucltit? 2. T bo tinh trng cha s nucltit l bao nhiu? Hng dn gii bi tp 1. Hm lng ADN k u c s nucltit l: 2. 6. 109 = 12. 109 cp nucltit. 2. Hm lng ADN tinh trng c s nucltit l: . 109 = 3. 109 cp nucltit Bi ton 2. Mt t bo lng bi ca mt loi sinh vt cha hm lng ADN gm 6 109 cp nucltit. 1. k gia ca qu trnh nguyn phn t bo ny c hm lng ADN cha bao nhiu cp nucltit? 2. T bo trng cha s nucltit l bao nhiu? Hng dn gii 1. Hm lng ADN k u c s nucltit l: 2. 6. 109 = 12. 109 cp nucltit. 2. Hm lng ADN tinh trng c s nucltit l: . 109 = 3. 109 cp nucltit Dng 6. Tnh s nucltit 1 mch, xc nh cu trc gen. Lu : Theo NTBS, A1=T2; T1= A2; G1= X2; X1=G2. %A +%G = 50%. N=100x = 100x A1+A2=T1+T2= Agen; G1+G2= X1+X2= Xgen. S nucltit tng loi mi trng cung cp cho phin m l bi s ca s nucltit trn mch gc ca gen. (Chia ht cho s nucltit trn mch gc) Bi ton 1. Mt gen ca sinh vt nhn s c guanin chim 20% tng s nucltit ca gen. Trn mt mch ca gen ny c 150 Anin v 120 Timin. 1. Tnh s lin kt hir ca gen. 2. Tnh chiu di gen. 3. Tnh s nucltit trong cc gen con khi gen ti bn 3 ln. Hng dn gii bi tp 1. Theo NTBS, %G+%A = 50% => %A = 30% Theo bi ra A1 = T2 = 150; T1= A2 = 120 => A = T = A1+ A2= 270 30% 21

=> N = 270 x 100:30 = 900 => G=X = 180. - S lin kt hyr = 2A+3G = 270 x 2 +180 x 3 = 1080 2. Lgen = 900:2x3,4 = 1530A0. 3. S nucltit trong cc gen con = 23 x 900 = 7200. Bi ton 2. Trong t bo nhn s, xt mt gen di 4080 A0, c 560 Anin. Mch n th nht ca gen c 260 Anin v 380 Guanin, gen ny phin m cn mi trng ni bo cung cp 600 Uraxin. 1. Tnh s lng tng loi nucltit trn gen. 2. Tnh s lng tng loi nucltit trn mch mang m gc ca gen. 3. Tnh s lng nuclotit tng loi trn mARN do gen phin m. Hng dn gii bi tp 1. Tnh s lng tng loi nucltit trn gen. - N = = 4080x2/3,4 = 2400 - A = T = 560 => G = X = (2400 -2x560):2 = 640. 2. Tnh s lng tng loi nucltit trn mch mang m gc ca gen. Theo NTBS, A1 = T2 = 260 G1 = X2 = 380. X1 = G2 = Ggen - G1= 640 - 380 = 260. T1 = A2 = A - A1 = 560 - 260 = 300. Do Umtcc = Agc= 600 => mch 2 l mch gc. 3. Tnh s lng nuclotit tng loi trn mARN do gen phin m. Do mch 2 l mch gc nn trn mARN c A = Tgc = 260; U = Agc = 300; G = Xgc = 380; X = Ggc = 260. Bi ton 3. Mt gen c 450 Anin v 1050 Guanin. Mch mang m gc ca gen c 300 Timin v 600 Xitzin. 1. Tnh s lng tng loi: rA, rU, rG, rX trn phn t ARN c tng hp t gen ny. 2. Tnh chiu di gen. 3. Tnh s chu k xon ca gen. 4. Tnh s axitamin mi trng cung cp to ra 1 chui plipeptit. Hng dn gii bi tp 1. S lng tng loi: rA, rU, rG, rX trn phn t ARN c tng hp t gen ny. Ag = Tbs = 300 Tg = Abs = A - Ag = 450 -300 = 150. Xg = Gbs = 600 Gg = Xbs = G - Gbs = 1050 - 600 = 450 Vy rA = Tg = 300; rU = Ag = 150; rG = Xg = 600; rX = Gg = 450 2. Chiu di gen. N = A + T + G + X = 2A + 2G = 3000. Lgen = N/2x3,4 = 5100A0. 3. S chu k xon ca gen. C = 150 4. S axitamin mi trng cung cp to ra 1 chui plipeptit = 3000/6 - 1 = 499. Bi ton 4. Phn t mARN trng thnh c to ra cha 20%U, 10%A, 40%X v 450G. Cc on intron b ct b c tng chiu di l 30,6m, trong c t l G = 2U = 3X = 4A. 1. Tnh s nucltit trn gen tng hp mARN trn. 2. Tnh s lng tng loi nucltit trong phn t mARN s khai tng ng. 3. Tnh t l mi loi nucltit trn mch m gc ca gen. Hng dn gii bi tp 1. Tnh s nucltit trn gen tng hp mARN trn. %U + %A + %X + %G = 100% => %G = 30%. => S nucltit trn mARN = 450x100/30 = 1500. S nucltit trn on b ct b l 306000/3,4 = 90.000. => S nucltit trn gen l 1500x2 + 90.000x2 = 93.000 (nu) 22

2. Tnh s lng tng loi nucltit trong phn t mARN s khai tng ng. S nucltit tng loi trn cc on intron l: G = 43200; U = 21600; X = 14400; A = 10800 S nucltit tng loi trn mARN trng thnh: A = 150; U = 300; X = 600; G = 450. S nucltit tng loi trn mARN s khai A = 10800 + 150 = 10950; U = 21600 + 300 = 21900; X = 600 + 14400 = 15000; G = 43200 + 450 = 43650; 3. S lng nucltit trn mch m gc = N/2 = 91500. A = rU = 21900 => %A = 21900/91500*100 = 23,9 T = rA = 10950 => %T = 10900/91500*100 = 11,9 G = rX = 15000 = %G = 15000/91500*100 = 16,4 X = rG = 100 -%A-%T-%G-%X = 47,8 Bi ton 5. Phn tch thnh phn ha hc ca mt axit nuclic cho thy t l cc loi nucltit A = 20%; G = 35%; T = 20% v s lng X = 150. 1. Axit nuclic ny l ADN hay ARN, cu trc mch n hay kp? 2. Tnh s lin kt photphodieste trn axit nucltit trn. 3. Tnh chiu di axit nucltit trn. Hng dn gii bi tp 1. Do trn axit nucltit c A, T, G, X => ADN. V %A %T => mch n. Vy, Axit nuclic ny l ADN c cu trc mch n. 2. S lin kt photphodieste trn axit nuclic trn: X = 150, chim 30% => N = 150/30*100 = 500. S lin kt photphodieste = 500-1=499.

Phng php gii bi tp di truyn qun th (Phng php gii bi tp v di truyn qun th - bi tp thuc chng trnh Sinh hc 12 - THPT) Mt s lu : 1. Khi gii bi tp cn xc nh qun th t phi hay qun th giao phi: - Qun th t phi: Tn s alen ca qun th cy t th phn v qun th ng vt giao phi cn huyt khng thay i qua cc th h nhng lm thay i tn s kiu gen theo hng tng dn tn s kiu gen ng hp v gim dn tn s kiu gen d hp. 2. Trong qun th - Tn s mi alen = s lng alen/tng s alen ti mt thi im xc nh - Tn s mt loi kiu gen = s lng c th c kiu gen cn tnh / tng s c th 3. c im di truyn ca qun th ngu phi: - Ni dung nh lut Haci Vanbec: Trong nhng iu kin nht nh, tn s tng i ca cc alen v thnh phn kiu gen ca qun th ngu phi c duy tr n nh qua cc th h.

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Khi xy ra ngu phi, qun th t trng thi cn bng theo nh lut Haci Van bec. Khi tho mn ng thc : p2AA + 2 pqAa + q2aa = 1. Trong : p l tn s alen A, q l tn s alen a, p + q = 1. 4. i vi qun th t phi Quy c: Trong qun th sinh vt, - kiu gen AA (Th ng hp tri): c t l l x; - kiu gen Aa (Th d hp): c t l l y; - kiu gen aa (Th ng hp ln): c t l l z => Cu trc di truyn ca qun th c dng : AA : Aa : aa = x : y : z; Trong : x (AA) + y (Aa) + z (aa) =1 Cng thc tng qut

4. i vi qun th giao phi 1. Xc nh s loi kiu gen ca qun th Cho gen 1 c m alen, gen 2 c n alen, s kiu gen ti a, s kiu gen d hp, s kiu gen ng hp c tnh theo bng sau:

24

2. Kim tra s cn bng ca qun th 2.1. Trng hp gen gm 2 alen: AA.aa = (Aa/2)2 qun th cn bng. hoc tnh p, q sau tnh p2+2pq+q2 v so snh vi d kin u bi 2.2. Trng hp gen a alen, v d 4 nhm mu: A, B, AB, O Gi : p(I A); q(I B), r(i) ln lt l tn s tng i cc alen IA, IB, IO => p + q + r = 1 p2 + 2pq + 4pr + q2 + r2 = 1 Nhm mu Kiu gen Tn s kiu gen A IA IA + IA IO p2 + 2 pr B IB IB + IB IO q2 + 2 qr AB IA IB 2pq O IO IO r2

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2.3. Trng hp gen trn NST gii tnh - i vi 1 locus trn NST X c 2 alen c 5 kiu gen. - Gii ci (hoc gii XX): tn s cc kiu gen c tnh ging trng hp cc alen trn NST thng p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1. - Gii c (hoc gii XY): Ch c 1 alen trn X => pXAY+ qXaY=1. - Trong c qun th do t l c : ci = 1: 1 => trng thi cn bng di truyn

2.4. Trng hp kiu hnh ln (aa) b tch ra khi qun th hoc khng c kh nng sinh sn, sau k th h - T l alen A: a = (p+kq) : q - T l kiu gen AA : Aa = (p+q) : kq 2.5. Thit lp trng thi cn bng di truyn cho 2 hay nhiu locut gen - Xt hai locut d hp Aa v Bb => S kiu gen tng ln = 32 = 9. - Gi tn s alen A, a, B, b ln lt l: p, q, r,s - Tn s kiu gen ( trng thi cn bng) = (p + q)2(r + s)2 = 1. = (p 2 AA + 2pqAa + q2aa)(r 2BB + 2rsBb + s2bb) = p2r2AABB + p22rs AABb + p2s2Aabb - Trin khai ta c STT Kiu gen 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 AABB AABb AAbb AaBB AaBb Aabb aaBB aaBb aabb T l p2r2 2p2rs p2s2 2pqr2 4pqrs 2pqs2 q2r2 2q2rs p2s2 26

- Khi t trng thi cn bng t l mi loi giao t nh sau: AB = pr; Ab = ps; aB = qr, ab = qs Bi tp vn dng V d 1. mt qun th thc vt ti th h P 0 c 100% th d hp v kiu gen Aa. Nu xy ra t th phn 2 th h, tnh t l d hp v ng hp l bao nhiu mi th th. Hng dn gii bi tp - p dng cng thc (Bng trn) => Lp bng sau:

V d 2: Mt qun th thc vt c s lng c th vi t l ng hp tri (AA) chim 50%, t l d hp (Aa) chim 50%. Nu cho t th phn qua 3 th h , mi kiu gen th h th 3. Hng dn gii bi tp - p dng cng thc (Bng trn) => Lp bng sau:

V d 3: Mt qun th th ng vt c 70% l th d hp ( Aa), 20% l th ng hp ln (aa) nu cho t ph phn qua 5 lp th h th t l % th ng hp tri, th d hp, ng hp ln l bao nhiu %? Hng dn gii bi tp - p dng cng thc (Bng trn) => Lp bng sau:

V d 4: Mt qun th thc vt th h ban u c 25% kiu gen AA, 50% kiu gen AA, 50% kiu gen Aa, 25% kiu gen ln aa nu cho t th phn bt buc qua 3 th h th t l th d hp, th ng hp tri, ng hp ln l bao nhiu %. Hng dn gii bi tp - p dng cng thc (Bng trn) => Lp bng sau:

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V d 5: g, AA: lng en, Aa: lng m, aa: lng trng. Mt qun th g c 410 con lng en, 580 con lng m, 10 con lng trng. 1. Cu trc di truyn ca qun th trn c trng thi cn bng khng? 2. Qun th t trng thi cn bng vi iu kin no? 3. Xc nh cu trc di truyn ca qun th khi t trng thi cn bng? Hng dn a. Tng c th : 580 + 410 + 10 =1000. Trong t l tng kiu gen: AA: 410/1000 = 0,41; Aa = 580/1000 = 0,58; aa = 10/1000 = 0.01. So snh: p2q2 vi (2pq/2)2 p2q2 = 0,41 x 0,01 = 0,041.(2pq/2)2 = (0,58/2)2 = 0,0841 => Khng cn bng. b. Qun th t di truyn khi qu trnh ngu phi din ra, ngay th h tip theo t cn bng di truyn. c. p A = 0.7. q a = 1 - 0.7 = 0,3 => Cu trc DT: 0,49AA+0,42Aa+0,09aa. V d 6: ngi, A: da bnh thng, a: bch tng. Qun th ngi c tn s ngi b bch tng 1/10000. Gi s qun th ny cn bng a. Tnh tn s cc alen? b. Tnh xc sut 2 ngi bnh thng trong qun th ly nhau sinh ra ngi con u lng b bch tng? Hng dn a. Tnh tn s cc alen aa = q2 = 1/10000 = > qa= 0,01 => pA= 0,99. b. Tnh xc sut 2 ngi bnh thng trong qun th ly nhau sinh ra ngi con u lng b bch tng. - Con mc bnh (aa) => c b m c a, b m bnh thng => Aa - Trong qun th, i vi tnh trng tri c th d hp (2pq) c t l: 2pq/(p2+2pq) - Cp v chng sinh con => xc sut b bnh l 1/4. - Vy xc sut 2 ngi bnh thng ly nhau v sinh con mc bnh: 2pq/(p2+2pq) x 2pq/(p2+2pq) x 1/4 = 0,00495 V d 7: Gi thit trong mt qun th ngi, tn s ca cc nhm mu l: Nhm A=0,45, nhm B = 0,21, nhm AB = 0,3, nhm O = 0,04. Xc nh tn s tng i ca cc alen qui nh nhm mu v cu trc di truyn ca qun th. Hng dn - Gi tn s tng i ca alen IA, IB, IO ln lt l p, q, r. 28

Nhm mu Kiu hnh

A (IAIA +IAIO) p2 + 2pr = 0,45

B (IBIB + IBIO ) q2 + 2qr =0,21

AB (IAIB) 2pq=0,3

O (IOIO) r2=0,04

=> p2 + 2pr + r2 = 0,45 + 0,04 => (p + r)2 = 0,49 => p + r = 0,7 M r2 = 0,04 => r = 0,2 => p = 0,5 => q = 0,3 => Cu trc: 0,25IAIA + 0,09IBIB + 0,04 IOIO + 0,3IAIB + 0,2IAIO + 0,12IBIO V d 8: Nhm mu ngi do cc alen IA, IB, IO nm trn NST thng quy nh. Bit tn s nhm mu O trong qun th ngi chim 25%. 1. Tn s nhm mu AB ln nht trong qun th bng bao nhiu? 2/ Nu tn s nhm mu B trong qun th l 24% th xc sut 1 ngi mang nhm mu AB l bao nhiu? 3/ Xc sut ln nht 1 cp v chng trong qun th c th sinh con c cc nhm mu? Hng dn 1. Gi p, q, r ln lt l tn s ca IA,IB, IO. Nhm mu Kiu hnh A (IAIA +IAIO) p2 + 2pr B (IBIB + IBIO ) q2 + 2qr AB (IAIB) 2pq O (IOIO) r2=0,25

=> r = 0,5 => p+q = 0,5. => Tn s AB = 2pq. => p dng bt ng thc cosii: (p+q)/2 >= cn bc 2 ca ab => du = xy ra (p.q max) khi p =q => p =q =0,25 Vy tn s nhm mu AB ln nht = 2.0,25.0,25 = 0,125 = 12,5%. 2. q2 + 2qr =0,24 m r = 0,5 =>q2 + 2qr +r2 = 0,24+ 0,25 = 0,49 => q = 0,2 => p =0,3 => Xc sut 1 ngi mang mu AB = 2.0,3.0,2 = 0,12 = 12% 3. Xc sut ln nht 1 cp v chng sinh con cc nhm mu => B m: IAIO x IBIO - Xc sut IAIO = 2pr; Xc sut IBIO = 2pr => Xc sut cp v chng: 4p2q2 ln nht => p = q. V d 9. Mt qun th giao phi ngu nhin c thnh phn KG th h xut pht l: 30%AA : 20%Aa : 50%aa a. Tin hnh loi b tt c cc c th c kiu gen aa. Hy xc nh thnh phn KG th h F1 b. Nu c th aa khng c kh nng sinh sn th n th h F4, qun th c thnh phn KG nh th no? Gii a. Loi aa => cn li (0,3AA +0,3Aa) =0,6 p(A) = 0,8 qa =0,2

QT giao phi ngu nhin: AA : Aa: aa = 0,64AA : 0,32Aa : 0,04aa. b. C th aa khng c kh nng sinh sn qua cc th h, ch AA, Aa pht sinh giao t. n th h F4 => Tnh giao t F3 29

F3 c A : a = (0,8 + 3.0,2): 0,2 = 7 => A= 1/8*7 = 0,875; a = 0,125. => Cu trc di truyn V d 10. Trong mt qun th ngi ang cn bng v di truyn c 21% s ngi mang nhm mu B; 30% s ngi c nhm mu AB; 4% s ngi c nhm mu O. a. Xc nh tn s tng i ca cc alen qui nh nhm mu v cu trc di truyn ca qun th. b. Mt cp v chng thuc qun th trn u c nhm mu B sinh ra hai ngi con. Xc sut mt a c nhm mu ging m l bao nhiu? Hng dn a. Gi tn s alen IA, IB, IO ln lt l p, q, r Nhm mu Kiu gen Tn s kiu gen - r2 = 0,04=> r = 0,2. 0,5 Cu trc DT: 0,25 IAIA: 0,02 IAIO: 0,09 IBIB: 0,12 IBIO: 0,3 IAIB: 0,04 IOIO b. Cp v chng mu B sinh con, xc sut a con ging mu m - B m c nhm mu B => KG ca b m phi l IBIB v IBIO, sinh con c nhm mu ging b m. - V sinh con khc b m + sinh con ging b m = 1 => Sinh con ging b m = 1- sinh con khc b m. - P mu B sinh con khc b m (mu O, trng hp IBIB x IBIO) - Tn s KG IBIB l 0,09 v IBIO l 0,12. Tn s mu B l 0,21. - P (mu O) = IBIO x IBIO => Tn s cp v chng c KG ny l: 0,12/0,21 x 0,12/0,21 => T l cp v chng ny sinh con mu O = 1/4 => Xc sut sinh con mu khc b m (O) = 1/4x0,12/0,21x0,12/0,21 => Xc sut sinh con mu B: 1 - 1/4x0,12/0,21x0,12/0,21. V d 11. Mt qun th th h xut pht c 100 c th AABb, 150 c th AaBb, 150 c th aaBb, 100 c th aabb. Hy xc nh t l kiu gen Aabb ca qun th i F2 trong trng hp: a. Cc c th giao phi ngu nhin b. Cc c th sinh sn t phi Hng dn - Tng c th: 500 - Giao t ca cc c th AB Ab aB ab - AABb (0,2) 0,1 0,1 0 0 - AaBb (0,3) 0,075 0,075 0,075 0,075 - aaBb (0,3) 0 0 0,15 0,15 - aabb (0,2) 0 0 0 0,2 30 A IA IA + IA IO p2 + 2 pr B IB IB + IB IO q2 + 2 pr AB IA IB 2pq O IO IO r2 - p = 1-0,2-0,3 =

- (q + r)2 = 0,21 + 0,4 = 0,25 => q + r = 0,5 => q = 0,3

0,175

0,175

0,225

0,425

a. Qun th ngu phi: Aabb = 2 (Ab x ab) = 2. 0,175.0,425 = 0,14875 = 14,875% b. Qun th sinh sn t phi: Aabb = Aa x ab ch xut hin cp AaBb x AaBb Aabb = 2. 0,075 x 0,075 =0,01125 = 1,125%

Phng php gii bi tp cc quy lut di truyn (Bi ton nghch - phn 1). (Bi tp sinh hc 12 - Cc quy lut di truyn - Bi ton nghch) I. Trng hp bi ton cho bit t l phn ly kiu hnh i con Cac bc lam bai tp: Bc 1. Bin lun, nhn dang quy lut di truyn chi phi tinh trang Bc 2. Quy c gen Bc 3. Xac inh kiu gen P Bc 4. Vit s lai kim chng Nhn dang quy lut di truyn chi phi tinh trang 1. Khi lai 1 tnh trng Cn xc nh: 1. Tnh trng do mt cp gen hay hai cp gen quy nh. 2. Nu tnh trng do 1 cp gen quy nh xy ra mt trong cc trng hp sau + Tun theo quy lut di truyn Menen + Hin tng tri khng hon ton + Gen gy cht. 3. Nu tnh trng do 2 cp gen quy nh => Tun theo quy lut di truyn tng tc gen. Cch xc nh nh sau: Trng hp 1. Khng phi lai phn tch T t l phn tnh v kiu hnh th h con, xc nh quy lut di truyn chi phi. 1. Khi tng s t hp giao t <= 4 th l t l ca di truyn mi gen quy nh mt tnh trng 31

+ 3:1: quy lut di truyn tri ln hon ton (Theo nh lut phn tnh ca Menen). + 1:2:1: quy lut di truyn tri khng hon ton (xut hin tnh trng trung gian do gen nm trn NST thng hoc gii tnh. + 1:1 hoc 2:1: hin tng gen gy cht. 2. Khi tng s t hp giao t >4 th l t l ca tng tc gen. Trong , tng c th l 16 hoc 8. 2.1. Tng cc t hp giao t bng 16 (16 = 4 x 4 => mi bn b m cho 4 giao t => b me di hp v 2 cp gen => 2 cp gen quy nh 1 tnh trng => tng tc gen). Cc t l v quy c gen nh sau: T l 9:3:3:1 (4 KH) Dng tng tc B tr. Quy c gen AaBb x AaBb => 9A_B_ : 3A_bb : 3aaB_ : 1aabb

9:6:1(3 KH)

AaBb x AaBb => Kiu hnh 1: 9A_B_ : 3A_bb : 3aaB_ Kiu hnh 2: 1aabb

9:7 (2 KH)

AaBb x AaBb => Kiu hnh 1: 9A_B_ Kiu hnh 2: 3A_bb : 3aaB_ : 1aabb

12:3:1(3 KH)

t ch tri

AaBb x AaBb => Kiu hnh 1: 9A_B_ : 3A_bb Kiu hnh 2: 3aaB_ Kiu hnh 3: 1aabb

32

13:3(2KH)

AaBb x AaBb => Kiu hnh 1: 9A_B_: 3A_bb : 1aabb Kiu hnh 2: 3aaB_

9:3:4(3 KH)

t ch ln

AaBb x AaBb => Kiu hnh 1: 9A_B_ Kiu hnh 2: 3A_bb Kiu hnh 3: 3aaB_ : 1aabb

15:1

Cng gp khng tch ly cc AaBb x AaBb => gen tri Kiu hnh 1: 9A_B_: 3A_bb: 3aaB_ Kiu hnh 2: : 1aabb

2.2. Tng t hp giao t bng 8 Tng cc t hp giao t bng 8 (8 = 2 x 4 => mt bn b (m) cho 4 giao t => di hp 2 cp gen, 2 cp gen quy nh tnh trng => tng tc gen). Cc t l v quy c gen tng t quy c ca trng hp 16 t hp giao t. Cc t l thng gp: T l 3:3:1:1. 3:4:1. Dng tng tc B tr. Quy c 3:3:1:1. (AaBb x aaBb hoc AaBb x Aabb) 3:4:1. AaBb x Aabb => F: 3A_B_ : 3A_bb : 1aaBb : 1aabb 3:5. 3:5. AaBb x Aabb => 33

F: 3A_B_ : 3A_bb : 1aaBb : 1aabb 6:1:1 (4:3:1) t ch tri 6:1:1 P: AaBb x Aabb => F: 3A_B_ : 3A_bb : 1aaBb : 1aabb 4:3:1. AaBb x aaBb => F: 3A_B_ : 1A_bb : 3aaB_ : 1aabb 7:1 5:3. 7:1 AaBb x Aabb => F: 3A_B_ : 3A_bb : 1aaBb : 1aabb 5:3. AaBb x aaBb => F: 3A_B_ : 1A_bb : 3aaB_ : 1aabb 3:3:2 3:1:4 t ch ln 3:3:2 P: AaBb x Aabb => F: 3A_B_ : 3A_bb : 1aaBb : 1aabb 3:1:4 AaBb x aaBb => 3A_B_ : 1A_bb : 3aaB_ : 1aabb 7:1 cng gp khng tch ly cc gen tri 7:1 AaBb x Aabb => F: 3A_B_ : 3A_bb : 1aaBb : 1aabb 1.2. Trng hp 2: Lai phn tch T l kiu hnh c th thuc cc trng hp sau: 1. Khi s t hp giao t la 2, ti l 1:1 th l s di truyn 1 tnh trng do 1 gen chi phi 2. Khi s t hp giao t la 4 (4 = 1 x 4, mt bn cho 4 giao t => di hp 2 cp gen => Tng tac gen) - T l 3:1. Thuc 1 trong cac trng hp: - Tng tc b tr 9:7 - Tng tc t ch 13:3

34

- Tng tc cng gp 15:1 + T l 1:2:1. Thuc 1 trong cac trng hp: - Tng tc b tr 9:6:1 - Tng tc t ch ln 9:3:4 - Tng tc t ch tri 12:3:1 + T l 1:1:1:1. Thuc 1 trng hp: 9:3:3:1 Bi 1. c chua khi lai cy thn cao qu vng vi cy thp qu F 1 thu c ton l cy cao qu . F1 t th phn c F2 c 3200 cy. Bit mi gen quy nh mt tnh trng. 1. Bin lun v vit s lai t P n F2. Xc nh s lng mi loi cy. 2. Lai phn tch cy c chua F1. Xc nh kt qu lai. 3. Xc nh kt qu lai ca cc php lai: AaBb x aaBb; AaBb x Aabb. Hng dn 1. P Cao, vng x thp, => F1 cao, => Cao l tri (A), thp l ln (a); l tri (B); vng l ln (b). Ptc => P Aabb x aaBB => F1: AaBb x AaBb => F2: 9 : 3: 3 :1. 2. F1 AaBb x aabb => 1:1:1:1 3. (1 cao : 1 thp)(3 :1 vng) ; (3 cao : 1 thp)(1 : 1 vng) Bi 2. c chua A: qu , a: qu vng; B: qu trn, b: qu bu dc. Cho lai 2 cy c chua lai vi nhau th thu c F1gm: 3 cy qu -trn, 3cy qu -bu dc, 1 cy qu vng-trn, 1 cy qu vng-bu dc. 1. Bin lun v vit s lai 2. Xc nh s kiu gen ti a ca qun th vi 2 cp gen trn. Hng dn 1. Xt ring tng cp tnh trng F1 - Tnh trng mu sc: : vng = 3 : 1 (theo L phn li) => P: Aa x Aa - Tnh trng hnh dng: trn : bu dc = 1 : 1 (Lai phn tch) => P: Bb x bb => Kiu gen ca P l AaBb x Aabb. 2. S kiu gen ti a = 3x3 =9. Bi 3. C th c d hp hai cp gen AaBb nm trn 2 cp NST khc nhau, cho lai vi c th ci. Bit 2 tnh trng trn tri hon ton. 1. Xc nh kiu gen ca c th ci bit F1 thu c t l kiu hnh 3:3:1:1. 2. Lai c th ci vi c th c khc c kiu gen Aabb, xc nh kt qu lai Hng dn 1. F1 thu c c t l kiu hnh l: 3:3:1:1 = (3:1)(1:1) 35

- Do s t hp ca F1 l: 3 + 3 + 1 + 1= 8 t hp giao t = 4 x 2 - M c th c d hp hai cp gen (AaBb) => cho 4 loi giao t => C th ci s cho 2 loi giao t => c th ci d hp mt cp gen. 1 cp gen cn li phi l cp gen ln (V 1 tnh trng c t l 1:1) => C th ci c th c kiu gen l Aabb hoc aaBb 2. Xt 2 trng hp xc nh kt qu lai ca mi trng hp. Bi 4. Mt loi thc vt gen A quy nh cy cao, gen a- cy thp; gen B qu , gen b- qu trng. Cc gen di truyn c lp. i lai c mt loi kiu hnh cy thp qu trng chim 1/16. 1. Xc nh cng thc lai. 2. Lai c th P vi 1 c th khc thu c t l 1:1:1:1. Xc nh cng thc lai Hng dn 1. Cy thp, trng (aabb) chim t l 1/16 => suy ra s t hp ca php lai trn l 16 t hp = 4x4 => Mi bn b m u cho 4 loi giao t => P d hp 2 cp gen => PAaBb x AaBb. 2. Lai phn tch (AaBb x aabb) Bi 5. u H lan, gen A quy nh ht vng, gen a quy nh ht xanh, gen B quy nh ht trn, gen b quy nh ht nhn. Hai cp gen ny phn li c lp. Cho cy mc t ht vng, nhn giao phn vi cy mc t ht xanh, trn thu c th h lai c t l phn li kiu hnh l 1ht vng, trn : 1 ht xanh, trn. Xc nh kiu gen ca cy b, m. (Aabb aaBB) Bi 6. u H lan, gen A quy nh ht vng, gen a quy nh ht xanh, gen B quy nh ht trn, gen b quy nh ht nhn. Hai cp gen ny phn ly c lp. Lai phn tch cy mang kiu hnh tri, th h sau thu c 50% vng, trn : 50%xanh, trn. Cy c kiu gen nh th no? (AaBB) Bi 7. u thm, s c mt ca 2 gen tri A, B trong cng kiu gen qui nh mu hoa , cc t hp gen khc ch c 1 trong 2 loi gen tri trn, cng nh kiu gen ng hp ln s cho kiu hnh hoa mu trng. Cho bit cc gen phn li c lp trong qu trnh di truyn. Lai 2 ging u hoa trng thun chng, F1 thu c ton hoa mu . Cho F1 giao phn vi hoa trng thu c F2 phn tnh theo t l 37.5% : 62,5% trng. Xc nh kiu gen cy hoa trng em lai vi F1. Hng dn F2 phn tnh theo t l: 37.5% : 62,5% trng = 3 : 5 trng => F2 c 8 t hp giao t = 4 x 2 => Mt bn cho 4 giao t, 1 bn cho 2 giao t. Cy cho 4 giao t d hp 2 cp gen: AaBb Cy cho 2 giao t d hp 1 cp gen => Kiu gen Aabb hoc aaBb Bi 8. Lai 2 dng b thun chng qu trn, thu c F1 ton qu dt; cho F1 t th phn F2 thu c 271 qu dt : 179 qu trn : 28 qu di. Xc nh kiu gen ca b m. Hng dn - F2 c 271 qu dt : 179 qu trn : 28 qu di = 9 qu dt : 6 qu trn : 1 qu di =>F2 c 9+6+1 = 16 t hp = 4 x 4 => F1 d hp 2 cp gen (AaBb). 36

Quy c:

A-B- (9) : qu dt;

A-bb (3) v aaB- (3): qu trn;

aabb (1) : qu di

Vy kiu gen b m thun chng l: Aabb x aaBB Bi 9. Khi lai cy hoa thun chng vi cy hoa trng thun chng, F1 thu c 100% hoa . Cho lai F1 vi cy hoa trng thun chng trn, F2 thu c 3 hoa trng : 1 hoa . S di truyn tnh trng trn tun theo quy lut no? Hng dn F1 x cy hoa trng thun chng c F2 3 : 1 trng => F2 c 4 t hp giao t = 4 x 1 (V cy hoa trng t/c ch cho 1 giao t) => F1 cho 4 giao t => F1 d hp 2 cp gen (AaBb) => KG ca hoa trng thun chng l aabb, kiu gen ca cy hoa thun chng l AABB => S lai: Pt/c: AABB x aabb => F1: AaBb x aabb => F2: 1AaBb: 1Aabb: 1aaBb 1aabb

=> Aabb v aaBb quy nh tnh trng hoa trng => Tnh trng trn tun theo quy lut tng tc gen, kiu tng tc b tr gen tri. Bi 10. ng, tnh trng v mu sc ht do hai gen khng alen quy nh. Cho ng ht trng giao phn vi ng ht trng thuc F1 c 962 ht trng, 241 ht vng v 80 ht . Tnh theo l thuyt, t l ht trn g F1 ng hp v c hai cp gentrong tng s ht trng F1 l bao nhiu? Hng dn F1: Trng : vng : = 12 : 3 : 1 => Tng tc t ch => 9 A-B-; 3 aaB-: ht trng; 3 A-bb: ht vng : 1 aabb : ht . Cy ht trng ng hp (AABB, aaBB) chim t l 12/16 Cy ht trng AABB chim t l 1/16, cy ht trng aaBB chim t l 1/16 = 2/16 trong tng s 12/16. => S cy ht trng ng hp c 2 cp gen trong tng s cy ht trng l: 1/6. Bi 11. Cho lai hai cy b qu trn vi nhau, i con thu c 272 cy b qu trn, 183 cy b qu bu dc v 31 cy b qu di. 1. S di truyn tnh trng hnh dng qu b tun theo quy lut di truyn no? 2. Cho cy b trn AaBb lai vi cy b di. Xc nh kt qu lai Hng dn 1. P qu trn x qu trn => F1: Trn : bu dc : di = 272 : 183 : 31 = 9 : 6 : 1 => F 1 c 16 t hp giao t => D hp 2 cp gen => Tng tc gen (dng b tr) 2. T l 1:2:1 Bi 12. Cho giao phn hai cy hoa trng thun chng (P) vi nhau thu c F1 ton cy hoa . Cho cy F1 t th phn, thu c F2 gm 89 cy hoa v 69 cy hoa trng khng xy ra t bin, tnh (theo l thuyt) t l phn li kiu gen F2? Hng dn F2 gm 89 cy hoa v 69 cy hoa trng 9 : 7 khng xy ra t bin => Tnh trng tun theo quy lut di truyn tng tc b tr => S t hp F2 = 9 + 7 = 16 => F1AaBb x AaBb => 4 :2 : 2: 2:2 :1 :1 : 1 :1 Bi 13. C 2 th bp ln thun chng ngun gc khc nhau gi l bp ln 1 v bp ln 2. 37

TN1: cho bp ln 1 giao phn vi bp cao thun chng c F1-1 c kiu hnh cy cao. Cho F1-1 t th phn c F2-1 phn li theo t l 3 bp cao : 1 bp ln TN2: cho bp ln 2 giao phn vi bp cao thun chng c F1-2 c kiu hnh cy cao. Cho F1-2 t th phn c F2-2 phn li theo t l 3 cao : 1 ln. TN3: cho bp ln 1 v bp ln 2 giao phn c F1-3 cy cao, cho F1-3 t th c F2-3 phn li theo t l 9 cao : 7 ln. a. Hy gii thch v vit s lai tng trng hp. b. T l kiu gen, kiu hnh ca th h con lai nh th no nu ly bp F1-3 giao phn vi: (1) Bp ln 1 thun chng? (2) Bp ln 2 thun chng? (3) Bp cao F1-1? (4) Bp cao F1-2? Bi 14. Cho chut F1 tp giao vi 3 chut khc trong 3 php lai sau: Php lai 1: c th h lai phn li theo t l 75% chut c mu lng trng, 12,5% lng nu, 12,5% lng xm. Php lai 2: c th h lai phn li theo t l 50% lng trng, 37,5% lng nu, 12,5% lng xm. Php lai 3: c th h lai phn li theo t l 75% lng trng: 18,5% lng nu: 6,25% lng xm.\ Cho bit gen quy nh tnh trng nm trn nhim sc th thng. Hy bin lun v vit s lai cc trng hp nu trn. Bi 15. Khi tin hnh mt s php lai gia cc ging g ngi ta thu c kt qu sau: Cho g lng trng lai vi g lng nu thu c 50% lng trng: 50% lng nu. Cho g lng trng lai vi g lng trng thu c 18,75% lng nu, cn li l lng trng. Cho g lng nu lai vi g lng nu thu c 75% lng nu: 25% lng trng. Cho bit gen quy nh tnh trng nm trn nhim sc th thng. Hy lp cc s lai v gii thch kt qu? Bi 16. Cho g c mo hnh qu h o giao phi vi nhau c F1 phn ly theo t l 9 g c mo hnh qu h o: 3 g c mo hnh hoa hng: 3 g c mo hnh ht u: 1 g c mo n. a. Cho g c mo hnh ha hng v g c mo hnh ht u ca F1 ni trn giao phi vi nhau c F2 phn li theo t l 1:1:1:1. Vit s lai. b. Cho g c mo hnh qu h o giao phi vi g c mo hnh hoa hng ca F1 ni trn c F2 phn li theo t l 3:3:1:1. Vit s lai. c. Lm th no phn bit c g c mo hnh qu h o thun chng v khng thun chng? Bi 17. cy c chua, gen R quy nh mu qu l tri hon ton so vi gen r quy nh mu qu vng, gen S kim sot s tng hp cht dip lc khin cho l c mu xanh l tri hon ton so vi gen s mt kh nng ny lm cho l c mu vng lu hunh. Nhng cy c chua c l c mu vng lu hunh u cht giai on mm. Cc cp gen ny nm trn cc cp nhim sc th ng dng khc nhau. Ngi ta tin hnh 2 kiu lai nh sau: Kiu 1: cy qu x cy qu . F1 xut hin 305 : 102 vng Kiu 2: cy qu x cy qu vng, F1 xut hin 405 : 403 vng. Hy gii thch kt qu v vit cc s lai c th c trong tng kiu lai ni trn. Bi 18. 1 ging c chua c 2 gen nm trn 2 nhim sc th khc nhau tc ng tch ly ln s hnh thnh trng lng v ln ca qu. Cy c qu b nht aabb v trung bnh qu ca n nng 30g. C 1 alen tri trong kiu gen u lm cho qu nng thm 5g. Ngi ta tin hnh lai cy c qu to nht vi cy c qu b nht. a. Hy cho bit kiu gen ca cy c qu to nht? Qu ca n nng bao nhiu? b. Cc cy F1 c qu nng bao nhiu? c. Tm kt qu phn tnh F2 v trng lng ca qu? Bi 19. ln, cc gen tc ng tch ly ln trng lng c th (1gen gm 2 alen); mi cp gen cha gen tri u c tc dng tng trng nh nhau v u tng trng gp 3 ln cp alen ln. Lai mt ging ln thun chng, trng lng 60kg vi ln Lanrat thun chng, trng lng 100kg, con lai F1 c trng lng 120kg. Cho rng 4 cp gen nm trn cc nhim sc th khc nhau tham gia hnh thnh tnh trng ni trn v con lai F1 u d hp t theo tt c cc gen cho a. Hy tm s lai theo kt qu trn 38

b. Nguyn nhn ca kt qu thu c chnh l g? c. Dng thun ng hp t tri v ln theo cc gen cho c trng lng tng ng l bao nhiu?

39