Lingua latina

lectio secunda

L I N G VA L AT I N A - L E C T I O S E C U N D A
pronunciation exercise, grammar basics: noun: first declination, exercises, reading, vocabulary

Exercenda
Ex. I.: Accentuate and read correctly the words in the vocabulary! Ex. II.: Read correctly the following texts and try to guess their meaning, if you dare:
Lupus, osse in gutture retent, cum multum crucirtur, Grui pretium obtulit, s illd gutture extraheret. Grs autem, cum s gutture Lup extraxerat, pretium sibi promissum postulat. Cui Lupus, subrdns simulque dents acuns, dxit, Satis preti tibi esse dbet quod ex me re caput sine capitis iactr dxeris. Certmen inre uoluit Testd reptilis cum Aquil ulcissim. Locus dsgntus est et, qu spatio trium dirum ad prpositum locum prius unerat, uictor saltrtur. Aquila tardigradam contempsit Testdinem, autumns s lrum impet posse brevissim ad locum volre. Negligns igitur scessit, alis intenta, sed Testd indfatgbil labre et sollerti infr tempus et ante Aquilam arrpsit ad locum et omnium calculs uictor vsit.

Grammatica
nouns: first declination, accordance with adjective in action

Here we are to learn the first declination of nouns from the five latin has. Remember that the pattern-table at the end of this page has to be learned by heart. It is most important that you knew the relation of the ending to the case, but nevertheless, to understand it immediately it is best to have learned it confidently. There are six cases in latin, mostly similar to slovak ones. Slightly different is csus ablatvus - the ablative case. It is used to denote a cause, place, time, manner, instrument or occasion of an action, and it becomes bound with many prepositions. These different functions shall be encountered. The vocative case is rarely different from nominative, but there are words in which it is, so it is customary to memorise it along other cases.

First declination - dclnti prma:

Most nouns of the first declination are feminine and you have met some in the lecti prma, for example:
aqu-a , aqu-, f. - water. The important sign of first declination is -a-, the pattern is: F. Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. Abl. sg. fmin-a fmin- fmin- fmin-am fmin-a! fmin- pl. fmin- fmin-rum fmin-s fmin-s fmin-! fmin-s

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Lingua latina

lectio secunda

There are some nouns, however, that belong to the first declination and are masculine, mostly naming occupations: writer, charioteer, inhabitant. They are declined as fmina, but an adjective which is in accordance with them is declined according its own masculine declination:
incola, , m. - inhabitant, but: incola salvus - a healthy inhabitant, incol salv, etc.

It is an important principle, that such connected adjective has its own morphological life - i.e. ending. It occurs in the fact in the whole latin. Also verbs will have their own life, and also pronouns. On the higher level only, (the realm of morphosyntax) they live and work together - i.e. both endings have to be of the same number and case, even though they look differently.

General nouns derived from -us / -a / -um.

This is easy to remember, but it is also an important principle. The adjective: bonum - good, n. can be rendered within the same declination as a neutre noun designing the general concept of goodness.

Exercenda
Ex. III.: find a name for these in latin:
health, evil, greatness

Ex. IV.: Decline, writing out the phrase in all cases and both numbers:
cella alba, Lucretia optima, tibia dissecta, substantia colorata, puella salva

Ex. V.: Find the irregular nouns (m.) of the first declination among the words in vocabulary!

Legenda
Ex.VI.: Read and understand also how the latin works, not merely finding the meaning.
1. Nn slum in aqu sunt besti, sed etiam in terr. 2. In terr et in aqu uta est, sed nn in lun. 3. Mdicus uidet utam cellrum colrtrum in aqu. 4. In lagnam dat mdicus substantiam saluam. 5. Mdicus albus cum mdic nigr habent puells albs et etiam nigrs. 6. Mdicus uidet puellam et inquit salua sit! 7. Aquam dat mdicus puell gr, aquam dat fmins ultim hr eius. 8. Terra incolrum plna salua est. 9. Discipulae, bene discte! 10. Scrba ccus mal uidet puellam, fminam, discipulam. 11. Etiam paginam uidet mal. 12. Scrba bonus dat incols pagins, saluum mdicus. 13. Bacull uincerunt bestis mals. 14. Magnum mdicrum bonrum magnum est. 15. Bona substantia saluat scrbam grum. 16. Mdica puellam saluam dat fmin gr. 17. Bon discipul malum vincerunt. 18. Puell bestis baculls eius vincerunt. 19. Puellam in nesthesi mdica salvat, sed fminam nn cum tibi dissect. 20. Lucrtia puellam mdic dat, mdica puell aquam, ut salva sit.

Ex. VII.: Translate into latin, using the words from the previous lesson and the vocabulary!
1. Lucretia has a colourfull room. 2. Doctor heals (saves) the girl in a white room. 3. In the left bottle, there is water, but in the right one, there is a medical substance. 3. The women with long shin-bones are the best. 4. The bad doctor is a good writer, he puts (gives ) also bad women, not only good ones into his pages, but he does not heal black girls. 5. Bad beasts have won over good girls.

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Vocbula
Nmina substantua
discipula, , f. - a she-pupil discipulus, , m. - a he-pupil baculla, , f. - a rod (bakua) bestia, , f. - a beast, an animal cella, , f. - a room, a cell luna, , f. - a moon puella, , f. - a girl incola, , m. - an inhabitant scrba, , m. - a professional writer / secretary tibia, , f. - a flute, a shin-bone (hole)

Verba
habet habent uidet sit uincerunt es sitis discte! dat - he/she/it has - they have - he/she/it sees -may he/she/it be - they have won over acc. - you are (sg.) - you are (pl.) - learn! (pl.) - he gives

Aduerbia
spe bene mal - often - well - badly

Nmina adiectua
grus, a, um - ill, wretched albus, a, um - white bonus, a, um - good ccus, a, um - blind malus, a, um - bad niger, -gra, -grum - black dexter, -tra, -trum - right sinister, -tra, -trum - left magnus, a, um - big colrtus, a, um - coloured, with a healthy colour longus, a, um - long optimus, a, um - the best

Prpositins
in + acc. in + abl. cum + abl. sine + abl. - into - in - with - without

Coniunctins
sed nn slum etiam ut - but. - not only - also - that, in order to

Prnmina
eius /ej-jus/ -his, her, its, their

Interiectins
ecce! - behold! (aa!)

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