WOMEN TRAFFICKING

SUBMITTED BY
111051943 RAJESHRI MOHITE 111051947 MAYURI LOHAKARE 111051949 ULKA GODE 111051944 TRUSHA PITHADIYA 111051948 RADHA SONAWANE 111051950 SNEHA SONTAKKE

SUBMITTED TO: FIRDOUS MISS DATE OF SUBMISSION: 5 NOVEMBER 2012

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TABLE OF CONTENT
TERMS OF REFERENCE OBJECT AND SCOPE OF WOMEN TRAFFICKING PROCEDURE FINDINGS BRIEF HISTORY OF WOMEN TRAFFICKING FACTORS LEADING TO TRAFFICKING CAUSES OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING CURRENT SCNERIO OF WOMEN TRAFFICKING TYPES OF WOMEN TRAFFICKING BONDED LABOUR CASE STUDY ON BONDED LABOUR PROSTITUTION CASE STUDY ON PROSTITUTION BRIDE TRAFFICKING CASE STUDY ON BRIDE TRAFFICKING CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATIONS

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TERMS OF REFERANCE
OBJECT AND SCOPE
o To evaluate the political, social ,economical ,legal ,and intervention landscape of the anti trafficking movement in India. o To research current NGO and government efforts to combat trafficking in India o To provide with actionable recommendations regarding an anti-women trafficking in India.

PROCEDURE
Based on the scope and objectives of the research we went through literature of human trafficking. We searched for the relevant articles and various reports based on human trafficking, analyzed the causes of it and current status of human trafficking in India.

FINDINGS
BRIEF HISTORY OF WOMEN TRAFFICKING Women and children have been the victims of sex trafficking for thousands of years. This practice, going on throughout the centuries, finally became a political issue in the early 1900s. The history of women trafficking is a complex story to tell since each region of the world has experienced it differently. Many countries in world, where a large amount of human trafficking takes place, have the tradition of treating women and girls more like property than people. This began when women were imported to Southeast Asia to provide sexual services for the men who were migrant workers. The problem continued to escalate when the Vietnam War started and American men were stationed all around Southeast Asia which created a new breed of clients for the prostitution ring. Though there are now laws against the buying and selling of humans many laws are weak and unenforced. There are also much more complex reasons for women trafficking including macroeconomic politics and globalization where women are trafficked from under-developed countries to affluent ones.

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FACTORS LEADING TO TRAFFICKING

SUPPLY FACTORS o o o o poverty female foeticide unemployment lure of job with false promises o domestic servitude o traditional prostitution o lack of employment opportunities

DEMAND FACTORS o o o o migration hope for jobs demand for cheap labour enhanced vulnarabilities for the lack of awareness o sex tourism o internet pornography o organized crime generating high profits with low risk for traffickers

TRAFFICKING

CAUSES OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING LOCAL FACTORS Human trafficking can be explained into two major causes such as local causes and international causes. In the area of local factors, abject poverty especially among women, a lack of political, social and economical stability are the few factors in the area of local factors. Besides that, a lack of reasonable and realistic prospects, situations of armed conflict and oppression, domestic violence and disintegration of the family structure also the other factors in local factors. Moreover, gender discrimination, lack of access to education and information and the HIV-AIDS reality can be explained into local factors. Lack of access to education and information is when the individual not concerns about how important other human beings to another. Gender discrimination is also the causes that make another gender that is male or female to be stressed out with the situation that happens among them. Domestic violence and disintegration of the family structure can be explained when the problems occur in community give a problem to another human beings and family members have to show more love and alert about their children.

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UNIVERSAL FACTORS Universal factors such as even more limits and obstacles to legal migration channels to countries with stronger economies and regions with better prospects, a lack of public awareness of the dangers of trafficking, the high profit potential for those engaged in the criminal activity, the sophisticated organization, resources and networking capacity of criminal networks, a lack of effective anti-trafficking legislation, and if such legislation exists, a lack of effective enforcement, global economic policies that foster exclusion of marginalised people, disintegration of social protection networks, widespread corruption in countries of origin, of transit and of destination among the persons capable or responsible to combat trafficking. A lack of effective anti-trafficking legislation is one of the important factors because a good system should be provided by government to overcome this human trafficking to be happened. Besides that, a lack of effective enforcement by the authority gives us a major problems and this will not give a full stop to this problems. Government and the society should be united to solve this sophistic issue.

CURRENT SCENARIEO
In India ,a large number of women are trafficked not only for sex trade but also for other forms of non sex based exploitation that includes servitude of various kinds, as domestic labour , agriculture labour , begging ,organ trade and false marriage. Trafficking of girl child is on rise and nearly 60% of the victims of trafficking are below 18 years of age. According to NHRC report on trafficking of women and children, in India the population of women and children in sex work in india is stated between 70,000 and 1 million, of these 30% are of 20 years of age. Nearly 15% began sex work when they were below15 and 25%entered between 15 and 18 years. A rough estimate by an NGO called End women and children prostitution in Asian Tourism revels that there are around2 million prostitutes in India.20% among them are minors. The United States (US) has placed India on the Tier-2 Watch List for human trafficking for the 5th consecutive year as India has failed to take effective measure in combating it. According to its report, India is a source, destination, and transit country for men, women, and children trafficked for the purposes of forced labour and commercial sexual exploitation.

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Calculations of trafficked people are generally made with reference to CSE. In India, the stigma attached to prostitution and the clandestine nature of operations makes it doubly difficult to arrive at authentic numbers (Gupta 2003). To give a sense of the total magnitude of the problem, estimates of adult and child sex workers in India are quoted. All minors in commercial sex work are generally classified as cases of trafficking. The figures quoted show a high degree of discrepancy, and the possibility of ascertaining the authenticity of the quoted figures is almost nil. The original sources, or how these figures have been arrived at, are rarely stated. Around 30 to 90 per cent of women and girls are under 18 at the time of entry in to prostitution (Mukherjee and Das, 1996; UNICEF 1994: 10; YMCA 1995: 10; Gathia 1999; Gathia 2003: 9, SOS 2001). The population of women and children in sex work in India is stated to be between 70,000 and 1 million. Of these, 30 per cent are 20 years of age. Nearly 15 per cent began sex work when they were below 15, and 25 per cent entered between 15 and 18 years (Mukherjee and Das, 1996). A news item published in Statesman (12 August 2002) states that roughly 2 million children are abused and forced into prostitution every year in India. A rough estimate prepared by an NGO called End Childrens Prostitution in Asian Tourism reveals that there are around 2 million prostitutes in India; 20 per cent among them are minors. A study conducted in 1992 estimates that any one time, 20,000 girls are being transported from one part of the country to another (Gupta 2003). NGO estimates of sex work are however much higher (UNICEF 1994). A CEDPA report states that in 1997, approximately 200 girls and women in India entered prostitution on a daily basis and 80 per cent were coerced into it (SOS 2001). There are reportedly 300,000 to 500,000 children in prostitution in India (Patkar, Praveen and Priti, Patkar 2001: 11). A UNICEF study on Maharashtra states that at any given time, approximately 40 per cent of the victims of CSE and trafficking are found to be below 18 years (ibid.). According to NCRB data, in 1999 there were 9,368 cases of trafficked women and children in India.12 The incidence of trafficking has shown a steady increase since 1997, with an increase 12 For an analysis of the latest NCRB data of 7.7 per cent over the 1998 rate. Reported crimes against women were highest in Tamil Nadu (10.5 per cent). Further, the total number of cases of kidnapping and abduction registered in 1999 was 15,956. Among the total female victims, 1,960 females were reported kidnapped or abducted for marriage and 9,159 for prostitution purposes (ADB 2002: 19). There are gaps in the national crime data collection systems in relation to cross-border flows (ibid.: 31).
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Another study quotes figures, according to which 80 per cent of the women in commercial Sexual exploitation are from within the country and only 10 per cent each are from Bangladesh and Nepal.

TYPES OF WOMEN TRAFFICKING

BONDED LABOUR
Bonded labour is a sort of patronage in which the minimum wage is barely enough to cover the living costs of the employee and the relation between employer and the employee is often characterized by unfixed and exploitative payment agreements which benefit the employer .Not all bonded labour are forced, but most forced labour practices have a bonded nature , regardless of whether the work involves childen or adults.

Extraction of labour on the basis of debt bondage is widely prevalent in the sectors Served by trafficking. This is especially true of India.7 In his work on slavery, Bales (1999: 8-9) estimates that the number of constitute bonded labour in India, Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh. Bonded labour is said to be prevalent in over 20 states of India. Migrant workers have been found to be working under conditions similar to the bonded labour system in fish processing units of Gujarat, stone quarries of Haryana and brick kilns of Punjab (ILO 2001c). According to Human Rights Watch, at least 15 million children are working as virtual slaves (HRW 1996). Agriculture accounts for 52 to 87 per cent of the population of bonded child labourers. They can also be in bondage working as domestic help; in the domestic, export industries (silk and silk saris, beedi, silver jewellry, synthetic and precious gemstones, footwear and sporting goods, and handwoven wool carpets); and in services like small restaurants, truck stops and tea shops. Other instances of children in forced labour are found in prostitution, begging, drug selling and petty crime. Trafficking of children is specifically reported from the carpet industry (HRW 1996; HRW 2003: 6).

CASE STUDY OF BONDED LABOUR Innocent Girl Panchhi residing in small Village Kupoi located in Dhanbad district, Jharkhand was happily living with her family which consists of Mother who works as a maid, Father who is
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ill and an elder Sister who takes care of their Parents and hut. On the other side in Delhi, Mr. Malhotra is looking out for a Girl who can work 24 hours in his house so he visits an agency, who provides maid to rich people and requests him to search a Girl whom they can rely on, but one fine day Ashwin, whose Sister was living in the same village meets Panchhi and also shows her big dreams of earning good money for her family and innocent Panchhi gets trapped in his plan as he was going to involve her in Child labor but her Mother who was unaware of Ashwin's plan doubts on him and also warns Panchhi not to meet him again thus, aspiring Panchhi leaves her hut without informing her family members in search of a good work along with Ashwin, there in Delhi, Panchhi gets convinced to work in Mr. Malhotra's house later, she comes to know that Ashwin dumped her so she requests Ms. Malhotra to allow her to go to her village, but she strictly denies and brutally beats her, there in the village, Panchhi's Mother observes Ashwin and rushes to meet him. Ashwin succeeds in escaping from Kupoi Village without providing Mr. Malhotra's address thus Panchhi's Mother and her Son decides to visit Delhi to search Panchhi and meets the agency guy who does not reveal any information about Panchhi to her Mother in spite of knowing it, but her Mother does not give up and threatens the agency guy to provide Mr. Malhotra's address later, Pancchi's Mother and his Son requests the security guard to allow them to meet Panchhi but the guard speaks lie as per Ms. Malhotra's order and explains them that there is no Panchhi working in this house, thus they come to know about an NGO agency who helps poor people and all of them file a complaint but Police takes their case lightly. NGO workers dont give up and request police to investigate but they were shocked to see his agency which was shut down. Panchhi fails to identify her Mother and Sister later; Panchhi breaks down into tears and identifies her Mother.

PROSTITUTION
According to Human Rights Watch, there are approximately 15 million prostitutes in India. There are more than 100,000 women in prostitution in Bombay, Asia's largest sex industry center. Girls in prostitution in India, Pakistan and the Middle East are tortured, held in virtual imprisonment, sexually abused, and raped. Girl prostitutes are primarily located in low-middle income areas and business districts and are known by officials. Brothel keepers regularly recruit young girls. Girl prostitutes are grouped as common prostitutes, singers and dancers, call girls, religious prostitutes or devdasi, and caged brothel prostitutes. Districts bordering Maharashtra
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and Karnataka, known as the "devadasi belt," have trafficking structures operating at various levels. The women here are in prostitution either because their husbands deserted them, or they are trafficked through coercion and deception. Many are devadasi dedicated into prostitution for the goddess Yellamma. An oft-repeated cause of prostitution is poverty. But poverty is only one of the reasons. The helplessness of women forces them to sell their bodies. Many girls from villages are trapped for the trade in the pretext of love and elope from home only to find themselves sold in the city to pimps who take money from the women as commission. The other causes of prostitution include ill treatment by parents, bad company, family prostitutes, social customs, inability to arrange marriage, lack of sex education, media, prior incest and rape, early marriage and desertion, lack of recreational facilities, ignorance, and acceptance of prostitution. Economic causes include poverty and economic distress. Psychological causes include desire for physical pleasure, greed, and dejection. Most enter involuntarily. India, along with Thailand and the Philippines, has 1.3 million children in its sex-trade centers. The children come from relatively poorer areas and are trafficked to relatively richer ones. India and Pakistan are the main destinations for children under 16 who are trafficked in south Asia. What is causing alarm both in governmental and NGO circles is the escalation in trafficking of young girls in the last decade. NGOs like STOP and MAITI in Nepal report that most trafficking in India (both trans-border and in-country) is for prostitution. And 60 per cent of those trafficked into prostitution are adolescent girls in the age group of 12 to 16 years. These figures are corroborated by a study done by the Department of Women and Children in 13 sensitive districts of Uttar Pradesh. It reveals that all sex workers who formed a part of this survey had entered the profession as young girls. Many transsexuals, called hijiras, are sex workers. The families of hijiras reject them. They face opposition from the public, and with the denial of employment they take to begging and then enter the sex market.

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CASE STUDY ON PROSTITUTION The 16-year-old girl from the South Gopal Chandi area in West Bengal was forced into prostitution by her boyfriend, who she fell in love with after she returned his numerous missed calls on her mobile phone. According to the police, Mona repeatedly received missed calls from an unknown number over a couple of days. A few days after she returned the calls with a missed call, the caller identified himself as Arabali alias Asgar Ashraf Mulla, 23, also from West Bengal. The two developed a friendship and soon fell in love. On November 9, Mulla reportedly popped the question to Mona. Mulla told her to come to Barasat railway station in West Bengal. The girl left home saying she was going to visit a friend. She waited for hours at the station, but when he did not turn up, she called him. Mulla finally reached Barasat station and took her Sialda. Mulla told Mona that they would stay for a few days at his uncle's place in Sialda and then would leave for Mumbai, where they would get married. On November 13, Mulla brought Mona to Mumbai and introduced her to one Meena, who runs a prostitution racket. Mona was raped by about 16 people on several occasions at different places, the police said. Mulla warned her against revealing her sexual abuse, said an officer from the Dongri police station. " We raided a building in Dongri on November 18 after receiving a tip-off that it was being used to run a prostitution racket. We nabbed the victim, Meena and Mulla. The victim then narrated her ordeal to us, after which we sent her to the Dongri children's home," the officer said.The police are checking if Mulla had conned other girls in a similar way and forced them into prostitution

BRIDE TRAFFICKING
One of the most telling things about a society is how it treats its women, that half of its population which lives, works and struggles to contribute to the family, community and society at large, In a larger sense, what defines a society is how it treats its poorest, weakest and most vulnerable members.
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Parts of Haryana today present a rather vicious picture, far removed from the moral parameters or principles on which any progressive society is built. For the brokers of human trafficking, Haryana, is the point of demand of consumers, the buyers of a women's dignity. Women are brought here from different parts of country, most of them from Magadh belt of Bihar-Jharkhand; Musrshidabad in west Bengal; the border areas of Assam and secunderabad ; and Hyderabad in Andhra Pradesh- all poverty stricken Muslim areas. These women are promised marriage of inducted as farm labourers but the real purpose is to center them into the sale-purchase chain to provide sexual satisfaction to their buyers. The price fixed for them depends on their age and physical appearance. These women referred to as Paros in the Mewat (Muslim area of Haryana) and as 'Molki" (purchased women) in rest of the state (Jaat dominated) these terms signify their poor social status and the fact of their "having been purchased". The men who use them represent the underbelly of Haryana, the self-styled 'macho' men for whom violence and alcohol go hand in hand with this heinous act. As can be expected, civilized society does not recognize such women or give them any of the rights or privileges normally accorded to a wife. Living silently in the shadows, invisible to society, the Paros and the Molkis are constantly sexually ravaged by their buyers. What is disconcerting, if not shocking, is the response of those in authority: to start with, the police, who do not recognize it as a major problem. The intelligentsia and social leaders in Haryana blame touts for bringing these women here. The reason given for their being brought from another states is abysmal sex-ratio in Haryana. Where the number of women even for regular matrimonial alliances fall far short of the demand.These leaders are quick to blame the "socially backward" saying that it is they who are responsible for bringing in these women for their vile needs. However this theory is full of holes as it has clearly been the economically powerful sections, those with newly acquired wealth, which have in fact played a key role in initiating and establishing this practice.

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CASE STUDY ON BRIDE TRAFFICKING The most recent series of incidents leading to the physical and mental trauma of a two year old infant named Falak who was brought to the AIIMS Delhi in a severely injured condition by a fourteen year old girl, a victim of human trafficking herself. The harrowing stories of Falaks mother and the fourteen year old girl are disgusting reminders that ruthless flesh traders do not think twice before destroying innocent human lives. Falaks mother Munni hails from Muzaffarpur in Bihar and at the tender age of sixteen she was married off to a criminal named Muhammad Shah Hussain and had three children, the youngest being Falak , he left her. Her plight was exploited by two flesh traders from Delhi, Shankar and Lakshmi. A chance meeting with Shankar led to Munni leaving her village and going to Delhi where she was lured by Shankar on the pretext of securing decent employment. On reaching Delhi, Munni was horrified to know that Shankar, Lakshmi and two other accomplices named Kanta and Saroj wanted to push her into the flesh trade. She refused; hence they sold her to a rich Rajasthani named Harpal for 3 lakh rupees after telling him that Munni was a single woman who wanted a husband. The marriage took place and when Munni was finally tracked down by the police she was residing in Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan. Harpal was also trying to sell her to a client when he was caught by police. Lakshmi , Kanta and Saroj lied to Munni that they would take care of her children and after she settled down in Rajasthan they gave the children to different people. Thus Falak came to be in the possession of Raj Kumar in 2011. Raj Kumar stayed with a fourteen year old girl in the slums of Mahipalpur. This girl was also a distressed victim of a violent childhood. Her father used to beat her regularly and left her at the tender age of fourteen, only to fall prey to a lascivious couple named Sandeep and Arti who forced her into prostitution after she was continuously mauled and raped for three days by Sandeep. She met Raj Kumar after some months and lived with him until he deserted her in November 2011. By that time Raj Kumar had already left the toddler Falak in her possession. Naturally the fourteen year old child was inept at looking after the two year old Falak and the agonized cries of
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the child led the fourteen year old girl to subject the child to physical beating which included biting the child too. Ultimately In the third week of January she brought an unconscious Falak to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences in a bruised and injured condition, when child become unconcisious one day. When the investigation began the girl confessed to the Child Welfare Committee, which exposed shocking things about whole dirty game of human trafficking and small girls exploitation to flesh trade, in which police also helped by ignoring the things. The police have arrested Vijender , the father of the fourteen year old girl, Raj Kumar who took Falak into his custody and is also charged with raping the fourteen year old girl and seven other people. Falak is no more in this world. The case is just one out of millions of atrocities which female offspring are subjected to in illiterate areas of India. These unfortunate children, snatched from their households by vicious gangsters, are doomed to agonizing enslavement under duress which means forced labor, begging, amputation, sexual exploitation, diseases,and violent retribution for refusing to comply with the wishes of the psychopaths.

CONCLUSION
Trafficking in human beings, especially in women , is a form of modern day slavery and requires a holistic , multi-sectoral approach to address the complex dimension of the problem. It is a problem that violates the rights and dignity of the victims and therefore requires essentially a women and child rights perspective while working on its eradication. In the fight against trafficking government organizations, non-governmental organizations , civil society , pressure groups , international bodies , all have to play an important role. Law cannot be the only instrument to take care of all problems.

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RECOMMENDATIONS
o Government at local level and source areas should create compulsory high quality education, employment opportunities and income generation programme. o The government of different nations must share the information with each other to evolve a programme that will help both the countries in preventing trafficking. o Government should include gender centred education curricula in schools and introduce subjects of child sexual abuse and trafficking. o The media should transmit appropriate message to ensure that the victims learn that they are not alone. o Wide publicity should be given regarding the legal, penal provisions against trafficking and the modus operandi of the traffickers through radio, television etc.

REFERENCES
Ministry of Women and Child Development, Govt. of India (www.wcd.nic.in). Krishnan , Sunita ,Jose verticattil,2001,a Situation Report : Trafficking for Commercial Sexual Exploitation , India Govt. of India, 1991, Centre Social Welfare Board Report on Trafficking, Delhi. Crime in India, 2004, NCRB, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India. Articles from crime petrol India, Sony TV.

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