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COUNCIL OF EUROPE

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CONSEIL DE L'EUROPE

ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE
Reports and Studies PUBDGIV003

INVENTORIES OF THE ARTISTIC, ARCHITECTURAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

STRASBOURG 1985

INVENTORIES OF THE ARTISTIC/ ARCHITECTURAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE IN THE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

PRESENT STATE AND THE NEED FOR THEIR PROMOTION

BY PROFESSOR ALBERT KNOEPFLI WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF MANE HERING-MITGAU

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This publication contains the study made by Prof. A Knoepfli at the request of the Council of Europe and supplementary information supplied by Belgium (Wallony and Brussels), the Netherlands and Sweden. These complementary notes are reproduced as appendices at the end of the publication.
PRELIMINARY REMARKS Although we are now somewhat better informed about the forms and state of inventories of the artistic, architectural and cultural heritage, our research has revealed that they differ considerably in quality, substance and reliability from country to country. The terminology also lacks uniformity and concepts are often difficult to understand even within a single country, let alone across frontiers. Therefore we welcomed new publications devoted to this topic, such as the notes of the Colloquy on European inventories held at the Bischenberg Study Centre (Alsace) in 1980, the recent number of Deutsche Kunst und Denkmalpflege (Munich/Berlin 1982, No. 1) and critical articles in that and other reviews on recently published inventories. Largely, for reasons of space and in order not to overburden the text by repetition and overlapping, we were obliged to confine ourselves to a limited number of examples and we have selected those in which the aims and means were clearly revealed in the material available. In so doing we relied largely on our own personal experience because we often felt that our research and arguments were never more convincing than when we were concerned with our own country. Despite the rigour with which we undertook our research, which was backed up by the decimal sub-division adopted, our work entailed more efforts and greater detail than initially expected. The extremely complex and complicated subject called for correspondingly extensive treatment. In order to avoid linear simplification we also considered the same object from a number of different angles. We did not dwell on the respective advantages and disadvantages of centralised and federal organisation. It is not simply a question of regrouping or dispersing forces. In the last resort the essential question to ask in both cases is whether the system operates efficiently from the administrative point of view when full use is made of its research potential. Switzerland has endeavoured to strike a balance between the two extremes; the Society for the History of Swiss Art being responsible for scientific guidance and the control of publications whilst the cantonal officials are given the freedom which ensures that the specific features of the regions will survive in the face of the trend towards centralisation. We have dealt with the technical aspects of the inventory only in so far as they concern essential aspects. A knowledge of the profession and the official documentation and forms is part of the stock-in-trade of administrative authorities and their scientific staff. We should like to express our gratitude to those who helped us in our task. Professor Alfred A Schmidt made valuable suggestions, whilst MM Tilmann Breuer of Munich, Hans-Peter Autenrieth from Krailling, the secretariat of the Society for the History of Swiss Art in Berne and Dr. Alfons Raimann in Frauenfeld provided us with important information. We also greatly appreciate the valuable co-operation received from our sponsors.

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1.

Introduction and problems

The very nature of the artistic and architectural heritage prompts the desire and need for inventories: monuments are historical and artistic landmarks for the memory. They enshrine the collective historical experience of past generations. They recall, encourage, develop and foster a sense of belonging to the community, thanks to the idea of a common asset. They provide an epoch with the cultural values that it may lack itself. As symbols of the various stages in our history, they are so many milestones along the road leading from the past to the present and tracing the course towards the future. For a wide variety of reasons man has always sought to safeguard the vestiges of the past in various ways. Not only has the yardstick evolved, but aesthetic pleasure and artistic perfection or historical and scientific interest have also prevailed at different times. The motives range from a mere desire to manage and present the heritage to considerations based on the reason of state and political doctrines, not to mention a test for rare things. It was only gradually that the multiplicity of aims and the various aspects of historical interest gave rise to the need for strictly scientific exploitation whether the aim was to highlight the basic material of the history of art or to establish the conditions for conservation and development programmes. The major stages in that development were: a. b. c. the extension of the concept of an architectural and artistic monument to all cultural monuments belonging to the world of creation; the transition from an inventory based on isolated monuments to a territorially extensive approach; the integration into the heritage of increasingly recent objects (a sliding time-scale).

The different stages in this development resulted in a multiplicity of definitions (cf note of the Netherlands pp 39). Federal Republic of Germany Schleswig-Holstein; Artistic and architectural monuments as the material heritage of the historical past in so far as they are deemed to be of outstanding interest (this excludes monuments from pre-history and the High Middle Ages). Rhineland; All monuments (apart from those from pre-history, early history and Roman provincial antiquity) subject to their historical value, quality and exemplary nature. Bavaria; Any important construction or object from a past period in history whose conservation is of interest to the community. Apart from historical importance, the main criterion is the value of the work from the point of view of the history of art and possibly the value conferred on it because of its rare nature.

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England; "Old and historical monuments and constructions connected with or illustrative of the contemporary culture, civilisation and conditions of life of the people of England ...", Movable assets are not taken into consideration. France: All existing or ruined works of the artistic, archaeological, historic and ethnological heritage situated in the national territory. Belgium (Flemish community): Immovable objects which are the work of man or of nature or of man and nature having a general interest because of their artistic, scientific, historical, folkloric, archaeological, industrial or socio-cultural value. Belgium; Photographic inventory: . . any existing or vanished monument or . object of artistic, archaeological, historical and folkloric interest. Poland: All monuments in the widest sense of the term, including those connected with ethnography and technology - regardless of their quality after the 10th century. This excludes displaced monuments and the contents of public museums and private collections. With regard to the stricter criteria for selection applicable to monuments after 1850, artistic value and historical, historico-cultural and typological importance are decisive; environmental qualities are also taken into account. German Democratic Republic; Any architectural of artistic monument as well as other categories of monuments, "provided that they are of artistic interest". Monuments connected with town planning, garden layout and history are listed separately. Austria; Movable and immovable objects created by man and of historical, artistic or cultural interest. Finland; Architectural productions as the expression of a recognised and typical regional or local architectural style. The soclo-eultural situation is also taken into account and shaped into a comprehensive picture of the historical environment. Therefore the monument is interpreted as an integral part of the environment. Hungary; Conceptual and administrative restriction of the field of application of the inventory to immovable monuments of historical interest and important from the point of view of architecture, archaeology, the figurative and decorative arts. Historical value is decisive here and far more important than any other consideration. Italy; Any cultural object recognised as such at the present time and bearing witness to man's creative ability. Such objects include folklore and ethnographic works, but not the products of industry and the crafts. The profile of the cultural life and civilisation must be revived at the same time as socio-economic situations. This definition includes all public and private collections which are placed under the protection of the state and listed as such.

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Italy (autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia-Giulia): Any material traces of the historical culture and civilisation: sites and groups of buildings of historical and artistic value. Works of aesthetic and ethnographic interest; outstanding libraries and archives (manuscripts), coats of arms, coins, aichasological finds and sites. Given a definition of the inventory based on the importance of the objects to be taken into consideration, their topographical density and limits in time, the type of inventory chosen will be that which best satisfies the aim which now has to be defined more precisely and made accessible to the public. The wide variety of types of inventories results mainly from the fact that they are designed to serve the aims of science and research as well as the requirements of conservation and development programmes. But account must also be taken of the regional characteristics of the monuments, the ideological orientation of scientific and administrative authorities and political, financial and current possibilities. It is not possible to cover all these points within the bounds of this study and we shall merely present a number of typical examples from our vast field of study. These will suffice, however, to establish the need for major and fundamental inventories of artistic and cultural monuments in all the European countries. Yet work on such projects has slowed down or even been interrupted in many countries because there has been a tendency to give in all too rapidly to the pressures of the moment and it is mistakenly believed that major inventories have been replaced by mere numerical lists which are more easily drawn up, or by substitutes for inventories and summaries. Such work is undoubtedly useful, but it cannot claim to satisfy all needs. 2. Field of studies and tasks

It is first necessary to establish an extensive, major or fundamental inventory. In accordance with an extended concept of art and monuments already referred to above and discussed at greater length in Chapter 3 below, the heritage is no longer studied in exclusively aesthetic and artistic terms. It comprises rather all that has been created by man in so far as such creative work satisfies cultural aspirations, le bears the mark of intentions In respect of form and shape which go beyond elementary needs. The nature and quality of archaeological and artistic properties are bound up with historical events, persons and social categories, as well as functions and structures and they form an organised whole making up anthropological culture. Admittedly, methodology is always dominated by the human sciences, but because of their multidisclpllnary nature they are forced to have recourse to technology and the natural sciences. The inventory embraces, describes and treats scientifically architectural and artistic works which are formally, historically, typologically and functionally important as well as the cultural heritage of a territory. Ideally, cultural, geographical and political frontiers should coincide.

The considerable density of the monuments listed on the basis of a broad definition of centres of interest is not in itself enough to make the inventory topographically extensive. To that end it is also essential for attention not to be confined to the specific nature of a particular monument, but to include the monument's relations with others in the neighbourhood, the characteristic features of its situation and the site on which it has been conserved. Account must also be taken of the situation and environment, the monument's importance as a component of a "family" of constructions, a part of the habitat or a "monumental landscape". The objectives of the inventory can be broken down as follows: 2.1 Provision of written and illustrated documentation useful for all those concerned with the original state of the monument, the changes which have affected it or fluctuations in its importance. Such documentation helps to conserve the heritage. 2.2 Definition of the bases of research, notably for aesthetics

The major and fundamental inventory makes it possible to bridge the gaps in the bases of research clearly and systematically. Inadequate knowledge of the facts means that research may not make enough use of its potential because of the wasteful use of human and material resources, short circuits and other misguided actions. Most European countries give their inventory a basically scientific aim. Italy, England, France, Germany, Hungary, Yugoslavia and Switzerland, etc stress the importance of scientific objectives. Bavaria emphasises the significance of the history of art and Hungary the historical dimension (academic objectives and academic need, Bischenberg Colloquy, Great Britain ( ) , 2) (cf note of the Netherlands PP 39). Opportunities for the direct exploitation of the inventory for other purposes may on occasion be diminished thereby, as noted by the Secretary of the English Royal Commission on Historical Monuments in the notes on the Bischenberg Colloquy (Great Britain ( ) : the National Monument Record 2) compiled for practical purposes or the National Non-Intensive Record (pre-inventory) did not make sufficient use of the scientific and architectural analyses of the major inventory. 2.3 Prerequisites for the effective maintenance, legal protection and safeguarding of interests relating to monuments in construction and planning

By and large, inventories provide the authorities who are jointly responsible for our heritage with valuable indications and help them make their decisions. By providing a more thorough knowledge of monuments, they make it possible to determine what in fact deserves to be protected and conserved. They assist in establishing a diagnosis and facilitate decisions on the most suitable measures for conservation, restoration, integration and the legal protection of the monuments concerned. Admittedly, the actual maintenance of monuments provides information which an inventory could not give. Nevertheless, such information can often be correctly interpreted only on the basis of familiarity with the object acquired when the inventory is produced. Science and practice are therefore complementary.

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Experience shows that inadequate knowledge may be disastrous for monuments. Owners and the authorities are equally concerned by the irreversible damage caused to monuments because the resources assigned to them were wrongfully used. Municipal, regional and national authorities responsible for construction and planning, together with their departments, use inventories in many different ways. Contact is usually unsatisfactory, sporadic or non-existent. Co-operation between the authorities responsible for the maintenance of monuments, the Inventory and planning and construction has been Institutionalised, notably in the Swiss canton of Thurgau. It is also sought by the departments responsible for the inventory of sites to be protected in Switzerland and, in the case of Finland, the documents of the Bischenberg Colloquy note that for important inventories, co-operation should be established with the planning authorities who are also very much concerned by information assembled in the context of general inventories and themselves furnish valuable information. It is impossible to give a uniform reply to the question whether an inventory is a prerequisite for regulations on the maintenance of monuments and a means to achieve that end or whether it is already an integral part of such regulations. France and most other European states do not give the inventory any constituent effect. On the other hand sites, natural monuments and the local setting, which are the subject in Switzerland of separate inventories in so far as they are considered to be of national importance, automatically receive subsidies after a favourable decision. It should be added that inventories of natural monuments are financed at a different level and by separate authorities. Flanders alone constitutes an exception. Points of contact exist, however, wherever the site is an Integral part of architectural and artistic monuments. 2.4 Information for the public concerning monuments and measures to promote greater understanding An Inventory also performs an extremely important educational function. A knowledge and assessment of our heritage are vital for our collective understanding of the past; they facilitate its assimilation. Many authors of inventories consider that this educational aim is a constraint as far as language is concerned; they would prefer to direct their work at an elite specialising in the history of art. It is possible, however, to satisfy this social policy requirement at least partly without adversely affecting the scientific value of the work. On the other hand it may be difficult in a text Intended for the public at large to satisfy the needs of science at the same time. See also Chapter 3.2.2. 2.5 Conservation of written and Illustrated documents to guard against the eventuality of the disappearance of, or damage to, the cultural heritage War damage (armed conflicts), destruction, deterioration, damage caused by weather and nuisances in the neighbourhood; Inadequate maintenance and protection; deterioration and destruction caused by man; damage due to water, fire, tempest; Illegal trafficking; theft of objets d'art, etc ...

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To quote but one example chosen at random, the Spanish Church which owns approximately 70% of the national heritage, has not yet decided to make an inventory of its assets despite the provisions of the 1953 concordat and the agreement concluded between the Vatican and the Spanish state in 1979. In the absence of an inventory and therefore of supervision, the losses caused to the Spanish heritage by theft, negligence and inadequate maintenance still continue. 3. Selection of monuments

Now that attitudes have changed, the question of the definition of a monument and of art has changed considerably. The answer tomorrow will not be what it was yesterday. Originally inventories were concerned mainly with monuments of artistic value or at least satsifying the criteria or aesthetic tastes of the time (cf note of the Netherlands pp 39). It is significant in that connection that the Italian authorities at present responsible for inventories should have set aside the notion of artistic monument. It is unacceptable in their eyes because it is based on an ideology and postulates a value judgement. The notion of cultural monument still exists. But does not that alter the nature of the decision: what is culture and what is a cultural monument? The development of the concept of art and the extension of the idea of monument have not only extended the choice, they have also abolished the limits of that choice from the point of view of perfection. The problem of unduly wide coverage is almost as old as the traditional inventory itself. Even in 1903 Gustav von Bezold thought it necessary to warn against the constraints of scientific inventories, whilst George Hager wanted to take folklore, rustic and technico-scientific monuments into account. Wayside crucifixes, farms, bridges and transport buildings have no aesthetic value but at best a different regional one. 3.1 Quantitative choice

In order not to be overwhelmed by the monuments which have to be taken into account it is necessary to be very selective. A choice can be made for the purposes of classification or evaluation; it usually has a quantitative and qualitative aspect (cf note of the Netherlands pp 39). The quantitative choice may take different forms: 3.1.1 The inventory may be confined to specific periods: exclusion or summary treatment or pre- and early history. Most countries exclude monuments from pre- and early history from their ordinary inventories since they are dealt with by different institutions. That is true of Poland, Finland, Spain, Austria and most of the German Lander. The Swiss and Rhineland inventories refer briefly to the most outstanding monuments (see Chapter 3 4 . .) With regard to the exclusion or summary treatment of the most recent period, see Chapter 3.4.2.

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3.1.2 The inventory may be confined to buildings, in situ monuments (ie to architectural works as such) or only some of them. In Hungary the concept of architectural monument includes only buildings as defined under the Monuments Protection Act, architectural works but not objets d'art which are regarded as movable assets. These are a matter for other supervisory authorities, thus excluding any overall organic view of the heritage. Yugoslavia and Belgium also take into account only monuments (buildings) in situ, (cf note of the Netherlands, pp 39) 3.1.3 The inventory does not take into account objets d'art and cultural assets which have left the country. Only the objects which have remained are listed. Practices range from complete exclusion to a more or less thorough coverage of all objects concerned. In principle, Switzerland has included them in its inventories since 1927, provided that the place of origin is known and also covers objects in private collections when this has been authorised by the owners. The 1945 "principles" specifically state that objects in collections must be listed at their place of origin. Volume 7 of the Artistic Monuments of Grisons contains a summary head dealing with objects belonging to the cantonal museum but not originating in the region. The French general inventory stipulates that "the private heritage shall be taken into consideration in the same way as the public heritage" (Bischenberg Colloquy, France 1). Norway includes objets d'art in expatriated collections in the inventory of its churches. Schleswig-Holstein (Northern Germany) includes only those private objects in its inventories which have a close historical link with the place concerned and excludes objects found in the museums and archives. Austria does rot take them into consideration or does so only summarily if they are already listed. Spain has abandoned the idea of taking into account objects which are the property of museums, archives, libraries and the royal family. Italy also publishes catalogues of state collections in the context of its inventory, but not of municipal and private collections; an exception is made, however, in the case of private objects which are cataloged by nrivate publishers with local and especially regional authority funding. (cf note of the Netherlands, no 39). 3.1.A The Inventory does not take Into account monuments which are in ruins or have been destroyed. Attitudes towards earlier stages of monuments still in existence vary considerably. Whilst, for instance, Norway, Belgium and France take into account In their Inventories buildings and monuments which have disappeared (in France "existing or destroyed works", in Belgium in photographic Inventories only, works "both vanished and still existing") Poland keeps to the rule whereby "vanished monuments are not referred to, mention is made only of those formerly on the site of the existing monument" (Bischenberg Colloquy).

- 11 3.1.5 The inventory is restricted to objects belonging to the state or legally protected monuments. In Hungary, most objects listed are state property. In language and practice the term "architectural monument" refers only to legally protected objects: see Chapter 3.1.2. 3.1.6 Transfer of burdens

A genuine choice is not made by simply transferring an object to another catalogue or inventory or to a specially designed inventory (see Chapter 4.5). The principle of transferring rather than reducing burdens has two disadvantages in that it results in complications or losses: the reader must be in possession of special inventories and use them simultaneously with other persons so that the work offered is incomplete and does not make it possible to deal with a monument or group of monuments as a whole. In order not to restrict the field of vision unduly it is therefore desirable to make good omissions by summaries and quotations. The seven volumes of the Orisons inventory present castles and stately homes in an abridged form because these monuments have been dealt with in special inventories by the same author. 3.2 Qualitative choice Value judgements are made at three levels: when it is decided to select or reject objects, when objects of quality are exploited as opposed to others of less interest (differentiated treatment) and lastly when an assessment is made of the topical nature of the objects and their history. Nineteenth century inventories relied exclusively on the criteria of quality and historical importance, although nowadays these qualities are only two among many aspects, even if they still predominate. Research has become more diversified and interdisciplinary, the practice and the various scientific disciplines more exacting and educational values more differentiated. Users and readers are interested in requirements which go far beyond the history of art. They seek personalised information and that might well be too much for the technical know-how of the authorities. This leads to the dual danger of dilettantism and the production of an unwieldy, confused and inadequately structured encyclopaedia. In short, nowadays the concept of monument takes into account its artistic value, its historical and typological expression, its structural and social qualities, its rarity and the possibility of bringing it up to date. What does a monument tell us from the formal, historical and typological point of view, how does it respond emotionally and scientifically to present-day interests, how is it integrated into the town in present-day society? 3.2.1 Selection in the light of a scale of values

This depends on the quantitative choice. Whilst it does not prejudge the quality of what has been set aside, a scale of values makes it possible to reveal differences in quality and pay greater heed to them. What other considerations affect the judgement and what ideas lie behind the decisions? A value judgement, however balanced, bears the mark of the age and its author.

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Without this subjective character of the qualitative choice there can be no science and without the filter of quality every inventory would be confronted in practice with a crippling obstacle and far too much material. Furthermore the practical user does not find unduly bulky inventory volumes easy to handle. 3.2.2 Exploitation of works of quality (see also Chapter 2.4) Every inventory which seeks to be something more than a numerical index has to go beyond the uniformity and lack of structure of allegedly neutral and objective descriptions; it must avoid generalisation in order to assess more effectively. Inventories must avoid monotonous and vague lists in order to highlight more effectively the areas of shadow and light in our heritage as well as its beauty and importance. The inventory of the Flemish community in Belgium should be regarded as a "basis for protection, information and mobilisation at 'official', administrative and public levels, a stimulating basis for studies in depth of the built-up environment ..." (Bischenberg Colloquy, Belgium ( ) . 1) The emphasis placed on quality, its aspects and degrees in courses on interpretation and assessment makes it necessary to differentiate as clearly as possible between the established fact, its explanation and interpretation on the one hand and value judgements on the other. That is not because the former concern timeless objective facts and the latter a subjective Impression based on prevailing circumstances. Both tend to involve these two aspects: they bear the mark of changing topicality and absolute truth, a contingent personal opinion as well as well tried and therefore lasting knowledge. It stands to reason that the authors of Inventories must be measured and cautious in their judgements. The inventory as it is conceived of In Belgium (see above) performs the dual function of arousing awareness and emulation, but those responsible for inventories "are suspicious of criteria which are more subjective than artistic, aesthetic etc values alone" (Bischenberg Colloquy, Belgium). 3.2.3 Link with the present, topicality

This is independent of the concept of art and monument, the scientific situation and emotional and didactic relations. In view of the inventory's scientific character, the link with the present is a problem in so far as what is topical today is not or less so tomorrow and does not furnish the basic elements which would make it possible to prejudge scientific trends in the future. "The stone that the builders rejected may become the cornerstone of tomorrow." That danger is Inherent in any attempt at actualisatlon. Nevertheless the inventory would not fulfil its scientific function if choices and value judgements depended entirely on the principle of topicality.

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3.3

Delimitation and classification on the basis of topographical considerations

There are three such considerations: (a) spatial delimitation of the optical field of influence of a monument regarded in isolation and in the context of an architectural category or group of buildings; (b) delimitation of groups of buildings and built-up areas which have to be taken into account as a whole; (c) delimitation of the field as a whole on the basis of political, geographical and cultural considerations (see Chapter 2). The normal classification according to genre, periods and styles emphasises the intrinsic value of the monument, as will be demonstrated in Chapter 5. The qualities of the site can be assessed ony to a limited degree on the basis of the individual monuments; it is necessary to take a number of parameters into account, ie the nature of the site, watercourses, road network and the topography of the architectural category or group of buildings to which the monument concerned belongs. More will be said in Chapter 5 about this conflict of aims between the classification by genres, types and series and the taking into account of built-up areas and parts of built-up areas. The delimitation of the territory to be listed depends almost exclusively on political divisions and administrative powers. Frontiers and administrative districts usually ignore geographical and cultural units not only at national and regional level but also in the case of municipalities which instead of being divided up are involved in a process of regrouping and merging leading to the emergence of new conurbations. 3.4 Limits in time 3.4.1 Pre- and proto-history

Reference has already been made in Section 3.1.1 to the exclusion or summary treatment of these periods (inventories drawn up by special institutions). Limits in time are established in various ways to take into account the country's development and its cultural situation. The pre- and early history of ancient Greece and Rome and its provinces is sometimes ignored and sometimes included when it is involved in historical continuity. Overlapping with an archaeological study of monuments over the ages is almost inevitable. The inventories of England (including Wales), Belgium (photographic inventory), Hungary, Italy and Yugoslavia begin with the paleolithic period. France and Switzerland confine themselves to a summary evaluation of the main monuments; the Rhineland mentions traces of monuments from preand early history as well as Gallo-Roman antiquity only in so far as they bear witness to historical continuity. The departments of Schleswig-Holstein responsible for the maintenance of monuments and pre- and early history include in their inventory the periods extending from the occupation of the region and the introduction of Christianity up to the twelfth century. In Poland the end of the prehistory period usually includes the tenth century and in Finland in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

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The uncertainty surrounding the concept of the maintenance of underground monuments makes clear distinctions even more difficult, because such monuments do not give the archaeologist or the department responsible for the maintenance of monuments a reliable criterion for delimiting fields of activity. 3.4.2 The contemporary limit of the inventory

As a result of mutual stimulus, the preservation of monuments and the history of art have emphasised the limit beyond which a style is deemed to be outdated and its productions are not regarded as monuments. In order not to give way to emotional impulses, to avoid the problems of generations and to preserve a certain perspective, a historical distance, as far as objects were concerned, it was felt that the monument should be between 30 and 100 years old. Other authorities fix the limit at 1850, and take into account later monuments only by way of exception or require a more careful selection as we approach the present period. Yet others take their inventory up to the most recent period, albeit with certain reservations. The inventory is taken up to the present period in Hungary (however the works of living architects are not Included), Belgium (photographic inventory: abandonment of the 100 years rule; mass-produced objects are subject to restrictions), Yugoslavia and Austria. The Rhineland keeps to the most recent past which is difficult to define. Schleswig-Holstein fixes a sliding scale of 30 years and Belgium of 40. Bavaria closes its inventory in 1945. Italy (autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia-Giulia) allows for a lapse of between 50 and 60 years and Spain of 100 years. Instructions on the matter in Switzerland established the time limit at the beginning of the contemporary period. France has eased the old provisions which stipulated that Inventories should close at the middle of the 19th century and a selection is made for the last decades before 1950. The same is true of Poland which nevertheless restricts selections to the 1850-1914 period. Belgium (French-speaking community) allows exceptions for the period extending from the second third of the 19th century to the most recent past. Until the reform in 1963, England used to list objects before 1774; subsequently it extended its inventories up to 1850 and it now allows recent works to be taken into account (cf note of the Netherlands pp 39). By and large, if we set aside differences in time, the recognition of a style in the sciences and the conservation of monuments has coincided with the predominant interest of a particular period. The neo-Gothic peak attracted the full attention of the traditional inventory to the Middle Ages and even more to the monuments of the Renaissance. Subsequent monuments and parts of monuments were Ignored or at best mentioned In passing or even regarded as disturbing elements. The Baroque and ensuing periods, particularly the 19th century, only progressively escaped from the verdict of being a decadent style and credit for this goes to the energetic campaign conducted by Cornelius Gurlitt. It is equally important to note that thanks to pressure from the historic monuments departments which called for the maintenance of the historic heritage, neo-style buildings and imitations have been listed. The same applies to works going back to the industrial revolution, the architecture of the early 20s and buildings in the German "Werkbund" style, as well as neo-realism.

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One of the early inventories in Germany was the work on "monuments of antiquity and art in the Kingdom of Wurtemberg (1841)" which listed monuments up to the 17th century. Paul Keppler ended the inventory which he compiled in 1888 on religious antiquities in Wurtemberg in 1850, the 1850-1888 period being covered in a special appendix. The inventories for Wurtemberg by Eduard Paulus (1889-1914) included the end of the 18th century in the first volume; the same was true in 1892 of Bavaria which nevertheless extended its inventory in 1904 up to the beginning of the 19th century, in 1931 up to 1850 and in 1973 up to 1945. The most daring example was Bavaria which extended its inventory up to 1870 as early as 1904. In 1903 Alois Riegl preferred to stop in the middle of the 19th century, although Cornelius Gurlitt and Georg Delio had refused to continue their inventories beyond the wars of liberations (against Napoleon) in 1813-15. The "Statistics of Swiss Monuments" by Johann Rudolf Rahn (Solothurn 1893, Ticino 1894, Thurgau 1899) are restricted to the Middle Ages. Robert Durrer's volume on Unterwalden (1893 onwards) lists the artistic and historical heritage up to 1800, taking into account the fact that mediaeval monuments - which would otherwise be less numerous - usually include sections added in later centuries which for their part have left behind more original features than the Middle Ages. The first in the series of modern inventories, Linus Birchler's work (1927) stops in the middle of the 19th century. The Society for the History of Swiss Art still retains 1945 as the final date for any inventory in its regulations. Since then a mobile scale has been used whereby the inventory ends a hundred years back and subsequent architectural works from the late 19th and 20th centuries are dealt with in separate volumes. The Historic Monuments of Switzerland influenced that development by proclaiming the equality of all objects, like the Germans Paul Clemen and Georg Dehio in 1900. Nevertheless Linus Birchler still had difficulty in getting that equality accepted for the baroque period. Nowadays there is scarcely any objection to the recognition of the 1900 style. On the other hand discussion still continues as to whether neo-realism and the style of the recent dictatorships in Germany and Italy should be taken into account. 3.5 The limits of comprehensiveness and perfectionism An exhaustive inventory is not a good inventory because it is exhaustive and a good inventory does not have to be exhaustive. The concept of perfection should continue to apply exclusively in respect of choice, scientific treatment and representation. Nevertheless the quality of an inventory also depends on its (relative) comprehensiveness. In particular, the scientific requirements peculiar to major and fundamental inventories ensure that abundant material is made available within a specific framework. If exclusive preference were given to present interests that would also influence future trends in research and practice, see Chapter 3.2.3. Conversely, no inventory could be exhaustive enough to satisfy all present and future needs. That aspiration itself conceals the danger of accumulating useless facts, of producing a dead weight which will end up on the rubbish dump of cultural waste. The loss in time and money is

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out of all proportion. When the harvest is delivered to out to be too abundant and heavy to be consulted because too huge. Perfectionism finds its limits in itself like suspension bridge whose diameter has to be restricted if break under their own weight.

the public it turns the volumes are the cables of a they are not to

The desire for extensive and exhaustive treatment is encouraged not only by the theoretical extension of the concept of monument and its field of application but also by the growing tendency to bring time limits nearer to the present. The efforts made to master the subject by reducing the time lag and selecting more rigorously conflict with the troubled images of practice which calls for the constitution of documentation which is as abundant as possible within ever shorter periods: the irresistible dissolution of the historical substance of historical monuments of great value and anonymous architecture of less interest, war damage, the desire for output and the dangerous trend towards rejection which does not spare our heritage. The effects of faulty practice have been greater. They have led to the slowing up, discrediting and sometimes the interruption of major and fundamental inventories. However, the danger, inherent in practice, of too much information is less to be feared than the neglect of the duty of providing information by indulging in substitution and diversion. The inventory constantly raises a difficult question: to what extent is it possible to justify an overabundance of information whose present and future usefulness is only hypothetical? Account must be taken here not only of the time taken but also of the risks for methodological unity and continuity and resulting from work spread over unduly long periods of time. The conscientious author of the inventory always bears in mind that his task Is not to gather ashes but to keep the fire alight. In 1835 Prosper Merimee thought that 250 years of work would be necessary to complete an inventory of the works of art in France. Nowadays, after work began in 1964 on the Inventory inspired by Andre Malraux, the estimate is 200 years. The Inventory itself might comprise 2,000 volumes. Work on a scientific and detailed description has been in progress in Hungary since the 30s: 15 to 20% of the heritage had been listed by 1980, it will take 250 years to complete the work at the present rate. If we consider what has already been done in the Swiss cantons of Berne, Vaud and Tlcino, which represent German-speaking Switzerland, French-speaking Switzerland and Italian-speaking Switzerland respectively, it seems likely that each of them would require some 20 volumes whose preparation and publication would take between 60 and 80 years. And these are only three of the 17 cantons whose Inventory is still in progress (out of 26 cantons In all. Inventories have been completed in 9 of them). The Survey of London series which is published at the request of the Greater London Council comprised four volumes in 1981 devoted to that city alone. Estimates concerning time and volume made when a new series is launched are usually exceeded in the same way as estimates for the building of a hospital. The first volume of the Bavarian inventory (Upper Bavaria 1, 1895)

- 17 -

estimated in the preface that 20 to 25 years would be necessary to complete the inventory. Despite the efforts made to speed up and streamline work by establishing indicators, summary inventories and historical construction plans, the artistic topography of classical monuments still stands at Volume 103 after 90 years. According to estimates the new series of illustrated documentation entitled "Architectural Monuments of Bavaria" should comprise 96 volumes. How much time will be required? Schleswig-Holstein has not succeeded in carrying out its work more rapidly despite a rigorous timetable. In 1933 plans were made for the publication of 20 volumes spread over five years. Only 10 volumes appeared over that period and because of unduly hasty preparation these displayed shortcomings which can no longer be justified and have led to the suspension of printing (cf note of the Netherlands pp 39). 4. Types of inventory

The transition from the old random statistics to the present-day major or fundamental inventory which is relatively extensive and works up and assesses the material did not take place in a single stage. In addition to the major inventory, indicators and summary inventories appeared which constitute not so much the survival of intermediary stages as the direct expression of the difficulties encountered in maintaining and protecting monuments. Furthermore, they developed independently, and,were especially suited to the everyday needs of the maintenance of monuments. The slow, difficult and sporadic progress of work on the establishment of major inventories and the fragmentary nature of their publication have led to random solutions or transitional formulae which have deprived them of some of their resources and staff. Work has also been dragged out and this may have encouraged the idea that summary inventories and pre-inventories make larger scale enterprises superfluous. The various categories of inventories are as follows: major or fundamental inventory, general inventory, scientific inventory summary, rapid or light inventory, pre-inventory indicator inventory in the form of drawings, photographs, plans and maps special or substitute inventory catalogues of collections, guides, etc. Obviously these various categories overlap and the terminology is uncertain. 4.1 The major and fundamental inventory Taken in the broadest sense it includes: 4.1.1 In the spatial field

The consideration of all the populated areas shaped by the work of man. Random choice, taken out of context, is replaced by the representation of a specific work as a part of topographical units, structures and entities. Objects of unique value because of their situation and environment are also studied, but in the context of groups of monuments.

- 18 -

4.1.2

In the objective field

A multiplicity of genres which embraces both objects of exceptional artistic, historical and typological interest and the particularly outstanding cultural monument in so far as it provides evidence of a certain type of creation or has become rare. Works which have remained where they were originally sited or have been moved are also included when the origin of their constituent parts is known, 4.1.3 In the temporal field

The concept of a major and fundamental inventory largely depends on the duration of the period under review: the monuments of a given period, short or long, may be made the subject of a "restricted" inventory. 4.1.4 Sub-division and description

The heritage can be listed and described by genre or by chronological/ stylistic or topographical categories. More will be said in Chapter 5 about the conflicts of aims which may result from any attempt at combination. The general geographical and historical information referred to above is followed by specific historical data: the work's conception, project, birth, stages in its creation, historical situation, development of the situation, renovation and restoration work. The precise description of its external appearance is followed by a scientific study (analysis), artisticohistorical classification (interpretation) and assessment (qualification). This sub-division makes it possible to dissociate objective findings from subjective judgements satisfactorily. The scientific apparatus (illustrated documentation, plans, sources, bibliography, possible state of research) guarantees the subsequent critical re-constitution of the methods and stages leading to the results. The idea of the major or fundamental inventory varies from country to country. Nevertheless the spatial and objective scales are rarely represented in full. Austria retains the possibility and indeed obligation to constitute documentation and a detailed representation for its classical, artistic topography but emphasises the impossibility of an extensive Inventory in the narrow sense of the term. The cost would be prohibitive. "De Nederlandse Monumenten van Geschiedenis en Kunst" Is an ambitious work. The Netherlands, which had completed their summary Inventories as early as 1931, are now making very detailed lists: in 1980 a volume of 290 pages appeared with 313 reproductions; it is entirely devoted to the Amsterdam Maagdenhuis (girls' orphanage); similarly the work of 350 pages with 394 illustrations which appeared in 1981 was exclusively concerned with the large municipality of Ferwerd which groups together 11 formerly independent villages. Switzerland has the same concern for detail and retains the traditional idea of fundamental inventories. The canton of Appenzell (Outer Rhodes) with an area of 243 km2 and a population of 48,400 was the subject of three volumes

- 19 -

totalling 1,377 pages with 1,362 reproductions including 12 in colour. The districts of Pfaffikon and Uster (canton of Zurich) with an area of 284 km2 and 128,176 inhabitants required an inventory of 745 pages with 977 illustrations including 7 in colour. Obviously these figures must be related to the selection orientations and criteria as well as the density of monuments. The volumes devoted to Appenzell (Outer Rhodes) are distinguished by the attention paid to thatched farm dwellings, and the volume on the Zurich Oberland by the unusually large amount of information concerning industrial archaeology. Since 1977 Finland has been constantly increasing the number dealing mainly with the farms in correspond partly to those drawn in Warsaw in 1977. preparing an ambitious inventory by and differentiating exploitation maps the country. The forms used for recording up by the Committee of Experts from UNESCO

England has chosen the same course. The inventories of the Royal Commission of Historical Monuments which is quite separate from other government bodies work up and supplement the results of the brief National Monuments Record by original research. 4.2 Summary, rapid, superficial inventories and pre-inventories

These are random and transitory formulae designed to make up for the absence of major or fundamental inventories. Nevertheless they do retain a certain degree of autonomy in that they are specially adapted for certain practical aims. They can be used for brief qualifications based on key words. Scientific studies, explanations and interpretations are lacking as is a scientific apparatus. As a rule it is not advisable to produce abridged versions which represent an intermediate stage between a major and a short inventory. If it were no longer clear that such works were preliminary contributions, it might be difficult to justify work on the major inventory at a later stage. In 1931 the Netherlands completed their summary inventories and pre-inventories. Although Bavaria has not completed its summary inventory begun in 1957, by 1980 it had published 34 volumes and provided the Historical Monuments Department with a remarkable instrument. Since its general inventory exists only at the archives stage, France publishes a summary which can be regarded as a pre-inventory. It also publishes a list of inventories containing a complete bibliography for each monument. The summary inventories of the German Democratic Republic (topography of 15 districts) which set out to be as complete as possible, although the choice of reproductions is limited and descriptions are brief and therefore practical. There is no scientific apparatus. Poland has abandoned the idea of a description developed in 1948 in the form of the Dehio textbook (see Chapter 4.6) and replaced it by the Zabytkow Sztuki w Polsce catalogue whose 160 instalments cover approximately half the territory of Poland and were published between 1951 and 1981.

- 20 I shall refer to Italy because of the diversity of its.inventories: Elenco degli edifici monumentali, general index for Italy, published by the Minister!*) della Pubblica Istruzione, 72 instalments published between 1911 and 1924; Inventario degli oggetti d'arte d'Italia (movable objects; archaeology virtually excluded): n volumes relating to as many provinces published by the Ministerlo della Pubblica Istruzione between 1931 and 1938; Catalogo delle cose d'arte e d'antichitS d*Italia; more detailed publication including buildings too: 12 volumes relating to as many municipalities published by the Ministerlo dell1Educazione Nazionale (subsequently Ministerlo della Publiica Istruzione) between 1932 and 1956; Catalogo dei beni culturali della Regione Autonoma Fiuli-Venezia-Giulia (since 1972). Among the summary inventories mention should also be made of the card indices, prepared, for instance, by the Historic Monuments Departments of Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein for their internal use, which cannot be printed. The inventory of the historical and cultural heritage of Swiss canton of Zurich today comprises 40,000 data sheets together with a plan of the districts. The distinction between summary inventories on the one hand and indicators and special inventories on the other is not very clear. Among the latter I shall Include the inventory of the Swiss canton of Thurgau and the inventory of sites to be protected, see Chapter 4.5. 4.3 Indicators

As a rule these take the form of numerical indices which provide a preliminary administrative basis for the legal protection, classification and maintenance of monuments, the establishment of more detailed indicators as well as building and planning regulations. Indicators differ in their aims and centres of interest. Bavaria has used indicators since 1904 and carried out a new census between 1972 and 1978. The 108,987 objects listed are architectural complexes recognised as monuments or presumed to be such and of interest because of their situation - as part of a whole. Schleswig-Holstein seeks to ensure that its inventory of monuments and groups of monuments covers as much of the territory as possible. It was on the basis of indicators established under the Municipal Code of 1906 that the first environmental protection measures were taken in Wilrttemberg in the years 1910-13. In England the lists of protected monuments formed the basis for the National Monuments Record or Non-Intensive Record on which in turn the major and more thorough inventory is based. In 1960 the Hungarian register of monuments, which is revised annually, covered approximately 11,000 protected objects. Slovenia lists buildings and furniture separately. The Historic Monuments Department lists the monuments and the museums list movable objects. This separation naturally prevents any comprehensive overall view. After the publication of an indicator in 1979 Serbia has been publishing a central index of the artistic, archaeological and ethnological heritage which serves as a basis for scientific work on the maintenance of monuments and for public relations activities.

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The federal structure of the Yugoslav state has done much to prevent the establishment of an inventory of the cultural heritage. The latter is listed in the context of the districts of the tax administration - as if that were a cultural argument - and urban and rural areas are dealth with separately. Classification is based on the distinction between categories of monuments, churches, castles, dwelling houses, fortifications, bridges, etc. 4.4 Inventories in the form of photographs, drawings, sketches, plans and maps

From the outset inventories have used the written text, the drawing, the photograph, diagrams, elevations, cross sections, plans and topographical and general maps, all of which are described as means of representation. The separate publication, in the form of supplements or independent inventories, of illustrated documents with or without indicative descriptions has obvious advantages: it guarantees against the text's subjectivity and contingency. Nevertheless it is impossible to ignore the subjective and equally contingent nature of drawings photographs and even photograms. In the absence of details in the text the image itself may prove to be ambiguous, just as the text can be without the image. England is attaching increasing importance to recordings and photographic documentation. British publications now tend to favour illustrations backed up by commentaries rather than descriptive texts. Thanks to its inventory of the .Belgian artistic heritage which has been published since 1948 by the Royal Institute for the Artistic Heritage, Belgium now has particularly abundant photographic documentation which is constantly being supplemented with the help of further photographs and the purchase of those already existing. More will be said in Chapter 4,5 of the Belgian department for the religious heritage and painting of the fifteenth century (cf note of the Netherlands pp 39). With the appearance of the inventories of sites, urban nuclei, thatched dwellings etc which have to be protected, the aerial photograph has acquired added importance. Generally speaking, England relies on aerial and ground photographs to gain an idea of complex groups of large dimension and their relation to the surrounding land and site, since otherwise that would have been impossible. In 1963 H Boesch and Paul Hofer published an atlas containing 152 aerial views of Swiss towns together with plans and maps, all of which were complementary. In addition to this tri-dimensional view, exhaustive texts survey urban architecture from the point of view of geography and history. Since 1970 the department of historic buildings in Vienna has been publishing an atlas of protected historic sectors in Austria which includes aerial views, plans and brief descriptions. The agglomeration and, in particular, the town as a work of art are increasingly becoming the subject of planning, research and protection. The need for basic material such as plans, outlines, development of the network or roads, alleys and squares has increased proportionately.

- 22 The Vienna technical college has published plans and partial illustrations of towns in Austria. Since 1972 the Austrian Academy of Sciences has been publishing historical plans showing the gradual growth of towns. The Schleswig-Holstein atlas of urban nuclei, published under the aegis of the curator of the Land, lists architectural groups in 40 important historical sectors all of which are briefly described from the point of view of urban history and the maintenance of historic monuments. The Bavarian Office has assisted in urban rehabilitation by publishing six volumes of historical plans. However this publication should be useful not only for studies of the architectural and artistic topography in general but also for the rehabilitation of towns in particular. Since that aspect has become less important because of urban renovation, publication of the series has stopped. The German atlas of towns is the work of historians; of the 70 issues planned 45 have already appeared (Nos. 1 and 2 1973 and 1979). As far as Italy is concerned, mention should be made of the Atlante di Storia dell1 Urbanismo. The systematic use of maps is proving to be an excellent method for synthesis and recapitulation. It reveals much about the structure of the habitat, the built-up surfaces and open spaces, the location and density of monuments. A specific way has been chosen by the Federal Republic of Germany upon the decision of the Conference of Land Ministers responsible for Cultural Affairs, the competent directorates of ancient monuments and historic buildings are at present compiling a nationwide Inventory of historically valuable architectural structures. This work, the "topography of historic monuments in the Federal Republic of Germany" will comprise about 50 volumes and Is based on the existing lists of monuments. Monuments are registered in plans, texts and pictures according to uniform criteria, with special emphasis being placed on the maps. Italy presents a synopsis of the results of its inventory In thematic maps "Carta archeologica d'Italia" for which a set of conventional signs has been specially prepared and the national atlas used as a reference basis. England is also working on maps scale 1:25,000 and 1:10,000. Moves in the same direction are also developing In Switzerland and elsewhere. 4.5 Substitute, relief and special inventories

Reference has already been made in Chapter 3.6 to the consequences of all too frequent and unconsidered references to special relief inventories. These reduce major and fundamental inventories to mere canvasses so that the user constantly has to refer to the special inventories and does not acquire an overall view of all the object concerned. On the other hand, special inventories keep the main Inventory within reasonable limits and prevent it from giving Information outside Its own preserve, bearing in mind its size and the necessary scientific know-how required. The procedure should not, however, result In gaps, but rather permit a more succinct but adequate presentation of the objects concerned. There can be no question in this paper of surveying all these special inventories. The remarks below may, however, be regarded as a preliminary survey of the wide variety available.

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The supplements are intended to relieve the major and fundamental inventories by presenting separately extracts from documents concerning the history of architecture, such as one which appeared in 1947 on public buildings in Berne or another in 1956 on the church at Constance. Special inventories concerning prehistorical and early historical monuments underground make it possible, if not to exclude these completely, then at least to refer to them only briefly. Specific works of varying importance list chateaux and castles, farm and town houses, wooden constructions (wooden bridges in Switzerland), churches and monasteries, industrial buildings (factories), included in the architecture of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Thus, two volumes are shortly to be published in the artistic monuments series which will mark the beginning of a series devoted to an inventory of Swiss architecture from 1850 to 1920. Reference should also be made to the indices and estimates of a number of schools of architecture such as that in the Vorarlberg. Historic gardens and parks have been the subject of special inventories (eg in the German Democratic Republic). The general inventory of the protected sites of the Swiss state is based on a spatial and critical overall view of agglomerations and their historic structures whilst the cantonal inventories take the opposite approach, proceeding from the monument to the group before dealing with the whole. The Rhineland has drawn up a separate index of its technical monuments; Thurgau for its part has made an inventory of its mills and adopted a more historical approach in so doing. Religious art is the field in which special inventories have flourished more abundantly and will be more harmful in the long run. In addition to the inventory of religious furnishing of sanctuaries begun in 1967 and now nearing completion in Belgium there is a special section of the photographic inventory whose photographs are accompanied by an indicative description in order to facilitate their identification and characterisation. There is also a German atlas of bells and inventories of organs (the most thorough being that in Berne), sacred vases, sacreces and treasures, burial monuments and cemeteries, stone crosses and expiratory crosses. The inventory of Norwegian churches (Norges Kirker) describes them district by district in the form of a detailed catalogue and assesses the architecture and furnishings as well as the tombs; it pays particular attention to the period before 1850 and to tombs before 1890; it is supplemented by an iconographical section (illustrated iconographical register), monographs, lists of monuments up to about 1950, all published in separate volumes. It deals with scientific matters, the maintenance and protection of monuments and throws light on the serious threats of all types now facing them. The enterprise as a whole covers one thousand six hundred existing or vanished churches of which two-thirds are more than 90 years old. It is hoped to have listed 278 objects before 1985. According to estimates dating back to 1955, the corpus vitrearum medii aevi, an international work, should total 70 volumes covering the whole of Europe. So far two volumes out of 30 have appeared in France, one out of 30 in Great Britain, 3 out of 15 in the Federal Republic of Germany, 2 out of 6 in the German Democratic Republic, 2 out of 5 in Switzerland, 3 out of 5 in

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Austria, 1 out of 5 in Italy, 2 out of 6 in Spain, and 3 out of 5 in Belgium. Scandinavia and Czechoslovakia have each published the single volume planned; the Netherlands, Poland and Portugal have not yet published anything. The corpus of mural frescoes (Middle Ages: Austria, Lake Constance, Switzerland (brief and outdated) Baroque: Bavaria) and paintings on wooden panels (German paintings by Dttrer, critical catalogue, two volumes corpus of the early paintings in the southern Netherlands in the 15th century special section of the photographic inventory, cf 4.4) appear only irregularly. It is possible to refer only in passing to the inventories of topographical maps, coins, heraldic monuments, clothing, textiles, grilles, signs, clocks, ceramics, etc . . . 4.6 Museum guides and catalogues The most remarkable publication in this connection is the textbook of German and Austrian artistic monuments compiled by Georg Dehio in 1901 on the basis of 150 fundamental inventories and his travel notes. The original, strictly statistical and alphabetical classification used in the Dehio throughout its long existence of more than 80 years has been replaced by introducing organo-topographical developments. The enlargement of information in relation to the progressive taking into account of new points of view (Eva Frodl-Kraft) has also affected choices which, in line with a general trend, have gone beyond the narrow framework of the history of art to include the general anthropology of culture, and that should naturally lead to an increase in volume. Central Germany appeared in 1905, northern Germany in 1906, southern Germany In 1908, south-west Germany In 1911 and north-west Germany in 1918 - the Dehio was fundamentally revised in 1932 - 52 (Dehlo-Gall) and after 1964 (8 volumes up to 1979). The Austrian Dehio appeared in 1933-35 and was revised In 1950-82 (last volume Steiermark). Four volumes have appeared in the German Democratic Republic, some of them containing Illustrated atlases. The number of pages in each volume, for instance those devoted to Bavaria, Franconia or the Tyrol, was approximately 1,000. The artistic guide to contemporary Switzerland in three volumes, the Jenny, was thoroughly revised and a new addition completed in 1982. In the Penguin collection, "The Buildings of England" and the "City Building Series", in more than 30 volumes revised by Nlcolaus Pevsner, are exemplary. In Switzerland, It is not a publishing house such as Schnell and Steiner In Munich, but the Society for the History of Art which publishes, in addition to the volumes of the major inventory, numerous little art gulden in the form of monographs. (So far 318 instalments have appeared.) The tourist and transport associations also publish highly appreciated and useful guides such as the Michelin and the collection of guides published by the Touring Club Italia. Catalogues of private collections and museums, which are usually completely independent and serve as a reference basis for major inventories, take into account repatriable objects in museums and collections (Switzerland,

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Netherlands in the description of monuments of history and art in the Netherlands (Norway with the Norges Kirker) and others (see Chapter 3.13). It is necessary to bear in mind their very uneven degree of reliability and the fact that they are not always up to date. The dimensions of Dehio and other guides pose a problem: the volumes often have more than a thousand pages. The three volumes of the Swiss "Jenny" covering the contemporary period total 2,828 printed pages and 700 reproductions. 4.7 The use of the various types of inventory

Most of the types of inventory other than the major and fundamental ones can be regarded as interim or makeshift solutions, transitory or preparatory formulae. They may have an intrinsic value as a practical, clear and rapid means of offering guidance for a number of specific practical objectives. Science, the historic monuments departments, legislation, the authorities and public relations all take advantage of them for their own purposes. They have fallen into discredit because of the place and rank wrongly assigned to them. In practice they can certainly supplement the major inventories; but they could obviously never replace them even partially. They cannot be self-sufficient from the financial point of view. In the long run no category of user can be satisfied with minimum information centred on topical matters and passing needs. If we neglect scientific criteria we cast aside for instance the fruitful links between science and restoration or conservation. If we reject the major inventories which are accused of leading to an accumulation of knowledge which is largely useless for the moment, we fail in principle to appreciate the possible problems and probable needs for information of the future. Direct usefulness has never been and is not a scientific principle. For its part, the major inventory cannot, for reasons of space, ignore purely and simply what has already been listed in special inventories. In its scientific investigations, the special inventory performs specialised tasks that the major inventory cannot and does not wish to deal with, but it enables the latter to offer a summary on the basis of specialised works. Nevertheless abridged versions must not lead to gaps. Undue importance is often attached to certain specific types of inventories at the expense of major and fundamental inventories. 5. Conflicts of methods and classification

This problem was referred to in Chapter 4 1 4 . . . The transition from a numerical to an organic inventory has led to the most significant structural change. Hitherto the nature, function and style of objects provided adequate criteria for classification and the importance of the point of view of the history of art was decisive in selection; but the taking into account of groups of monuments and cultural values makes it necessary nowadays to acquire an organic understanding of the major trends in historical development. Apart from the object itself, the study covers the agglomeration, the whole, the area and the site of which the monument concerned forms a part.

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Any attempt to connect the two categories of inventories raises the problem of objectives whether locally or across the frontiers. 5.1 Classification of objects according to their nature, functions and style This was practically the only category in the old traditional major and fundamental inventories and, apart from introductions offering overall and summary views, it is still frequently used (see Chapter 5.3). Examples of this are: military works, road and rail works, hydraulic works, bridges and canals, religious buildings, public buildings, teaching institutions, welfare institutions, social buildings, dwelling accommodation, workers' suburbs, industrial, commercial and crafts premises, farmhouses, agricultural buildings, rural monuments. Exclusion or inclusion can be envisaged in each case. Or: monuments from pre- and early history, Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, Neo-1900 and Neo-Realist periods. Classification according to materials or artistic genre such as architecture, painting, plastic materials, etc. These classification principles take no account of the topographical unity of the monument in history. The monument cannot be fully and rationally comprehended here as an element of the environment. Thus the subject is broken down in a way which does not correspond to reality. The buildings and outbuildings of a parish enclosure and its neighbourhood can, for example, be broken down into religious buildings (church, chapel, cemetery), dwelling house (presbytery), garden, hydraulic works (fountain), welfare buildings (religious house, parish house), welfare establishments (old people's hospital, old people's home, etc . . . .) The inventory of the Royal Commission of Wales shows how the organic unity of population can be broken up : formally divided into counties, it was sub-divided into parishes. The present series is divided into periods and genres, (division adopted for the first time In the inventory for Glamorganshire): Volume I, stone, bronze and iron age, Roman period and early Christian period, Volume II churches and abbeys, Volume III castles, manors, unfortified lay buildings, Volume IV manors and bourgeois houses from the Reformation and industrial revolution, Volume V monuments of the industrial revolution. 5.2 Considerations concerning the overall organic unity 5.2.1 Affinities resulting from the lie of the land. Water courses, road networks, roads and alleys. Divisions on the basis of administrative and technical considerations based on local planning. 5.2.2 Affinities resulting from the organic unity of historical developments and in particular the historical development of architecture. Unity which gives a coherent image to all the artistic and architectural monuments in the context of the image of the agglomeration.

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For example nuclei of towns (castle, original church, religious settlement, market, station, etc) growth circles of political, social and functional development structures of the town (residential districts, middle class craftsmen's and working class districts, schools, communication centres, etc'...). The object is taken out of its isolation and restored to the family of monuments to which it belongs. But as a result it can no longer be studied as a unique specimen, or only inadequately. Neither are groups of functions apparent any longer. 5.3 The happy medium The next radical way in which to overcome the conflicting aims of analytical and synthetic approaches is to deal with them separately in special volumes or in two distinct sections of a single volume. The Swiss inventory of sites earmarked for protection (ISOS) has adopted the first course, namely a structural aim in keeping with the habitat. Most modern major Inventories have applied the second solution more or less successfully: they concentrate on the representation of monuments by genres and leave treatment on the basis of organic entities and the development and structures of population units to surveys and summaries. Overlapping is inevitable and has to be accepted when the same object is successively considered in isolation and as part of a whole. The Swiss inventory of sites earmarked for protection takes into account every agglomeration of national, regional or local importance which has more than ten buildings. It starts from the general situation, studies the historical entities which can be dealt with in isolation and considers specific monuments only when these occupy a fundamental structural position in the spatial or four dimensional order. Other Swiss indicators or inventories of sites (particularly those for the cantons of Berne and Thurgau) pursue similar aims. Starting with a "house by house" census they proceed immediately to a global topographical representation. This approach benefits both the historic monuments departments and the building and planning authorities faced with "anonymous" architecture of no great interest which is not covered by any other inventory, although it does have an influence on the overall structure of the town. The tendency to include everything in one and the same volume is more obvious in the major inventories of the fifties. That is particularly true of the volume on Lindau in the "Bavarian monuments" ^series ( 9 4 , the volume 15) on Feldkirch in the "Austrian artistic topography" (1958) and the Swiss volumes "Berne I" (1952) and "Thurgau III" (1962). "In the second Berne volume spatial unity is respected in the context of the general heritage, on the basis of streets and alleys, but it is replaced by the chronological order in the alleys" (preface). The approach is the same in the third volume on Lucerne (Town of Lucerne II, 1954). The Swiss 1965 instructions call for an organic and topographical census and general assessment by rank, type and function, "including buildings of no interest in themselves but only in relation to the group of which they form a part". The current revision should not seriously affect the evaluation of the evolving site as a composite monument.

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Generally speaking, the approach which consists in proceeding from the cultural site as a whole in the description, analysis and interpretation to its essential monuments and lastly to the small monuments might well prevail since that order can also be applied to the study of specific monuments. 6. Archives, stocking and publication

Unlike publications which are intended for a specific category of users with well-defined aims, the establishment of archives and the practice of stocking should not lose sight of the many uses of the material assembled by the inventory and its importance for the future. This material is not only intended for scientific exploitation but must also satisfy needs arising out of the maintenance of monuments as well as those of the authorities responsible for the building, planning and public protection. 6.1 Traditional archives These include files and card indices prepared for the administration and the public at all stages of the inventory (forms, questionnaires, notices), constantly supplemented and revised; illustrated archives (drawings, diagrams, photographs) supplemented by old documents showing the successive changes which have affected monuments; plates, slides, microfilmed data sheets, recordings; plans and maps including photograms whose negatives might well be kept in archives specially set up to that end. I shall not enter into technical details such as the duration of the conservation of Information supports (paper; the life span of microfilmed data sheets Is approximately 150 years; the rate at which magnetic tapes or records wear out), problems of classification, climatic maintenance, etc ... 6.2 Electronic storing (computer, data processing) The speeding up of Inventory operations with the help of automation and the interrogation of computers concerns most countries, and resources in terms of staff and money are limited, whilst the problems of storage space in archives are not minor ones. Experience is lacking regarding the storing and extraction of data relating to the inventory and the possibility of self-regulation and guidance for specific operations. Computers are used with varying degrees of hesitation to perform repetitive tasks, update basic material or provide assistance in connection with basic information: eg to feed in outside information which has already been stored (contents of archives, land registers, lists, indices, typologies, relation with microfilming, telecopies, video techniques, etc . . . .) Attempts at practical implementation are in progress in Germany, France, Italy, England, Finland. (The Hanover Institute for the maintenance of Monuments. To our knowledge experiments on the microfilming and data processing of material are being carried out in Hamburg, Bavaria and the Rhineland.) In England, standardised data sheets are microfilmed with a view to the changeover to data processing ; in Finland, registration forme are designed so as to be suitable for subsequent data processing. (Cf. note of the Netherlands, pp. 39). The Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo e la Documentazione in Rome co-operates closely with the National Research Council (CNR), which has made available its specialist facilities at the National Electronic Computing Centre (CNUCE) in Pisa. Here, inventory sheets are processed by means of an integrated databank system which enables the data to be progressively updated and improved. The sheets are also reproduced on microfilm. At the same time, work has been started on "Dictionaries of Terminology", designed aa an analysis

- 29 of the lexicological history of the various categories of cultural assets (two volumes have already been published on ancient weapons and one volume on the archaeological material of the late Bronze Age; other volumes on liturgical objects, materials, furniture, glass etc are in preparation). In France the general inventory of the monuments and artistic wealth of France, begun in 1964, uses centralised methods and terminology and was immediately programmed with a view to data processing. Census sheets are transcribed on micro sheets which can be exploited thanks to processed listings. The results are published in the form of catalogues (indicator of the heritage) as preparatory summary reports. In Switzerland, the "hectare by hectare" survey which should have led to the recording in the national data bank of all the architectural, cultural, historical and natural monuments situated within a square hectare was not continued for external reasons. It would be interesting to know what factors in a given territory restrict the availability of land and buildings. It is also realised in France that for certain research and exploitation work microfilms and data banks can be used only as instruments for preselection which facilitates the return to the document on paper. One substantial criticism is that data processing is the happy hunting ground of technology, the natural sciences and mathematics. Information is concerned solely with the material phenomenon. It does not deal with the essential problem, ie "that which is vulnerable and therefore is in need of protection in our monuments" (Tilmann Breuer). Codification processes (outlines, syntax and semantics, as well as forms, check lists, data sheets, standardised texts and extraction) are usually not very suitable for the questions and problems of the human sciences because they cannot be grasped as a whole. There is thus a very real danger that the object may be alienated. That may encourage uncontrolled mechanisation and bureaucratisation. Nor is it yet technically possible to offer protection against all risks. The possible destruction of recordings, particularly in war time, is a source of considerable concern. That danger could be eliminated with the help of digital optical recording. However, as things are at present, durability cannot be guaranteed for more than 8 years. Furthermore, covers which are only 0.03 mm thick are not very sensitive. Digitally coded information is recorded on a disc of about 30 cm in diameter and read subsequently with the help of a laser ray. It is possible to record on each disc texts totalling 500,000 A4 format pages and illustrations up to a total of 250,000 A4 format pages. All in all, proportionality miist be recognised, particularly in the case of small organisations and correspondents must be encouraged to co-operate. For economic reasons the possibility of using untapped resources is a prior condition. 6.3 Publication Even if we take into account the scientific aims of the planning and maintenance of monuments, the major or fundamental inventory can only provide a concentrated extract of the material listed, studied and stored. Economy measures of all types may raise the need for new restrictions, but the amount of information lost thereby should be as small as possible.

- 30 -

There have been suggestions - understandable in such a situation - that the publication of the volumes of an inventory should be simplified and condensed as much as possible. But that should not mean that the collection of material, ie everything that has to be stored, should be affected. Two different levels are concerned here. 6.3.1 Detailed nature of the text

This depends on a multiplicity of points of view (artistic interest, value from the point of view of the history of art, historical and typological importance, age rarity, influence of the forces involved in the formation of the image of history and identification, gravity of possible threats). The texts can be condensed by abandoning perfection for perfection's sake and selecting examples out of the mass of similar monuments, by eliminating objects whose listing is marginal or questionable and by making do with summaries whenever the objects concerned have been dealt with in other publications and whenever no new research results have to be reported. Brevity does not necessarily imply concision and language does not become technical simply be ceasing to be comprehensible to the great majority. The text must not be condensed to such an extent that it suppresses Information and lacks imagery. The balance of a volume of an inventory may be compromised by an over abundance of stereotyped, uniform monuments of minor importance and purely structural interest. Monuments of more outstanding value but fewer in number may then be lost from sight. On the other hand the all too rigorous elimination of works of minor interest may mean that superior and average works are over-represented and this gives a distorted image of the contours of the artistic landscape. What is more, modest objects are more at risk than famous and recognised works. The user of inventories has the right to check the results presented and reconstruct the underlying scientific reasoning. Accordingly, considerable attention must be paid to the scientific apparatus: indication of sources, illustrations and plans, bibliography, essential notes, general register (places, names, perhaps without reproducing iconographical material, artists and craftsmen), maps and indices (goldsmiths' or tinsmiths' marks, stonemasons' signs, profiles, etc . . . .) 6.3.2 Text and illustrations

The text and illustrations, which are complementary, must be balanced so as to bring out the importance of an object by number and selection and fulfil their educational duty to make known the heritage in the most appropriate way, in addition to providing information. That does not mean that objectivity should be forgotten in favour of a text which indulges in uncontrolled lyrical panegyrics whilst the images seek romantic and cinematographic effects. The image makes it unnecessary for the text to enter into detail and a single reproduction often saves more space and printing costs than a long text which seeks to replace it. Obviously we have to rid ourselves of the bad habit which consists in backing up an obvious image by a text and caption. It is more effective but also more costly, to insert the images in the text rather than grouping them together and presenting them as an appendix or an inset.

- 31 -

France: the following are published on the basis of the.general inventory: a. b. c. d. catalogue of inventories (reference bibliography for the inventory) the principles of scientific analysis (list of all the scientific methods; used in the general inventory) indicator of the heritage (catalogue presenting documentation and the results of the pre-inventory) topographical inventory (synopsis of the results of,the fundamental inventory which is not published as such). '

Special maps are prepared for the publication arid'reference maps summing up the data contained in the general inventory are on sale. England publishes: a. b. c. d. e. f. ,

major and fundamental inventories summary scientific monographs accompanied by extracts from documents and analyses whose texts can be obtained separately or are attached in the farm of micro data sheets . ' supplementary series, with a typological slant . series of bibliographies, glossaries and catalogues publication of aerial views and cartographic material illustrated books based on inventories, guides and other works.

Since Switzerland is an exceptional case because of the scope of the enterprise and the considerable support given we.have included information concerning print runs and the bodies responsible. The inventory and the preparation of manuscripts and illustrated supplements are left to the cantons. Printing is fche responsibility of the Swiss Society for the History of Art whose 12;300;members are entitled to two annual gifts, which, apart from a few rare exceptions, are two recently published volumes of the inventory. These works each have a print run of 2,300 copies. a. b. c. d. e. f. Artistic Monuments of Switzerland: 72 volumes published since 1927 Artistic Guide, fifth edition 1971-82, three large volumes Inventory of Recent Swiss Architecture (INSO) Volume 1 in the press Contribution to the History of Swiss Art, five volumes published since 1970 Swiss Artistic.Guide (places, groups of monuments and individual building^) 318 instalments so far published , The review "Unsere KunstdenkmSler", one of the publications which has supplemented the inventory since 1950.

In addition to the aforesaid works, the Swiss Confederation publishes the inventory of all protected sites (see Chapter 5.3); an inventory of farmhouses is being prepared. Inventories of Swiss castles arid chateaux and Swiss stately homes were issued some time ago. Italy, pending a resumption of the publication ,of its "Territorial Catalogues", designed as an exhaustive collection of technical, historical, critical and administrative information, intends to publish "Catalogues of Inventory Sheets", similar to the French Indicator, which it will be possible to compile using computers; an experimental volume concerning the works of art of the Province of Latina (southern Latium) has already been published.

- 32 -

7.

Conclusions and recommendations

7.1 Range of initiatives Inventories of original architectural artistic and cultural monuments vary considerably in Europe. That is possibly less due to the absence of a scientific and methodological consensus than because of the great diversity of the types of heritage, scientific traditions and political situations in the country, as well as the aims, practical needs and training of those responsible for the task. It is never possible to put all our eggs in the same basket. essential aim must be to reveal diversity. 7.2 Homogeneity and comparability The unduly long periods of time taken to prepare most of the major and fundamental inventories endangers their unity. Interests, problems, the limits of the objective and temporal fields, the definition of art and the monument, the selection criteria, the main centres of interest, working and publication methods, terminological conventions, etc . . all these . things change with the passing of time. Moreover if we take into consideration public trends and political changes we get the impression in the same series and even more between countries of a heterogeneity which makes any rational comparison even more difficult if not Impossible. The international harmonisation or even uniformisation of regulations and directives is neither desirable nor possible but efforts should nevertheless be made to ensure a minimum of theoretical unity and methodological continuity and there should be an exchange of ideas on that subject (see Chapter 7.7). The quicker an inventory is completed, the greater the guarantees of its homogeneity and comparability. For practical and scientific reasons it is imperative to speed up traditional type inventory work. 7.3 Summary of tasks and objectives The

The inventory's aim is to make a census of, list and assess original or important isolated or collective architectural and artistic monuments. With a view to safeguarding the visible traces of history, the Inventory seeks to be as wide as possible and provides: a. the science of art with the essential bases and, in particular, "packages" of the heritage which is constantly dwindling as a result of age, surrounding disturbances, wars and natural disasters as well as human intervention, or is threatened with extinction; those responsible for the maintenance and protection of monuments as well as the authorities concerned with the matter: the knowledge of monuments which is the prerequisite for the adoption of any conservation, restoration and possibly reconstruction measure, as well as any statutory decision;

b.

- 33 -

c.

the public: essential assistance for the formation of judgement in the field of history in general and the history of art in particular and to prepare cultural policy decisions. The inventory promotes the educational function of the heritage.

This treble objective is often unevenly taken into account for reasons connected With topicality and expediency. Furthermore the centrifugal extension of the inventory's objective field often leads to the neglect of what is at the heart of the heritage: the work of art. 7.4 Relationship'between the various inventories

The extremely long periods of time required for the preparation of major and fundamental inventories on the one hand and urgent practical needs on the other have created difficult situations. Willy nilly, those concerned have come to rely on substitute formulae and transitional solutions which are often unreliable, on indicators and condensed inventories and on summaries which rendered appreciable services when they were published and whose value and profile should not be underestimated. Unfortunately the politicians and practitioners quickly seized these compact inventories, designed to face up to the needs of the moment, and were less ready to support more ambitious and longer term enterprises. These substitute,inventories have taken time and mobilised resources and staff at the expense of the major inventories. The latter have been slowed down, blocked or abandoned. It is extremely urgent at international level to get across the idea that compact inventories and rough and ready surveys cannot replace major and fundamental inventories. To give in to the illusion that substitutes are possible would mean cutting off science and the conservation of historic monuments today and tomorrow from their bases. The resulting impoverishment of information would prevent science in particular and conservation from making full use of the resources assigned to them because, in the absence of a knowledge of monuments, which alone can provide them with high quality inventories, they may well go astray and the quality of their work will suffer. 7.5 The inventory, a permanent task

It can scarcely be denied that every inventory is outdated as soon as it is published. Our work resembles a topographical map which has to be constantly supplemented, revised and corrected. Growth and recession, new centres of interest, interaction between the inventory and scientific thought or the influence of the maintenance of monuments make it necessary to continue our work so that the inventory becomes a permanent task which must be carried out by permanent bodies. A reprint always seems better than nothing. But if it is supplemented and developed it may well grow into something like an approximative patchwork which will impede a thorough revision. A public, private or joint body may be responsible for the inventory. The involvement of private circles may encourage individual commitment and integrate the enterprise into the cultural landscape. The inventory must satisfy the multiple interests of the public (authorities and individuals)

- 34 -

by extending its themes accordingly and offering a wealth of details. A balance has to be struck between these expectations and the size of the publications. That is an important and permanent problem. 7.6 Training the authors The brief remarks below do not apply to technical or administrative staff but to the scientists and explorers. Many of the major schools train their pupils in the methods and techniques of the inventory better than before (eg the art of description); nevertheless, practical experience is undoubtedly the best way to acquire competence. In France training in the field lasts for approximately three years. In England trainees and beginners work under a senior investigator. Apart from the tutorial system, continuous training can be given in the form of vocational courses and meetings. The autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia-Giulia (Italy) organises annual courses which may lead to an examination and the title of "catalogatore". Beginners can be helpted by glossaries, guides and Instructions such as the French "Principes d1analyse sclentifiques", the Italian "Norme per la redazione delle schede di catalogo" or the Swiss "Richtlinien" of which a new edition is being prepared. Equally useful are the 8th volume of the Glossarium artis, "Das Baudenkmal/Le Monument Historique/The Historic Monument" (TUblngen 1981), trilingual and the publication "Ortsbilder-Inventarisation. Aber wie? Dargelegt am Beispiel von Beromflnster" (Zilrich 1976); useful for learning how to handle key words. With regard to the possibility of an international classification, consult the Hague Convention, the Declaration of Principle II/4 of the 1968 General Conference of UNESCO and Council of Europe document No. 2819 of 28 September 1970. The work by Hartwig Beseler and Dietrich Ellger "Das Denkmal zwischen Inventar und Liste" (Deutsche Kunst und Denkmalpflege, 1971, pp 150-155) deals with a compulsory system of values. Karl Grundner/ Gunnar Lantz/GSran S8derstr8m discuss problems of method in "Stadsinventering. Methoder f8r inventering av Mldere byggnadsbestand 1 kulturhistoriskt vflrdefulla stadsmilJSer" Inventory of buildings in towns. Methods of inventorying the older building stock in urban environments of cultural and historical value" (Stockholm 1973). Lastly, it is desirable to encourage the use of a good style: there is a wide range of possibilities between stilted svntax and epic debauchery! (For the Netherlands, see no 39). 7.7 Interests and exchange of experience at international level

No Institution exists as yet which could provide information about the nature, state and characteristics of European inventories, furnish addresses, prospectuses, bibliographies and publications, give guidance on information, courses, practical courses, etc. As stated earlier, no uniformity or European levelling-down is to be feared other than the exchange of ideas and experience such as that which took place in 1980 at the Centre d1Etudes de Bischenberg (Alsace). On the other hand, in view of the danger of the "in-breeding" of methods and the self-consecration of the successful majority, new blood might work marvels. Furthermore, the declared cult of the problem sometimes seems to paralyse us and prevent us from doing not only what is essential but even what is possible.

- 35 -

If the major and fundamental inventory is not adequately encouraged and recognised in some countries, that is partly because of its esoterism. It is essential to escape from that attitude in order to win the sympathy and support of cultural circles, the authorities and the public at large.

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A P P E N D I X

INVENTORY OF THE ARTISTIC, ARCHITECTURAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE IN WALLONIA AND BRUSSELS

A.
I.

Inventory of buildings
Inventory of monuments in WaiIonia

The inventory is by administrative unit: by "arrondissement", by "canton", or by town if the heritage is sufficiently rich in monuments. The catalogue within each area is by municipality - rural or urban. The inventory is drawn up by specialist teams of art historians, who remain in the field for as long as is necessary, sometimes several years. It is carried out at the instigation, and under the responsibility, of the cultural heritage division of the Ministry of the French-speaking community. It takes only architectural typology into account; its purpose is to record briefly all monuments of archaeological interest; it is a working instrument for the political authorities in charge of the heritage and for citizens too, enabling them to become aware of the value of their environment. Ten volumes of the inventory have so far been published in 14 instalments. Four volumes are in preparation. A third of Wallonia has still to be covered. II. Wallonia^s_rural_heritage Work on the spatial organisation of rural housing by geographical region, carried out at the instigation of the cultural heritage authorities by multidisciplinary teams comprising historians, art historians, architects, geographers and geologists. This survey is geared to regional planning as well as to the protection of buildings. Its purpose is to stimulate awareness among the inhabitants and provide municipal officials with a means of controlling change, rather than merely undergoing it. One volume has been published: "La Lorraine beige". to follow. III. Wallonia^s EJlotograp_hic_archives Others are due

The Royal Institute for the Artistic Heritage has photographic archives sections for Wallonia and Brussels. a. b. The catalogue of sanctuary furnishings has been completed and published. A permanent catalogue of photographs of the movable and immovable artistic heritage can be consulted on the spot. Prints can be ordered from it.

- 38 -

c. d.

Museums exhibits are photographed on request. Catalogues are drawn up for exhibitions and large private collections.

IV. Corpus _vitrearum_med ii_aevi Four volumes published by the Ministry of the French-speaking community, under the supervision of the International Committee on the History of Art and under the patronage of the International Academic Union. V. a. Studies n_sgecific_sub^ects Pictorial inventory of the "Maisons du Peuple" of Brussels and Wallonia: research carried out in 1983 by the modern architecture archives on behalf of the Ministry of the French-speaking community. Pictorial inventory of industrial architecture in Brussels; research carried out in 1980 by the modern architecture archives on behalf of the Ministry of the French-speaking community.

b.

- 39 -

A P P E N D I X

II

NOTE OF THE NETHERLANDS 1. The Dutch Classic Inventory (illustrated inventory) does not cover all objects of historical interest. The field of application comprises: objects of outstanding interest for their value; these objects are described separately; other objects or groups of objects because of their typological value. The illustrated inventory generally covers immovable objects having common interest because of their artistic, scientific, historical and folkloric value, movable stock belonging to them and other movable objects of importance, owned by public bodies. 2.2 The illustrated inventory has a basically scientific aim. It is intended as a book of reference for those engaged on building a history of monuments and on development of settlements in early periods. 3. Selection of objects to be covered by an inventory largely depends on the kind of inventory concerned. Protective inventories are^covering objects fulfilling the legal definition of a monument given in Article 1 of the Monuments Act ( 9 1 . 16) 3.1 The illustrated inventory has the intention to evaluate recorded objects. Other inventories are compiled for selection, protection and registration of buildings, which is often called classification. 3.1.2 In the Netherlands the classic inventory not only covers the architectural monument but also important movable assets or parts belonging to it, even when these are kept elsewhere. Important immovable monuments which are in ruins or have been destroyed a long time ago are described if possible and desirable. 3.1.3 Occasionally, the classic inventory takes into consideration objects in museums which have a link with historical monuments. 3.4.2 The legal protective inventory principally includes immovable objects which are at least 50 years old; this age limit corresponds with the provisions made by Article 1 of the Monuments Act ( 9 1 . Inventories, 16) drawn up for selection of monuments to be legally protected even cover objects built up to 1940. This extended limit will also bet introduced in preparation of new volumes of the illustrated inventory. 3.5 Work on the illustrated inventory started in 1903. The main objective was to collect material in the field of history of art by compiling descriptions of outstanding monuments in the Netherlands, indicating their architectural and historical development and all known facts which have affected their developmental history, thus providing a handbook. In recent years the objective has developed to a general cultural task of the national authorities. Within the limits of the cultural policy the central government makes provision for publication of relevant sources and for research work on monuments and ancient or historical settlements.

- 40 -

The illustrated inventory is intended to give a reliable picture of all subject-matter concerned with respect to protection of monuments of history and art. It also provides an instrument for compilation and dissemination of knowledge and information. Up to present times nearly 39 volunes have been produced. Other volumes are in preparation. Their total number is unknown and completion of the illustrated inventory will probably take several decades. 4.1.4 The illustrated inventory is drawn up according to the instructions given by the Monuments Council. This Council, set up under Chapter II of the Monuments Act, is an advisory body and also takes responsibility for a traveller's guide on monuments and sites, giving concise descriptions of all towns and villages of historic interest and their monuments. This guide, which is in reality a briefly-worded inventory, will - after seven editions since 1940 - be revised totally. The revision is in course of preparation and will produce a new edition in provincial volumes with a general introduction preceding the text of the inventory. Regarding historic parks, gardens and country seats, a special series of descriptive monographs is being edited. Every volume deals with the developmental history of the object concerned, referring to all relevant sources. 4.2 During recent years an increasing number of nunicipal authorities have been engaged in drawing up inventories of monuments, in most cases this work is done in medium-sized towns or in large villages. Some of the results can be considered as summary inventories. In other cases descriptions of important early buildings and houses are inserted and attention is paid to intended and realised spatial developments during the last 100 years. Because the number of inhabitants of the nation increased from some 4 million ( 8 0 to well over 13 million ( 9 0 , this period . 18) 18) regards history of -19th and 20th century architecture as extremely important. Apart from this, in five of the 11 provinces provincial authorities have arranged for systematic and sometimes specific inventories on a regional level. 4.3 In the Netherlands the Monuments Act came into force in 1961. It provides legal protection of monuments and sites. Up to 1970 about 39,000 objects all over the country and of all kinds and categories had been listed for protection. Most of them are by this time on the registers. This also holds for some 4,000 objects selected afterwards and listed between 1970 and 1984. The monuments register is based on the final lists drawn up by the Minister for Cultural Affairs on the basis of a preliminary draft, compiled by the Monuments Council. This Council also formally keeps the monuments register, now covering nearly 43,000 objects and the register of protected urban and rural sites and districts, in which are entered some 160 town and village centres of historic interest. 4.4 The government service on monuments is managing a collection of 280,000 photographs, covering the period from approximately 1860 to 1984. Some 50,000 photographs date from before 1940. In many cases spatial and

- 41 -

architectural developments of the last century can be traced with the aid of a series of photographs. Because the majority of the exposures have been done by the government service itself or by its predecessors, many thousands of negatives are available for reproduction. Apart from this there exists a collection of approximately 180,000 drawings (photo-types and blue-prints) and other documentation material, made by architects designing new and restoring older buildings. Together with the photographs they provide a very useful source of information with regard to future restoration. 5.1 See the r,emarks on section 4 1 4 ... " .

6.2 Automation of the monuments registration (representing the legal protective inventory, defining every object in accordance with the official land registration) is in progress and will be completed next year. 6.3.2 Composition of every volume of the illustrated inventory is realised according to guidelines drawn up by the Monuments Council and revised recently ( 9 2 . The Council has also set up a detailed instruction for 18) the authors. Both guidelines and instructions provide adequate conditions for a balanced combination of text and illustration. 7.6 The authors of the illustrated inventory are expected to do their work in line with the guidelines and instructions. One of the five committees forming the Monuments Council is specialised on inventories. In practice this committee guides the author. In consultation with the Monuments Council the government service on monuments is preparing guidelines for other types of inventory and for monographs on monumental buildings. The guidelines will provide a general foundation for all inventories drawn up by public and private bodies beyond the central government. The present state of the inventories can be summarised as follows: classic inventory (illustrated inventory): since 1903 nearly 30 volumes have been published; completion will take from 25 to 40 years; revision of outdated volumes will be a comprehensive task; protective inventory: started after 1961; regarding pre-1850 architecture legal protection and registration of monuments are nearly completed; inventorying post-1850 architecture is in progress; at the end of 1983 the total number of protected objects equalled 42,500; inventory of historic towns and villages, worth protection: the first (initial) draft was made in 1965 on the basis of the new Monuments Act ( 9 1 ; in 1980 a nationwide revision was completed (published 16) 1982), indicating about 330 town and village centres and other urban and rural areas of considerable historical interest; the first protection decree under Article 20 of the Monuments Act was issued in 1965 and at the end of 1983 the total number of protected areas equalled 164; for many areas protection is in preparation;

- 42 -

concise inventory or traveller's guide: first edition: 1940, seventh edition: 1977; total revision in progress; future editions will refer to 20th century architecture, industrial objects, urban developmental history, etc; gardens, parks and country seats: up to 1984, 13 monographs have been published; other volumes are in preparation; inventories drawn up by municipal and provincial authorities: most of this work started during the last decade or even during the last few years; many municipal inventories cover post-1850 architecture and industrial objects; data on the present state are not available.

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A P P E N D I X

III

NATIONAL PHYSICAL PLANNING AND THE CARE OF ANCIENT MONUMENTS IN SWEDEN by Margit Forsstrom, Ph D, Assistant Keeper

Purpose
National physical planning in Sweden is a form of master planning with the general aim of laying down guidelines for the long-term management of the country's land and water resources. In order for management of this kind to have substantial results, the many interests which are involved, e.g. agriculture, forestry, industrial establishments of various kinds, nature conservancy, the care of ancient monuments, tourism and the building of holiday homes, have to be extensively planned and co-ordinated. Work on this planning has been very intensively pursued in the past ten years. The general aims presented in the terms of reference which the Riksdag laid down for national physical planning can be summarized as follows: O to chart long-term desiderata O to analyse possible conflicts O to chart the consequences of various alternatives O to lay down guidelines for specified activities O to lay down guidelines for particular geographical areas. The premises of the care of ancient monuments have been as follows: O the representation by interests connected with the care of ancient monuments of values which, once destroyed, cannot be restored or replaced, O the preservation and revitalization of the cultural heritage, O a broadening of the focus of interest from the unique to the characteristic and, above all, to the preservation of composite environments. Several organizations have had the opportunity of stating their viewpoints. The need for national physical planning in Sweden was discussed as early as the mid- 1940s, but work did not start until the late 1960s. In the spring of 1966 the Minister of Transport and Communications declared the Government's view that national physical planning should be established, and certain test inventories and method studies were started in 1967i In 1969 this work was transferred to the Ministry of Physical Planning and Local Government, which had been reconstituted in the meantime, and an advisory group of experts was set up. The question of national physical planning had been revived as a result of the debate which took place in the mid-1960s concerning, the construction of Ringhals nuclear power station and a pulp mill, commissioned by the South Swedish Forest Owners' Association, at Varobacka. Both these polluting facilities were sited close together along the only stretch of practically unspoiled coastline then remaining in the southern Swedish province of Halland. The debate resulted in a general conviction that future industrial ventures of this kind should not be permitted without very extensive feasibility studies in which consideration was given to various conflicting interests. People now began to realize too that other interests besides those of an economic nature and those bound up with employment policy would have to be taken into consideration before deciding on industrial ventures and building development projects of various kinds; the interests thus demanding consideration included, for example, nature conservancy, the care of ancient monuments and the requirements of open air recreation.

Background
The figure below illustrates the process of interaction occurring between different authorities in the course of the work. Government and Riksdag, county administrations and municipalities are the three levels at which planning work has been conducted. The central administrative boards have also participated, their contribution being the provision of planning documentation.

Implementation
Most of the responsibility for the implementation of national physical planning in accordance with the guidelines laid down by the Riksdag has been vested in the municipalities. Municipal authorities were to act in consultation with the county administrations, and the central administrative boards were to assist them by sup-

- 44 -

plying them with documentation. The work of national physical planning was divided up into the following stages: 2 an inventory stage ~ a programming stage ;: a planning stage. National physical planning comprises the following: S Nationwide inventories of certain resources of "national interest". This classification was partly carried out by the central administrative boards. 2 Concretization and reconciliation at municipal level of various rival interests concerning municipal master planning. 0 Decisions at Government level (after consultations with county administrations and central administrative boards) as to whether these national interests have been properly taken into account by the municipalities.

Government Bill 1972:111"Land and Water Management"

In Government Bill 1972:111, which preceded the programming stage, O general terms of reference were laid down for future work, i.e. the programming stage of national physical planning, O certain amendments were proposed to land legislation, O municipal surveys were recommended as a suitable form of master planning, O it was proposed that the guideline concept be incorporated in municipal surveys, so as to enable municipalities to act on their own behalf for the protection of national interests, O it was pointed out that the documentation underlying the care of ancient monuments was insufficient for the selection of national interests to be altogether satisfactory. The Minister found it a particularly great advantage that the drafting work for national physical planning had resulted in a closer integration of the care of ancient monuments with the general fabric of social planning. He also emphasized that the care of ancient monuments, like scientific nature conservancy, should carry a great deal of weight as a restriction on the planning of land use for other purposes, partly because it represented values which could not be restored once they had been destroyed. The terms of reference proposed for national physical planning in the Government Bill were passed by the Riksdag in December 1972.

The inventory stage

Where the care of ancient monuments was concerned, the nventory stage involved the compilation of documentation collected at county level by the county antiquarians. Efforts were made, through a synthesis undertaken at the Central Board to establish as uniform a basis as possible for assessment throughout the country in connection with the classification of the various environments judged to be of national interest. This documentation for the care of ancient monuments, published in 1972, presented for the country as a whole 8*7 places of national interest, 1018 of county interest and 99 major areas with a bearing on the preservation of ancient monuments.

Preparation and inventory stage

Programming itage

Planning nage

Continued national phyiical planning

19

^.

197Z

. 197S

. 1977

.1976

I Co\rrnment and Parliament. ^ Local Cm eminent*. 1 Municipalities.

- 45 -

This site of prehistoric tombs at Steglarp in Scania is part of an environment of national cultural interest. Photo: Nils Lagergrcn. Ce site de tombeaux prehistoriques i Steglarp, Scanie, fait partie du paysage culturel suedois. Dieser Platz mit vorgcschichtlichen Grabhugeln liegt in einer Umgebung von grosser Bedeutung fiir das nationale Erbe.

The programming stage

Municipal programmes for the implementation of national physical planning were presented by 262 of the 268 municipalities in Sweden. Concerning the care of ancient monuments, it was proposed that a few places of national interest should be deleted. On the other hand 300 new places of national interest were proposed, most of them classified in the documentation material as being county interests. Enlargements were proposed to about 30 previously scheduled places, and 15 new major areas were also proposed. The reports thus received showed that O a great deal of inventory work and investigation still remained to be done, O statutory safeguards for the care of ancient monuments were insufficient, partly because the special legislation in this context only affords protection for particular items and not for environments, O problems of care and maintenance still remained to be solved, especially where human settlements were concerned.

added to which the material presented by the municipalities and county administrations could for the most part serve as a foundation for future planning work. The Central Board also observed that the prospects of safeguarding ancient monuments were limited and that the legal issues involved would have to be looked into more closely. Greater'resources were needed in order to improve the state of knowledge and also to finance the care and maintenance of places of cultural interest.

Presentation of the programming stage (Govt. Bill 1975/76:1)

The programming work ended with the county-by-county decisions taken by the Government between February and April 1975. Then in June 1975 the Government presented a Bill outlining the programming stage of national physical planning (1975/76:1). This Bill laid down guidelines for the coming stage of planning. It also stated the Government's instructions for the various counties. Observations witH*reference to the care of ancient monuments included the following. O The municipalities had shown a high level of interest and endeavour in their programmes for safeguarding the care of ancient monuments. O A great deal of inventory work and investigation was still required. O The results of the programming stage could provide a foundation on which to base continued planning at local, regional and national levels.

Comments by the Central Board concerning the programming stage

Commenting on the programming stage, the Central Board observed among other things that the care of ancient monuments had now taken a big step forward in the sense that greater consideration than previously had now been given to its interests in the context of master planning,

- 46 -

The planning stage

Master planning by the municipalities has principally proceeded by means of ; municipal surveys, usually adopted by the municipal council for a period of three years, after which they are intended to be revised, or a general plan in the form of ; municipal land use plans ; area plans for parts of the municipalities. In keeping with the terms of reference issued by the Government, the municipalities have conducted their planning operations in consultation with the county administrations. During the planning stage, intensive inventory work and investigations were carried out, aimed among other things at defining boundaries and analysing conflicts concerning selected environments and major areas. ^Kving, however, to the limited financial resources and personnel available, the scope and results of the inventory measures taken vary considerably from one county to lother. Most municipalities have taken a positive attitude towards this work, and many of them have iwarded grants, especially for inventories of human ttlements. It is vitally important for the care of ancient monuments that this work should be further pursued and that it should eventually result in comprehensive historical analyses. In the spring of 1977 the municipalities submitted their materialincluding plans and policy programmesto the county administrations, and the material was then synthesized by the county administrations during the autumn of the same year. The reports from the county administrations were then transmitted to the Government and the central administrative boards. The summary presented by each county administration included a tabular list showing the extent to which the national interests connected with the care of ancient monuments had been

safeguarded, an account of measures that were planned or had been taken, and a commentary on any shortcomings.

Comments by the Central Board concerning the planning stage

The statement submitted to the Government by the Central Board has been based on a scrutiny of land use plans, municipal surveys and land management programmes, and also on the comments returned by the county administrations on the work done by the municipalities. The scrutiny has mainly concerned the treatment of those items which have been judged of national interest in the context of the care of ancient monuments. The statement by the Central Board has been confined to questions of principle, and particular geographical areas are only referred to in cases where they are involved in special conflicts. National physical planning has been of great importance to the care of ancient monuments, which has now received a completely new degree of attention in social planning. For this reason the statement by the Central Board is couched in positive terms: As far as the care of ancient monuments is concerned, one is bound on the whole to be content with the work which has now been done. In its statement the Central Board draws attention to some questions of a more general nature which should be considered and investigated more thoroughly. These are as follows: O the apportionment of responsibility between the State and local authorities O responsibility for inventories and investigations O responsibility for measures to safeguard and care for ancient monuments O preconditions and methods for the revitalization of the cultural heritage O the development and distribution of holiday homes

The fishing hamlets have a unique position in the National physical planning; if the fishing industry ceases, the unique fishing sites are in danger. The picture shows the fishing hamlet of Mollosund. Photo: Nordiska Museei.
7

es pecheries one une position unique dans le plan d'amenagement; si 1'activite industrielle de peche cesse, les sites de pecheries sont en danger. La -chene de Mollosund.

Die Fischerdorfer haben im Rahmen der zentralen Landesplanung einen Sonderplatz: wenn die Fischerei aufhort, sind auch die wertvollen Fischerdorfer in Gefahr. Fischerdorf Mollosund.

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- 47 -

O the need for improved legislation O the need for better financial resources O the legal consequences of municipal surveys and guidelines, and their importance in connection with planning assessments O further national physical planning. Responsibility for the care of ancient monuments should be vested both in the State and in local authorities. The municipalities, being responsible for land use and building development, are also fundamentally responsible for the care of ancient monuments. The State has accepted a share in this responsibility through the special legislation which has been passed concerning the care of ancient monuments. Responsibility for historical inventories and investigations, like responsibility for other investigatory activities within the framework of national physical planning, should be vested in the municipalities. It should be possible, however, for special State grants to be made, just as they can be made during the planning stage. The State should assume responsibility for providing documentation for sectoral planning. The apportionment between the State and the municipalities of responsibility fpr measures to safeguard and care for ancient monuments is still unclear. State responsibilities should be broadened from the traditional care of particular items and monuments to include human settlements and cultivated areas of national interest. Responsibility for care and maintenance is primarily vested in the owner of land and buildings, whether the owner be a private person, the State, a county council or a municipality. Some county councils have evinced interest in stepping up their efforts to care for cultural environments. The Central Board feels that this is a positive trend and that it is in keeping with the standpoints of cultural policy expressed, for example, in the reorganization of the care of ancient monuments. One of the important purposes of caring for ancient monuments is to revitalize the cultural heritage and to make it accessible to everybody. Continuous maintenance and sustained usage have the effect of preserving places and buildings of historical interest, thereby investing them with touristic and recreational value. At the same time, special measures for the conservation of the cultural environment can help to improve job opportunities for elderly and geographically immobile labour. Continuous usage is also the best way of caring for the landscape. In the statement by the Central Board, holiday home delehpmenl is referred to as a cause of conflicts in coastal areas and in open farming country, for example. The Central Board feels that insufficient heed has been paid to the general guidelines laid down by Government and Riksdag concerning this type of development. A great many of the marginal dwellings of the agrarian society, e.g. smallholdings, crofts and shielings, which are no longer used for their original purpose have been preserved as a result of the conversion of permanent homes into holiday homes. The Central Board feels that greater efforts should be made to utilize dwellings above allbut also other surplus buildingsfor letting purposes, so as to help preserve older environments and at the same time impose restraints on the growth of holiday home development, especially in primary recreation areas and in areas with geographical guidelines. In the opinion of the Central Board, the experience accruing from national physical planning points in favour

of the municipalities being given more wide-ranging legal instruments for the protection and conservation of the cultural heritage represented by the built-up and cultivated environment. It is therefore essential that the proposals of principle put forward by the Building Legislation Commission be implemented as soon as possible. It is.above all with reference to the possibilities of protecting continuous environments that the Central Board desires amendments to the existing legislation. Under the special legislation applying to the care of ancient monuments, statutory protection can only be given to individual items, such as prehistoric remains and buildings. The Central Board proposes the addition to the Historic Buildings Act of an "environmental section" analogous to the provisions of the Environment Protection Act conceming nature reserves. Pending a more thoroughgoing revision of building legislation, it should also be possible for Section 86 of the Building Act tp be augmented on the same lines as Section 19 of the Environment Protection Act concerning the need for building permission in areas designated in municipal planning as areas for long-term preservation. Furthermore, the Central Board feels that the Environment Protection Act should be elucidated regarding its application to cultivated landscape of historical interest and that the legislation applying to agriculture and forestry should be made to include general rules concerning consideration for interests relating to the care of ancient monuments. Greatly improved financial resources are needed, both for inventories and for conservation purposes. The municipal surveys are not given formal confirmation, and no precedent has been established concerning their legal consequences. These surveys, moreover, are limited to questions concerning building permission. On the other hand they state municipal aims concerning building development outside planned areas, and as a source of information on this point they should play an important part in guiding developments in the right direction.

Continued national physical planning

The work which has now been done has established the prerequisites of continuous general physical planning practically everywhere in the country. In many places measures which have been proposed in the municipal programmes still remain to be taken and extensive work has still to be done on area plans and investigation areas. The need for conurbation quutiont to be considered in a wider context is emphasised by those responsible for the care of ancient monuments. The Central Board feels that municipal and regional programmes for the care of ancient monuments should be drawn up as a continuation and follow-up of the national planning work that has been done already. Work is now in progress at the Office on defining the content of regional programmes of this kind and participating in their compilation. Similar programming work is being prepared by several county administrations. This work will be undertaken in consultation with municipalities, central authorities, regional museums and other bodies. In its statement the Central Board underlined the tteiti and AJMMW ecological importance of our cultural heritage, thereby referring back to the aims of State cultural policy.

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The church of Sodra Rada. The oldest parts are probably from the end of the 13th century. Photo: M. Bratt. l/eglisede Sodra Rada. Les plus vieilles partics sont prohablement de la fin du 13me siecle. Die Kirche von Sodra Rada. Die alteren Teile sind wahrscheinlich vom spaten Teil des 13. Jahrhunderts.

Terminology
General plans Z are concerned with master planning ; are adopted by municipal councils . are submitted to county administrations and central administrative boards (Sections 17 and 19 of the Building Statute) ; are not generally given formal confirmation.
Land use plan

the county administration other authorities, associations and private persons having vital interests which may be affected by the matter. In an area not covered by a detailed plan and worth protecting because of O the historic or artistic value of its buildings O permanent prehistoric remains O other monuments, the county administration can, ordain that no new buildings are to be put up without permission from the county administration (Section 86 of the Building Act). New buildings O Section 38, subsection two, of the Building Statute provides that "A building of particular historic, cultural or artistic value may not be disfigured by work on the building itself or by building development in the vicinity". The Environment Protection Act nature rtsmes (Section 7) O are designated by the county administration O involve the payment of compensation to the landlord for any encroachment
nature conservancy areas (Section 19)

can cover the whole or part of a municipality earmarks land for various purposes on a long-range basis. Area plan covers a certain part of a municipality in which more exhaustive planning studies are needed, e.g. a conurbation.
Municipal survey

is a general cartographical account setting out the rules governim; building development in different parts of a municipality outside hose areas for which plans have been adopted is to a certain extent handled according to the same rules as apply to a general plan provides the basis on which the Building Committee deals with applications for building permits within these areas is regularly revised at intervals of about three years can lay down guidelines of two kindsgeneral or local. Detailed plans ~, are drawn up on the basis of a basic map ; are adopted by the municipal council ^j are confirmed by the county administration '-* are legally binding. L'rhanplan is the type of plan most commonly employed for urban development indicates the use and purposes for which land is designated. Building plan is less complicated than an urban plan, indicates building hind, roads and other public places. Consultation is stipulated by Section 14 of the Building Act in connection with the compilation of a plan. An authority drafting a plan must consult the municipal board

O are designated by the county administration

O usually comprise larger areas than nature reserves

O do not entail compensation
shore protection (Section 15)

O covers the shore and water zone within 100 metres of the shoreline beside a sea, lake or watercourse. In certain cases this area can be extended by resolution of the county administration. Special legislation concerning the care of ancient monuments the Act concerning Ancient Monuments and Finds the Historic Buildings Act the Proclamation containing regulations for public buildings (e.g. churches and historic buildings). Safeguarding implies in the planning context that the land concerned may not be applied to purposes conflicting with the care of an ancient monument. An order implies the protection of a monument or area by special resolution under the Building Act or the Environment Protection Act. Applications for building permits in areas to which such orders relate are usually decided by the county administration.

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Building inventories in Sweden

by Staffan Nilsson, Ph. D., Inspector of Monuments

There is a long tradition of topographic literature in Sweden and for a long time there has been great interest in discovering our own country and its remarkable sites and buildings. The interest in Sweden's ancient monuments is as old as the beginning of the Swedish imperial expansion in the early 17th century. It was then considered important that this new, and hitherto little known, European power could claim a long and remarkable history. One result of this newborn interest was the foundation in 1630 of the central authority responsible for research on ancient monuments, today called Riksantikvarieambetet or the Central Board of National Antiquities. Another result was the first Act in Europe for the protection of ancient monuments that was established through the Royal Proclamation of 1666. As the first inventory in Sweden one may consider the "research for ancient monuments" which was carried out by the Royal antiquarians Johan Hadorph and Johan Peringskiold in the second half of the 17th century and die beginning of the 18th. The "Suecia Antiq'ua et Hodierna" can be regarded as one of the first Swedish building inventories. It is a very voluminious illustrated work containing engraved pictures of palaces, townhouses, cities and remarkable historical monuments and natural sites. The work was carried out by the Swedish military engineer Erik Dahlberg in the second half of the 17th century. The aim of this work was maybe at first to demonstrate that even a remote country like Sweden had a remarkable history but that it was also a modern nation where the continental fashion of architecture flourished. The Suecia Antiqua ct Hodierna has been of the greatest importance for our knowledge of the appearance of Swedish towns, palaces and other edifices in the second half of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th century. Inventories in the modern sense, however, were not carried out until the beginning of the 20th century, when Samfundet S:t Erik, a local organization in Stockholm concerned with the encouragement of research in Stockholm history, the preservation of old buildings and other matters concerning the Stockholmian cultural heritage, promoted an inventory of the buildings of the old town in Stockholm. This inventory of the old town, published in 1916, has not been without importance for the conservation of this part of the city. This conservation was confirmed by statute in 1946 and, more recently, in certain stipulations in the development plan for this area.

In the 1950s appeared the first inventories of the present day type, the inventory in which all buildings in an area or a selection of them are recorded and evaluated and recommendations made concerning their protection. Continous inventory work, however, only began in the mid-1960s. From that date extensive inventory work has been carried out and is still in progress. A considerable part of the total number of buildings in Sweden have now (1980) been recorded, but far from all. The inventories deal with the countryside, as well as urban areas. What is normally recorded? The bulk of the recorded buildings are from the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. The rural inventories, of course, mainly comprise secular buildings but they also include working class dwellings and buildings for production en industrial sites, manors, parsonages etc. In the cities the tenements from the late 19th and early 20th centuries constitute the major part of recorded buildings, and in the smaller towns the wooden townhouses'from the 19th century and the cottages from the 20th century are most frequent. The inventories are carried out by the regional museum as a commission from the district council. In some cases inventories are also managed by the Regional Inspector of the county adminstration or by the Central Board of National Antiquities. There are three main categories of inventories carried out in Sweden. I. The ordinary building inventory, which considers all sorts of buildings in a certain area, normally a municipality or a part of a municipality. II. The inventories on certain subjects. These inventories usually cover a larger area, a county or sometimes the whole country. III. The National Inventory of Ancient Monuments. The ordinary building inventory can be subdivided into three different types. 1. The total inventory, recording all buildings in an area. 2. The selective inventory, when a selection is made of the buildings which should be recorded. 3. The historical survey, in which the cultural elements in an area are analysed. The basis for this survey and the analysis is a rapid and not too profound inspection and study of the area, which often includes a whole municipality.

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It should be said that Swedish municipalities normally comprise very large areas. There are not more than about 270 municipalities in the whole country, which has an area of about 450,000 km 2 . The aim of the survey is to select certain valuable ensembles and sites such as villages, old industrial sites, parts of the agricultural landscape of special interest and so on. Normally the survey does deal with individual buildings. The two first mentioned inventories, however, work with the single building or group of buildings. The aim of these inventories is to select individual buildings or groups of buildings which should be protected in some way.

Normally the investigator is responsible one particular area. Before the fieldwork is started, relevant literature and records are studied, for instance maps and building drawings. During the field-work a certain form is filled in and photographs are taken, not only the exterior should be inspected but also the interior. When fieldwork is finished the material is edited and often also published. The publications comprise pictures and short notes on every or a selection of the recorded buildings. After the completion of fieldwork the recorded buildings are also evaluated, in order to give a basis for protection either by planning regulations or by special laws. The idea of the inventories in Sweden today is that they

The "Palmeska husct", Stockholm. Erected in 188486. Recorded in the inventory of the inner city of Stockholm. Protected through the act of I960. Photo: S. Nilsson. Palmeska huset (La maison de Palme) a Stockholm. Construite 1884-1886. Documented dans I'inventaire de la ville interieure de Stocfchoim. Protegee par la loi de 1960. ..Palmeska huset" (Das Palme Haus) in Stockholm. 1884-1886 errichtet. In der Invemarisation von der inneren Stadt Stockholms dokumentiert. 'ch das Geseiz vomjahre 1960 geschi'itzt.

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- 51 -

Brewery in I.ulca in the Northern part of Sweden. Recorded in a national inventory- of breweries. Photo: G. Sillen. Brasserie a I.ulea, dans le Nord de la Suede. Documemee dans 1'inventaire national de brasseries. Brauerei in Lulea in Nordschweden. In der landesumfassenden Inventarisatinn von'Briiuereien dokumenticrt.

"limber building from late 19th century in the Western part of Sweden. A considerable part of recorded buildings in the inventories of the countryside is of this type. Photo: S. Nilsson. Maison en bois du fin du X IXe siecle dans 1'Ouest de la Suede. Be.iucoup de maisons a la campagne de 1'inventaire sont de ce type. Hol/.haus in Westschweden vom spatcn Tcil des 19. Jahrhundcrts. Ein erheblicliT Tcil der Hauser auf dem Lande in der Inventarisation ist von clieser Art.

- 52 -

should be integrated with planning, and that historic and cultural tacts should IK- among the many facts the planners have to take into consideration when making a development plan. It should be said that when the inventory work started in the 1960s the ambition was to make inventories which could be used for all purposes. But experience has made it clear that a particular purpose needs a particular inventory. The planner needs certain information for his work while the architect concerned with building permits needs another sample of information. In recent years inventories on special subjects, or as they are called thematic inventories, have been rather frequent. There have been inventories on such different subjects as railway stations, bridges, roads, courthouses, breweries, parsonages, pharmacies, factories, industries

etc etc. The inventory on a special subject usually extends over a larger are.a than the ordinary inventory, normally a county but sometimes the whole country. Normally the inventories are carried out by regional authorities but the national inventories are carried out by the Central Board. There arc various reasons for using this type of inventory. One is that the actual subject is handled by a certain authority, e.g. the Swedish Slate Railways, who wants to know which of the subjects under its supervision should be treated, for example, as historic monuments. Such is the case with the inventories of railway-stations, bridges, roads, courthouses etc. etc. Another reason may be that a certain type of building is especially interesting as a group or that it is threatened in some way, both being the case, for example, with breweries and pharmacies.

Cover : Illustration by the Rebus project team.. Biennate des jeunes Europeans. European Youth Prize. 1983