3-Characteristics of Elements

Characteristics of Elements
Sector Energy PTI NC

Theodor Connor
Copyright Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Content
Introduction Theoretical background Determination of impedances Determination of capacitances Calculation of line impedances Measurement of line impedances Transformer characteristics
For internal use only. / Copyright Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
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Importance of element characteristics
Characteristics of network elements are necessary for: Network planning Network calculation (e.g. load flow, short circuit) Design of equipment Protection setting (especially distance protection) Analysis of disturbances
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Line characteristics
Self impedance Mutual impedance Symmetrical components
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Electric parameters of a conductor
Conductor
Resistance
Reactance
Capacitance
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Resistance
Conductor
R in Ohm: Material of conductor Cross section of conductor
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Reactance of a loop
Conductors
Current
X in Ohm: Distance between conductor Diameter of conductor
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Capacitance
Conductor
C in Farad: Height above ground

Voltage
Diameter of conductor
Infinite ground plane
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Conductor with ground return
Conductor Current
Current
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Conductor with ground return
Conductor Current
Current
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Self impedance of line-earth loop
Z S = [Rint + R ext ] + j[Xint + X ext ]

Rint = q
R ext = 1 0 8 Xint = L i 1 n DE r
X ext = 0 f ln
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Input data
2rt dab s
DE
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Data
Internal Inductance
1 0 r Li = 8
0 = 1,26 10-3 H/km r = 1 Li = 0,05 mH/km Equivalent depth of return path of earth current E = 100 m f = 50 Hz D E = 930 m
D E = 660
E f
r =
s rt n 180 2 sin n
n 1
Equivalent radius of bundle conductor r t = 16 mm s = 400 mm n = 2 r = 81 mm
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Mutual impedance between line-earth loops
Z M = R M + j XM
1 RM = 0 8
XM = 0 f ln
DE dab
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Positive sequence impedance

IR ZS R IS UR IT ZM RS S ZM RT T R
U R = I R Z S R + I S Z M RS + I T Z M RT U S = I R Z M RS + I S Z S S + I T Z M ST U T = I R Z M RT + I S Z M ST + I T Z S T
ZS = ZM
M
= I
+ (I
+ I T ) Z
1 Z S R + Z ST + Z ST 3 1 = Z M RS + Z M ST + Z M TR 3
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+ (I + I T ) Z
= I
for positive sequence: IR + IS + IT = 0
I S + IT = I R U R = I R (Z S Z M )
U R = I R Z1
Z1 = Z S Z M
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Z1 = Z S Z M Z1 = R1 + j X1
R1 = Rint + R ext RM R1 = 1 1 + 0 0 q 8 8 X1 = Xint + X ext XM X1 = L i 1 De De + 0 f ln 0 f ln n r dm
dm = 3 dR,S dS,T dT,R
X1 = 2 f 1 0 r 1 d + 0 f ln m 8 n r
R1 =
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dm r + ln X1 = f 0 r 4 n
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Positive sequence impedance Example 1 overhead line Given data

Conductor: Cross-Section: Diameter: Resistivity Al: 150 mm Al q = 150 mm d = 15.8 mm Al = 29 mm/km
Permeability Al: r = 1 Frequency: Soil resistivity: f = 50 Hz E = 100 m =0.00126 s/km
Magnetic constant: 0 = 4 10-4 H/km
Positive Sequence Impedance ??

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Positive sequence impedance Example 1 overhead line Result

R1 = q
29 mm 2 R1 = 150mm 2 km
R 1 = 0 . 19 km
dm = 3 dR,S dS,T dT,R dm = 3 4m 4m 8m = 5m

d r X1 = f 0 + ln m r 4 n
X1 =
50 0.00126 s 1 5.0m + ln s km 0.0079m 4 1

km
X 1 = 0 . 42
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Positive Sequence Impedance Example 2 Overhead line Given Data

Positive Sequence Impedance ??

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Positive Sequence Impedance Example 2 Overhead line Result

R1 = q
29 mm 2 R1 = 70mm 2 km
R 1 = 0 . 41 km
dm = 3 dR,S dS,T dT,R dm = 3 1.4m 1.4m 2.8m = 1.76m

d r X1 = f 0 + ln m r 4 n
X1 =
50 0.00126 s 1 1.76m + ln 0.00525m s km 4 1

km
X 1 = 0 . 38
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Zero sequence impedance

IR ZS R IS UR IT ZM RS S ZM RT T R
U R = I R Z S R + I S Z M RS + I T Z M RT U S = I R Z M RS + I S Z S S + I T Z M ST U T = I R Z M RT + I S Z M ST + I T Z S T
ZS = ZM
= I
+ (I
+ I T ) Z
1 Z S R + Z ST + Z ST 3 1 = Z M RS + Z M ST + Z M TR 3
M
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= I
+ (I
+ I T ) Z
for zero sequence:
IR = IS = IT
U R = I R (Z S + 2 Z M )
= I
Z0
Z 0 = Z S + 2 ZM
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Z 0 = Z S + 2 ZM
Z0 = R 0 + j X 0
R 0 = Rint + R ext + 2 RM R0 = 1 2 + 0 + 0 q 8 8 X0 = Xint + X ext + 2 XM X0 = L i 1 De De + 0 f ln + 2 0 f ln n r dm
dm = 3 dR,S dS,T dT,R
X0 = f 0 r De 3 + 0 f ln 2 4 n r dm
3 R 0 = + 0 q 8
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r De3 X0 = f 0 4 n + ln r d2 m
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Zero sequence impedance Example 1 overhead line Given data

Zero Sequence Impedance ??

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Zero sequence impedance Example 1 overhead line Result

R0 = 3 + 0 q 8
29 mm 2 3 0.00126 s 50 2 + R0 = km s 150mm 2 km 8
R 0 = 0 . 34 km
De = 660
E = 930m f

X0
r De 3 = f 0 4 n + ln r d 2 m
50 0.00126 s 1 930 3 X0 = + ln 2 4 s km 0.0079 5

X 0 = 1 . 41
km
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Zero Sequence Impedance Example 2 Overhead line Given Data

Zero Sequence Impedance ??

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Zero Sequence Impedance Example 2 Overhead line Result

3 + 0 q 8
R0 =
29 mm 2 3 0 .00126 s 50 2 R0 = + 70 mm 2 km 8 km s
R 0 = 0 . 56 km
De = 660
E = 930m f

X0
X0
r De 3 = f 0 4 n + ln r d 2 m
50 0.00126 s = s km
1 930 3 + ln 4 0 . 00525 1 . 76 2
X 0 = 1 . 57
km
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Further influences
Earthed conductors (overhead line earth wire; cable shield) Height above ground; line sag Length of conductor twist Skin effect Proximity effect Conductor temperature
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Double circuit Zero sequence mutual impedance
Z0M
Zero sequence mutual impedance
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Influence of zero sequence mutual impedance
Z=
1pol
1 (Z 0 + Z 0 M ) 2
Z = Z0
X X 1pol
Z = 2 (Z 0 Z 0 M )
1pol
Z = Z 0G
1pol
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Capacitance of lines
2r
Q = C U
h
C = 2 0 r
1 2h ln r
Self Capacitance; Line-Earth Capacitance CE Mutual Capacitance; Line-Line Capacitance CM
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Positive Sequence Capacitance

IR UR CM S US CM T UT CS
CM =
1 [CRS + CST + CTR ] 3

1 [CRR + CSS + CTT ] 3
CS =
QR = UR CS + (UR US ) CM + (UR UT ) CM
Q R = UR (C S + 2 C M ) (U S + U T ) C M
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Positive Sequence Capacitance

Q R = UR (C S + 2 C M ) (US + UT ) C M
for positive sequence: UR + US + UT = 0
U R = U S U T QR = UR (CS + 3 CM ) QR = C S + 3 CM UR
C1 = CS + 3 CM
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Zero Sequence Capacitance

IR UR CM S US CM T UT CS R
CM =
CS =
1 [CRS + CST + CTR ] 3

1 [CRR + CSS + CTT ] 3
QR = UR CS + (UR US ) CM + (UR UT ) CM
for positive sequence:
UR = US = UT
QR = UR CS QR = CS UR
C0 = CS
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Positive and Zero Sequence Capacitances of an Overhead Line

S dRS
Positive Sequence Capacitance:

dST T
C1 =
dTR
2 r 0 d ln r
hS hR hT
Zero Sequence Capacitance:
C0 =
2 r 0 2h 3 ln 3 r d2
r 0 d h s r
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relative dielectric constant (in air: r = 1) dielectric constant (8.854 nF/km) conductor distance conductor height line sag radius of conductor
d = 3 dRS dST dTR h = 3 hR hS hT 0.7 s
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Positive and Zero Sequence Capacitance Example Overhead line Given Data
Conductor: Diameter: Frequency: Max. line sag: 70 mm Al d = 10.5 mm f = 50 Hz s=4m
Dielectric constant: 0 = 8.854 nF/km
Positive Sequence Capacitance ?? Zero Sequence Capacitance ??

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Positive and Zero Sequence Capacitance Example Overhead line Result

d = 3 dRS dST dTR
d=
C1 =
3
1 . 4 m 1 . 4 m 2 . 8 m = 1 . 76 m
2 r 0 2 1 8 . 854 nF / km = 1 . 76 m d ln ln r 0 . 00525 m
C 1 = 9 . 57
nF km
h=
3
h R h S h T 0 .7 s
h = 12 m 0 . 7 4 m = 9 . 2 m
C0 =
2 r 0 2 1 8 . 854 nF / km = 2 h 2 9 .2m 3 ln 3 ln 3 2 3 r d2 0 . 00525 m (1 . 76 m )
C 0 = 4 . 33
nF km
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Typical line parameters
R1 X1 Ohm/km Ohm/km 400 kV overhead line 110 kV overhead line cable 20 kV overhead line cable 0,03 0,07 0,04 0,31 0,20 0,25 0,41 0,11 0,4 0,13
C1 R0 X0 nF/km Ohm/km Ohm/km 14 10 400 10 300 0,33 0,35 0,5 0,40 0,50 1,44 1,65 0,28 1,50 0,30
C0 nF/km 6,5 4,7 400 5,0 300
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Calculation of line impedances
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Calculation of Overhead Line Constants Calculation of electrical parameters of overhead lines with With several three phase systems different voltage levels any number of earth wires (or counterpoise electrodes) The three phase systems to be calculated may also run on different parallel overhead lines.
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Calculation of Line Constants of Cables Calculation of electrical parameters of cables with with concentric screens or metal sheaths or armouring additional common sheaths around a threephase system any number of parallel earthing conductors Several three phase systems have to be considered in one calculation.
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Typical Input Data

Systems System Number Number of phases Rated voltage Max. voltage Voltage angle Conductor types Name Cross-section Conductor material Name Spec. resistance Rel. permeability Material Twist factor Outer diameter Auendurchmesser Inner diameter Innendurchmesser No. of sub-cond. Bndel-Anzahl Bundle arrangement Bndel-Anordnung Sub-cond. distance Bndel-Abstand Rel. dialect. constant Cross-section reinf. Material reinforcm. Phase conductors only Conductors Earthing Name Conductor type X-coordinate Y-coordinate Sag
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Presentation of Results
PTD SE NC1-ue1118 24.09.01
Example Example 110 kV overhead line 110 kV overhead line KENNWERTE IN SYMMETRISCHEN KOMPONENTEN KENNWERTE IN SYMMETRISCHEN KOMPONENTEN ====================================== ======================================
Example 110 kV overhead line (double system, Donau configuration)
E1
E1
Selbstimpedanzen Selbstimpedanzen
2S 1S 2T 2R 1T 1R
C(nF/km) C(nF/km) System 1 System 13,537891 1 13,537891 System 2 System 13,537891 2 13,537891 Koppelimpedanzen Koppelimpedanzen
Mitsystem Mitsystem R(ohm/km) X(ohm/km) R(ohm/km) X(ohm/km)

1R
1S
2S
1T
2R
2T
0,063525 0,063525 0,063525 0,063525
0,266984 0,266984 0,266984 0,266984
Mitsystem Mitsystem C(nF/km) C(nF/km) R(ohm/km) X(ohm/km) R(ohm/km) X(ohm/km)

Mastab: 1:200 32,000 m 24,000 m 20,200 m
System 1 - System 2 System 0,035956 1 - System 2 0,035956
0,002292 0,002292
0,000552 0,000552
1S 1R
0,000 -3,300 1T -5,200 -7,100
m m m m
E1 3,300 m2R 5,200 m 7,100 m
2S 2T
Report Report
Figure (Tower Outline) Diagram Diagram

Leika 3.2 C:\Program Files\Siemens SINCAL\Leika\Examples\ohl110-donau.lei
Bild 1
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Impedance Calculation Self and Mutual Impedances of Line-Earth-Loops

Self Impedance:
Z S = Rint + j Xint + R ext + j X ext

Internal Impedance Calculation of DC resistance Calculation with Bessel function for Skin effect consideration External Impedance Calculation with series expression acc. to Carson for earth return consideration
Mutual Impedance:
Z M = R M + j XM
Calculation with series expression acc. to Carson for earth return consideration
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Impedance Calculation Conductor Types

Aluminium conductor steel reinforced (ACSR, Al/St, AL1/ST1A)
Aluminium alloy conductor (AAAC, Ald, AL2 AL5)
Galvanized steel conductor (only for earth wires) (St, ST1A)
Aluminium clad steel conductor (only for earth wires) (ACS, St-Al-um, A20SA)
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Impedance Calculation DC Resistance

Conductors (not reinforced)
A
Reinforced conductors (e.g. ACSR)
R_ = v
R_ = v
1 A A rf + rf
R_ v A A
- DC Resistance - Twist factor - resistivity of conductor material - Cross-section of conductor - resistivity of reinforcement material - Cross-section of reinforcement
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Impedance Calculation Conductor Twist

Conductor twist results in higher length of outer wires (red wire) of the conductor increase of resistance
Increase of DC-resistance acc. to EN 50182: 7wires 19 wires 37 wires 61 wires 127 wires 1 layer 2 layers 3 layers 4 layers 6 layers 1.11 % 1.68 % 2.03 % 2.36 % 2.75 %
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Impedance Calculation Influence of Conductor Temperature

RDC,T = RDC,20 [1 + * (TC 20C)] T = 20 [1 + * (TC 20C)]
RDC,T RDC,20 TC T 20 resistance at conductor temperature T DC resistance at 20C temperature coefficient of conductor material conductor temperature resistivity at conductor temperature T resistivity at 20C Temperature coefficient 0.0040 1/C 0.0036 1/C 0.0039 1/C
Conductor material Aluminium Aluminium alloy Copper

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Impedance Calculation Internal self impedance

without Skin effect Current density:
J [A/mm]
with Skin effect Current density:

J [A/mm]
Calculation:
Calculation: with Bessel functions
R =
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X =
1 f 0 r 4
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R~ > R
X~ < X
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Impedance Calculation External self impedance of Line-Earth-Loop
Basic approach: Concentrated earth return path in depth De
Exact calculation: Series expression by Carson to consider earth current distribution and conductor height above ground
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Impedance Calculation Elimination of earthed conductors

UR ZRR U Z S = RS UT ZRT UE ZRE IR Y RR I Y S = RS IT Y RT IE Y RE Z SR Z SS Z ST Z SE Y SR Y SS Y ST Y SE Z TR Z TS Z TT Z TE Y TR Y TS Y TT Y TE ZER IR ZES IS ZET IT ZEE IE Y ER UR Y ES US Y ET UT 0 Y EE UE
Matrix Inversion
UE = 0
IR Y'RR I = Y' S SR IT Y'TR
Y'RS Y'SS Y'TS
Y'RT UR Y'ST US Y'TT UT
Elimination of one equation
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Symmetrical components
U1L1
Positive sequence U1 =
U1L2 UL1 U2 L1
1 (U + a UL2+ a UL3) 3 L1
Negative sequence U2 = 1 (UL1+ a UL2+ a UL3)

U2 L3 UL3 UL2 3
Zero sequence
U0 L1
U0 = 1 (UL1 + UL2 + UL3)

3
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Calculation of Impedances Overview

ZRR Z RS ZRT ZRE Z SR Z SS Z ST Z SE Z TR Z TS Z TT Z TE ZER ZES ZET ZEE
Calculation of Self- and Coupling impedances Bessel function to consider the Skin effect Series expansions according to Carson and Dommel to consider the earth return path
Elimination of conductors earthed at both sides (overhead line earth wires, Cable sheaths)
Z'RR Z' RS Z'RT
Z'SR Z'SS Z'ST
Z'TR Z'TS Z'TT
Balancing the impedance matrix
Z 00 Z 01 Z 02
Z10 Z11 Z12
Z 20 Z 21 Z 22
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Partial capacitances
US CRS
CRR, CSS, CTT partial line-earth capacitance

CTT UT
CRS, CST, CTR partial line-line capacitance
UR
CTR
CSS CRR CTT
Basic formulae:
Q = UC
QS = (US UR ) CSR + US
QR = UR
CRR + (UR US ) CRS + (UR UT ) CRT CSS + (US UT ) CST CTT

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Q T = (UT UR ) CTR + (UT US ) CTS + UT

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Capacitance Coefficients
Partial Capacitances C (Equation)
QS = (US UR ) CSR + US
QR = UR
CRR + (UR US ) CRS + (UR UT ) CRT CSS + (US UT ) CST CTT
Q T = (UT UR ) CTR + (UT US ) CTS + UT

Partial Capacitances C (Matrix)
QR (CRR + CRS + CRT ) CSR QS = Q T CTR

Capacitance Coefficients K
(CSR + CSS + CST )

CTS
CRS
(CTR
UR U CST S + CTS + CTT ) UT
CRT
QR Q S = Q T
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K RR K SR K TR
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K RS K SS K TS
K RT K ST K TT
UR U S UT
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Potential Coefficients and Capacitive Impedances

Capacitance Coefficients K
QR K RR K RS K RT UR QS = K SR K SS K ST US Q T K TR K TS K TT UT
Potential Coefficients P
Matrix Inversion
UR PRR PRS PRT QR U = P PSS PST QS S SR UT PTR PTS PTT Q T

Capacitive Impedances Z
Z = j P I = jQ
UR ZRR U = Z S SR UT Z TR
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ZRS Z SS Z TS
ZRT IR Z ST IS Z TT IT
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Calculation of Potential coefficients

Potential coefficient of conductor i
Pii =
2 hi 1 ln 2 ri
Potential coefficient between conductors i and k
P ik =
1 D ln ik 2 d ik
dielectric constant (8,854 nF/km) ri Radius of conductor i

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Calculation of Capacitances Overview

Capacitive Impedances
ZRR Z RS ZRT ZRE Z SR Z SS Z ST Z SE Z TR Z TS Z TT Z TE ZER ZES ZET ZEE
Capacitive Coefficients
Inverting
K RR K SR K TR K RS K SS K TS K RT K ST K TT K RE K SE K TE K ER K ES K ET K EE
Partial Capacitances
CRR C RS CRT CRE CSR CSS CST CSE CTR CTS CTT CTE CER CES CET CEE
Elimination of earthed conductors

Z'RR Z' RS Z'RT Z'SR Z'SS Z'ST Z'TR Z'TS Z'TT
Inverting
K 'RR K 'SR K 'TR K ' RS K 'SS K 'TS K 'RT K 'ST K 'TT
C'RR C' RS C'RT
C'SR C'SS C'ST
C'TR C'TS C'TT
Balancing
Z 00 Z 01 Z 02 Z 20 Z 21 Z 22 K 00 K 10 K 20 K 01 K 11 K 21 K 02 K 12 K 22 C00 C10 C20 C 01 C11 C21 C02 C12 C22
Z10 Z11 Z12
Inverting
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Other Characteristic Values Surge Impedance and Natural Load

Snat
2 UN = ZW
ZW =
R1 + j X1 j C1
ZW R1 X1 C1 Snat
Surge impedance (complex) Resistance in the positive phase-sequence system Reactance in the positive phase-sequence system Angular frequency (2f) Capacitance in the positive phase-sequence system Natural load
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Other Characteristic Values Charging Power

100,00 % 0,00
-0,00 kW 51,70 kVAr
2 Q C = UN C 1
QC UN C1
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Charging power Rated voltage Angular frequency (2f) Capacitance in the positive phase-sequence system
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Other Characteristic Values Reduction Factor Calculation

Reduction factor of earthed conductors e.g. overhead line earth wires, metallic cable sheaths Definition and Calculation acc. to IEC 60909-3
rE = Z IE = C ,L E 3 I0 Z S ,E
rE IE 3I0 ZC,L-E ZS,E
Reduction factor Earth current (current flowing through earth) Zero sequence current during a single phase fault Coupling impedance between phase conductors and earthed conductors Self impedance of earthed conductors
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Other Characteristic Values Reduction Factor Importance

IK1 (1-rE)
3I0 = IK1
IK1
IK1 rE
RG
IG
A low reduction factor results in low earth, touch and step voltages low inductive interference in case of earth faults low magnetic fields in case of earth faults
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Measurement of line impedances
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Measurement of Zero Sequence Impedance Power Cable

current source
IMeas
power cable
W
IMeas
ISheath
IEarth
ground potential rise

V
local earth grid
remote earth grid
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Measurement of Zero Sequence Impedance Overhead Line
earth wire
overhead line
current source
P
W V
I
A
local earth grid
remote earth grid
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Measurement of Line Impedances Test Equipment

Diesel-generator set 200kVA Diesel-generator set 200kVA
Volt-Meter Volt-Meter
Clamp-Ampere-Meter Clamp-Ampere-Meter Active-Power-Meter Active-Power-Meter

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Measurement of Line Impedances Safety rules

1. Switch off 2. Lock against reclosure 3. Verify that system is de-energized 4. Earthing and short circuiting 5. Cover of nearby live parts
1. Be aware of trapped charges 2. Be aware of induced or influenced voltages 3. Have a clear predefined switching procedure 4. Have a back up switch off strategy 5. Stop work in case of confusion 6. Stop work in case of thunder storm (which may be at the remote end!)
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Double Line Measurement of Zero Sequence Impedance
earth wire
overhead line system 1
overhead line system 2 current source
P
W V
I
A
local earth grid
remote earth grid
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Double Line Measurement of Zero Sequence Coupling Impedance
earth wire
I
A W
local earth grid
remote earth grid
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Double Line Measurement of Double Line Zero Sequence Imped.
earth wire
P
W V
I
A
local earth grid
remote earth grid
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Double Line Measurement of Shortened Zero Sequence Imped.

earth wire
P
W V
I
A
local earth grid
remote earth grid
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Measurement of Line Impedances Connection of test leads
Short circuiting of test line for Short circuiting of test line for zero sequence measurement zero sequence measurement
Connection to current source Connection to current source

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Zero Sequence Impedance of 220 kV Double Circuit Comparison of Measured and Calculated Values
E1 E1
2T
1T 1S 2S
Conductors: phase wire: earth wire:
Al/St 591/82 OPGW 57 mm steel 41 mm ACS
2S
1S 1R 2R 2R 1R
1T 2T
0.000 m 2T -5.400 m 2R -5.800 m -7.100 m 2S
E1 5.400 m 5.800 m 7.100 m
1T 1R 1S
measured calculated measured calculated __________________________________ __________________________________ R0 0.23 /km 0.20 /km R0 0.23 /km 0.20 /km X0 1.01 /km 1.02 /km X0 1.01 /km 1.02 /km R0M 0.16 /km 0.15 /km R0M 0.16 /km 0.15 /km X0M 0.48 /km 0.49 /km X0M 0.48 /km 0.49 /km
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17.050 23.850 30.650 40.007
m m m m
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Impedance of 220 kV Overhead Line Comparison of Measured and Calculated Values

Conductors: phase wire: earth wire: Al/St 591/82 bundle of 2 OPGW 57 mm steel 41 mm ACS 26 km
length:
measured calculated measured calculated __________________________________ __________________________________ R1 1.57 1.46 R1 1.57 1.46 X1 7.66 7.80 X1 7.66 7.80 R0 3.63 3.42 R0 3.63 3.42 X0 23.4 22.0 X 23.4 22.0
0
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Measurement of zero sequence impedance
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Measurement of phase - earth loop
current source
IMeas
power cable
W
IMeas
ISheath
IEarth
local earth grid
remote earth grid
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Measurement of positive sequence impedance
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Measurement of zero sequence impedance Variation of results for 20 kV cable NAEKBA
Resistance R0 / Reactance X0 in /km
3,0
2,5
measured R0 measured X0
2,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
0,0 25 35 50 70 95 120 150 185 240
Cross-section in mm
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Measurement of zero sequence impedance Results for 10 kV cable NAKBA 3x240

2,0
measured R0
1,8 1,6
measured X0
Impedance in
1,4 1,2 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Measuring current in A
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Cable zero sequence impedance Current dependence due to steel reinforcement

B
B = r 0 H
B = 0 H
I H= 2 r
B = r 0 H
XLE
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= B dr I r =0
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De
H
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Calculation examples
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Example1 : 10 kV Overhead Line Input Data
Conductors: phase wire: max line sag: spec. soil resistivity: frequency: Al 70 4m 50 m 50 Hz
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Example 1: 10 kV Overhead Line Influence of an Earth Wire
Conductors: earth wire: max line sag: ACS 70 4m
Influence on Positive Sequence Impedance ?? Zero Sequence Impedance ?? Positive Sequence Capacitance ?? Zero Sequence Capacitance ??
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Example 1: 10 kV Overhead Line Influence of an Earth Wire - Results
without earth wire
with earth wire
_______________________________________________________________________ positive sequence resistance positive sequence reactance zero sequence resistance zero sequence reactance R1 X1 R0 X0 0.414 /km 0.381 /km 0.559 /km 1.566 /km 9.640 nF/km 4.332 nF/km 0.414 /km 0.381 /km 0.631 /km 1.419 /km 9.641 nF/km 4.999 nF/km
positive sequence capacitance C1 zero sequence capacitance C0
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Example 2: 110 kV Double Circuit Input Data
Conductors: phase wire: Al/St 230/30 2er bundle earth wire: Al/St 95/55 max. sag: 15 m spec. soil resistivity: frequency : 50 m 50 Hz
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Example 2: 110 kV Double Circuit Result Impedances in symmetrical components

Z 00 (I,I) Z (I,I) 10 Z 20 (I,I) Z 00 (II,I) Z10 (II,I) Z 20 (II,I) Z 01(I,I) Z11(I,I) Z 21(I,I) Z 01(II,I) Z11(II,I) Z 21(II,I) Z 02 (I,I) Z12 (I,I) Z 22 (I,I) Z 02 (II,I) Z12 (II,I) Z 22 (II,I) Z 02 (I,II) Z12 (I,II) Z 20 (I,II) Z 21(I,II) Z 22 (I,II) Z 00 (II,II) Z 01(II,II) Z 02 (II,II) Z10 (II,II) Z11(II,II) Z12 (II,II) Z 20 (II,II) Z 21(II,II) Z 22 (II,II) Z 00 (I,II) Z10 (I,II) Z 01(I,II) Z11(I,II)
positive sequence impedance
Z11(I,I)
= Z11(II,II) = 0.063 /km + j 0.266 /km = Z22(II,II) = 0.063 /km + j 0.266 /km = Z00(II,II) = 0.223 /km + j 0.970 /km = 0.165 /km + j 0.537 /km 0.020 /km + j 0.020 /km
negative sequence impedance Z22(I,I) zero sequence impedance zero sequence coupling imp. all other impedances
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Z00(I,I)
Z00(I,II) = Z00(II,I) ZXX

Th. Connor
<
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Example 2: 110 kV Double Circuit Influence of zero sequence coupling on s.c. results (I) Calculation of single phase short circuit currents Without consideration of zero sequence coupling impedance
0.00 kA 4.18 kA
0.00 kA 21.68 kA
4.18 kA 8.36 kA
wrong
With consideration of zero sequence coupling impedance

0.00 kA 3.42 kA
0.00 kA 21.68 kA
3.42 kA 6.83 kA
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Example 2: 110 kV Double Circuit Influence of zero sequence coupling on s.c. results (II) Calculation of single phase short circuit currents Without consideration of zero sequence coupling impedance
2.94 kA
wrong
0.00 kA
0.00 kA 21.68 kA
5.18 kA 5.18 kA
With consideration of zero sequence coupling impedance

4.28 kA 0.00 kA
0.00 kA 21.68 kA
5.18 kA 5.18 kA
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Example 3: 110 kV Cable Input Data

Conductor: Cross-Section: Material: Outer Diameter: Insulation: Material: XLPE 630 mm Copper 31 mm
Metallic sheath: Cross-Section: Material: Inner Diameter: Arrangement: trefoil spec. Soil Resistivity: 50 m Frequency: 50 Hz
50 mm Copper 69 mm 73 mm 84 mm
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Outer Diameter: Cable Diameter:
Example 3: 110 kV Cable Results

Sheath Bonding R1 [/km] X1 [/km] R0 [/km] X0 [/km] r
Arrangement
0.039
0.120
0.368
0.134
0.196
0.070
0.175
0.365
0.138
0.212
0.031
0.190
0.179
1.673
1.000
0.035
0.183
0.192
0.349
0.189
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Example 3: 110 kV Cable Cross Bonding
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Example 4: Secondary Cable parallel to 110 kV Cable Input Data

110 kV cable: see Example 4 Cable sheath earthed at both sides.
500 mm
secondary cable: Cross-Section: Material: spec. Soil Resistivity: 50 m Frequency: 50 Hz Cable Diameter: 2.5 mm Copper 10 mm
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Example 4: Secondary Cable parallel to 110 kV Cable Induced Voltage in Case of Single Phase Fault Current
Eind = Z C r110 rsec Ik1 l
Eind Zc = induced longitudinal voltage coupling impedance between 110 kV and secondary cable (before elimination of earthed conductors) reduction factor of 110 kV cable sheath reduction factor of secondary cable sheath (no metallic sheath) single phase fault current length of parallel section
0.475 / km
r110 rsec Ik1 l
= = = =
0.196 1.000 10 kA 1300 m 1210 V
Eind =
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Example 4: Secondary Cable parallel to 110 kV Cable Induced Voltage in Case of Single Phase Fault Current
Eind = Z 'C Ik1 l
Eind Zc = induced longitudinal voltage coupling impedance between 110 kV and secondary cable (after elimination of earthed conductors) single phase fault current length of parallel section
0.094 / km
Ik1 l
= =
10 kA 1300 m 1225 V
Eind =
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Example 4: Secondary Cable parallel to 110 kV Cable Induced Voltage in Case of Zero Sequence Current
Eind = Z 00 3 I0 l
Eind Z00 = induced longitudinal voltage coupling impedance between zero-sequence system of 110 kV cable and zero-sequence system of secondary cable single phase fault current length of parallel section
0.092 / km
3 I0 = l = Eind =
10 kA 1300 m 1196 V
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Example 4: Secondary Cable parallel to 110 kV Cable Induced Voltage in Case of Load Current
Eind = 3 Z10 ILoad l
Eind Z10 = 0.0038 / km induced longitudinal voltage coupling impedance between positive-sequence system of 110 kV cable and zero-sequence system of secondary cable ILoad = l = 600 A 1300 m 9V maximum load current length of parallel section
Eind =
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Transformer characteristics
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Transformer types
Two winding Two winding with delta winding Three winding Autotransformer
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Loading capacity of transformer neutral
YNy, Yyn Five-limb core: No capability Three-limb core: Neutral rating: 25 % of rated current for1.5 hours Neutral rating: 20 % of rated current for 3 hours YNy(d), Yyn(d) (Delta-winding of 1/3 of rated capacity) Neutral rating: 100 % of rated current Dyn, YNd Neutral rating: 100 % of rated current
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Neutral treatment at both transformer neutrals
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Neutral treatment at both transformer neutrals Recommendation

High zero sequence system voltage at secondary side during earth fault at high voltage site impermissible (detailed investigation required)
Small zero sequence system voltage at secondary side during earth fault at high voltage site possible
Zero sequence system voltage at secondary side during earth fault at high voltage site not recommended (detailed investigation required) Negligible zero sequence system voltage at secondary side during earth fault at high voltage site possible without restrictions
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3-Characteristics of Elements

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3-Characteristics of Elements

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Characteristics of Elements

Sector Energy PTI NC

Copyright Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.

Importance of element characteristics

Self impedance Mutual impedance Symmetrical components

Electric parameters of a conductor

R in Ohm: Material of conductor Cross section of conductor

X in Ohm: Distance between conductor Diameter of conductor

C in Farad: Height above ground

Infinite ground plane

Conductor with ground return

Infinite ground plane

Conductor with ground return

Infinite ground plane

Self impedance of line-earth loop

Z S = [Rint + R ext ] + j[Xint + X ext ]

Equivalent radius of bundle conductor r t = 16 mm s = 400 mm n = 2 r = 81 mm

Mutual impedance between line-earth loops

Positive sequence impedance

Positive sequence impedance

for positive sequence: IR + IS + IT = 0

Positive sequence impedance

Positive sequence impedance Example 1 overhead line Given data

Permeability Al: r = 1 Frequency: Soil resistivity: f = 50 Hz E = 100 m =0.00126 s/km

Magnetic constant: 0 = 4 10-4 H/km

Positive Sequence Impedance ??

Positive sequence impedance Example 1 overhead line Result

dm = 3 dR,S dS,T dT,R dm = 3 4m 4m 8m = 5m

50 0.00126 s 1 5.0m + ln s km 0.0079m 4 1

Positive Sequence Impedance Example 2 Overhead line Given Data

Permeability Al: r = 1 Frequency: Soil resistivity: f = 50 Hz E = 100 m =0.00126 s/km

Magnetic constant: 0 = 4 10-4 H/km

Positive Sequence Impedance ??

Positive Sequence Impedance Example 2 Overhead line Result

dm = 3 dR,S dS,T dT,R dm = 3 1.4m 1.4m 2.8m = 1.76m

50 0.00126 s 1 1.76m + ln 0.00525m s km 4 1

Zero sequence impedance

Zero sequence impedance

for zero sequence:

Zero sequence impedance

Zero sequence impedance Example 1 overhead line Given data

Permeability Al: r = 1 Frequency: Soil resistivity: f = 50 Hz E = 100 m =0.00126 s/km

Magnetic constant: 0 = 4 10-4 H/km

Zero Sequence Impedance ??

Zero sequence impedance Example 1 overhead line Result

50 0.00126 s 1 930 3 X0 = + ln 2 4 s km 0.0079 5

Zero Sequence Impedance Example 2 Overhead line Given Data

Permeability Al: r = 1 Frequency: Soil resistivity: f = 50 Hz E = 100 m =0.00126 s/km

Magnetic constant: 0 = 4 10-4 H/km

Zero Sequence Impedance ??

Zero Sequence Impedance Example 2 Overhead line Result

Double circuit Zero sequence mutual impedance

Zero sequence mutual impedance

Influence of zero sequence mutual impedance

Self Capacitance; Line-Earth Capacitance CE Mutual Capacitance; Line-Line Capacitance CM

Positive Sequence Capacitance

1 [CRS + CST + CTR ] 3

Positive Sequence Capacitance

Zero Sequence Capacitance

1 [CRS + CST + CTR ] 3

for positive sequence:

Positive and Zero Sequence Capacitances of an Overhead Line

Positive Sequence Capacitance: