NAV.

AIDS SECTION

Navigational Aid
A navigational aid (also known as aid to navigation, ATON, or navaid) is any sort of marker which aids the traveler in navigation; the term is most commonly used to refer to nautical or aviation travel. Common types of such aids include lighthouses, buoys, fog signals, and day beacons. According to the glossary of terms in the United States Coast Guard Light list, an Aid to Navigation is any device external to a vessel or aircraft specifically intended to assist navigators in determining their position or safe course, or to warn them of dangers or obstructions to navigation.

Instrument Landing System

An instrument landing system (ILS) is a ground-based instrument approach system that provides precision guidance to an aircraft approaching and landing on a runway, using a combination of radio signals and, in many cases, highintensity lighting arrays to enable a safe landing during instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), such as low ceilings or reduced visibility due to fog, rain, or blowing snow. Instrument approach procedure charts (or approach plates) are published for each ILS approach, providing pilots with the needed information to fly an ILS approach during instrument flight rules (IFR) operations, including the radio frequencies used by the ILS components or navaids and the minimum visibility requirements prescribed for the specific approach.

Radio-navigation aids must keep a certain degree of accuracy (set by international standards of CAST/ICAO); to assure this is the case, flight inspection organizations periodically check critical parameters with properly equipped aircraft to calibrate and certify ILS precision.

Localizer
In aviation, a localizer (LOC) is one of the components of an Instrument Landing System (ILS), and it provides runway centerline guidance to aircraft. In some cases, a course projected by localizer is at an angle to the runway (usually due to obstructions around the airport). It is then called a Localizer Type Directional Aid (LDA). Localizers also exist in stand-alone instrument approach installations and are not always part of an ILS. The localizer is placed about 1,000 feet from the far end of the approached runway. Its useful volume extends to 18 NM for the path up to 10 degrees either side of the course. For an angle of 35 degrees either side of the course the useful volume of the localizer extends up to 10 NM. Horizontal guidance gets more accurate the closer you fly to the localizer station. Localizer approaches have their specific weather minimums found on approach plates.

GLIDE SLOPE
A glide slope (GS) or glide path (GP) antenna array is sited to one side of the runway touchdown zone. The GP signal is transmitted on a carrier frequency between 328.6 and 335.4 MHz using a technique similar to that of the localizer. The centerline of the glide slope signal is arranged to define a glide slope of approximately 3 above horizontal (ground level). The beam is 1.4 deep; 0.7 below the glideslope centerline and 0.7 above the glideslope centerline.

Terminal DME
A terminal DME, referred to as a TDME in navigational charts, is a DME that is designed to provide a 0 reading at the threshold point of the runway, regardless of the physical location of the equipment. It is typically associated with ILSor other instrument approach.

Marker beacon
A marker beacon is a particular type of VHF radio beacon used in aviation, usually in conjunction with an instrument landing system (ILS), to give pilots a means to determine position along an established route to a destination such as a runway. From the 1930s until the 1950s, markers were used extensively along airways to provide an indication of an aircraft's specific position along the route, but from the 1960s they have become increasingly limited to ILS approachinstallations. They are now very gradually being phased out of service,

especially in more developed parts of the world, as GPS and other technologies have made marker beacons increasingly obsolete.There are three types of marker beacons that may be installed as part of their most common application, an Instrument Landing System:

Outer marker
The Outer Marker, which normally identifies the final approach fix (FAF), is situated on the same course/track as the localizer and the runway centerline, 4 to 7 nautical miles[citation needed] before the runway threshold. It is typically located about 1 NM (2 km) inside the point where the glideslope intercepts the intermediate altitude and transmits a 400 Hz tone signal on a low-powered (3 watts), 75MHz carrier frequency. Its antenna is highly directional, and is pointed straight up. The valid signal area is a 2,400 ft (730 m) 4,200 ft (1,280 m) ellipse.When the aircraft passes over the outer marker antenna, its marker beacon receiver detects the signal. The system gives the pilot a visual (blinking blue outer marker light) and aural (continuous series of audio tone morse code-like 'dashes') indication. Some countries, such as Canada, have abandoned marker beacons completely, replacing the outer marker with a non-directional beacon (NDB), and more recently with GPS fixes. In the United States, the outer marker has often been combined with an NDB to make a Locator Outer Marker (LOM). Some ILS approaches have no navigation aid at all situated at the final approach fix, but use other means, such as VOR radial intersections, distance measuring equipment (DME), GPS, or radar fixes, to identify the position.

Middle marker
A middle marker works on the same principle as an outer marker. It is normally positioned 0.5 to 0.8 nautical miles (1 km) before the runway threshold. When the aircraft is above the middle marker, the receivers amber middle marker light starts blinking, and a repeating pattern of audible morse code-like dot-dashes at a frequency of 1,300 Hz in the headset. This alerts the pilot that the CAT Imissed approach point (typically 200 feet (60 m) above

the ground level on the glideslope) has been passed and should have already initiated the missed approach if one of several visual cues has not been spotted.

Inner marker
Similar to the outer and middle markers; located at the beginning (threshold) of the runway on some ILS approach systems (usually Category II and III) having decision heights of less than 200 feet (60 m) AGL. Triggers a flashing white light on the same marker beacon receiver used for the outer and middle markers; also a series of audio tone 'dots' at a frequency of 3,000 Hz in the headset.

Non-directional beacon
Fixes
NDBs have long been used by aircraft navigators, and previously mariners, to help obtain a fix of their geographic location on the surface of the Earth. Fixes are computed by extending lines through known navigational reference points until they intersect. For visual reference points, the angles of these lines can be determined by compass; the bearings of NDB radio signals are found using RDF equipment.

VHF omnidirectional range (VOR)

VOR, short for VHF omnidirectional radio range, is a type of short-range radio navigation system for aircraft, enabling aircraft to determine their position and stay on course by receiving radio signals transmitted by a network of fixed ground radio beacons, with a receiver unit. It uses radio frequencies in the very high frequency (VHF) band from 108 to 117.95 MHz. Developed in the US beginning in 1937 and deployed by 1946, VOR is the standard air navigational system in the world, used by both commercial and general aviation. There are about 3000 VOR stations around the world. A VOR ground station sends out a master signal, and a highly directional second signal that varies in phase 30 times a second compared to the master. This signal is timed so that the phase varies as the secondary

antenna spins, such that when the antenna is 90 degrees from north, the signal is 90 degrees out of phase of the master. By comparing the phase of the secondary signal to the master, the angle (bearing) to the station can be determined. This bearing is then displayed in the cockpit of the aircraft, and can be used to take a fix as in earlier radio direction finding (RDF) systems, although it is, in theory, easier to use and more accurate. This line of position is called the "radial" from the VOR. The intersection of two radials from different VOR stations on a chart provides the position of the aircraft. VOR stations are fairly short range, the signals have a range of about 200 miles.VOR stations broadcast a VHF radio composite signal including the station's identifier, voice (if equipped), and navigation signal. The identifier is typically a two- or three-letter string in Morse code. The voice signal, if used, is usually the station name, in-flight recorded advisories, or live flight service broadcasts. The navigation signal allows the airborne receiving equipment to determine a magnetic bearing from the station to the aircraft (direction from the VOR station in relation to the Earth's magnetic North at the time of installation). VOR stations in areas of magnetic

CVOR
The conventional signal encodes the station identifier, i(t), optional voice a(t), and navigation reference signal in, c(t), the isotropic(i.e. omnidirectional) component. The reference signal is encoded on an F3 subcarrier (color). The navigation variable signal is encoded by mechanically or electrically rotating a directional, g(A,t), antenna to produce A3 modulation (grayscale) Receivers (paired color and grayscale trace) in different directions from the station paint a different alignment of F3 and A3 demodulated signal.

DVOR
The doppler signal encodes the station identifier, i(t), optional voice, a(t), and navigation variable signal in, c(t), an isotropic (i.e. omnidirectional) component. The navigation variable signal is A3 modulated (grayscale). The navigation reference signal is delayed, t+, t-, by electrically revolving a pair of transmitters. The cyclic blue shift, and corresponding red shift, as a transmitter closes on and recedes from the receiver results in F3 modulation (color). The pairing of transmitters offset equally high and low of the isotropic carrier frequency produce the upper and lower sidebands. Closing and receding equally on opposite sides of the same circle around the isotropic transmitter produce F3 subcarrier modulation, g(A,t).

Distance measuring equipment(DME)

Distance measuring equipment (DME) is a transponder-based radio navigation technology that measures slant range distance by timing the propagation delay of VHF or UHF radio signals. Developed in Australia, it was invented by Edward George "Taffy" Bowen while employed as Chief of the Division of Radiophysics of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). Another engineered version of the system was deployed by Amalgamated Wireless Australasia Limited in the early 1950s operating in the 200 MHz VHF band. This Australian domestic version was referred to by the Federal Department of Civil Aviation as DME(D) (or DME Domestic), and the later international version adopted by ICAO as DME(I). DME is similar to secondary radar, except in reverse. The system was a post-war development of the IFF (identification friend or foe) systems of World War II. To maintain compatibility, DME is functionally identical to the distance measuring component of TACAN. Aircraft use DME to determine their distance from a land-based transponder by sending and receiving pulse pairs - two pulses of fixed duration and separation. The ground stations are typically co-located with VORs. A typical DME ground transponder system for en-route or terminal navigation will have a 1 kW peak pulse output on the assigned UHF channel. A low-power DME can also be co-located with an ILS glide slope antenna installation where it provides an accurate distance to touchdown function, similar to that otherwise provided by ILS Marker Beacons.

VHF/UHF SECTION

Very high frequency

Very high frequency (VHF) is the radio frequency range from 30 MHz to 300 MHz. Frequencies immediately below VHF are denoted high frequency (HF), and the next higher frequencies are known as ultra high frequency (UHF). The frequency allocation is done by ITU. These names referring to high-end frequency usage originate from mid-20th century, when regular radio service used MF, Medium Frequencies, better known as "AM" in USA, below the HF. Currently VHF is at the low-end of practical frequency usage, new systems tending to use frequencies in SHF and EHF above the UHF range. See Radio spectrum for full picture. Common uses for VHF are FM radio broadcast, television broadcast, land mobile stations (emergency, business, private use and military), long range data communication with radio modems, amateur radio, marine communications, air traffic control communications and air navigation systems (e.g. VOR, DME & ILS).

Ultra high frequency

Ultra-high frequency (UHF) designates the ITU radio frequency range of electromagnetic waves between 300 MHz and 3 GHz (3,000 MHz), also known as the decimetre band ordecimetre wave as the wavelengths range from one to ten decimetres (10 cm to 1 metre). Radio waves with frequencies above the UHF band fall into the SHF (super-high frequency) and EHF (extremely high frequency) bands, all of which fall into the microwave frequency range. Lower frequency signals fall into the VHF (very high frequency) or lower bands. SeeElectromagnetic spectrum and Radio spectrum for a full listing of frequency bands.

GENERAL ELECTONICS

General Electronics is basically all about general electronic systems which is used in CAA.These include various equipment which make communication possible from ground to air and voice versa.Some of the major equipments are as follows:

DVLS(Digital voice logging System):

It is used to store the communication between pilot and the controller ASC marathon , german based company It is a limux based machine It consists of two HDD and two DVD-ram drives Multimedia recording for traditional telephony and radio , VoIP ,trunk radio Analog inputs: 4-192 channels Digital Inputs: 4-120 channels VoIP:4-32 Channels (active) , 4-120 (passive) There are generally two units installed one is active and the other is on hot standby.

HISTORY OF VLS
The original voice logging system was a large analog taperecorder developed in 1950 by MAGNASYNC.In 1953 MAGNASYNC corp. sold 300 voice loggers to US airforce.In 1980 the first digital voice logging system were developed and shrank to the size of large pc.The original computerized system were designed and manufactured by EVENTIDE,Eyretel and dictathone.in 1996 mercom systems which was purchased by VERINT in July 2006 , introduced audio log the first window based voice logging system.

PA Systems
The public address systems(PA systems)is an electronic amplification system with microphones, pre amplifiers and signal routers which allow variation in sound levels, amplifiers to increase the sound level and intensity.Loud speakers are placed in convenient locations around the broadcasting area.The user speaks in the microphone and the sound is transmitted to the amplifier then cables and finally to the loudspeaker. General Electronics is basically all about general electronic systems which is used in CAA.These include various equipment which make communication possible from ground to air and voice versa.Some of the major equipments are as follows:

TELECOM SECTION

Telecommunication
Telecommunication is the transmission of information over significant distances to communicate. In earlier times, telecommunications involved the use of visual signals, such as beacons, smoke signals, semaphore telegraphs, signal flags, and optical heliographs, or audio messages such as coded drumbeats, lung-blown horns, and loud whistles. In modern times, telecommunications involves the use of electrical devices such as the telegraph, telephone, and teleprinter, as well as the use of radio and microwave communications, as well as fiber optics and their associated electronics, plus the use of the orbiting satellites and the Internet. A revolution in wireless telecommunications began in the 1900s (decade) with pioneering developments in wireless radio communications by Nikola Tesla and Guglielmo Marconi. Marconi won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1909 for

his efforts. Other highly notable pioneering inventors and developers in the field of electrical and electronic telecommunications include Charles Wheatstone and Samuel Morse (telegraph), Alexander Graham Bell (telephone), Edwin Armstrong, and Lee de Forest (radio), as well as John Logie Baird and Philo Farnsworth (television).

HIGH FREQUENCY(HF) SECTION

High frequency
The ionosphere often refracts HF radio waves quite well. This phenomenon is known as skywave propagation. Because of these characteristics this range is extensively used for medium and long range radio communication. However, suitability of this portion of the spectrum for such communication varies greatly with a complex combination of factors Sunlight/darkness at site of transmission and reception Transmitter/receiver proximity to terminator Season Sunspot cycle Solar activity Polar aurora

These and other factors contribute, at each point in time for a given communication path, to a Maximum usable frequency (MUF) Lowest usable high frequency (LUF) and a Frequency of optimum transmission (FOT)

The maximum usable frequency regularly drops below 10 MHz in darkness during the winter months, while in summer during daylight it can easily surpass 30 MHz. It depends on the angle of incidence of the waves; it is lowest when the waves are directed straight upwards, and is higher with less acute angles. This means that at longer distances, where the waves graze the ionosphere at a very blunt angle, the MUF may be much higher. The lowest usable frequency depends on the absorption in the lower layer of the ionosphere (the D-layer). This absorption is

stronger at low frequencies and is also stronger with increased solar activity (for example in daylight); total absorption often occurs at frequencies below 5 MHz during daytime. The result of these two factors is that the usable spectrum shifts towards the lower frequencies and into the Medium Frequency (MF) range during winter nights, while on a day in full summer the higher frequencies tend to be more usable, often into the lower VHF range.

HF BAND CHART
CHANNELS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. BAND A 3997.0 5132.0 7738.0 8090.0 10565.0 11580.0 --------------------------------BAND B 2514.0 3825.0 6840.0 3297.5 5252.5 8172.5 6903.0 ------------------------BAND C 2815.0 5027.5 7425.0 2727.5 3960.0 8567.0 3181.0 5022.0 7415.0 --------BAND D 2923.0 2601.0 ----------------------------------------------------------------HF/RI intl. 2923.0 3467.0 5601.0 5658.0 10018.0 13288.0 ---------------------------------

RADAR CENTRAL WORKSHOP

Radar
Radar is an object-detection system which uses radio waves to determine the range, altitude, direction, or speed of objects. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles,motor vehicles, weather formations, and

terrain. The radar dish or antenna transmits pulses of radio waves or microwaves which bounce off any object in their path. The object returns a tiny part of the wave's energy to a dish or antenna which is usually located at the same site as the transmitter. Radar was secretly developed by several nations before and during World War II. The term RADAR was coined in 1941 by the United States Navy as an acronym for RAdio Detection AndRanging.[1][2] The term radar has since entered English and other languages as the common noun radar, losing all capitalization. The modern uses of radar are highly diverse, including air traffic control, radar astronomy, air-defense systems, antimissile systems; marine radars to locate landmarks and other ships; aircraft anticollision systems; ocean surveillance systems, outer space surveillance and rendezvous systems; meteorological precipitation monitoring; altimetry and flight control systems; guided missile target locating systems; and ground-penetrating radar for geological observations. High tech radar systems are associated with digital signal processing and are capable of extracting objects from very high noise levels.

Primary Surveillance Radar (PSR)

The first ATC radars used in Australia were WAR times air defense units which were used experimentally. These radars were of type that later became known as PRIMARY RADARS. That is,they worked on the well known battle of Britain principle in which radar transmitter sends out a pulse of radio energy of which a very small portion is reflected from the surface of the target back to the radar receiver. The azimuth orientation of the radar antenna provides the bearing of the aircraft from the ground station and the time taken for the pulse to reach the target and return provides a major of the distance of the target from the ground station. The bearing and the distance of the target can then be converted into a ground position for display to ATC.Target elevation is not normally measured by ATC PSRs.The advantage of PSR is that it operates totally independently of target aircraft that is no action from the aircraft is required for it to provide a radar return.

Secondary surveillance radar

Secondary surveillance radar (SSR) is a radar system used in air traffic control (ATC), that not only detects and measures the position of aircraft i.e. range and bearing, but also requests additional information from the aircraft itself such as its identity and altitude. Unlike primary radar systems that measure only the range and bearing of targets by detecting reflected radio signals, SSR relies on targets equipped with a radar transponder, that replies to each interrogation signal by transmitting a response containing encoded data. SSR is based on the military identification friend or foe (IFF) technology originally developed during World War II, therefore the two systems are still compatible. Monopulse secondary surveillance radar (MSSR), Mode S, TCAS and ADS-B are similar modern methods of secondary surveillance.

30+ TEST EQUIPMENTS

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. AFIT Tracker Micro system trouble shooter Frequency counter Power meter Synthesizer VHF switch Relay actuator System power supplier

10. Combinational system S-645 11. Curved tracer 12. EPROM programmer uniside 13. Text bench of RICS-TXm-4200 14. ABI linear master compact 15. ABI chip master compact 16. Component analyzer 17. Relative humidity & temp. tester 18. ROBIN microwave leakage tester 19. BK precision cap. Meter 20. BK precision inductance meter 21. Fluke scope meter 22. Fluke multimeter 23. Tool kit xcellite 24. Soldering station 25. Huntron protrack-I 26. DATAMAN universal EPROM programmer 27. Disordering station 28. HUNTON scanner 29. Digital oscilloscope 30. Battery capacity tester 31. TRISCO-Digital battery load tester 32. Spectrum analyzer 33. ERSA infrared rework station 34. ERSA solder/fumes extractors.