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REA BULLETIN 160- 3

OCTOBER 1969
SERVICE TO
INDUCTION
MOTORS
U. S.
DEPARTMENT
OF
AGRICULTURE
RURAL
ELECTRIFICATION
ADMINSTRATION
ENGINEERING AND
OPERATIONS MANUAL
Downloaded from WWW.COLDROCKS.COM
FOREWORD
Section I of the Engineering and Operations
was issued in January 1968. It covered the
mentals of electrical distribution design.
issued in July 1969 covered mechanical line
Manual
funda-
Section II
design.
This is Section III of the manual covering electric
service to induction motors.
SERVICE TO INDUCTION MOTORS
CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION
II. VOLTAGE DURING RUNNING CONDITIONS
A. EFFECT OF SUPPLY VOLTAGE ON MOTOR PERFORMANCE
B. VOLTAGE DROP CALCULATIONS
l. Single-Phase Motors
2. Three-Phase Motors
C. VOLTAGE UNBAIANCE (THREE-PHASE SERVICE)
III. VOLTAGE DIP DURING STARTING
A MAGNITUDE OF PERMISSIBLE VOLTAGE DIP
B. EFFECT OF IARGE VOLTAGE DIPS
1. Lighting and Television
2. other Motors
3. Starting Torque
C. RllMEDIAL MEASURES WHEN PRIMARY VOLTAGE DIP IS EXCESSIVE
l. Wound-Botor Motor
2. Series Capacitors
3 . Switched Shunt Capacitors
D. RJll.!EDIAL MEASURES WHEN MOTOR STARTING VOLTAGE IS TOO lJ)W
IV. MOTOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION
A MOTOR STARTERS
B. SHORT CIRCUIT AND GROUND FAULT PROTECTION
u
C. RUNNING OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
1. Type of Control Usually Applied
2. Number of Overcurrent Units Required
3. Limitations of Heat Coils
V. APPENDICES
I. Voltase Dip Estimating Charts for 230-Volt,
Single-Phase Motors
II. Voltage Dip Calculating Form for 230-Volt,
Single-Phase Motors
III. Voltage Dip Estimating Charts for 230-Volt,
Three-Phase Squirrel Cage Motor on Three-Phase Bank
IV. Voltage Dip Calculating Form for Three-Phase
Squirrel Cage Motors
V. Voltage Dip Estimating Charts--Three-Phase
Squirrel Cage Motor on V-Phase Bank
VI. Miscellaneous Estimating Information
VI. BIBLIOORAPHY
SERVICE TO INDUCTION MOTORS
I. INTROD1)'CTION
Service to motors larger than three horsepower requires careful
study to assure that a satisfactory installation will result.
Motors are relativelY sensitive to voltage and may overheat if
the supplY voltage is too high or too low, or, in the case of
three-phase motors, if the phase voltages are unbalanced. It is
important, therefore, that the supplY voltage be kept within a
range thet will permit the motor running voltage to be as close
to nameplate rating as feasible.
Deficiencies in the consumer's installation also may cause the
motor to overheat. The installation, therefore, should be checked
for adequate Wiring, ventilation and motor protection.
Proposed motor installations must be appraised for any possible
adverse effect on other consumers. The starting of a motor causes
a voltage dip which may cause light flicker, TV picture distortion
or, in an extreme case, may cause other motors to drop off the
line.
It is also possible that the voltage dip on starting may be so
great that the motor will not start, or if it does start, that
it will not come up to speed.
These considerations make it very important that the probable
voltages during running and starting conditions be determined
prior to the installation of service facilities. This publication
discusses service to motors primarilY from this point of view. It
also includes material on motor control and provides methods for
calculating voltage and voltage dip during starting and running
conditions.
II. VODrAGE DURING RUNNING CONDITIONS
A EFFECT OF SUPPLY VODrAGE ON MOTOR PERFORMANCE
Under running conditions, voltage at motor terminals should
be as close to nameplste rating as possible. While induction
motors may operate successfully under most conditions with an
applied voltage that varies plus or minus ten percent from
the rated voltage, performance will not be in accordance with
standards for operation at rated voltage.
Either low voltage or high voltage can cause some increase in
temperature of the motor. This, together with other condi-
tions that may exist, such as poor ventilation or unbalanced
voltage, could cause a motor to overheat even though any one
of the conditions alone could be tolerated.
B. VOLTAGE DROP CAICULATIONS
Prior to installing supply facJ.l1ties, it should be deter-
mined that adequate terminal voltage will exist under running
conditions. In estimating voltage drop to determine terminal
voltage, it is important that full load motor current be used.
The horsepower rating may not be a true indication of full
load current especially for single-phase motors used with
farm eqUipment.
Voltage drop through consumer-owned wiring should be checked II-
inasmuch as the limits allowed by the National Electrical
Code for VOltage drop in feeders and branch circuits may be
excessive from a service voltage viewpoint.
For determination of primary voltage, maximum and minimum
voltage can usually be obtained from engineering reports or
voltage surveys. Approximate voltage drop in transformers
and services can be determined from the equation:
v = I (R cos e + x sin e)
Where V = voltage drop 1 ~ volts
I = full load current of
motor in amperes
R and X = resistance and reactance,
respectively, of transformer
or service conductors in ohms
e = full load power factor angle of
motor current
2
In the absence o more speciic inormation, a ull load
po;{er actor o 80 to 90 percent may be assumed or typical
squirrel cage motors. 1, or an example, 90 percent is
assumed, the equation becomes:
v = I(O.9R + 0.435 x}
1. Single-Phase Motors. For single-phase 230-volt motors,
the impedance (resistance and reactance) o transormers
and services on a l20-volt base can be obtained by use
o Equations 3 and 4 o the Calculating Form o Appendix
II. The current on the 120-volt base will be 230/120 or
about 1.9 times the rated Ull load current. The voltage
drop on a 120-volt base is approximately
v = 1.9 I rated LO.9R + 0 . 4 3 5 ~ where
R and X are on a 120-volt base.
2. Three-Phase Motors. For three-phase motors on three-phase
banks, the impedance (resistance and reactance) on a 120-
volt phase to neutral base or transormers and services
is given by Equations 3 and 4 o the Calculating Form or
Appendix IV. The current on the same base will equal
(I rated) (V rated) where V rated is the rated line to
208
line voltage o the motor. Voltage drop on a 120-volt
phase to neutral base is approximately
V = (I rated) (V rated) (O.9R + 0.435X)
208
C. VOLTAGE UNBAIANCE (THREE-PHASE SERVICE)
A small percent unbalance in three-phase supply voltage
causes a considerable increase in induction motor heating.
The heating increases rapidly with unbalance and motor damage
can occur i unbalance is high enough or i it is coupled with
low or high voltage, motor overload, poor ventilation, high
ambient temperature or some combination o these conditions.
A small amount o line voltage unbalance is unavoidable; how-
ever, this can be minimized with properly adjusted single-
phase regulators on all three phases. Where there is exces-
sive unbalance, low voltage, high ambient temperature, or
poor ventilation, it may be necessary to derate motors.
Since V-phase transformer banks and wye-delta banks supplying
both single-phase and three-phase load inherently cause some
unbalance, three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors supplied
by these banks should generally be derated 10 to 20 percent.
3
III. VOLTAGE DIP DURING STARTING
Since squirrel-cage induction motors normally draw five to six
times rated current when started across the line, an appreciable
voltage dip may be expected depending on motor size and location
on the line. Primary line voltage dip is particularly important
since it affects many consumers.
Appendices I and III provide charts that show the voltage dip
caused by starting current flowing through each system component.
Examples are given to illustrate the use of these charts.
Where the results obtained by using the charts show the voltage
dip to be marginal in acceptability or for motors with starting
currents greater than shown on the charts, the voltage dip should
be calculated using the best data available. Appendices II and
IV give the equations needed to calculate voltage dip in a con-
venient Calculating Form and a sample problem to illustrate the
use of the Forms.
Note that the Voltage Dip Charts and the Calculating Forms iden-
tify motors in terms of starting current rather than horsepower.
While there is a specific relationship between starting current
and horsepower for NEMA standard motors, there are many nonstand-
ard motors used for which there is no definite relationship.
Starting current may be obtained from the motor nameplate code
letter (see Appendix VI) or from the manufacturer. In the
absence of any better information, the starting current may be
assumed to be six times the full load running current.
4
A MAGNITUDE OF PERMISSIBLE VOLTAGE DIP
Curves such as the one shown below have been developed relat-
ing consumer annoyance to magnitude and frequency of voltage
dip.
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THRESHOLD
OF OBJECTION

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FLICKER LIMITS FOR INSTALLATIONS
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SERVII\G FEW CUSTOMERS
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LIMITS FOR INSTALLATIONS L_
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. SERVING MANY CUSTOMERS

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. REvtEO THRrHOLDI OF
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48121 Z 5102030 510 2030 2 51020301
I--PER DAy'-.;,+I----PER HDUR-----+----PER MIN----fo---PER
While this information is useful as a guide, it should not be
applied indiscriminately since it does not provide for the
connection of future motor loads, and it does not relate fre-
quency of starts to time of day. Based on data of this type,
it would be desirable to limit the voltage dip of motors to
about three percent on the primary line. However, the diffi-
culty with a fixed limii for voltage dip is that it permits
consumers located nearer the source to connect larger motors
than would be permitted for consumers located further from
the source. For this reason it is recommended that a maximum
starting current limit be set that would apply without penalty
to all consumers regardless of location. This would mean that
the voltage dip would increase with distance away from the
SUbstation. This is generally acceptable since the larger dip
is seen by few consumers. However, even near the end of a
line about six percent primary voltage dip should be
considered as the absolute maximum. The starting current
5
5
4
,
0
,
limit would depend on the characteristics of the system,
considering the legitimate needs of the motor using consumers
and the rights of other consumers to receive quality service.
An ASAE-IEEE joint working group has recommended that a mini-
mum starting current of 260 amperes at 230 volts be permitted
for single-phase motors anywhere on the system. This is
equivalent to a NEMA 10 horsepcwer motor started across-the-line.
B. EFFECT OF LARGE VOIil!AGE DIPS
It is probable that exceptions to the permissible starting
current limitation will have to be made on occasion. For
these larger motors, a more detailed study of the effects of
the voltage dip is required together with pcssible ways of
reducing its magnitude in the .event that it is not tolerable.
1. Lighting and Television. A severe limitation on voltage
dip is impcsed by the requirements of loads such as
lighting and television. The magnitude of dip or flicker
which will not cause irritation is dependent on its fre-
quency of occurrence. A reasonable limit for infrequent
dips affecting few consumers is approximately six percent
--or 7.2 volts on a 120-volt base.
2. Other Motors. If the voltage dip is too large, motor
starting contactors or undervoltage relays used in con-
trol of other motors may drop out. At least a 20 percent
dip (on the primary line) is usually required before this
difficulty arises, however.
3. starting Torque. Occasionally the voltage dip may be so
large that the motor causing the dip will not start or
if it does start, it will not come up to speed. Starting
torque requirements vary widely, depending on the driven
equipment. For instance, a reciprocating pump requires
much more starting torque than a rotary pump. The avail-
able motor torque must be well above that required by the
load at all points up to full speed.
The torque developed by an induction motor at any speed
is approximately proportional to the square of the volt-
age. A motor with 90 percent of its rated voltage, for
example, will have 81 percent of its rated torque. Exces-
sive voltage dip will therefore greatly reduce the motor
torque available during starting and acceleration. Even
if the motor comes up to full speed, it may overheat if
the acceleration time is too long or if it does not have
enough time between starts to sufficiently cool .
6
Where both the motor and driven equipment are supplied
by the same source, the minimum terminal voltage required
to start the motor under load may be obtained from the
manufacturer. The magnitude of motor terminal voltage
on starting can then be calculated using the methods of
Appendices II and IV.
C. ruMEDIAL MEASURES WHEN PRIMARY VOLTAGE DIP IS EXCESSIVE
Voltage dip calculations prior to the installation of service
facilities and the purchase of the motor will allow the most
economical remedial measures.
Reduced voltage starters add significantly to the cost of the
motor installation and frequently are ineffective in prevent-
ing objectional flicker.
Where the motor has not been purchased, the consumer may be
required to use a motor that draws a lower starting current
or to use two or more smaller motors to drive the load.
Typical motors available with lower starting current include
soft start motors or two step part-winding motors. It must
be determined, however, that the motor will provide sufficient
starting torque for the load. From this aspect a wound-rotor
induction motor deserves consideration. Other possible meas-
ures for reducing the magnitude of primary dip involves system
improvements or the use of either shunt or series capacitor s.
Note: Line voltage regulators do not respond rapidly enough
to be effective in preventing voltage dip due to motor
starting current.
1. Wound-Rotor Motor. A wound-rotor motor in lieu of a
squirrel-cage induction motor is particularly advanta-
geous where frequent starting is required since such
motors provide relatively high starting torque with
low starting current without excessive temperature rise.
Starting current of the wound-rotor motor with control
can usually be limited to 200 percent of rated full
load current. Because a wound-rotor motor and its
control is more expensive than a squirrel-cage induc-
tion motor, it will seldom be used if the consumer
makes the decision.
2. Series Capacitors. Series capacitors may be used to
reduce the effect of motor starting current on those
7
.,-------------------------
consumers located on the line beyond the capacitor
relative to the source. Consumers that are on the
same line and located closer to the source will
experience no improvement in voltage dip.
Motor current flowing through the series capacitor
causes a voltage rise which is a function of line
current and power factor. The series capacitor acts,
therefore, as an instantaneous voltage regulator and
is most effective when applied on a line serving
pulsating loads such as rock crushers or saw mills.
(Note: Such loads are, however, more effectively
controlled by requiring the consumer to balsnce the
motor mechanically.)
Series capacitors must be specifically engineered and
after they are installed, the engineer must be certain
that changes in load current or fault current do not
endanger the installation. Where series capacitors
are used, prediction of circuit performance during
transient conditions, such as motor starting and switch-
ing, is difficult. Problems which may be encountered
include self-excitation of motors during starting and
ferroresonsnce in transformers.
3. Switched Shunt Capacitors. Shunt capacitors connected
to the line during the time that the motor is started
may be used to reduce the magnitude of voltage dip.
The capacitor current cancels all or a part of the
reactive component of the motor starting current with
the result that the line current and hence the voltage
dip will be reduced. This method requires the use of a
rather large amount of capaCitors (approximately three
to six times the motor kW rating) and is most effective
when the reactance component is the predominant part of
the line conductor impedance.
D. RamDIAL MEASURES WHEN THE MOTOR f:tl'ARTING VOLTAGE IS TOO LOW
A study of the Voltage Dip Estimating Charts shows that a
large part of the voltage dip is due to the service trans-
former impedance and the service conductor impedance. An
increase in the capacity of the transformers or service
conductors (and interior wiring) or a reduction in the
length of the service conductors will increase the motor
terminal voltage on starting. other possible corrective
measures include the use of either shunt or series
capacitors as discussed in the preceding paragraphs.
8
IV MarOR COl'lTROL AND PR<Y.m:TION
In general induction motor controls provide motor short-circuit
and ground fault protection, motor-running overcurrent protection,
and a means for starting and stopping the motor.
A. MOTOR STARTERS
Motor controllers or starters may provide for either full
voltage (across the line) or reduced voltage starting.
Across the line starting is generally employed unless the
inrush current would cause objectionable voltage dip.
Running overcurrent protection is generally incorporated
into the starter. Combination starters which include both
running overcurrent protection and short-circuit protection
may also be obtained. The starter may be either manual or
magnetic. Some manual starters do not disconnect the motor
from the line on low voltage or loss of voltage. Magnetic
starters, however, are responsive to low voltage and the
contactors usually drop at 50 to 70 percent of rated voltage
unless time delay hold-in is employed. If undervoltage pro-
tection ~ s used, the dropout point is likely to be set to
approximately 80 percent.
Depending on the control scheme used with the contactors, the
motor may either restart automatically on restoration of volt-
age, or it may be restarted only by operation of the start
button. Automatic restart is generally not advisable since it
is hazardous in many situations, and with large motors it may
cause difficulty with cold load pickup. Article 430-43 of the
NEe contains Code requirements for automatic restarting.
Because a-c contactors with a-c coils drop open on loss of
voltage or extreme low voltage, motors may sometimes drop
off the line due to undervoltage during system disturbances.
Although this may be a nuisance, it will permit a controlled
reapplication of load on the system.
For critical loads, time delay hold-in may be employed. This
holds the motor on the line for a selected time period (usu-
ally about two seconds). Motors that remain on the line dur-
ing recloser operations may draw an excessively large inrush
current upon re-energization, which is undesirable from the
9
power supplier's viewpoint. In addition, the possibility of
motor damage may exist and protection against out-of-phase
re-energization is sometimes applied particularly on motors
larger than 200 horsepower.
B. SHORT CIRCUIT AND GROUND FAULT PROTECTrON
Short circuit and ground fault protection is intended to
protect the motor branch circuit conductors, motor control
apparatus and motors against overcurrent due to faults.
Either fuses or circuit breakers may be used for this pur-
pose; however, such devices cannot protect against all types
of faults. The device must be capable of interrupting the
maximum available fault current and be as sensitive as pos-
sible to low values of fault current. Also, its speed of
operation should be such that it opens the circuit before
serious damage can occur.
C. RUNNING OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
Motor running overcurrent protection is intended to protect
motor control apparatus and motors from damage due to motor
overload or failure to start. This protection may be ob-
tained by means of overcurrent devices responsive to exces-
sive current or thermal protectors integral with the .motor.
Motor branch circuit overcurrent protection may be obtained
from the same device that furnishes running overcurrent pro-
tection if the rating or setting of the device provides the '
protection specified in Section 430-32 of the NEe. In all
cases the sensors must cause i nterruption of current to the
motor on excessive overload.
1. Type of Control Usually Applied. Probably the most fre-
quently used starters for single-phase motors are lever-
operated, dual element fused switches. These devices
may not offer adequate protection for motors used for
.many farm applications. S110 unloader motors, for ex-
ample, are quite susceptible to damage since they may
operate overloaded and under very adverse conditions.
For motors 5 horsepower and larger, and especially in
applications where damage has been con-
sumers should be encouraged to use magnetic motor
controllers with an undervoltage release.
The degree of protection justified for three-phase motors
is related to motor size and application. On rural
10
systems, protection f or three-phase motors is often
provided by a motor starter cons i sting of magnet ic
contactors with heat coils which approximately sense
mot or temperature as a function of motor current.
It i s i mportant that the heat coils be carefully
selected s o that they are properly coordinated with
the motor characteristics . Improperly applied coil s
may either prevent us ing the full horsepower of a
motor, or they may allow it to operate overloaded
resulting in motor damage.
2. Number of Overcurrent Units Required. The National
Electrical Code requires that running overcurrent
protection for unattended three-phase motors be in-
stalled in all three phases. However, motor controllers
are normally furnished with only two thermal protection
units and provisions for the third one. These two units
provide protection against a stalled condition or an
overload condition; however, unless the third unit is
also installed, the motor is likely to be damaged by
overheating if one phase of the primary line is opened .
3. Limitations of Heat Coils . Heat coils cannot protect
motors from overheating due to inadequate ventilation
or excessive voltage unbalance with all phases energized.
Motors which may be subject to unbalanced voltage in-
clude those on open delta transformer banks, those on
three-phase banks supplying both single-phase and three-
phase load and those supplied through phase converters.
For motors operating near rated load, protection Trom
overheating may be obtained with control schemes utiliz-
ing temperature sensing elements built into the motor
or embedded within the motor windings . The range of
heating rate for which protection can be obtained is
dependent on the characteristics of the temperature-
sensing element used. Some devices, for example, have
such large mass or such poor motor winding contact that
they do not act fast enough to prevent damage on rapidly
rising temperature conditions such as a stalled rotor .
11
APPENDIX I
Voltage Dip Estimating Charts for
230-Volt Single-Phase Motors
These charts provide the approximate voltage dip resulting from
across-the-line starting of single-phase, 230-volt motors. They
are based on average values of transformer impedance and a motor
starting current power factor of 60 percent. Results are given
in volts on a 120-volt base.
Where the voltage dip obtained by the use of these charts is con-
sidered marginal in acceptability, greater accuracy may be
obtained by the use of actual transformer and motor data and the
method of Appendix II .
Voltage Dip Estimating Charts for
230-Volt Single-Phase Motors
SUBSTATION TRANSFORMER VOLTAGE DIP VS. STARTING CURRENT
...
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0
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1.4
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100
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V
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--
-
200 300
V
500
V
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V
1250
V
V
~
I-- 25ll..
500
RATED STARTING CURRENT
400
(AMPS I
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Chart I-A. Voltage Dip Due to Substation Transformers
7.2 KV. PRIMARY VOLTAGE DIP VS. STARTING CURRENT
1.0
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400 500
RATED STARTING CURRENT (AMPS)
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Chart I-B. Voltage Dip Due to Primary Line Conductors
14
Voltage Dip Estimating Charts for
230-Volt Single-Phase Motors
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER VOLTAGE DIP VS. STARTING CURRENT
12
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10
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50
200 300 400 500
RATEO STARTING CURRENT (AMPS)
Chart I-C. Voltage Dip Due to Load Transfonners
TRIPLEX SECONDARY VOLTAGE DIP VS. STARTING CURRENT
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III
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6 .04
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RATED STARTING CURRENT (AMPS)
Chart I-D. Voltage Dip Due to Service Conductors
15
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Procedure for Using Charts:
1. Determine starting current at 230 volts.
o Use NEMA Code Letter from motor nameplate
and equations of Appendix VI-A.
o Where nameplate data is not available,
assume starting current is five to six
times full load current, except that
for certain nonstandard motors it may
be necessary to obtain information from
motor manufacturer.
2. Using starting current at 230-volts, enter charts and
read voltage dip for each of the following:
a. Substation
b. Primary line
c. wad transformer
d. Service
3. Determine percent voltage dip from the following:
% dip = (100) (Voltage dii20n 120-volt base)
4. Add voltage dip of substation and primary line. This is
the maximum voltage dip seen by other consumers on the
same phase.
5. Add voltage dip of all system components. This is the
voltage dip at the motor terminals.
6. To evaluate acceptability of dip or need for corrective
measures, refer to the. text.
7. Where voltage dip is marginal, obtain more exact data,
if possible, and use calculating method of Appendix II.
Example: Determine voltage dip caused by across-the-line
starting of a NEMA standard, single-phase,
10 hp, 230-volt motor located 17 miles from
the substation.
16
Known data:
Substation size - 3750 kVA or 1250 kVA/phase
Primary line - 17 miles of #2 ACSR
load transformer - 15 kVA
Service run - #1 Al. triplex, 100 feet long
Starting current - 260 amperes
Solution: Enter all charts at 260 amperes starting current.
Chart I-A Substation - Proceed vertically to
1250 kVA!phase line, then left horizontally.
Read 0.3 volt dip.
Chart I-B Primary Line - Proceed vertically to
1f2 ACSR line, then left horizontally. Read
0.27 volts per mile. Multiply by 17 miles to
obtain 4.7 volts dip.
Chart I-C load Transformer - Proceed vertically
to 15 kVA line, then left horizontally. Read
7.3 volts dip.
Chart I-D Service - Proceed vertically to #1
aluminum triplex line, then left horizontally.
Read .035 volt per foot. Multiply .035 by 100
to obtain 3.5 volts dip. (Note that we used
the one w distance from the transformer to
the motor.
Voltage dip seen by other consumers at or beyond the
motor location is 0.3 + 4.7 = 5 volts on 120-volt base.
Percent primary dip = (5)(100)/120 = 4.2 percent.
Voltage dip at motor terminals = 5 + 7.3 + 3.5 = 15.8
volts on l2O-vo1t base.
Percent dip = (100)(15.8)/120 = 13.2 percent.
17
I 2 3 4 5 6 7
Schematic Impedonce Applicable Z Equation Co lc ulat ed Z, (R + j X) Approx i mate Cumulative Affected
Di ooram Diagram 120 v. bose. sinQle - phase 1 VoltoQe dip Voltage dip Consumers
230 v. motor Is (R co. B+x sln8)
vJvv D (I) ~
ZSub
Z sub' % Z, . 144 ,(.2+j .98)
VI (VI)
Iv "f\ ~
KVA/ Pho.e
( % Z and KVA trom nameplate)
(2) 7. 2 KV L-G primary V2 (VI)+(V2) A II on some
c
ZLine =.000278 '" ZL II: Miles
phase
0
ZL .- ..
- c
~ .-
14.4 KV L- G primary
~ . . . J
~
ZLine' 0000695, ZL,Mile.
-
~
0
(ZL from Appendix lZI)
(3)
Z _ % Z , . 144
~
V3 (V n+ (V2 )+(V3) All on some
\ A A ~ . ; T -
KVA
distribution
, ~ v ~ : . ~ ~ ZT
(0/0 Z and KVA from nameplate; transfo r mer
v .. t-
V>
8
T
from MfO. or AppendiJt JZI)
..
(4) (2)Z
V4 (VI) + (V2)+ A l lonsome
u ZService:: --)I, Lt"Qth(ft.}x . 25
>
Zs
1000
(V3)+ (V4) service
..
(Z from Appendl. :lll )
V>
(5) E rate d 0. 25 &
V5 125 - [(VI )+
ZM' 8
5tortino I
(V2) + (V3)+
-or-
(V4)]
_ E2 rated. 0.2"5 ~
ZM -
MOTOR
ZM
Storting VA
-or-
(Storti no 1 or VA and 8M from
ZM
motor Mfa. , or approximate ,125
value from Appendix JZI)
ZTotol
Is ' 125/Z Total
Exhibit II-A, Voltage Dip Calculating Form For 230 Volt Single Phase Motors
~
1
APPENDIX II
Voltage Dip Calculating Form for
230-Volt Single-Phase Motors
This form provides a procedure for calculating voltage dip result-
ing from across-the-line starting of 230-volt
induction motors. Since the effect of other system loads is not
considered in this method, the voltage dip values obtained will
be somewhat higher than will actually exist. From this viewpoint
the results are conservative.
However, in using this method to determine whether the voltage at
the motor terminals is sufficient to start the motor and bring it
up to speed, the voltage drop on the primary line due to other
loads must be taken into account. It is considered sufficiently
accurate to calculate the voltage drop at the point of motor loca-
tion due to these other loads by the method of REA Bulletin 45-1
and subtract this voltage drop arithmetically from the motor term-
inal voltage obtained by the use of this voltage dip calculating
form.
This method requires that the user have actual nameplate data for
substation transformer, load transformer and motor, and be
proficient in the use of complex algebra.
19
Procedure for Using Form:
L Obtain the following data:
a. Substation transformer kVA/Phase.
b. Percent impedance of substation transformers.
c. Line impedance in ohms per mile (see
Appendix VI-B).
d. Percent impedance of Load transformer.
e. Service conductor impedance--ohms/1000 feet
(see Appendix VI-E).
f. Nameplate voltage of motor.
g. Motor starting current at rated voltage.
2. Using the above data and the equations of Column 3 of the
Voltage Dip Calculating Form, calculate the impedance on
a 120-volt base for each system component and insert
result in Column 4.
3. Add all impedances in Column 4 to obtain Z total.
4. Calculate starting current on a 120-volt base:
125
Is = z total
5. Determine power factor (cos ~ ) and reactive factor
(sin -G) of starting current Is'
6. Calculate voltage dip due to starting current, Is,
attributable to each component of system impedance:
Voltage Dip = Is (R cos'" + X sin ~ ) where
R and X are obtained from Column 3.
Insert these values in Column 5.
7. Determine cumulative voltage dip as indicated in
Column 6.
8. Evaluate effect of voltage dip in accordance with
discussion in text.
20

Sample Problem
Determine the maximum voltage dip caused by across-the-line
starting of a 10 hp, 230-volt, single-phase motor located
12 miles from the source.
Known Data
Regulated bus voltage at substation = 125 volts on 120-volt
base.
Substation; 1500 kVA, 3-phase, Zt; = 7.5'/>, Rt = 0.2Zt;, Xt= 0.98zt
Primary line; 12 miles of No.2 ACSR at 7. 2 kV
Transformer; 15 kVA, 7.2 kV to 120/240 volts, 1. 7'/> Z, ~ = 40
0
Secondary; 125 feet of 1/0 aluminum triplex
Single-phase NEMA standard induction motor, 10 hp., 230-volt,
starting current - 260 amperes, locked rotor power factor = 0.6
Solution
Us ing the equations of Column 3, the impedance, Z, for each
system component is calculated on a 120-volt base.
Substation Impedance Zs = Z x .144 (0.2 + j .98)
kVA phase
Using above data Zs = 7.5 x .144 (0. 2 + j .98) =
500 .000431 + j .00212 ohms
Other impedances are then calculated as shown below using data
from Appendix VI and inserted in ColUllll1 4 as shown in
Exhibit II-B .
21
Zl =
(.000278)(1.64 + j 1.47)(12)
zt
= l\1.7)(.144)(.766 +
Zs =
l\2)(.1644 +
Zm
=
l\230)(.25)(.6 +
,

,

Su .... tle ''''podUe< "',pll ... ,. I ( ..... 1'." t, 'I!
01." 01., ", ItO . .. ..... , .... . ,u ,
1]0 . "1'
vJ.v " '"
'h.
l .. ... ) 000+'31+ i. OO;ZIZ
M(V':
Kva / Ph ...
lor. Z u. M"'. I ....... _,101,1
"
1.2 lilY L;'
pr l""'J
DO$'1' OO+,'I ILl., <.000278 ZL' Mil ..
'.
"

'0 . 1('1
L-' pr'''''''


ZLlftO' . OOOCMI" z... ,111110'
(IL 1_ .". .. '1.
."
"

17/05

T KVA
"
I'. Z ... KV" fr_ .0_'''"
" , .... aft, ............. 11. lZI I

!
t41 S
1 .... , i.."""I\ .
.1I/028..}.00/62. .

"
"
: IZ hI. .. , .. UI. JEll
'"
, d O.IS:&"
./3za.-.i.177
' ..
Slo,tlo, I
-.,-
S
tM ' [t .. '01 O.ZI
MOTOit
'.
".'Uft, V ..
<
ts.,,, , 1 V .. u4 _III I ",
, 1111 , ........
..... I.e ... ",.4 1Ill"
IS"tl/ZT.".
Exhibit II-B
Z total = .1615 + j.1916
= .254 /50.6
0
Cos 50.6
0
= .635
Sin 50.6
0
= .773
I start. (
12
5)/z Total
I start = 125 = 494 on 120-volt base
.254
22
,
""real __
Vol .... tI,
1,llIe"
..
"
.,
"
"

,
C.",., I ..
""KI.,
V.I ,.

C .. _o ..
(VII
Iv14IV2) AM .........
'"H'

." ... '_1
.".,IMII ..
, ..... ,._-
VII_ [VU+ .III u
('0"1+1\1"
""'"
1211-[IYlI.
(v2,.IV5)+
"''',]
-.. -
' .
--.. ,
ZT.,.,
Using the equation of column 5, the voltage dip on a 120-
volt base is calculated for each component, and inserted
in column 5 as shown in Exhibit II-C.
Vl = 494 [[.00043
1
) (.635) + (.00212)(.77327 =
1 volt
V2 = 494 [[.00547) (.635) + (.0049) (.77327 = 3.6 volts
V3 = 494 Lr.0125) (.635) + (.0105) (.77327 = 7.9
volts
v4
=
494 [[.01028) (.635) + (.00162) (.77327 = 3.8 volts
ScUm.,le ''''pOdOM.
,
[q .... Col I.'ld t, HI +,11' .", .. 1 ...... C ",lo'ln
"fI .... '
01 ...... (Noe'.'" 120 Y. bO .. , .lnglO ,huI, Voll
."
.... 11.1
"
en .......
230 Yo '" ,
I.IR .... '." ....

'"
ZSub Z .'81 '1'1. 0
(Vl)
ItvA/ Ph ..
1% Z ood ... hom n .... plo.l)
'"
7.t 11'1 c-o p.l", ,
"
(VI4(V2) ,I,U ........

ILl." <.ooone ZL' Mil .. .3.6
'U ..
' .
" ..!:
14 KY ,-.
P"".'J
<
...
ZLI . OOOO6'S. ..

lZL h ... ... ,plndl,
n'
'"
2 % Z . 144
'1

,1,11 "'.

"
T KVA dl."lbo.IU
( II. Z ..... KVAlro", __ ,loll,
" ... , ......
'T Ir_ WI _ .... ,1,"0 11, lilt

!
.4'
,l ... '_tt.IIo.l5
11:" .. 8
'111+('12). ,l,llen_.
<
'.
(VI). ('141 ".01
< It It.," ... ,. .. ". :0"
'"
l r ... _ .0.2'&
"
IZS-[IVIl+
' ..
St.rtit, I
(112)+(113)+
-0.-
:
2111' 1!2 .G,"d .0.25 &.
Y'I)]
IIIOTOII
'.
5'.",., YA
;
(S ,.I., 1.r YA ' ... " ...
' .
.. " , M' . , ." ... 1 .... " --.. ,
"'ua
I, ... A"an,l.
'"
IT .....
ISlllI/ZTo 1
Exhibit II-C
Primary voltage dip = 1.0 + 3.6 = 4.6 volts on 120-volt base
Percent primary dip = (100) (4.6)/120 = 3.8 percent
Voltage dip at motor = 4.6 + 7.9 + 3.8 - 16.3 volta on
120-volt base
Percent dip at motor = (100) (16.3);1120 <= 13.6 percent
23
If the motor is to be started often or if there are m a ~
consumers beyond the motor location, the primary dip of 3.8
percent might be considered excessive. If, however, the
motor will be started infrequently and the maximum primary
dip of 3.8 percent will not be seen by a large number of
consumers, it would generally be considered acceptable.
The voltage at the motor terminals will be that which existed
prior to motor starting less the 13.6 percent dip. If prior
to motor starting the voltage were 240, the starting voltage
would be 240 minus 32.6, or approximately 207 volts. Since
this is 90 percent of the 230 volt motor rating, 81 percent
of the rated starting torque would be available during
acceleration. If, however, the motor terminal voltage prior
to motor starting were 230 volts, only about 74 percent of
rated starting torque would be available during acceleration.
Whether or not this is adequate would depend on the torque
requirements of the load.
24
APPENDIX III
Voltage Dip Estimating Charts for
230-Volt, Three-Phase Squirrel Cage
Motor on Three-Phase Bank
These charts provide the approximate voltage dip (120-volt phase
to neutral base) resulting from acr06s-the-line starting of 230-
volt, three-phase induction motors supplied from three-phase
distribution banks.
The charts are based on the following assumptions:
1. Motor starting power factors of 0.4 to 0.3. (This
range of values is generally applicable for 30
through 100 hp. squirrel cage motors.)
2. SUbstation transformer impedance of 7 percent.
3. Distribution line impedance as given in REA
Bulletin 45-1.
4. Distribution transformer impedance of 1.7 percent
for 10 through 37.5 kVA transformers, and 1.8 percent
for 50 through 167 kVA transformers.
More accurate results can be obtained by using specific data for
a particular installation, and the calculating method of Appendix
IV. If the dip is critical, such calculations are recommended.
These charts may also be used to estimate voltage dip due to
starting 460-volt motors. In this case enter charts at actual
motor starting current and applY the following correc11 ons to the
results obtained from the charts:
Charts III-A, III-B, III-C
For 460-volt motors voltage dip will be 'two
times that indicated.
Chart III-D
For 460- volt motors voltage dip will be one-half
of that indicated.
Further, Chart III-B may be used with 14.4/24.9kV primary line
voltage. In this case the voltage dip will be one-fourth of that
indicated for 7.2/12.5kV lines.
25
Estimating Charts :for 230-Volt, Three-Phase
Motor on Three-Phase Bank
DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION VOLTAGE DIP VS. STARTING CURRENT
2.0 ,--..,....--r:':":"'''7T'-:':-::-1r'7''-.,.....--=:-:-''7'-...... ---.=,,-,
I.,
> ...
" ..
z.
0::
1.0 ;:: ..

.....
....

" ..
o
o 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 IBOO 2000
STARTING CURRENT (AMPS)
Chart III-A. Voltage Dip Due to Substation Trans:formers
7.2112.5 KV PRIMARY VOLTAGE DIP VS. STARTING CURRENT


.7


1_2


17
...
..
""
III
,,:
.2'
0


...
...
:.
.I!
II:
...
..
..
. 10
Q
.0'
...
.01
..
.07

!:;
.0.
Q
1/
V
I/.
1/.11-
..
iI=
1/
l7



...
V
1/ !::!
1/
.,
l/
V


II:
V-
0

..
/
!%:
<>
/ /
" r/ r/
Q
z
7 7 r7 V/ Ih 0
17 /
r.;;:::
<>
/' 7
II:
.,
<>
".
""
.0_
7 r777 77
.0'
/ /a;P
///-
W///-
.0'
.0
f;I" .#
-1:1"
. 0.
100 200 300 400 1500 700 1000 1500 2000
STARTING CURRENT (AMPS)
Chart III-B. Voltage Dip Due to Primary Line Conductors
26
,"
Estimating Charts for 230-Volt, Three-Phase
Motor on Three-Phase Bank
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER VOLTAGE DIP VS. STARTING CURRENT
;;;
<n
..
OJ
,:
0

"-
15
'"
" ..

0
>
10
3.10/ 31 / 7.5
-""
50
/
1/ v
/
/
V
/
/
8
/
v
-

7
17
7 /
V
-
6
/
1/
./
./
V
--
-
3-100
7
V
/
V- I---' l--
:.-
T7
IV
1.....- :.....- l-- l--
l-- 3 161
2
'/
;:;;-
l--
I-
:.-
o
o 200 400 600 BOO 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
STARTING CURRENT (AMPS)
..
>
..
..
z
..
OJ
Q:
'"
'"
Q:
o
...
<n
z
..
Q:
I-
Chart III-C. Voltage Dip Due to Load Transformers

<n
..
OJ
'"
0

r
0
0
...
0:
'" "-
"-
Q
'"
" ..
!:i
0
>
SECONDARY VOLTAGE DIP VS. STARTING CURRENT
.35
-,


.25
_lin
;'"
.2

...

..I .
,/0
""
. 10
.00
.08
.07
.06
[7

/ "'/u
, /
r/
P'7. I0i
[7
[7
/
]7
"
;0
.05
.00
17
..
7
.
'"
17 7J r7:
'.I N
i/
r/
, .I VI
.03
.025
.02
V/
//
1...-
'/
0:
0
// V/ i/ i/ 1...-
I-
0

[7 17
17 1/
::>
/
[..t
"
z
0
0
..:
.015
l'
.01
100 200 300 400 600 800 1000 2000
STARTING CURRENT (AMPS)
Chart III-D. Voltage Dip Due to Service Conductors
27
z
'"
0.
o
><
"' -'
0.

" ..
::>
o
The procedure for using these charts is the same as that outlined
for single-phase motors in Appendix I.
Example:
Determine the voltage dip caused by across-the-line
starting of a 460-volt, 50hp, three-phase code letter
F induction motor with the following known data.
Substation size - 7500 kVA or 2500 kVA per phase
Primary Line - 14 miles of 1/0 ACSR at l4.4/24.9kV
Load Transformer - three 15 kVA units
Secondary - 70-foot run of 1/0 aluminum conductor
at one foot spacing
Solution: From Appendix VI-A
Use 5.5 starting kVA per horsepower for code letter
F motor.
Starting Current = jJ1000)(50)(5.5)]/ jJ1.73)(460)] =
345 amps. '/ .
Enter all charts at 345 amps starting current.
Chart III-A Substation - Proceed vertically to 2500
kVA per phase line, then left horizontally.
Read 0.35 volts dip. Since the motor is rated 460
volts instead of 230, we must now multiply by two.
(0.35)(2) = 0.7 volts dip.
Chart III-B Primary Line - Proceed vertically to 1/0
line, then left horizontally. Read 0.11 volts dip.
This must be multiplied by 2 because the motor is
rated 460 volts, and by one-fourth because the
distribution voltage is l4.4/24.9kV.
(0.11 volts per mile)(2)(i")(14 miles) = 0.8 volts dip.
.... -:_:Proceed vertically from
left horizontally.
Read volts dip. Since the motor is rated 460 volts,
this must be multiplied by two. (6)(2) = 12 volts dip.
Chart III-E Service - Proceed vertically from 345
amperes to 1/6 line, then left horizontallY. Read
.045 volts per foot. Since the motor is rated 460
volts( this must be multiplied by one-half.
= 1.6 volts dip.
(Note that 70 feet is the one way distance from the
transformer to the motor.)
28
Primary voltage dip (that seen by other consumers at or beyond
the motor location) is:
0.7 + 0.8 = 1. 5 volts on l20-volt phase to neutral base
Voltage dip at the motor terminals is:
1.5 + l2.0 + 1.6 = 15.1 volts on l20-volt phase to neutral
base
Percent dip at motor = (100)(15.1) /l20 = l2. 6 percent
I 2 3 4 5 6 7
Schematic Impedance Applicable Z Equation Calculated Z,(R+IX) Approximate Cumulative Affected
DioQrom DioQram 120 v. bas.,( phose to neutral), Voltage dip Voltage dip Consumers
3-phos, motor on 3- phase bonk II(R cos 8+Xsin 8
vJvv .;
( I )
~
% Z x .144
VI (VI)
Z Sub =
KVA/Pha.e .(.2+ 1.98)
NV' ~
ZSub
(% Z and KVA from nameplate)
(2) 7.2 KV L - G primary V2 (Vil+(V2) All on same
e ZLine =.000278. ZL Miles
p haa,
0
~ ~
<
ZL
, c
14.4 KV L- G primary
Q '-
. ~ -l
ZLine = .0000695 x ZL x Mil
~
Cl
(ZL fram Appendix :llI )
~
(3)
ZT ' % Z .144 A
V3 VI)+(V2) + (V3)
All on sa me
V\,,1\r . ~ ~
KVA/Pha.e
distribution
N'V\ Z ~
ZT
(010 Z and KVA from nameplate,
transformer
VI
8
T
fram Mfg. ar Appendix :llI)
~
(4 ) ZServic.'Z, Length(ft.). 43.2 2
V4 (vI) + (V2)+
Allan same
u
Zs
(E
sec
L-L)
(V3)+ (V4)
>
service
~
(Z hom Appendix :lZI ) Ul
(5)
ZM' rated
x
24950 A
V5
125-[(VIl+
I.tart (EsecL-U2
(V2)+(V3)+
MOTOR
ZM
StD rtinQ land 8
M
from motor
(V4) ]
I
Mfg. or approximate value -01'-
from Appendix ::lZI)
ZM
E SeckL:: Nominal Secondary x 125
Vo!100e.
Z Total
IS
=
125/Z Total
-
Exhibit IV-A, Voltage Dip Calculating Form For 230 Volt Three Phase Motors
------ - -----------------------------------------
APPENDIX IV
Voltage Dip Calculating Form for
Three-Phase Squirrel Cage Motors
This form has been prepared to organize and s i mplifY
the calculation of voltage dip due to across-the-line
starting of three-phase induction motors on three-
phase transformer banks. The method requires actual
nameplate data for the motor, load transformer and
sUbstation transformer, plus a knowledge of complex
algebra.
The results obtained will not be exact due to the
effect of other system loads and use of an approxi-
mate equation. If, however, the effect of other
system loads is taken into account by calculating the
voltage drop due to these loads by the method of REA
Bulletin 45-1, the results should be sufficiently
accurate . The voltage drop due to other system loads
must be subtracted from the motor terminal voltage
obtained by the use of this calculating form.
31
The procedure for using this form is the same as that outlined for
the form of Appendix II.
Sample Problem:
Determine the voltage dip caused by across-the-line
starting of a 100 horsepower, three-phase, 460-volt
induction motor with rated starting current of 666
amperes.
Known Data:
Regulated bus voltage at substation = 125 volts on
120-volt base.
Substation; 5000 kVA, 3-phase, zt = 7 percent,
~ = 0.2 zt, Xt; = 0.98 zt
Primary line; 10 miles of 3-phase 1/0 ACSR at 7.2/12.5 kV.
Transformer; 3-37.5 kVA, 7.2 kV to 480 volts,
1 . 7 ~ Z, ~ = 45
0

'secondary; 50 feet of 1/0 Al. at one foot spacing.
Three-phase induction motor, 100 hp., 460-volt, starting
current - 666 amperes, locked rotor power factor. 0.32.
Solution:
Using the equations of Column 3, the impedance, Z, for
each system component is calculated on a 120-volt phase
to neutral base.
Substation impedance Zsub = ( 8)
.2 + j.9
kVA phase
Using above data, Zsub = (7)(.144)(.2 + j.98)
1667
= .000121 + j.000592 ohms.
Other impedances are then calculated as shown below
and inserted in Column 4 as shown in Exhibit IV-B.
32
Zl
= (.000278)(.885 + j.756)(10)
zt
= (1.7)(.144)(.707 + j.707)/37.5
Zs
= (.1644 + j.1033)(50)(43.2);'4802
21n
= (460)(24,950)(.32 + j.948)/(666)(4802)
, , ,

' .

,
5._ ..... 1e I .. Z Equ"Uon Colul ., I, (II_ pO
l "p" I to
,_.,.u
AIl llct
1111".", Clo".", 120 . ,kG" t '.hOn. Valla,. tl, Volt ... ctl, C ...........
... "'Of on ... bonk B.IhI.B
,*i
" ZS.b' 0(.21.111
()()OIZ/+.I; ()OO!i'i'ZI"
(VI)

1% Z ond MY... I .... """'.pl,'".
"
T, 2 L- G P"""'1
"
(Vn_IVZ)
Allu .. _
, ZL' .. ", 000211,' Il 1111.. ,OOZI,<-6N,002i
,U ..

'C
14.' L- G ,d", ,
...
ILl ... .000(1"" I L , Mil ..

a (Il Ir.",
""ondl.
""
'"
"
Vfl.+\YZI+ (\I" All .....

.0""'I'Io:;z,,-j, 00,. 6Z.

I(V,t,'Ph ...
"",' t.,I ..
"
1% Z o.d KVA', .... "_PIO";
I ' ' ......
'T fflI .. ""_ .. ","",1, :lZI)
,
.,
;

MOTOR
"
S.rk,Z.L ...
{) o/!i"1f.1-N, 000.,7 "
'.
(E... L-L)I:
I Z Ir ... .pp .. dl.
."
'"
z .... .!.i!!L A
,02.3 070., " 1110" (f ..
o
L-I.)2
'.
10.li,.. I and 9 .. 1.0 .. '"010'
!IIle
. , ",P'Oll ... , ... Iu
I ..... ".unti, n)
I IZ5!Z rotol
Exhibit IV-B
ztotal = .0326 + j.0792 = .0856/67.6
0
Cos 67.6
0
= .381
Sin 67.6
0
= .925
lstart = 125/ztotal =
12
5/.085
6
lstart = 1460 oli 120-volt base
(vl)+("'2)+
AUI._
(V3)+IV4)
.. ,., ..
12' -[!Yo.
IY2:)+IY.I'+
{YO) ]
-0.-
'. --lIZ5
I TOlol
Using the equation of Column 5, the voltage dip on
a 120-volt base is calculated for each component,
and inserted in Column 5 as shown in Exhibit IV-C.
33

,
.i
MOTOII
V
1
= 146og.000121)( .381) + (.000592)( .92517
V2
= 146og.00246)(.381)
V3
= 1460g.00462) (.381)
V4 = 1460L\. 001543)(.3
81
)
, .. ,.dl." bl. Z ' ..... , ...
"
"
'"
.,
'"
011,.... 120 . . .... ,( ,Iuo Ie ".1),
l ............... ,_ ..... 10.'
2",. Z , . .U. J .'.1
-,
-.
-.
t% z KVA 1. __ .,_1
72 KY L - G ,,1 .... ,
21. .... '.00021', II. Mil ..
'".0 MV 1.- Q ,.1_."
21.1 ..... Z\.,IIIU ..
t ZI. I "u'l. n I
i
1IY,t,'"U .. L.!L
(% z ... KY'" t. ___ ,IeNo;
' .T fftII' .,.ft .... ,"",1. XI)
I Z I.... A" ". JlI I
IoItt. o "' .. 1 ..... ,.'
ho ........ ,. JIll
+
+
+
Exhibit IV-C
(.0021) (.92517
(.00462)( .92517
( .00097) (.92517
..."' . 1..... c_., .. ". .tI.c ..
VOItI,_ II, Vol'.,. fI, ( ........ ..
.(11 ...
,.
Z.2
(YII
All __
, ....
All ....... .
(Vt) +IVI)+
(V 51+IY4)
12$_[IVII.
tVl)+jv,)
(V4) ]
-. --.. ,
z r ... ,
11 ... ih,l ...
It ,o .....
Primary voltage dip = 0.9 + 4.2 = 5.1 volts on
120-volt base
Percent primary dip = (100)(5.1)/120 = 4.25 percent
Total voltage dip = 16.1 volts on 120-volt base
Percent total dip = (100)(16.1)/120 = 13.4 percent
APPENDIX V
Voltage Dip Estimating Charts--Three-Phase
Squirrel Cage Motor on V-Phase Bank
The following two charts may be used to estimate voltage dip
in substations and 7.2/12.5 kV distribution lines due to
across-the-line starting of three-phase, 230-volt motors on
open wye-open delta distribution banks. The charts are based
on:
1. Substation transformer impedance of seven percent.
2. Distribution line impedance given in REA Bulletin 45-1.
3. Motor starting power factor of 0.5 (generally appli-
cable to squirrel cage motors rated less than 25 hp.).
It will be noted that only the primary voltage dip can be
estimated with these charts. It is this dip, however, that
is most important since it will be seen by other consumers
on the distribution line. The number of variables makes it
impractical to show transformer and secondary voltage dip
in graphic form for V-phase banks.
The procedure for using these charts is the same as that
outlined for single-phase motors in Appendix 1.
The charts may also be used for 460-volt motors. In this
case the results obtained from the charts must be multiplied
by two. Also, Chart V-B may be used for 14.4/24.9 kV lines.
In this case -the voltage dip will be one-fourth of that
indicated for 7.2/12.5 kV lines.
..
..
C

>'
~
-
...
Q
..

c
~
0
,.
Estimating Charts for Three-Phase Squirrel
Cage Motors on V-Phase Bank
DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION VOLTAGE DIP VS. STARTING CURRENT

1. 0
I .
1.0
0 .
o
/
V
V
V
V
V
~ I--
V
i-'"
V
1250
L
i.---
V
1667
2.00
~
.--::
t-"
533!
o 100 100 300 _ 000 100 100 _ _ _
lTAIITIIi. C UIIIIIIIT CAM".I
c
>
" ..
..
~ C
;::f
~ I I :
....
....
"
..
Chart V-A. Voltage Dip Due to Substation Transfonners
7.2112.5 KV. PRIMARY VOLTAGE DIP VS. STARTING CU .... E .. T
..
..
c

,.:
2
...
...
:II
II:
..
...
...
;;
..
..
c
..
...
o
>
1.0


.7

.S
.4
. 5
.1


.1
~
.10
.0
9 / /
.0
.0
.0
.0
/
7///
.//h
Vff

V
.04
100
1/
V 1/
LI
VI/v
1/ 1/
V /
VVV
V
1/ 1/ V
I/lItI
~ ~
~
~
~
I/'
~ ~
~
V
// 'l
V'/'
V/
v
V
/ 1/
/
VII
V V.
I/ll
~
~
I/'
V

4
2
I/O
2/0
3/0
4/0
..

c
.
...
N
..
II:
o
..
u
:>
Q
z
o
u
"'
..
u
C
200 100 400 500 100 100 1000
ITAIITIIi. CUIIIIEIiT CAlirI.)
Chart V-B. Voltage Dip Due to Primary Line Conductors
37
APPENDIX VI
Miscellaneous Estimating Information
.A. NEMA Code Letter
starting kVA standards for induction motors have been estab-
lished by NEMA. On standard motors (many are nonstandard)
this is identified by a code letter stamped on the motor
nameplate. The following formulae can be used to determine
rated starting current when the code letter is known:
l-phase motor starting current = (lOOO)(hp)(Code Letter kVA)
rated voltage
3-phase motor starting current
= (lOOO)(hp)(Code Letter kVA)
(l.73)(rated voltage)
Common code letters and corresponding starting kVA per
horsepower are:
Code Letter
D
E
F
G
H
SkVA/hp
4.00-4.49
4.50-4.99
5.00-5.59
5.60-6.29
6.30-7.09
B. Line impedance, resistance and reactance for standard REA
distribution lines may be obtained from the following
table:
Lin. Imp,done" ZL ' RIII,lan,,1
,,'
R,oelane.
'f
REA lin :
Sln; l. PI'IOII Thr Pho"
Conductor Silt Ol'lml plr Mil, Ohm. plr Mil,
CII. Equlv. ACSR R
X
R X
4/0 .. ,
1.04 .218 ,633
310 .498 1.01 .350 .653
2/0 4/0
. 6' 1.22 .441 .11Z
I I 0 31O .76 1.27 ,556 .728
I 210 .9, 1.37 .702- .742
2 110 1.12 1.45 .885 .756
4 2 1.64 1.41 1 .41 .1 8 0
6

2 .47 1.46 2 .24 .806
8 6 3 .72 1.54 3 .51 .853
38
C. The phase angle of distribution transformers varies consider-
ably. However, the following approximate values may be used
when actual data is not available.
Approll imal, AnQI" 'T. for Si ng i. Pli o .. , 7.2 I<'i Qlltrlbutl on Transform., . :
T'C:II'11lo(ml' KV A B
r
5
.. ,
10 30' . 866 - I . 5
,.
40' . 166 + J . 644
,.
.. ,
37.!5
...
. 701 ... J . 70 7
50
.. ,
7> 5 , 609 ... J . 794
IOOoRdl67 60'
.
. 5 -I . 866
D. The following table lists approximate starting power factor
for three-phase induction motors.
Appru lmoll Startln9 Pow" Foelor (COl . 8), ond Si n'
For Th, .. Pho .. Induet lon Molar.
Molar hp. Cal. 8
- 1
Sin'
10 . >4 .843
,.
. '0 .866
20 .47 .883
30 .42 ,908
50 .38 .925
100 .32 .948
200 .25 , 981
E. The impedance of service conductor is given in the following
open wire impedance is based on l-foot spacing.
Imp,donCI, Z, Ohm,/IOOO Flit or Conductor
AI. Cu. Equh. Optn WIr, 120 C.I Trlplll (20e,) Quadruple. (20C.)

. 66\3
-;
1194 .6482 +1 03035 .6613 + j .0361
4

.4157 ... 1. 1140 .4151 + i .0292 5 .4 \ 57
-I .0350
2 4 .2615 + I . 1087 .2616 +1 .02821 .2616
-I .0336
I 3 .2074 + J .1060 .2074 +j .02784 .2014 -I .0335
110 2 . 1644 ... 11033 . 1644 .1 .02588 , 1644 -; .0328
210 I . 1305 + J . 1007 . 1305 -j .0254 1 .1305
-; .0323
3/0 I/O .1 035 + J .09803 . 1035 +j .02495 .1035 . +j .03 17
4' 0 210 .08213 + i .09536 .08218 + I .02459 .08219
- j
.031 3
250 MCM 157.2 MCM .06956 + i .0922
266.8MCM 3/0 .06520 + J .09145
336.4"'" 4'0 .0518 + 1.08877
39
VI BIBLIOGRAPHY
(1) INDUCTION MOTOR PROTECTION GUIDE, prepared by
Motor Protection Subcommittee
IEEE Power Systems Relaying Committee
(2) NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE, 1968, Article 430
(3) NATIONAL ELECTRICAL MAMJFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
(NEMA) Standards Publication Noe. MGl and MG2
(4) PROTECTION OF THREE-PHASE MOTORS AGAINST
SINGLE-PHASE OPERATION, L. L. Gleason,
W. A. Elmore, AlEE Transactions, Vol. 77,
Part III (Power Apparatus and Systems),
December 1958, pp.1112-1120
(5) PROGRESS ON DEVELOPMENr OF lEEE-ASAE RURAL MOTOR
STARTING APPLICATION GUIDE, L. H. Soderholll1,
L. F. Charity, IEEE Conference Paper No . 68cp
456 lGA
(6) C(lo!BINED SINGLE-PHASE AND THREE-PHASE LOADING
OF OPEN-DELTA TRANSFORMER BANKS, H. M. Benkus,
J. E. Gerngross, AlEE Transactions Paper
No. 57-1076
(7) FUNDAMENTALS AND USE OF PHASE CONVFM'ERS,
L. H. Soderholll1, L. F. Charity, Journal
Paper No. J5844 of the Iowa Agriculture
and Home Economics Experiment Station,
Ames, Iowa. Project No. 1282
(8) DERATING OF POLYPHASE MOTORS OPERATING WITH
UNBALANCED LINE VOLTAGES, M. M. Berndt,
N. L. Schmitz, IEEE Transactions, Part III
(Power Apparatus and Systems), February 1962,
pp. 680-686
40

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