EXPRESSION AND GENRE TEXT

AYU DWI RINDRAWATI XII IPA 6 06

EXPRESSION
1. Introduction
Memperkenalkan Diri Id like to introduce myself Let me introduce myself Allow me to introduce myself May I introduce myself? I want to introduce myself Memperkenalkan Orang Lain Id like you to meet This is my Have you met May I introduce you to Let me introduce you to . I want to introduce you to .

2.

Greeting and Leave Taking

How do you do ? How are you ? How are you doing ? How is life ? It is nice to meet you I am very happy to meet yo Hello Hi Good morning, afternoon, evening, night Good bye See you

3.

Apology
I am sorry I dont mean to .. Forgive me I hope you forgive me

4.

Certainty and Uncertainty

I am sure I am not sure

I am certain I am not certain I doubt that

I cant decide I dont know

5.

Like and Dislike

Like I like it I love it Im very keen on Dislike I dont like it I hate it

6.

Asking and Offering

Excuse me, May I ...? Do you mind... Would you please .... Would you help me, please ? What can I do for you, ...?

7.

Command and Prohibition

Pay attention,please! Dont go away! Be a good student! Dont move, please! No parking in this area! Listen to me! Dont worry! Dont be late Keep the room clean! Lets go! Be on time!

8.

Warning
Watch out ! Look out! Be careful Mind you don,t.. Make sure you dont Im warning you...

I mus warn you that...

Beware of ...

9.

Exclamation
What a wonderful world ! What a beautiful girl ! How beautiful she is ! How big the ship is ! It is great ! Excellent !

10.

Sympathy
Im sorry to hear that Oh, thats too bad How awful! How terrible! Take it easy Dont worry, everything will be all right What a pity I see. How upsetting Thats a pity Is it? Im terribly/dreadfully sorry about How annoying. You must be very upset/annoyed

11. Expressing Promise

Asking

Offering

Promise me that you will.. Do you promise to...? Make me a promise,wont you? I want you to promise that.. Is taht a promise? Do you swear that,...? Do you give me your word on that?

I swear I promise that Thats promise I give you my word on that You have my word on that

12. Expressing Believe

Do you belive it I dont belive you Are you kidding? Are you serious? Are you jocking?

Really? Did you? Oh my goodness Can you imagine that? Wouldnt you believe it

13.

Expressing Hope
I hope I wish I think so Lets hope May god bless you

May your dream come true I look forward to Hopefully I expect that

14.

Inviting

Why dont we ? How about? Id like to invite you to Would you like to? I wonder if youd like to Refusing

Would you like to

Shall we have Would you have Will you have

Accepting

Im sorry I cant Id like to but Im afraid I cant No, lets not

No, thank you

Id love to Id like very much Id be happy/glad to Yes, Id be delighted to. Thats good ide

15. Asking and Offering Help or Things

Asking
May I help you? Can I help you? Could I help you? How can I be of assistance to you? How can I be of help to you? What can I help you What can I do for you? How can I assist you? How can I help you? Let me help you? Do you want me to help you?

Offering
Shall I Would you like Would you care for Why dont you have How about having May I offer you

Accept

Refusal

Yes, please Sure Why not Of course Certainly Id love to Its a good idea Thats great

No, thanks Please dont bother Id love to but, Thats great but

16. Expressing Thank

Expression Respon

Thank you I would like to thank you for... Thank you very much Thanks. Thanks a lot Have a nice Im grateful for(kata benda/noun)

You are welcome. Thats all right Not at all Dont mention it Any time It was my pleasure

It was very kind of you to... Let me express my gratitude...

17. Congratulations

Fantastic / terrific!! Well done! May I congratulate you on... Congratulations Congratulations on

Id like to congratulate you. Id like to congratulate you on It was great to hear It was to hear about.

18. Pleasure, Displeasure

Pleasure Its really delightful I am so delighted Im satisfied Its a pleasure Thats wonderful! Thats great Oh, what a pleasant..! Its really a great pleasure Displeasure Im dissatisfied We are fed up with I feel disappointed She is extremely displeased I cant stand with... Im really displeased with... What a terrible...! We are fed up with... Im extremely displeased

19. Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction

Satisfaction

Dissatisfaction

I am satisfied with your work You did well Your job is satisfactory I am so happy about this Im glad to what youve done Its really satisfying Yes, I agree with you It is certainly Exactly Im very pleased with.. Im so happy about this... What a beautiful story Marvelous! Great! Fantastic!

Im not satisfied with work You havent done well enough I am really dissappointed Sorry, but your work is not satisfactory

Oh, no! Its not very nice Its really not good enough What an awful meeting Its not as good as I thought What else do you think I sould do? Im not happy about it Annoying! Disappointing Its not what I had expected

20. Asking & Giving Opinion

Asking Opinion

Giving opinion

How do you like ...? How do you feel about...? What is your opinions of/about...? What are your feelings about it? What do you think about...? Do you think...? Whats your idea about the case that..?

I think . In my opinion. As I see, If you ask me, I feel I assume.. Im my opinion,... I feel that.. For me,...

What do you assume of..?

according to me... Well, if you ask me.. Well, as far as Im concerned...

21. Agreement, Disagreement

Agreement I agree I absolutely agree I think so You are absolutely right

Disagreement Well, I dont think so I dont think that is true I disagree with I wouldnt say that Exactly not I cant say so On contrary I dont buy that idea You are right, but...

22. Like & Dislike

Like

Dislike

I love it I like it I am keen on it I am crazy about it We all enjoy I really like... I enjoy...

I dont really like it I dislike it I am not really interested in I cant enjoy I cant stand I hate it It bothers me

23. Embarrassment

I am embarrassed

How embarrassing

Thats shameful What a shame It makes me feel ashamed Im ashamed I cant hide my face Im in a mess I feel so awful

Go all red U feel so awkward I feel ashamed Oh my God Shame on me I dont feel comfortable I feel awkward

24. Annoyance
Expression

Expression to calm Annoyance

I am annoyed How irritating! It annoys me What an idiot Im fed up with it I cant believe it I had enough with it I cant bear it any longer You made me annoyed You are such a pain in the neck You made me sick

Relax Control yourself Take it slow Dont be such a worry wart Calm down Dont trouble yourself

25.

Request and Granting requests Request

Would it be possible for you to Would you be so kind as to Would you,please? Would you mind ? Any chance of Can you? May I.....?

Granting requests
Certainly Its all right. Please do Of course, you could Sure Yeah OK No problem

26. Confession , Blaming Confessing

Blaming

I admit I was wrong Youre right and I was wrong It was my own fault Im sorry I have made a mistake I was the one to blame

Youre the one to blame Its your fault! Its your mistake! Youre wrong It was your own fault What did you expect? I told you but you wouldnt listen It serves you right

27. Plan
Asking What is your plan? What are you going to do then? What do you intend to do? What are you planning to do? Hiding Ive got a particular plan I cant tell you now I cant make me up my mind Youll see later Stating My plan is... Im going to.. I intend to.. Im planning to...

28. Apology

Please accept my apologies for what I did Please forgive me for what I did I am extremely sorry I really must apologies May I offer you my sincerest apologies?

29. Possibility & Impossibility

I think there is possibility to I assume/believe

In all probability, it is going to be possible for me to that will probably its quite possible Asking

Stating

Do you think he/it could? Would you say were capable of? Are you capable of? Are you able to? Do you have any experience of? Can you? Do you know how to? Do you think you can?

Maybe Perhabs Could be Its possible They may be I might meet him Theres good possibility Its very likely Theres a chance

30. Relief

Oh, thats a relief! Thanks God for.. Thanks goodness for that Thats a great relief Thanks heavens!

Im relieved to hear.. Good! Im extremely glad to hear about..

Marvellous!

31. Pain

Ouch! It hurts too much Ouch, it hurts! Its really hurt Oh, my goodness!! What happens?

What an awful condition it is! How bad it is! Oh, I cant handle it!

32. Asking And Giving Advice

Asking
Do you think I sould...? Should I..? What would you advice? What would you advice me to do? Id like your advice on/about... Could you give me some advice on..?

Giving
You should... If I were you, Id... Why dont you... I dont think you should.. I wouldnt advice response I wouldnt.... if I were you

33. Love

I love you I truly love... Ill never stop loving you Theres nothing to compare my love for.. Accepting love I love you too I fall in love with love you too I have the same feeling with you

I do love you I love you so much Im in love with you I fall in love with you I really love you and always do Refusing love Im sorry I dont love Sorry I cant love you I cant accept your love

34. Complaining and giving an order

Complaint

Giving an order

I want to complain about.. Im sorry to say this, but... Would you mind to not talking too loudly? Im not at all satisfied with your.... I want to complain about

Give me that! Be quiet! Dont sit there! Do it right now,will you! I order you to get out! You must wait here

35. Anger

Oh, dear! Oh, no! What a nuisance! Thats the last straw It makes me angry Responses Youre right, sorry Im so sorry I know what you mean Me, too So do I

It burns me up when I dont like it either I cant stand it when I was so enraged

Responses to reduce anger Relax Control your self Take it slow Calm down Dont trouble yourself

36. Giving a stand

Positive

Negative

Neutral

I think, its good Its most favourable to me

Im afraid its bad It doesnt right to me

Is it? Do you think so? Its difficult to sayI have nothing to say

What an excellent action!

37. Suggestions
Asking

Offering

Do you think I ought to call the police?

I think youd better start looking for a new job If I were you, Id stop writing her Why dont you..? My recommendation is... I recommended that...

Can you recommended a suitable wine for dinner?

How do you suggest I fix this broken window?

What do yo advise... If you were in my situation, would you forgive him?

I suggest that.. I advise you to...

38. Sadness
Expression

Response

Im so sad I feel so blue Im terribly sad Its awfully sad Im totally distressed Let me stay alone That makes me sad

Dont be sad Dont drop yourself into sadness

39. Wishes
Giving

Responding

I wish you luck Good luck Best of luck Good fortune be with you I hope that everything goes OK for you Im sure that everything will work out just fine

Thank you Many thanks Thanks, you too Thank you nad the same to you

40.

Happiness

Im happy because. Fantastic Great My lifes fun of happy day You make me happy

Im so glad that you Im statistied with Im pleased with Congratulation !!

GENRE (kinds of text)

There are many kinds of english text. Those are recount, report, discussion, Explanation, Exposition, new item anecdote, narrative, procedure, description, and review. Today ,lets learn on recount, report, narrative, procedure and description.

1.

Recount Text
Purpose : To retell something that happened in the past and to tell a series of past event Generic Structure of Recount: 1. Orientation ( who were involved, when and where was it happened) 2. Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order) 3. Re-orientation ( optional closure of events) Language features Recount:

Use of pronouns and nouns ( David, he, she) Use of action verbs in past (went, studied) Use of past tense ( We went for a trip to the zoo) Use of adverbial phrases Use of adjectives

Significant lexiogrammatical features: Focus on specific participants, use material processes, circumstances on time and place, use past tense, focus on temporal sequence

Example : My Adventure at Leang-Leang Cave

On Sunday, my parents, my best fruend Novi, and I visited a cave at Maros called Leang-leang . It was my first time to visit the cave, better yet, my best friend came to visit it with me!

The cave was famous for its primitive cave wall paintings which were some hand prints and wild boar paintings. The cave and its surroundings was turned into a national park, so it was taken care of. My parents took a rest in a small hut for visitors of the park, while Novi and I adventured around the cave with a guide. We had to climb some metal stairs to get to the cave, because the cave was embedded into a small mountain. Next stop was a place where some seashells littered the ground and some were actually piled into a big mound! The guide said that these piles of seashells are called kjokkenmoddinger, or kitchen trash. The humans who lived here ate the shells and dumped the left overs in their 'kitchen'. The last place was a small museum where they have skeletons of the humans who lived in the caves. The skeletons along with some roughly made jewelry and weapons were placed inside glass cases for display. The walls of the museum were adorned with photographs taken when they did an excavation there. After a quick lunch with Novi and my parents, we decided it was time to go back home. We really had the time of our lives!

2.

Report Text
Purpose : to describe the way things are with reference to a range of natural, manmade, and social phenomenoa in our environment Generic Stucture: a. General classification: tells what phenomena under the discussion b. Description: tells what the phenomenon under the discussion is like in terms of parts, qualities, habits or behaviour. Significant Lexiogrammatical Features: focus on generic participants, use relational processes to state what is and that which it is. use simple present tense

Example : Antibiotic is a drug produced by certain microbes. Antibiotics destroy other microbes that damage human tissues. They are used to treat a wide variety of. diseases, including gonorrhea, tonsillitis and tubercolosis. Antibiotics are sometimes called wonder drugs because they can cure diseases such as meningitis,

pneumonia and scarlet fever. But when the antibiotics are overused, or misused, these drugs make a person sensitive being attacked by a superbug. Antibiotics do not always distingusih between harmless and dangerous microbes. If a drug destroys too many harmless micro-organism, the pathogenic ones the dangerous microbeswill have a greater chance to multiply. This situation often leads to the development of a new infection called suprainfection. Extensive use of some antibiotics may be acquired by pathogenic microbes. The resistant microbes transfer genetic material to non-resistant microbes are destroyed, but resistant types survive and multiply. To avoid the side effect of antibiotics, youd better not urge your doctor to prescribe antibiotics. Keep in mind that antibiotics are only useful for bacterial infections and have no effect on viruses, so they cannot be used for children pox, measles, and other viral diseases.

3.

Narrative Text
Purpose : To amuse, entertain and to deal with actual or vicarious experience in different ways Generic Stucture: a. Orientation: sets the scene and intruuduces the participants b. Evaluations: a stepping back to evaluate the plight. c. Complication: a crisis arises d. Resolution : the crisis is resolved e. reorientation: optional Language features Narrative: Use of noun phrases ( a beautiful princess, a huge temple) Use of adverbial phrases of time and place ( in the garden, two days ago) Use of simple past tense ( He walked away from the village) Use of action verbs ( walked, slept) Use of adjectives phrases ( long black hair)

Significant lexiogrammatical features: Focus n specific participants, use material processes, behavioral processes, and verbal processes. USe temporal conjuctions, and temporal circumstances, use past tense Example :

The Rabbits Revenge Long, long time ago a rabbit and a lion were neighbours. The lion was very proud, and was fond of boasting about his strength. And though they were such close neighbours, the lion looked down upon the rabbit, and used to bully and frighten her. Finally, the rabbit could stand it no longer and wanted to get her own back. One day she went to the lion and said, Good day, respected elder brother. Imagine it, I met an animal over there who looked exactly like you, and he said to me, Is there anyone in the world who dares stand up to me/ if there is, let him come and have a duel with me. If there is no one, all of you have to submit to my rule and be my servants! Oh, he was an intolerable braggart! He is so puffed up with pride that his eyes cant even light on anyone! Oho, the lion added said. Didnt you the mention me to rabbit. him?

Yes, indeed, the rabbit replied. but it would have been better if I hadnt. When I described how strong you were, he just sneered and said dreadfully rude things. He even went so far as to say that he wouldnt take you for his attendant! The lion flew into a rage and roared, Where is he? Where is he? So the rabbit took the lion behind a hill and, not going too near herself, pointed to a deep well from a distance, and said, He is down there, in the well. The lion hastened to the well and glared angrily into it. Yes there as his rival who even glared back at him angrily. The lion roared, and his enemy roared back. The lion became so furious that his hair stood on end. So did his enemys in the well. The lion showed his teeth and lashed out with his paws to scare his rival and his enemy in the well retaliated! In a fit of anger the lion sprang into the air with all his might and then flung himself at the enemy in the well. The result was that the proud lion was instantly drowned.

4.

Procedure Text

Purpose : to describe how something is accomplished through a sequences of actions or steps. Generic Stucture: a. Goal b. Material c. Steps 1-n Significant lexicogrammatical features: Use simple present tense, often imperative. use mainly material processes Language features : Example : Recipe for French Toast You are going to need: 4 pieces of bread 1 spoon of sugar 2 eggs A quarter of a cup of milk Before you start to cook, you have to read the recipe. Now you can get ready. After you read the recipe, put everything on the counter. When everything is ready, break the eggs, pour a quarter of the milk in the bowl, then add a small spoon of sugar. Mix the eggs, milk and sugar. Next, put a piece of bread in the bowl with the eggs, milk and sugar. Turn over the bread. Butter Pan Fork Bowl Use of imperative ( Cut.., Dont mix..) Use of action verbs (turn, put) Use of connectives(first, then, finally)

Now, put some butter in the pan. Turn on the stove. When the pan is hot, take the bread out of the bowl and put it into the pan. After you cook one side of the bread, cook the other side. After you finish the first place of the bread, cook the other pieces. Now you have French toast!

5.

Descriptive Text
Purpose : to describe a particular person, places, or things in detail Generic Stucture: 1. 2. Identification (identify phenomenon to be described) Description (describe parts, qualities, characteristics)

Language features descriptive:

Focus on specific participants Use of attributive and identifying processes Frequent use classifiers in nominal groups. Use of the Simple Present Tense

Example :

Prague
Is there any city in Europe, or else, like Prague? There has been a city here for over a thousand years, and now 2.250.000 people live here. It is most famous for its Gothic and Baroque building styles. Old Town Square, with its wonderful clock, the Charles Bridge, and Prague Castle on the hill above the river are just a few of Pragues famous attractions. Getting around Prague is easy by tram or underground train but its also a pedestrians dream because much of the old quarter and many of the streets and lanes have little or no traffic. The medieval center is Prague castle and St Vitus Cathedral. An evening view of these illuminated landmarks is one of the most memorable sights in Europe. Wenceslas Square is in the heart of modern Prague. Visiting Prague today, you immediately notice the lively atmosphere. The city can be crowded during the hot summer months, but it is delight to visit any

time of the year, even in the snowy cold of winter. In fact, tourism makes the largest contribution to Pragues economy. Classical concerts take place all through the year, though the biggest event is the Prague Spring International Music Festival in May and early June. Theatre also has a special place in the life of the city. The suburbs are like many in Eastern Europe with tall sky crappers and some light industry, but you are very quickly in the sleepy villages and gentle hills of Bohemia. Many people say Prague reminds them of Vienna or Budapest. But in fact, Prague is unique. Theres nowhere quite like it.

6.

News Item
Purpose: To inform readers or listeners about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important. Generic structure news item: 1. News worthy event ( tells the event in a summary form) 2. Background events ( elaborate what happened, tell what caused the incident) 3. Sources ( comments by participants, witnesses, authorities and experts involved in the event) Language features news item:

Information on the use of head lines. Use of action verbs( hit, attack) Use of saying verbs( said, added, claimed) Use of passive sentences ( Aceh was hit by Tsunami in 2004) Use of adverbs in passive sentences (The victims were badly injured)

Example : Jakarta (JP). The number of people injured in the weekend earthquake in the Central Sulawesi capital of Palu reached 26. The earthquake, measuring 5,8 in the opened Ritcher Scale, also damaged or destroyed hundreds of buildings. So far no deaths have been reported.

Only 3 of the 26 injured are still being treated at a government clinic. In the Sausu Trans village, the rest have returned home, Mohammad Haerollah, an official of the Central Sulawesi Office of the Ministry of Social Services, told the Jakarta Post yesterday. Officials at the meteorology and geophysics office in Palu said earlier that the epicenter was in the Gulf of Tomini, 32 kilometers east of Palu, at a depth of 32 kilometers. The office recorded 396 tremors between 5.30 p.m on Saturday and 12.00 a.m on Sunday. However, locals felt 47 of the tremors. Antara News Agency reported on Saturday that most of the casualties were adults, injured by collapsing structures. The agency also said, that victims were mainly residents of the Sausu, Suli, Torono, and Malakosa villages.

7.

REVIEW
Purpose : To critique an art work or event for a public audience. Generic structure: 1. Orientation ( background information on the text) 2. Evaluation ( concluding statement : judgment, opinion, or recommendation. It can consist of more than one. 3. Interpretative Recount ( summary of an art works including characters and plot). 4. Evaluative summation: the last opinion consisting the appraisal or the punch line of the art works being criticized. Language features:

Focus on specific participants Use of adjectives Use of long and complex clauses Use of metaphor

Reviews are used to summarize, analyze and respond to art works. They may include: movie, TV shows, books, plays, concerts, etc. Example : Cinta (Dian Sastrowardoyo) is a beautiful, smart and confident seventeen year old. Born in a loving family, surrounded by caring and supporting friends.

Cinta seems to have everything in the world. She has four best friends, Milly (Sissy Pricillia), Karmen (Adinia Wirasti), Alya (Ladya Cheryl), and Maura(Titi Kamal) who always protect her. Shes also the object of Bornes affection, the most eligible boyfriend at school. But things are starting to change when Cinta meets Rangga (Nicholas saputra), a cool and arrogant boy whose presence is never taken into account at school. The unpredictable character of Rangga has disturbed Cinta. It creates a new and unfamiliar sensation which leads Cinta into a new and strange world. The next thing she knows, she has fallen in love with someone who has a very differentcharacter. Bit by bit, Cinta starts to change. She becomes a new person, a stranger to her friends and even to herself. She doesnt understand what has happened, let alone her friends.

8.

EXPLANATION Purpose : To explain the process involved in the formation or working of natural or socio cultural phenomena. Generic structure: 1. A general statement to position the reader 2. A sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs. 3. Closing Language features: Focus on generic, non-human participants. Use mainly of general and abstract nouns, action verbs, simple present tense, passive voice, conjunction of time and cause, noun phrases, complex sentences, and technical language. Example : Bread Almost everyone eats bread daily, especially for breakfast. Bread making is not a complicated task. You must have an oven, water, sugar, salt, flour and yeast. The basic ingredient is flour comes from wheat. There are two kinds of flour which is soft.

Hard flour, made by Winter wheat, is better choice for making bread. Bread using hard flour produces better texture and taste. water is added to the flour to make dough. Yeast is a microscopic organism, the size may not be impressive but it is capable of producing carbon dioxide. It is also easy to use. Powered yeast needs only be dissolved in water to be used instantly. Yeast works best in the presence of sugar. Besides, encouraging yeast to grow quickly in the dough, sugar is added to give flour to the bread. Salt is added for the same purpose, to make the bread taste nice. However, it has the reverse effect on yeast, unlike sugar. The nextingredient is oil, olive oil, peanut oil and butter. It is essential for making the bread tender. After mixing with all these ingredients, the flour are hard beaten before sent to the oven.

9.

Analytical Exposition
Purpose : To persuade the readers or the listeners that something in the case, to analyze or to explain. Generic Structure: 1. Thesis (usually includes a preview argument. It introduces topics and indicates the writers position.) 2. Arguments (consists of a point and elaboration sequence. The number of points may vary, but each must be supported by discussion and evidence). 3. Reiteration (restates the position more forcefully in the light of the arguments presented). Language features: Emotive words such as : alarmed, worried. Words that qualify statements such as: usual probably Words that link arguments such as: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore.

 Example :

Usually present tense Compound and complex sentences

HOUSE HUSBANDS HEART RISK Most people assume that life in the rat race is bad for your health. But reversing the traditional gender roles, being a house husband is a stressful business, according to the latest research by American scientist. By giving up their jobs in order to become house husbands, men increase their risk of heart attack or coronary disease by as much as 82%, according to research based on 10 year study of 2,500 people in Boston, USA.

Accoding to Dr. Elaine Eaker, the key to the problem is that some men became stressed about performing a role not traditionally assigm to them by society. Men who stays at home tend not to have the same levels of support from friends and family as women do thesame. Jack OSullivan, of the Fathers Direct, was quoted as saying: Society expects the main career should be a woman and society is structured around that. Day care is called mother and toddler groups and some men feel awkward about belonging to those groups. Professor Gary Cooper, a psychologist at the University of Manchester, said many men tend to underestimate the task of caring for a family. He said Most men think being a house husband involves putting on a bit of washing, taking the kids to school and then putting their feet up with a cup of coffee. They are crazy. Most men are not used to performing a variety of activities simultanously the kind of multi-tasking which is second nature to most women. It is estimated that men have taken over the main homemakers role in one in seven homes, as increasing numbers of women become the main breadwinner. The study also found that women in high-powered jobs were more likely to develop heart disease than those in more junior positions.

10. Hortatory Exposition

Purpose : To persuade the readers or the listeners that something should or should not be the case. Generic structure: 1. Thesis ( stating an issue of concern) 2. Arguments ( giving reasons for concern, leading recommendation) 3. Recommendation (stating what ought or ought not to happen) Language features: Example : Emotive words: alarmed, worried Words that qualify statements: usual probably Words that link arguments: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore Usually present tense Compound and complex sentences Modal auxiliary: can, may, should, must

Students cheating
Students cheating is one of the biggest problems faced by teachers nowadays.Despite the fact that teachers advise their students not to do dishonest acts during tests, some students still do cheating. There are many kinds of cheating that students do during the test or examination, such as looking other students work, put some notes under their clothes, write notes or formulas on their desks make hand signals or go to rest rooms to get the answers from their friends. In my view, students who do cheating are committing a crime. It is a sort of taking something illegally. This crime causes negative results to the students. Students who always cheat deteriorate their mental capacity. Cheating acts also create dependence. They weaken their self confidence. Instead of preparing for the coming test, they are busy to organize notes on a piece of paper. If this awful

habit continues, the students will lose their opportunity to develop their intellectual. Therefore, school should consider cheating as a very serious problem. School board and administration should go hand to overcome this matter. Honesty must be put in schools vision. Harsh punishment must be applied to students who commit this crime.

11. Discussion
Purpose : To present information and opinions about more than one side of an issue (for points against points) Generic structure: 1. Opening statement presenting the issue 2. Arguments or evidence for different points of view ( pros and cons) 3. Concluding recommendation. Language features: Use of general nouns: alcohol, abortion, smoking, etc. Use of relating verbs: is, are, etc. Use of thinking verbs: think, feel, hope believe, etc. Use of additive connectives: addition, furthermore, besides, etc. Use of contrastive connectives: although, even, if, nevertheless, etc. Use of causal connectives: because, because of, etc. Use of modal auxiliary: must, should, etc. Use of adverbial manner: hopefully

Example :

12.

SPOOF Purpose : To tell an event with a humorous twist Generic structure spoof text: 1. Orientation (who were involved, when and where was happened) 2. Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order) 3. Twist (provide the funniest part of the story) Language features spoof:

Use of connectives (first, then, finally) Use of adverbial phrases of time and place (in the garden, two days ago) Use of simple past tense (he walked away from the village)

Example : Last week I took my five-year old son, Willy, to a musical instrument store in my hometown. I wanted to buy him a set of junior drum because his drum teacher advised me to buy him one. Willy likes listening to music very much. He also likes asking me everything he wants to know. Even his questions sometimes seem precocious for a boy of his age. He is very inquisitive. We went there by car. On the way, we saw a policeman standing near a traffic light regulating the passing cars and other vehicles. He blew his whistle now and then. Seeing the policeman blowing his whistle, Willy asked me at once, Dad, why is the policeman using a whistle, not a drum? Hearing his unexpected question I answered reluctantly, Because he is not Phil Collin!