IMPORTANCE OF AN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN ON BEHAVIOUR OF THE BUILDING DURING EARTHQUAKE

Structural Engineering Department B.V.M. engineering college Vallabh Vidyanagar

Sumant B. Patel

Inertia Forces

Floor Slab

Walls and/or Columns

Foundations

Soil

Earthquake Shaking

Flow of seismic inertia forces through all structural components.

BASE SHEAR

It is the total design lateral force at the base of a structure.

VB = AhW

Where, Ah =Horizontal Seismic Co-efficient (Explained in subsequent slides) W =Seismic weight of the building

HORIZONTAL SEISMIC CO-EFFICIENT

Where, Z I R = Zone factor = Importance factor = Response reduction factor

Sa/g = average response acceleration co-efficient

ZONE FACTOR (Z)

It is a factor to obtain the design spectrum depending on the perceived maximum seismic risk characterized by Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) in the zone in which the structure is located. The basic zone factors included in this standard are reasonable estimate of effective peak ground acceleration.

EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE AND INTENSITY

A major difference between the earthquake

intensity and magnitude lies in the fact that magnitude of an earthquake is determined based on measuring the ground motion with instruments (seismographs), whereas the intensity of an earthquake is determined based on observations of earthquake effects on building structures and human perceptions.

EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE AND INTENSITY

Another essential difference between a magnitude and intensity of an earthquake lies in the fact that magnitude is a unique indicator of a size of an earthquake - each earthquake is characterized with a single value which indicates its magnitude. At the same time, each earthquake is characterized with various intensities, depending on the location of a particular site with respect to the epicenter.

100 Watt Bulb

Near

Bright (100 lumens)

Normal (50 lumens)

Far Dull (20 lumens)

Reducing illumination with distance from an electric bulb

EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE AND INTENSITY

For example, Canada's largest historic earthquake, the Queen Charlotte Island earthquake of August 22, 1949 was characterized with magnitude 8.1 on the Richter scale. The same earthquake was characterized with MMI intensities ranging from III to over VII, as illustrated in the gure in next slide.

As an illustration of MMI intensity of VII or higher in the area close to the epicenter of this earthquake "cows were knocked off their feet, and a geologist with the Geological Survey of Canada working on the north end of Graham Island could not stand up. In Prince Rupert (MMI intensity VI), "windows were shattered and buildings swayed."

IMPORTANCE FACTOR (I)

It is a factor used to obtain the design seismic force depending on the functional use of the structure, characterized by hazardous consequences of its failure, its post-earthquake functional need, historic value, or economic importance. e.g : hospitals; schools; monumental structures; emergency buildings like telephone exchange etc.

RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR (R)

It is the factor by which the actual base shear force, that would be generated if the structure were to remain elastic during its response to the Design Basis Earthquake (DBE) shaking shall be reduced to btain the design lateral o force. It depends on the perceived seismic damage performance of the structure, characterized by ductile or brittle deformations. It is a discount factor. If the building is more ductile, it attracts more force. Ratio (I/R) shall not be greater than 1.0

AVERAGE RESPONSE ACCELERATION CO-EFFICIENT (Sa /g)

It depends on types of Soil and time period of the building. e.g. : Hard Soil (Rocky) , Medium Soil and Soft Soil

CENTRE OF MASS

The point through which the resultant of the masses of a system acts. This point corresponds to the centre of gravity of masses of system.

CENTRE OF MASS
10m

4m

20 kN/m2

I
10 kN/m2

II

8m

A
20m

III

Let origin be at point A, and the coordinates of the centre of mass be at (X, Y) Total mass = M1 + M2 + M3 = 20x10x4 + 10x10x4 + 10x20x4 (Weight) = 800 + 400 + 800 = 2000kN CoM = (9.0, 6.8) X = (800x5 + 400x15 + 800x10) / (2000) = 9.0 m

CENTRE OF STIFFNESS

The point through which the resultant forces of of the a restoring

system acts.

CENTRE OF STIFFNESS
10m
2 1m

4m

2.8m

8m

A
A B

20m

Let Column stiffness about X-direction is 4k and about Ydirection is k Therefore, k1 = k2 = 3k and kA = kB = kC = 8k

CoS = (10.0, 4.0)

CENTRE OF STIFFNESS
10m
2 1.47m

4m

8m

A
A B

20m

k1 = 3k, k2 = 6k

kA = kB = 8k, kC = 5k Eccentricities X = (8k x 10 + 5k x 20) / ( 8k + 8k + 5k) = x8.57m e = 0.43m Y = (6k x8) / ( 3k + 6k) = 5.33m ey = 1.47m

and

CoS = (8.57, 5.33)

ECCENTRICITY (CENTER OF MASS)

Twist

Light Side of Building

Earthquake Ground Shaking

Heavy Side of Building

(a) Single-storey building

(b) Three-storey building Even if vertical members are placed uniformly in plan of building, more mass on one side causes the floors to twist.

Rope swings and buildings, both swing backand-forth when shaken horizontally. The former are hung from the top, while the latter are raised from the ground.

ECCENTRICITY (CENTER OF STIFFNESS)

(a) Swing with unequal ropes

Vertical Axis about which building twists

Earthquake Ground Shaking

One-side open ground storey building twists during earthquake shaking.

Earthquake Ground Movement

(b) Building on slopy ground

Wall

Wall

Earthquake Ground Movement

Wall Columns Columns

These columns are more vulnerable Vertical members of buildings that move more horizontally sustain more damage.

(c) Buildings with walls on two/one sides (in plan) Buildings have unequal vertical members; they cause the building to twist about a vertical axis.

SHEAR WALL

RC Walls

Shear wall is a stiff element and attracts more forces. Ideally, Shear wall should be on the periphery.

Plan

Foundation

RC Shear Wall

Reinforced concrete shear walls in buildings an excellent structural system for earthquake resistance.

SHEAR WALL
20m
B

8m

A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

F = 100 kN k1 = k2 = = k7 = 8k ki = 56 F1 = F2 = F3 = = F7 = (ki / k ) x F = (8/56) x 100 =

SHEAR WALL
20m
B

8m

A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

F = 100 kN k1 = k7 = 120k , k2 = k3 = = k6 = 8k

ki = 2 x 120k + 5 x 8k = 240k + 40k = 280k F1 = (120/280) x 100 = 42.86 kN , F2 = (8/280) x 100 = 2.86 kN

A FIELD EXAMPLE

How Architectural Features Affect Buildings During Earthquakes?

CONFIGURATION

If we have a poor conguration to start with, all the engineer can do is to provide a band-aid improve a basically poor solution as best as he can. Conversely, if we start-off with a good conguration and reasonable framing system, even a poor engineer cannot harm its ultimate performance too much.
Henry Degenkolb, Earthquake Engineer ,USA

CONFIGURATION

(b) too long

(a) Simple Plan ::good (a) too tall (c) too large in plan

Buildings with one of their overall sizes much larger or much smaller than the other two, do not perform well during earthquakes.

(b) Corners and Curves :: poor (c) Separation joints make complex plans into simple plans Simple plan shape buildings do well during earthquakes.

CONFIGURATION
(a) Setbacks

Unusually Tall Storey

(b) Weak or Flexible Storey

(c) Slopy Ground

(d) Hanging or Floating Columns

Reinforced Concrete Wall Discontinued in Ground Storey

(e) Discontinuing Structural Members Sudden deviations in load transfer path along the height lead to poor performance of buildings.

POUNDING

Pounding can occur between adjoining buildings due to horizontal vibrations of the two buildings.

d = 200mm approx Floor of Building 1 Floor of Building 2

Fus e

d = 1 + 2

SHORT COLUMN EFFECT

(b)
Mezzanine Floor

(a)

Short Column

Regular Column

Tall Column

Sloped Ground

Buildings with short columns two explicit examples of common occurrences.

SHORT COLUMN EFFECT

Opening Short column Partial Height Wall Regular Column

Shor t

Long Portion of column restrained from moving Tall Column: Attracts smaller horizontal force

Short Column: Attracts larger horizontal force

Short columns are stiffer and attract larger forces during earthquakes this must be accounted for in design. Short columns effect in RC buildings when partial height walls adjoin columns the effect is implicit here because infill walls are often treated as non-structural elements.

SHORT COLUMN EFFECT

Slum area
W W W W

0.6m

ROAD SECTION A-A

k1 = 12EI / L13 = 12EI / 33 k2 = 12EI / L23 = 12EI / 0.63

3 m

SHORT COLUMN EFFECT

Short column between lintel and sill of window

Source: Wakabayashi,M., Design of Earthquake-Resistant Buildings, McGraw Hill Book Company, New York, USA

Effective height of column over which it can bend is restricted by adjacent walls this short-column effect is most severe when opening height is small.

REFERENCES
1) IS:1893 (Part1) 2002 2) Earthquake Tips, IIT Kanpur and BMTPC -New Delhi 3) British Columbia Institute of Technology http://commons.bcit.ca/civil/students/earthquakes/ unit1_03.htm

THANK YOU