De La Salle University College of Education Science Education Department PHY 583M Earth and Environmental Science

Experiment # 1 WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY

Members:

Bayot, Joysol Lim, Perlita Uy, Roxanne

Prof:

Dr. Cecil Galvez

Class Period: Sat, 8:00 am 11:00 am Date performed: 1/26/13

I.

INTRODUCTION A. BACKGROUND

INFORMATION/THEORY

AND

CONCEPTS

Work is the change in energy from one form to another by means of an external force. When work is done on an object, the object is said to have either gained or lost a certain amount of energy of a particular type. Hence the units of work are the same as the units of energy: joules. Work is considered to be positive, negative, or zero in value, depending on the direction of transfer. To calculate the work done, the distance travelled and the net force acting on the object must be determined. W = Fnet .d Fnet = M.a Change in kinetic energy states that the work done by the resultant external force on a body is equal to the change in the kinetic energy of the body. KE = 1/2 Mv2 Wtotal =K = Kf Ki The result is called Work-Kinetic energy theorem. The purpose of this Activity is to calculate the work done by a constant force and to compare the work done and the change in kinetic energy.

B. OBJECTIVES This activity aims: To examine and calculate the work done on the dynamics cart by a constant force. To compare the work done and the change in kinetic energy.

C. HYPOTHESIS If an external force is applied on a body with displacement, then a work is done.

II.

METHOD
START SECURE MATERIALS

PREPARE SET-UP

USE SPARK COMPUTER PROGRAM

COLLECT DATA NEEDED FOR THE EXPERIMENT

GET THE ACCELERATION OF THE CART

CALCULATE WORK DONE

CALCULATE KINETIC ENERGY

IS THE DATA COMPLETE AND ACCURATE? Y

FIX SET UP

MAKE FURTHER STUDIES END

III.

Materials Used and experimental set-up

IV.

DATA a. OBSERVATIONS in a DATA TABLE or CHART

Table 1. Shows the hanging mass, minimum distance, maximum distance, and the distance (difference between minimum and maximum distance) of the 3 runs of the cart

Table 2. Shows the hanging mass and the acceleration of the 3 runs of the cart

Table 3. Shows the hanging mass, distance, acceleration, force and work of the 3 runs of the cart

Table 4. Shows the hanging mass and the acceleration of 3 runs of the cart

Table 5. Shows the hanging mass, distance, acceleration, force and work of the 3 runs of the cart

Table 6. Shows the hanging mass and the final velocity of the 3 runs of the cart

Table 7. Shows the hanging mass, final velocity, work and change in kinetic energy of the 3 runs of the cart

Table 8. Shows the mass of dynamic cart, hanging mass, distance, acceleration of the cart, and the force of the 3 runs of the cart

b. GRAPHS

Figure 1.Position versus Time of the 3 runs

Figure 2.Velocity versus Time of the 3 runs

Figure 3.Force versus Hanging Mass of the 3 runs

Figure 4.Work versus Force of the 3 runs

Figure 5.Work versus Change in Kinetic Energy of the 3 runs

c. CALCULATIONS c.1 Final Velocity Vf = Vi + a * t where: Vf = final velocity Vi = initial velocity t = change in time a = acceleration c.2 Force f=mxa where: f = Force m = mass a = acceleration

c.3 Work W= Fnet d = F cos where: Fnet = Net Force d = distance

c.4 Acceleration a= v t where: v = change in velocity t = change in time

c.5 Kinetic Energy KE = where: KE= Kinetic energy m = mass v = velocity

mv 2

V.

ANALYSIS Based from Figure 2, it shows that the velocity versus time graph moves along a straight line, making it linear in shape and is constant. Given that it shows the slope of velocity with respect to time, it represents the physical quantity of acceleration. It also means that acceleration on the graph is constant

The initial kinetic energy of the cart is zero (0). Any object that is not in motion will have an initial kinetic energy of zero.sa Figure 3 shows that the graph moves along a straight line, thus making its shape a linear one. The acceleration of an object depends on the net applied force, and the mass. In this experiment, the hanging mass determines the net force acting on the system of both masses. This net force accelerates both the hanging mass and the carts mass; the cart mass is accelerated horizontally, and the hanging mass is accelerated downward.

Figure 4 shows that the graph shows a linear relationship between work and force. Force is essential to perform work. When the point of application of the force gets displaced, then force is said to have performed work. Based on the graph and the equation, W = Fnet . d, work is directly proportional to force. Figure 5 shows a graph that is not linear in shape, due to some error that can be anticipated while performing the experiment. However relationship between work and change in kinetic energy is applicable when conservative forces act on a system. This relationship is known as the Work Energy Principle. So Work may be defined as a change in Kinetic Energy

VI.

CONCLUSION Work done by applied force is equal to the product of F, the component of Fa in the direction of the displacement, and change in d, the distance through which the mass moves. Theoretically work done must be equal to change in kinetic energy. But the results of the activity/experiment would not yield the theoretical aspect since in the real setting some forces cannot be neglected like friction.

VII.

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS

1-2. Draw the cart and then indicate the forces acting on the cart. Which force/s does/ do not work on the cart? Why?

Fnorm fk Fapp

Fgrav

Where: Fnorm = normal force Fgrav = gravitational force = M*g Fapp = applied force (tension on the string) = m*g fk = kinetic friction

3. In this experiment, 2 graphs were recorded. These are the position vs time graph, and velocity vs time graph. a. What are the shape of the position vs time graph and the velocity vs time graph The graphs move along a straight line, thus making it linear in shape.

b. What do these graphs tell you about the carts position, velocity, and acceleration as the cart moves from its initial position to the final position?

c. What physical quantity does the slope of the position vs time graph represents? The slope of position with respect to time represents velocity of the object. d. What physical quantity does the slope of the velocity vs time graph represents? The slope of velocity with respect to time represents acceleration.

4. If you increase the hanging mass, what do you think will happen to the following quantities? a. Acceleration of the cart Acceleration of the cart will increase since there is an rise in pressure in order to move the object. b. The net force of the cart Like acceleration, net force will rise since there is an increase in the hanging mass. c. The work done on the cart Work done will increase since variables affecting work increased. d. The change in kinetic energy of the cart Change in kinetic energy will also increase because it is proportional to the rise of other factors.

5. What does it mean if the slope of the x vs y graph is equal to 1? When the slope of the x vs y graph is equal to 1 it means that change in work done is equal to change in kinetic energy. 6. What is the value of the slope of work vs KE graph? Is it really equal to 1? What does it tell you about the relationship between work and KE? Generally, the work done on a body is equivalent to the change in kinetic energy of that body. Since the body is initially at rest, the kinetic energy of the dynamics cart depends only on its final kinetic energy.

The slope of the graph is equivalent to 1.16 using the formula, m= (y1-y2) / (x1-x2). The value of the slope tells that there is a slight difference between the obtained work and the kinetic energy. Based from the data, the shorter distance travelled by the cart with the 0.020 kg hanging mass is the cause of the sudden decrease in final velocity hence, the decrease in kinetic energy. 7. What do you think is the reason why the work done and KE are not really equal to one another? Work done and change in kinetic energy are not equal to 1 since there are other variables to consider when computing for it. It will only be equal to each other if these other variables will be neglected.

VIII. REFERENCES 1. Heuvelen. University Physics, 6th edition. 2004 2. Young and Freedman. University Physics, 11th edition. 2005 3. Hewitt. Conceptual Physics. 2005