A.Li ni u.

Cng ngh ha hc c coi l mt trong nhng ngnh khoa hc c lch s lu i nht trong lch s nhn loi.T ngn xa n c ch trng pht trin v c nhiu ng dng thit thc trong cuc sng. Cng vi thi gian, ha hc ngy cng c nhng bc tin vt bc tr thnh mt ngnh quan trng, c nh hng ln ti s pht trin ca cc ngnh khc. Mt trong nhng ng dng kh ph bin ca ngnh ha l v vic s dng cc cht hot ng b mt sn xut cc cht ty ra trong i sng sinh hot hng ngy, hay s dng chng lm cht xc tc trong cc phn ng trong cng nghip nhm nng cao hiu sut sn xut ca cc qu trnh cng nghip. Vic s dng cc cht HBM c mt lch s lu di, t khi ngi ta nhn thy rng mt vi dch p thc vt, nh saponin glycosit t b kt c th h tr qu trnh git ra. T cng ngh sn xut x phng c pht trin nh p dng qu trnh ha hc x phng ha (thy phn bng kim) i vi du m ng vt v thc vt. S pht trin mnh cng ngh cc cht HBM din ra cng vi qu trnh cng nghip ha, nht l trong cng nghip dt may. Nhng khi , cht HBM vn ch c dng ch yu nh cht git ra. Vo nhng nm 1950, vic chuyn t bt x phng d b phn hy sinh hc n bt cht ty ra b phn hy sinh hc chm hn lm xut hin nhng nhu cu u tin i hi lm gim tc ng mi trng ca cc cht ty ra. Cc con sng si bt l mi lo lng v dn n nhng nghin cu v phn hy sinh hc, m kt qu l s thay i v cu trc mch cacbon ca phn t cht HBM, nh hin tng nhim bt cc con sng hn ch rt nhiu.

Cng vi nhng nhn thc su sc hn v mi trng v pht trin bn vng, ngy nay cn c nhiu nghin cu hng vo v m rng hn na nhng mc tiu . Ngoi vic bn thn cc cht HBM tr nn thn thin hn vi mi trng, nhng ha cht ny cn c th s dng cho nhng mc ch khc. Chng hn, sn v cc qu trnh ty du m ngy nay c th c phi ch trong dung mi l nc, l nh cc cht HBM, cho php gim lng cc cht hu c d bay hi pht thi vo kh quyn. Chng hn,ng dng cht HBM lm cc tc nhn to m, cht to nh, tng tan, dit khun, cht chng nhim tnh in, chng n mn... Trong bi ny, nhm tham gia nghin cu ca chng ti ch gii hn n mt s ng dng quan trng v ph bin nht trong ngnh cng ngh cc cht v c: 1_ng dng trong sn xut cht ty ra. 2_ng dng trong tuyn ni v khai thc khong sn. 3_ng dng trong lm bn h nh tng v iu ch ht nano. Bi vit tuy c tm hiu v nghin cu k cng nhng khng th trnh khi sai st. Chng ti rt mong nhn c s gp ca thy c v bn b. Xin chn thnh cm n!

B_Ni Dung
I_Gii thiu v cht hot ng b mt.
Cht hot ng b mt (Surfactant, Surface active agent) l mt cht lm t c tc dng lm gim sc cng b mt ca mt cht lng. Qu trnh tm hiu v cht hot ng b mt c lin quan n cc yu t sc cng b mt v s thm t ca vt cht. 1_ Khi nim v sc cng b mt (SCBM). Con nhn nc ng c trn mt nc.

Ma ri thnh ht m khng tan ra thnh hi nc. Khi nc vo trong 1 cc, ri b nh tng vin si nh vo, nc s nh cao ln khi ming m khng trn ra ngoi, c nh l cc c y bng mt np v hnh no . Nhng hin tng ny c gii thch nh khi nim SCBM. a.Ngun gc ca SCBM:( ) SCBM c bn cht l chnh lch lc tng tc gia cc phn t vi nhau. Lc tng tc gia cc phn t cng tng th SCBM cng ln. N khin cc phn t b mt ca cht lng th hin c tnh ca mt mng cht do ang chu lc ko cng.

Cc phn t trong lng cht lng lun chu nh hng ca cc lc phn t t cc phn t xung quanh. Vi cc phn t nm gia cht lng, chng c bao quanh mt cch i xng bi cc phn t cht lng cng loi khc, nn lc tng cng c cn bng thnh 0. b mt cht lng, mt bn phn t b cc phn t cng loi tng tc vi lc khc bn kia do cc phn t khc loi (Chn khng, khng kh hay cht lng khc). Lc tng cng c th ko phn t b mt vo bn trong cht lng, nh trng hp b mt git nc trong khng kh, hay y n ra pha ngc li, nh trng hp git nc bm vo thnh ng mao dn.

M hnh lc tng tc gia cc phn t trong v trn b mt cht lng. y l hiu ng lm cho git nc trong khng kh c hnh cu, h tr thc vt vn chuyn nc t r ln n l thng qua h mch dn phloem bng hin tng mao dn, gip nhn nc b trn mt nc, gii thch trng thi cn bng ca nh tng cng nh tc dng ty ra ca x phng ni ring hay hot tnh ni chung ca cht hot ha b mt, ... b.Nng lng t do b mt (Gs). Khi nhn mt phn t trong s tip xc qua li vi cc phn t lng ging, nhng phn t pha trong u c nhiu lng ging nh nhau. Nhng nhng phn t ranh gii c nhng t lng ging hn phn t pha trong v bi vy chng trong mt trng thi bt n nh c nng lng

cao, c gi l nng lng b mt. ti gin nng lng , n phi ti gin s lng nhng phn t ranh gii v phi bi vy ti gin din tch b mt. Gs = k.S Trong : _S l din tch b mt ca cht lng. _k l h s t l, c trng cho cng tng tc gia cc phn t. K ph thuc p sut ni, nhit , bn cht ca dung dch lng. Nng lng Gs t l vi din tch b mt S. Din tch b mt cng ln th nng lng b mt cng cao, h lng cng km bn. Chnh v vy, cc cht lng c xu hng ti thiu nng lng b mt ny v l trng thi bn. Cng 1 th tch cht lng th git cht lng cng ln, din tch b mt cng b. l nguyn nhn tch pha ca h nh tng, h phn tn. Khi lm tng din tch b mt t S1 S2 (S2 > S1), c nng lng b mt tng ng: Gs1 = k.S1

Gs2 = k.S2 ( nng lng t do b mt tng ) Gs = Gs1 Gs2 = k.(S1 S2) Cn cung cp cho h 1 cng A, vi: -A = Gs = k. S K = Gs /S = -A/S t = k = Gs /S = -A/S . (*)

c.nh ngha sc cng b mt: nh ngha suy t cng thc (*) : Sc cng b mt l cng c hc thc hin khi lc cng lm cho din tch b mt thay i mt n v o din tch. Nh vy n cng l mt din tch ca nng lng; ngha ny mang li tn gi nng lng b mt cho i lng vt l ny. Cng c th nh ngha sc cng b mt l lc cng trn mt n v chiu di ca ng giao tuyn gia mt cht lng v mt rn. Trong h o lng quc t [SI], n v o sc cng b mt l J/m hoc N/m. 2_Cc yu t nh hng n sc cng b mt. a.Bn cht ca dung dch lng: b.Nhit Khi nhit tng, lc tng tc gia cc phn t lp b mt cht lng gim nn sc cng b mt cng gim

Ta c cng thc: a = -d/ dT => T To = -a ( T - To ) Trong : a: h s ph thuc bn cht ca cht lng : sc cng b mt (dyn/cm) hoc (N/m) To: nhit iu kin chun(25C) T: nhit thi im o => Khi nhit tng, sc cng b mt gim => vic tng nhit c li cho vic hnh thnh h vi nh tng.Tuy nhin khi tng nhit ln qu cao nh ni trn s lm ph hy cc ht du nn vic chn nhit thch hp l rt cn thit trong vic to h vi nh tng. c.Cht HBM: Cht HBM c dng lm gim sc cng b mt ca mt cht lng. Nu c nhiu hn hai cht lng khng ha tan th cht hot ha b mt lm tng din tch tip xc gia hai cht lng . Khi ha cht hot ha b mt vo trong mt cht lng th cc phn t ca cht HBM c xu hng ni ln trn b mt cht lng, to m (micelle), lm cho cu trc ca h thay i gim nng lng b mt gim sc cng b mt tng kh nng ha tan trong nc, hoc ha tan trong cc dung mi khng phn cc nh du, gip cho cc qu trnh vt l, ha hc din ra d dng hn. Nguyn l lm gim sc cng b mt ca cht HBM c tnh ng dng cao v rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc. V c ch ca n, ta s tm hiu phn sau. *.Quan h gia sc cng b mt v tan gia 2 pha lng:

Khi trn 2 cht lng vo nhau, s xy ra cc hin tng sau: - Hai cht lng tan ln v hn vo nhau, v khng tn ti b mt phn chia pha.
-

Hai cht lng hon ton khng tan ln. Hai cht lng tan ln c gii hn vo nhau, tch lp to ra 2 pha dung dch: A tan bo ha trong B v B tan bo ha trong A.

Sc cng b mt trn b mt 2 pha lng tip xc nhau nh hn sc cng b mt ca tng cht lng ring bit. Chng c lin h vi nhau theo qui tc Anatoli:
-

Nu l 2 cht lng khng tan ln, sc cng b mt trn b mt tip xc bng hiu sc cng b mt ca cc pha lng.

- Nu 2 cht lng tan c gii hn th sc cng trn b mt tip xc t l vi hiu 2 sc cng b mt ca cc cht thnh phn. Nu phn cc ca 2 cht lng cng khc bit th sc cng b mt tip xc cng ln.
-

Trng hp phn cc ca 2 cht lng bng nhau th sc cng trn b mt tip xc bng 0. 2 cht lng tan v hn vo nhau.

3_ Cht hot ng b mt (HBM). a.Cu to: Cu to ca cht HBM gm 2 phn: - Phn c cc (Hydrophile): l cc nhm chc c cc: - COO, - CONH2, - C6H4SO3, - SO3,...Cc nhm ny lin kt mnh vi cc dung mi c cc (nh H2O) nn phn c cc ny gi l u a nc. - Phn khng cc (Hydrophobe): l cc gc hidrocacbon. Cc gc ny lin kt tt vi dung mi khng phn cc nn gi l ui khng cc ( a du).

Mt cht HBM gm 2 nhm: a nc v a u kt hp vi nhau trong phn t nn gi l cht HBM lng chc. K hiu:

b.Phn loi: Ty theo tnh cht m cht HBM c phn theo cc loi khc nhau. Nu xem theo tnh cht in ca u phn cc ca phn t cht HBM th c th phn chng thnh cc loi sau:

Cht hot ha ion: khi b phn cc th u phn cc b ion ha.

o

Cht hot ha dng: khi b phn cc th u phn cc mang in dng, v d:

Cetyl

trimetylammonium

bromua

(CTAB)

Cht hot ha m: khi b phn cc th u phn cc mang in m

Natri dodecyl sulfat (SDS)

N-Lauroylsarcosine Sodium

Sodium deoxycholate (DOC) Natri deoxycholate (DOC)

Cht hot ha phi ion: u phn cc khng b ion ha, v d:

Lauryldimethylamine-oxide (LDAO)

Cht hot ha lng cc: khi b phn cc th u phn cc c th mang in m hoc mang in dng ty vo pH ca dung mi, V d: amino acid.

b.C ch lm gim sc cng b mt ca cht HBM: Cc cht lng phn cc th d tan trong dung mi phn cc. V ngc li, cc cht khng phn cc th d tan trong dung mi khng phn cc. Cht HBM c 2 u phn cc v khng phn cc th khi tan trong dung mi phn cc ( nh nc ) th c xu hng ni ln trn b mt cht lng,nh hng vung gc vi b mt, sao cho nhm a nc nm b mt, nhm k nc hng ra ngoi to thnh 1 mng lng trn b mt.

Cht HBM ni ln trn b mt nc Cng thc tnh sc cng b mt ca dung dch. ' = A ln(1+BC) C: nng cht HBM. A,B: hng s. - B ph thuc vo bn cht ca cht HBM. - A ph thuc vo nhit . : sc cng b mt ca nc nguyn cht T biu thc c th nhn xt rng, Sc cng b mt ph thuc vo nng ca cht HBM. Khi nng ca cht HBM cn nh, cc phn t cht HBM b y ln b mt lm cho sc cng b mt ca cht lng gim xung. Khi b mt lng b chim ht ch bi cc nhm c cc ca cht HBM th sc cng b mt khng gim na v t cc phn t cht HBM bt u to ra cc cu trc mixen v cc kiu cu trc khc trong lng cht lng.

Cu trc ca 1 mixen Nng ca cht HBM m ti cc phn t bt u to m c gi l nng to m ti hn. Nu cht lng l nc th cc phn t s chm ui k nc li vi nhau v quay u a nc ra to nn nhng hnh dng khc nhau nh hnh cu (0 chiu), hnh tr (1 chiu), mng (2 chiu). Tnh a, k nc ca mt cht HBM c c trng bi mt thng s l cn bng a k nc (HLB), gi tr ny c th t 0 n 40. HLB cng cao th ha cht cng d ha tan trong nc, HLB cng thp th ha cht cng d ha tan trong cc dung mi khng phn cc nh du. Mixen c vai tr quan trng quyt nh tnh tan ca h. Cht mun ha tan c cc hay khng cc th cc phn t cht phi chen vo mixen ca cht HBM. 4. Hin tng thm t. a.Khi nim: Khi ta nh mt git cht lng ln mt b mt th xy ra hin tng: Git cht lng loang ra trn b mt, l hin tng b mt thm t lng. Git cht khng loang ra b mt, l hin tng khng thm t (k

lng).

Hin tng thm t c quyt nh bi hai loi lc tng tc: Lc tng tc gia cc phn t lng- lng: f(L- L) Lc tng tc gia cc phn t lng- rn: f(L- R). v : Nu f(L- R) > f(L- L), ta c hin tng thm t. Nu f(L- R) < f(L- L), ta c hin tng k nc. V d: Bng si thm t tt hn nylon nhng nu nhng vo du th nylon thm t tt hn bng. *.Gc thm t: Gc thm t c c trng bi ng thng tip tuyn vi mt cong phn cch rn-lng-kh v phng vung gc vi chiu ri thng ng. = 180 hon ton khng thm t.

= 0 thm t hon ton. Trong thc t, < 90 c thm t > 90 khng c thm t Mc thm t ph thuc vo bn cht ca b mt rn v cht lng. Vi mi loi cht rn c 1 gc thm t tng ng.

b.Quan h gia kh nng thm t vi sc cng b mt ca cc cht. Khi git cht lng trn b mt rn t cn bng th cc phn t ti A chu 3 lc tc dng do sc cng b mt ca cht gy ra. r,k: sc cng b mt ca rn v kh. l,k: sc cng b mt ca lng v kh. r,l: sc cng b mt ca rn v kh. l,k gy ra 1 lc tc dng vo phn t A theo hng ko A v pha bn phi. Cos = (r,k - r,l)/ l,k iu kin c thm t : < 90 Cos > 0 r,k > r,l Khi thay i l,k th dn n thay i Cos . l,k gim th kh nng thm t tng. V vy, xng du c sc cng b mt b hn nc s thm t tt hn. Nu cht lng v rn c tnh cht gn ging nhau th r,k s rt nh Cos ln nht thm t tt. Trong thc t, ci to tnh thm t ca 1 vt phi tc ng n 2 yu t r,k v l,k. *.Thm t l qu trnh t xy ra. Thng thng, b mt rn c nng lng t do b mt kh ln nn c xu hng lm gim nng lng nng .

Gs = k.S dGs = .dS + S.d Qu trnh t xy ra nn dGs < 0 gim. V vy, qu trnh thm t l qu trnh ta nhit. c.Thm t c tnh chn lc, ng dng ca n. Nh trn ni, qu trnh thm t u tin cht no cng lm gim nng lng b mt. Cht lng no c hiu s phn cc so vi b mt b hn th kh nng thm t tt hn. V d: Cho 1 b mt rn tip xc vi 2 cht lng l nc (a nc)v Hydrocacbon (k nc). Nu b mt rn thm t chn lc nc th Cos > 0 (hiu s phn cc rn lng nh hn). Tuyn ni l 1 ng dng quan trng ca hin tng thm t. Trong qu trnh tuyn ni, vt rn ( qung ) i t v tr 1 trong th tch cht lng n v tr 2 trn b mt cht lng. 2 b mt lng-kh v rn-lng c thay bi b mt rn-kh. l,k + l,r > r,k f l lc nng ht khong t (1) (2) c xc nh: f = l,k + l,r - r,k m: r,k - r,k = l,k. Cos f = l,k - l,k.Cos f = l,k.(1 Cos) P l trng lc ca ht qung : P = m.g

 ht khong ni ln trn b mt lng th: f > P l,k.(1 Cos) > m.g cht lng lm thuc tuyn. cc yu t tc ng n qu

trnh tuyn ni l: khi lng ca ht qung (m) , bn cht ca qung v

II_ng dng ca cht hot ng b mt.

Hin nay, cht hot ng b mt c ng dng rng ri trong cc ngnh cng nghip v i sng nh: trong bt git, cng nghip nhum, cng nghip thc phm, m phm,in n , trong nng nghip, xy dng, du kh, cng nghip khong sn,... 1_ng dng ca cht HBM trong sn xut cht ty ra ( x phng ).

X phng dng lng v dng bnh a.X phng, mt s cht HBM c s dng trong . X phng hay x bng (soap) l mt cht ty ra cc vt bn, vt du m. Thnh phn ca x phng l mui natri hoc kali ca axt bo. X phng c dng di dng bnh, bt hoc cht lng.

X phng trc kia c iu ch bng cch cho cht bo tc dng vi kim bng phn ng x phng ho. Sn phm to ra l mui natri hoc kali ca axit bo. V th x phng c phn loi thnh x phng cng (cha natri) v x phng mm (cha kali). Loi x phng ny c mt nhc im l khng git c trong nc cng v n to cc kt ta vi cc ion canxi v magi bt ln mt vi lm vi chng mc. V sau, x phng c sn xut t du m. V th n khc phc c nhc im trn c th git c qun o bng nc cng. - Cu trc ca cht HBM trong x phng: + Phn phn cc a nc gm cc nhm OH, ONa, - COOH... + Phn khng phn cc : k nc l cc gc hydro cacbon ,c th l gc alkyl, aryl Kh nng hot ng b mt ca chng ph thuc vo : - Bn cht ca nhm phn cc . - V tr ca nhm phn cc trong mch cacbon: nhm phn cc u mch thng c kh nng ty ra tt hn gia mch; nhm phn cc thng dng l -COONa, SO3Na... - Nhm k nc c cu to mch thng kh nng hot ng b mt tt hn mch nhnh, nhm c thnh phn hn hp alkyl v arese tt hn alkyl hoc aryl n thun. Ty theo c tnh ca nhm a nc ngi ta chia cc cht hot ng b mt tng hp thnh 3 loi : - Loi anion: ch yu l loi c nhm -SO3 , -OSO3 , (-O3Na, - OSO3Na), c th s dng trong mi trng acid yu v nc cng . Cu trc: R - SO3Na : alkyl sunfonat Natri. (R c C12 C18).

V d :

R - C6H4 - SO3Na . C18H37OSO3Na (Sunfat natri ca alcol octa dexilyc). -Loi cation:c cha nhm amin bc 4 -Loi khng ion (trung tnh) c nhm phn cc l

nhm -OH, ete, este... V d: Ar (RO - CH2 - CH2O) x -CH2 - CH2 - OH R= C18H37 Thay R = Ar = phenyl , x=10 x = 20

RCOO(CH2 CH2O) x CH2 CH2 OH RCOO-: gc acid bo, x = 30 dis mougal Ngoi cht HBM, bt git, x phng thng l hn hp gm nhiu thnh phn khc : - Cht hot ng b mt: chim t 30% 80%. - Cc cht ph gia v cht n : Na2CO3, Na5P3O10, Na2SiO3, Na2SO4, nha thng,... c trong thnh phn bt git, x bng lm cht ph gia to thnh mi trng kim thy phn cc cht bn, lm tng tan, gim cng ca nc. - Cht n nh bt hu c v v c. - Cht mu, Cht to hng, cht chng oxi ha. b.C ch ty ra. Cng vic git qun o, ra bt, a, gi u s tr nn d dng nu cc cht bn c ha tan trong nc. Dung mi nc l dung mi rt d ha tan. Tuy nhin, nu cc phn t dung mi lin kt vi nhau mnh hn lin kt vi cht bn th vic ha tan cht bn s tr nn kh khn. V khng may, rt nhiu cht bn chng ta mun loi b li c lin kt yu vi nc. Nc l mt dung mi tuyt vi cho cc cht phn cc nh cc mui d phn ly thnh cc ion mang in hoc cc loi ng c cc vng tch

in. Chnh nc cng bao gm cc phn t phn cc: hyro c in tch dng v oxy c in tch m yu. Khi cc phn t nc gp phn t cht bn c cc, lc ht tnh in s by phn t ny v mang n i. Mt s cht khng phn cc, v d du v cht bo khng c vng tch in nn khng tan trong nc. Nhng cht bn ny ch c th c ha tan trong cc dung mi khng phn cc (v d percloetylen v naphta) nhng thng cc ha cht ny c hi v lm tn hi n mi trng. c tnh ty ra ca x phng v cht ty ra l ch: cc phn t ca chng c 1 u phn cc v 1 u khng phn cc, v vy chng cn bng c trong cc mi trng c cc cng nh khng c cc. Trong nc, cc phn t ny to thnh nhng cu trc hnh cu nh c gi l mixen, vi cc u phn cc hng ra ngoi v cc u khng phn cc hng vo trong. bn trong, phn mixen khng phn cc ny s ha tan trong cc phn t du. V vy, khi git, cc mixen ca x phng s bt cc phn t khng c cc (du, m) v mang chng i. Tc dng ty ra ca x phng c c th b hn ch trong nc cng. Cc ion dng ca st, magi, canxi trong nc cng kt hp vi u mang in m ca cc chui phn t trong x phng, cn tr s to thnh mixen. Tuy nhin, cc cht ty ra hay x phng tng hp c th gii quyt c kh khn ny. Cc cht ty ra tng hp c cc nhm c cc nh cc hp cht sulfonat (-SO3 ) hoc etoxysulfat c gn vo cc chui hyrocacbon. Cc nhm tng hp ny mang in m, chng ch lin kt yu vi cc ion (ca st, magi, canxi) trong nc cng v nh kh nng lm sch vn rt tt. Tu trung, c ch ty ra ca x phng hay cht ty ra nh cht HBM bao gm 3 qu trnh:
-

Tng kh nng thm t ca vi, bng cch lm gim sc cng b mt ca nc. Dung dch x phng c th thm nhp vo bn trong

cc mao qun nh ca si vi m nc thng khng th thm vo c.

-

Ty r cht bn: cc phn t x phng hp ph ln b mt si vi, to p sut tch, ha tan cht bn t si vi vo cc mixen. To bt vi tc dng tng s c st c hc, gip ko cht bn ra khi mi trng v lm ni chng bng cc bong bng kh. 2_ng dng ca cht hot ng b mt vo quy trnh tuyn ni

qung trong cng nghip a.S lc v tuyn ni qung. Tuyn ni l k thut lm giu ph bin s dng tch cc qung sunfua a kim, tch apatit ra khi neplin, lm giu than v rt nhiu tnh cht khc. Nguyn l ca k thut ny l da trn kh nng thm t v bm dnh ca cc bt kh mt cch chn lc khc nhau ca cc ht qung nghin khi a vo trong nc cng vi s sc kh lin tc qua lp bn qung, kh nng thm t ca cc ht khong c trng ch yu bi gc thm t ca chng.

Mt ngn my tuyn ni

Sc cng b mt ca nhng ht khng thm t l ng lc y n ln trn mt nc v c gt ra ngoi trong khi cc ht b thm t c gi li trong lng cht lng. iu kin cc ht khng thm t ni ln trn b mt cht lng l t trng ca tp hp ht bt qung phi nh hn t trng ca hn hp qung nc. Trong thc t kh nng thm t ca cc thnh phn khong trong qung khc nhau khng nhiu nn mun cho qu trnh tuyn ni t hiu qu cao ngi ta thng thm vo cc cht h tr chn lc i vi tng thnh phn, c gi l thuc tuyn. Mi loi thuc tuyn h tr mt cch tng i chn lc cho s thm t ca thnh phn ny hoc s bm dnh vi bt kh ca thnh phn kia. Cc thuc tuyn (cht gom) c s dng nhiu nht l cc cht hot ng b mt. Cc cht ny l cc cht hu c mch di mt u a nc v mt u k nc bao quanh v to iu kin d dng cho qung bm dnh vo bt kh. to ra nhng bt kh c bn cao hn, trong tuyn ni ngi ta a thm cht to bt vi liu lng thch hp. b.C s khoa hc ca qu tnh tuyn ni Nhng c s l thuyt c bn v tuyn ni da trn thnh tu nghin cu ha l hin i. Ngy nay, ngi ta da trn c s l thuyt iu khin qu trnh cng ngh tuyn ni, iu chnh t l thnh phn cc cu t to ra n thuc tp hp ph hp vi tnh cht ca tng loi qung cn tuyn. gii thch s bm dnh ca thuc tuyn ln b mt ht khong ngi ta a ra nhiu gi thuyt gii thch bng ho hc lng t gia mc nng lng ca cc orbital y in t ca tc nhn thuc tp hp vi orbital trng ca ht khong, hoc l gii thch bng m hnh orbital phn t. Tu trung li, ngy nay ngi ta phn bit 3 loi c ch c bn v s bm dnh ca cc tc nhn thuc tuyn ln b mt ht khong: - S hp ph do lc tnh in

- S hp ph ha hc - S hp ph vt l S hp ph ho hc l quan trng hn c v n quyt nh tnh chn ring v tnh tp hp ca thuc i vi mt khong cht nht nh. Nhng tnh cht ny c quyt nh bi di, cu trc ca hidrocabon, cu to ca nhm chc v thnh phn t l ca cc cu t c mt trong h thng thuc tuyn. S hp ph ho hc c xy ra do s hnh thnh lin kt phi tr gia thuc tuyn v ht khong. Mi lin kt phi tr ny c to nn trong phn ln cc trng hp c s tc dng ca tc nhn thuc tuyn (trong thnh phn c cha nhng nguyn t c i in t t do nh N, S, O, P hoc l cc lin kt i) vi ht khong, m n cha cc cation c s lng t chnh n 2. S bm dnh ca cc phn t tc nhn thuc tuyn c cha cc nguyn t cho in t c th xy ra trn bt k v tr no ca b mt ht khong m c cha cc orbital trng c hnh thnh trong qu trnh p v hoc nghin qung. iu kin cn thit c s tc dng gia khong cht v tc nhn thuc tuyn dng ion (Y-) (ngoi tr trng hp xy ra phn ng d th) l s thy phn hoc oxi ho khong cht to nn lin kt phn cc trn lp b mt. Kt qu s tch v y ht tch in m xy ra d dng. Dng lin kt phi tr ny c tnh i ng v . Nh vy, s bm dnh gia cc tc nhn thuc tuyn v b mt ht khong xy ra cht ch hn v chn lc hn khi mi lin kt ca chng c nhng tnh cht c bn (nh: di, nng lng, s phi tr) gn vi lin kt trong mng tinh th ca khong vt. Hn ch ca quan im ny l khng xem xt v bn cht lin kt tc nhn - khong cht. Khng c s nhn nhn nht qun v s tc dng ca tc nhn ion v non - ion.

S dng nhng khi nim trn cho php ta c mt s quan im thng nht v s bm dnh ln b mt ht khong ca bt k mt loi thuc tuyn no v hnh dung c c ch s bm dnh ca bt k mt loi thuc tuyn ny trn b mt ht khong. Trong qu trnh hp ph phn ln cc thuc tp hp trong phn t ca n c cha O, N, P biu hin cc tnh cht theo nhng quy lut sau:

Tnh axit ca cc thuc tuyn cng yu th n cng bm cht ln b mt ht khong, ph hp vi quy lut ca s hnh thnh phc cht trong dung dch.

Lg = a(-LgKa)+b Trong :

Ka l hng s proton ho l hng s to phc

Khi c s hnh thnh lin kt hoc c s tc dng tnh in th xy ra quy lut ngc li. Gi tr hng s phc ca thuc tuyn vi cc cation kim loi c trong mng tinh th ca cc ht khong cn tch cng ln th thuc tp hp cng c tnh chn lc cao. Gi tr hng s to phc K v tnh hot ho Khh c trng cho s bm dnh ca thuc tuyn ion lin h vi nhau theo phng trnh sau: Khh = S/K Trong :

S l nng phn t ca cc hp cht t tan. Da vo y ngi ta c th nh gi c nh hng v tnh cht

axit baz ca thuc tuyn, kim loi v pH ca dung dch ln s hp ph

ti a ca thuc tuyn. S hp ph ti a ca thuc tp hp b dch chuyn vo vng pH thp hn khi ta tng tnh axit ca thuc tuyn v cc cation trong mng tinh th. tnh ton gi tr pH ti a (pHopt) s dng mi tng quan sau: (H+)opt = KHRKW/KMeOH)1/2 Trong :

KHR l hng s ion ho thuc tuyn KW l tch s ion ca nc KMeOH l hng s khng bn ca phc hidroxo kim loi

Tng s chn la ca thuc tuyn dng to phc cho php thc hin tuyn ni khong vt trong mi trng axit do tnh tan ca hp cht phc trong iu kin nay tng v dn n gii hp ph ca nhng trung tm hp ph hot ho yu ca khong cht ng hnh. Quan nim v c ch phi tr gia thuc tuyn v ht khong cho php ta gii thch s tc dng cng hng khi s dng hn hp cc loi thuc tp hp. B mt ca khong cht c th xem xt nh mt t hp ca nhng trung tm hp ph vi lc axit - baz Lewis v Bronsted khc nhau. Nh vy cng mt lc lm y nhng trung tm ny bng cc thuc tuyn anion, electrophin v trung tnh gy nn mt s hp phu cc i, do dn n s k nc ho v a nc ho b mt ht khong. c.ng dng trong cng nghip sn xut qung pht-pht (qung apatit). Phng php tuyn qung c p dng ph bin nht trong ngnh sn xut phtpht trn th gii l phng php tuyn ni anion-cation, cn c gi l Quy trnh Crago do Arther Crago pht trin t nm 1942.

y l mt phng php tinh ch qung mt cch hiu qu v d p dng, ng thi hiu sut thu hi qung kh cao. Trong quy trnh Crago, ban u qung phtpht c sng loi b t st mn v chia thnh 3 loi: qung dng si, qung th v qung mn. Phn qung dng si c th c s dng nh tinh qung phtphat m khng cn x l tinh ch tip. Nhng phn qung mn cha khong 70% ct nn phi c tinh ch bng tuyn ni trong 3 giai on: _Tuyn ni anion: cht gom anion, c s dng tuyn ni qung phtphat, c thnh phn ch yu l axit bo, du nhin liu hoc du ti ch thu c t ngnh sn xut du m. Axit bo cng c th c thu hi t ngnh sn xut giy. Du nhin liu ng vai tr quan trng v n lm tng hiu qu ca axit bo v gim liu lng s dng. Hn hp bn qung c khuy k trc khi x vo b tuyn ni. Qu trnh tuyn ni anion cho php loi b khong 80-90% ct v t st cn st. _Lm sch: Trc khi tin hnh tuyn ni giai on 2, ngi ta loi b cc thuc gom cation bng cch a axit sunfuric vo bn qung. Sau hn hp c khuy, ra v tch nc. _Tuyn ni cation: tinh ch qung t cht lng tiu chun s dng cho sn xut cc ha cht cha phtpho, ngi ta loi b ct bng giai on tuyn ni ngc. Trong giai on tuyn ni ny, ph thi c cho ni ln trn, cn tinh qung phtphat nm li bn di. y ngi ta s dng cc thuc gom cation t nhm cc amin. Nhn chung, phn t thuc gom cng ln th cng bao bc cc ht ct v ph thi tt hn, ng thi cng bm dnh vo cc bt khng kh tt hn. Ngoi ra, ngi ta cng b sung du ha hoc du izen ko di thi gian s dng cc amin t tin. c bit, giai on ny s cun theo ca ct mn trong nc (c trong nc ti s dng hoc do tch ri t cc ht t st ln) c

th lm tng mnh mc tiu th amin, lm tng chi ph sn xut. Nhiu loi amin c th c sn xut bng cc phn ng ca cc ph thi t cc ngnh sn xut cng nghip, v d ngnh sn xut giy hoc ngnh khai thc du m. Thng rt kh xc nh loi amin hiu qu nht i vi mt loi qung c th, v vy trc khi p dng ngi ta phi tin hnh nhiu th nghim trong phng th nghim. tng tip hiu qu ca cc thuc gom v lm cho chng phn tn tt hn trong hn hp bn qung, ngi ta thng b sung axit to thnh mui. nhit trong phng, cc mui ny thng trng thi rn v phi mt vi gi mi phn tn u trong nc. V vy, chng thng c phi trn vi cc ha cht khc c trng thi lng nhit gn nhit trong phng v do d phn tn. Khi qu trnh tuyn ni hon thnh, sn phm tinh qung s c bm n cc xyclon tch nc. *.Cc thuc tuyn thng dung trong qu trnh tuyn qung pht-pht: _Axit oleic k thut: l thuc tp hp hu c truyn thng s dng tuyn ni qung Apatit v photphorit, c sn xut bng phng php thu phn du m ng vt, thc vt.

(Sn xut thuc tuyn) Thnh phn axit bo c bn: acid oleic C 17H33COOH, acid palmitic C15H31COOH, acid stearic C17H35COOH (khong 92-97%) v cc cht khng x phng ho (2,5 -6,5%). _Du tallo (TM) v du tallo tinh luyn (DTM): l thuc tp hp hu c thng dng trong thc tin tuyn ni qung Apatit ti Lin X (c). Du tallo l sn phm ph cng ngh sn xut xenlulo, c iu ch theo cng ngh phn tch x phng sunfat bng axit sunfuric. Du tallo tinh luyn c sn xut bng cch chng ct du tallo ly phn on 200oC-235oC. Thnh phn ho hc ca du ch yu l axit bo v axit nha trong TM.

_Axit bo k thut (TK): TK l sn phm ph ca cng ngh sn xut axit bo a chc. Thnh phn ho hc ch yu l hn hp cc axit bo (axit stearic, axit palmitic, axit oleic, axit linoleic, axit oxystearic) v lng nh cc cht khng x phng ho. _Thuc tp hp MTK: l thuc tp hp mi ca cng ho Lin bang Nga, c sn xut th quy m pilot tuyn ni qung Apatit loi III thay th cho cc loi thuc tp hp truyn thng, c a vo Vit Nam nghin cu tuyn th vi qung Apatit loi III Lo Cai mc phng th nghim. Loi thuc ny c nh gi l c th thay th TK. Thnh phn ch yu ca MTK: cc axit bo v cc cht ph gia c bit. _Thuc tp hp B C: l thuc tp hp t lu c dng tuyn ni qung apatit. BC c th s dng tuyn ni qung apatit loi III Lo Cai. BC l sn phm xi ho trc tip hydrocacbon. Thnh phn ca n l hn hp cc cht hu c cha oxi: cc ru bo 44,7-53,6% (glycol); axit bo 36-29% (cc acid monocacboxylic mch nhnh). BC c u im l t nhy cm vi mi trng nc cng v c tc dng chn lc i vi qung apatit trong iu kin c nhiu slam. _Thuc tp hp MK 17-21:MK17-21 l hn hp cc axit monocacboxylic c mch cacbon t C17-C21, gc c cu trc thng v phn nhnh, c ch to bng cch trc tip oxi ho cc izoparaphin bng oxi khng kh hoc c tch t nhng phn on axit bo tng hp. MK17-21 tng i tr vi s thay i thnh phn ion ca bn qung tuyn ni.

_Thuc tp hp AAK: c s dng rng ri tuyn qung Apatit trong nhng nm gn y, AAK c ch to qua giai on ngng t mui natri ca axit aminohexanic vi axit bo bc cao nhit 1600C - 2000C . AAK tuyn ni hu hiu qung apatit cacbonat. Tnh chn lc i vi qung apatit tng nhiu khi s dng AAK vi cc thuc tp hp axit bo bin tnh khc. Trong phng th nghim nghin cu tuyn AAK vi qung apatit loi III Lo Cai. _Thuc tp hp KTM: KTM l loi thuc tp hp tuyn qung Apatit hon ton mi. L sn phm ngng t gia hn hp axit bo ca du tallo vi cacbamit. Thuc tp hp KTM c coi l mt trong nhng thuc c chng c tnh chn lc cao i vi qung apatit. Nghin cu cho thy KTM c th dng thay th TK tuyn apatit Lo Cai. _Thuc tp hp dng ankyl sunfosuccinat:Ankyl sunfosuccinat l cht hot ng b mt dng anion, c nghin cu t nhng nm 40 v c s dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc nh ty ra, cng nghip dt, m phm, tuyn qung vi thnh phn chnh l ankyl sunfosuccinat . Cc thuc tp hp dng N - ankylmonoamid, ankyleste ca axit ankyl (ankenyl) succinic c coi l thuc tp hp mi, c chng c tnh chn lc ring cao, tuyn ni c hiu qu qung Apatit.

_Thuc tp hp VH-2004:Thuc tp hp VH-2004 l hn hp cc axit bo no v khng no vi mch hidrocacbon t C10-C22, c iu ch bng cch oxi ho cc phn on khc nhau ca parafin tch ra t du m v thu phn t du m ng thc vt. Thuc tp hp VH-2004 l bc t ph mi ca cng ngh ch to thuc tp hp tuyn ni Apatit loi III trong nc. Hin , loi thuc tp hp ny ang c s dng c hiu qu tuyn qung Apatit loi III ti nh my tuyn Apatit Lo Cai. _Thuc tp hp MD: Thuc tp hp ca Thu in l hn hp ca cc axit bo vi chiu di mch hidrocacbon khc nhau cng vi mt s ph gia khc. 3_ng dng ca cht HBM trong lm bn h nh tng: a.Khi nim v h nh tng: - Nh tng: l mt h phn tn cao ca t nht hai pha lng m thng thng khng ha tan c vi nhau bao gm: - Mi trng phn tn (th ngoi): c tnh lin tc. - Pha phn tn (th trong): tn ti dng ht nh c ng knh t 0,1 n 10 micromet phn b u trong mi trng phn tn, c tnh gin on. VD: cc loi m cy, nha, trng g, sa, cc sn phm cng nghip: sn, m phm. - Vi nh tng: l h nh tng c bit c t nht 4 cu t trong thnh phn ca h: nc - du - cht hot ng b mt a nc - cht hot ng b mt a du. H ny l mt dung dch ng quang v thuc tnh nhit ng n nh. Quan st bng knh hin vi, mt vi nh trng nh mt

dung dch ng th, nhng thc phn t n li l h d th. Cu trc bn trong ca mt vi nh mt nhit cho trc c quyt nh bi t l hp phn ca n. Cu trc ny gm c nhng git nano nh hnh cu n kch thc hoc 1 pha chuyn tip. Trong hnh 1, cu trc khc nhau ca mt vi nh mt nng cho trc ca cht hot ng b mt c trnh by khi qut. nng cao ca nc, cu trc bn trong ca vi nh bao gm nhng droplet du trong pha tip gip nc. Vi s tng nng du, mt mt phn pha khng c hnh dng xc nh c hnh thnh. nng du cao, mt phn pha chuyn thnh cu trc ca mt droplet nc trong pha tip gip du (mixen nghch), cng c gi l mt vi nh nc/du. Gi tr kch thc ca nhng droplet khc nhau t 10 ti 100 nm ph thuc vo loi cht hot ng b mt. N cng ch ra rng h rt nhy vi nhit , t bit vi trng hp cht hot ng b mt khng ion. Nh thy hnh 1, vic tng nhit s ph hy cc ht du trong khi nhng ht nc b ph hy khi gim nhit . Ngoi vng tng ng vi dung dch vi nh, mt h 2 pha tn ti.

Hnh 1: Cu trc hin vi ca vi nh mt nng cht hot ng b mt cho trc vi nh hng ca nhit v nng nc

- Phn loi nh tng: +Nh tng thun: l nh tng m pha du c phn tn u trong pha nc (O/W) hay cn gi l mixen thun. +Nh tng nghch: l nh tng m pha nc c phn tn u trong pha du (W/O) hay cn gi l mixen nghch b.Nhit ng hc ca vi nh tng, cht nh ha. Nh tng l h d th c b mt phn chia pha rt ln nn khng bn v mt nhit ng v c xu hng co cm li gim nng lng b mt. lu, nh tng s b tch lp. chng li s tch lp ny, ngi ta a ra cc bin php, cc cht lm bn h nh tng gi l cht nh ha. Cc loi cht nh ha: _ Cc hp cht cao phn t. _Cc hp cht HBM. _Cc bt rn mn: oxit SiO2, oxit Al2O3, bt than,... Ta ch xt c ch lm bn h nh tng ca cc cht HBM. l nhng cht khi tan vo trong dung mi lm gim sc cng b mt ca dung dch theo phng trnh Shycopxky: ' = A ln(1+BC) Vi tnh cht va a nc, va a du, cht HBM nm trn b mt ca cc ht nh tng, bao quanh v ngn cn cc ht lng tip xc vi nhau.

T cng thc Shicopxky ta thy trong dung dch cht HBM th sc cng b mt ca nc nguyn cht lun ln hn sc cng b mt ca dung dich, nh vy mun hnh thnh h vi nh tng th khng th thiu cht HBM. to c h vi nh tng bn th lng cht hot ng b mt phi nhiu hn h nh tng. Vi nh tng rt bn v mt nhit ng nn khi iu ch khng cn cung cp nhiu nng lng pha trn thnh vi nh tng. Vi nh tng c th tn ti c lp cn bng pha vi pha nc hoc pha du do sc cng b mt nh. c.iu ch ht nano bng phng php vi nh tng. Theo quan im to ht, h vi nh vi cu trc bn trong gm nhng droplet (git) c quan tm nht. Vi nh nc/du c quan tm nhiu khi n c th to ra nhng ngn rt nh to cu to nn bi hidrophilic moiety ca cht hot ng b mt c lm y bng nc. Trong hydrophilic bn trong ca nhng droplet ny, mt lng no cht ha tan c trong nc c th phn tn, v d, nhng mui ca kim loi chuyn tip m sau c dng lm tin cht cui cng to ht kim loi. Nh pht biu trc, h ny rt nhy cm vi nhit do nhng tnh cht vt l v ha hc ca nhng thnh phn ca n. Do , vic chn h vi nh trong trng hp to ht nano l rt quan trng, nhng h ny n nh nhit phng hoc nhit hi cao (70o). C hai cch chnh to ht nano t vi nh: 1. Trn ln hai vi nh, mt cha tin cht (precursor) v mt cha cht keo 2b). t (precipitating agent) (hnh 2a). 2. Thm cht keo t trc tip vo vi nh cha kim loi tin cht (hnh

Hnh 2: S to ht t vi nh *.Nng cht hot ng b mt nh hng kch thc ht nano. Kch thc ca ht kim loi cui cng ph thuc vo kch thc cc ht trong vi nh. Kch thc ht s b nh hng bi t s nc trn cht hot ng b mt, . Vic tng t s ny mt nng xc nh ca cht hot ng b mt s tng ng knh trung bnh ca cc droplet. Lisiecki v Pileni thng bo rng kch thc ca ht nano Cu c to t h gm AOT, xiclohexan v nc tng t 2 ti 10 nm khi thay i t 1 ti 10. Khi lng nc v du c gi gi tr thch hp th vic tng lng cht HBM s tng s droplet. iu ny ngha l s ion kim loi trn mt droplet s gim v do lm gim kch thc cc ht. Mt s nghin cu cho thy kch thc ca nhng droplet c nh hng ln ti kch thc ca ht sau khi keo t tin cht. Tuy nhin, khng c s tng quan trc tip gia kch thc ca nhng droplet (10100 nm) vi kch thc ca cc ht thu c. Trong trng hp ca cc ht platin, nng ca ion PtCl62- trong 1 vi nh PEGDE (pentaetilenglicol dodecylete), hexan v nc bng 1,55.1020 ion/dm3 v s ion PtCl62- trong mi droplet c c lng l 5. Phn tch TEM cho

pht hin kch thc trung bnh ca ht Pt bng 35 , n tng ng vi 100-1500 nguyn t kim loi ph thuc hnh dng ht. iu ny cho thy ht cui cng khng hnh thnh pha trong cc droplet m ch hnh thnh trong nhn. H vi nh l nhit ng vi ngha l trong sut qu trnh hnh thnh ht tng s va chm xy ra khng i. S hnh thnh cc ht gm 2 bc: u tin l qu trnh to nhn trong cc droplet, sau l qu trnh t hp hnh thnh ht cui cng. Tc ln ca ht b iu khin bi s c mt ca cht hot ng b mt, chng s gii hn cc nhn khng cho pht trin qu nhanh. Do , cc ht pht trin cng tc , gip cho vic hnh thnh ht ca s phn b kch thc ng nht. Kt qu l mt huyn ph cc ht c kch thc nh c n nh bi s ngn cn ca tp hp cc cht hot ng b mt m do chng khng th kt t nhiu hn. Kch thc ca cc droplet nh hng kch thc nhn nhng kch thc ca cc ht cui cng s b khng ch bi cc phn t cht hot ng b mt bao quanh.

C_Li kt.
Cc cht hot ng b mt (HBM) c ng dng trong nhiu sn phm v qu trnh. Tuy tham gia vo thnh phn nhng sn phm ty sch, git ra v v sinh c nhn l nhng ng dng ln nht ca cht HBM, nhng vn cn nhiu ng dng khc cho thy tnh a dng ca ha hc cc cht HBM c th p ng c nhiu nhu cu hin i. Cu trc gm hai u i du, i nc lm cho cht HBM c nhng tnh cht rt hu ch nh l cc tc nhn to m, cht to nh, cht phn tn, cht tng tan, cht iu chnh b mt, cht dit khun, cht

ty ra, cht to bt, cht bin i lu bin, cht chng nhim tnh in v cht chng n mn... Trong tng lai, cng vi nhng p dng mi, nhng cht HBM mi c xut, l nhng cht HBM i t thc vt: cc ankyl glycosit, sucroza este v sorbitan este. Nhng cht HBM i t ngun thc vt t thay i trong qu trnh sn xut v rt an ton i vi mi trng, t c, i t nguyn liu c th ti sinh v d dng b phn hy sinh hc. Rt thn thin vi mi trng, nhng cht HBM loi ny thch hp vi chu trnh cacbon: CO2 do cy ci ly t kh quyn li c tr li khi cc cht HBM b phn hy sinh hc. Ngc li, cc sn phm da trn ngun du kh th ch c y thm CO2 vo kh quyn khi cui cng chng b phn hy sinh hc. Tuy nhin, v khng th to tt c cc cht HBM t thc vt nn chng ta vn lun lun cn n ngun du kh cho cc phn ng (V d phn ng etoxyl ha), hoc theo con ng gin tip qua vic s dng nng lng v vn ti. Gn y, vic pht trin cht HBM lng hp (Gemini) m ra nhng kh nng mi. Trong Gemini c hai loi cht HBM c gn vi nhau bng mt nhm cu. Cu trc Gemini c tnh cht ca cc iol axetylenic. Nhng cht HBM kiu ny c kh nng lm gim sc cng b mt tt hn v khng c tnh cht to bt nh lin kt axetylenic gi chc cc mch i du. Nhng iol ny thch hp cho vic ng dng che ph b mt. Lnh vc si ng ca ha hc cc cht HBM trong tng lai s l pht trin nhng HBM Gemini a cc phn t hot ng sinh hc vo cc t bo sng nhm chuyn cc cht thuc trc tip ti ch. Hay, nh vic x l hi chng au khi th, i hi phi s dng cc cht HBM phi (lung surfactant). Theo truyn thng, sn phm ny xut

pht t phi ca ng vt, nhng ngy nay c sn phm bn tng hp, cho thy nhng sn phm tng hp loi ny s c vai tr ln hn. Cng vi s xut hin ca ha hc nano, v c cu trc i du, i nc, nn cc HBM xut hin hin tng t tp hp khi chng to thnh cc mixel, nhng bong bng rng hay cu trc tinh th lng. Do s hnh thnh nhng bong bng rng, cc cht HBM c th ch ra cho nh nghin cu hiu c nhng photpholipid t tp hp nh th no to thnh mng t bo. Nhng v d chng t rng tng lai ca cng ngh cht HBM c m bo v nhng sn phm ny c tnh a dng rt ln, c th p ng c nhng yu cu c bit. Nghin cu v cht HBM lun l 1 ti th v v cn thit cho x hi.

Mc lc
trang

A.Li ni u................................................................ 1 B.Ni dung....................................................................

I_Gii thiu v cht hot ng b mt............................
1_ Khi nim v sc cng b mt (SCBM)........................ 2_Cc yu t nh hng n sc cng b mt............................................................................................... 3_ Cht hot ng b mt (HBM).................................. 4. Hin tng thm t......................................................

II_ng dng ca cht hot ng b mt..........................

1_ng dng ca cht HBM trong sn xut cht ty ra ( x phng )............................................ 2_ng dng ca cht hot ng b mt vo quy trnh tuyn ni qung trong cng nghip............................. 3.ng dng ca cht HBM trong lm bn h nh tng...............................................................................

C.Li kt.......................................................................
Ti liu tham kho

Ti liu tham kho.

Cc website:

Www.en.wikipedia.org Www.online-tensiometer.com Www.sita-online.com Www.vi.wikipedia.org Http://vn.answers.yahoo.com Www.vinachem.com.vn Http://articles.gourt.com Www.hoahocvietnam.com

www.ips.gov.vn

Gio trnh:

Ha l & Ha keo_Tc gi: Nguyn Hu Ph_ NXB Khoa hc k thut Cc sn phm ty ra v chm sc c nhn _Tc gi: Louis H Tn Ti