Li m u

Mi trng khng kh c ngha rt h trng i vi con ngi v ngi ta c th nhn n 7-10 ngy, nhn ung 2-3 ngy nhng nu ch sau 3-5 pht khng ht th khng kh th con ngi c nguy c b t vong. Th nhng mi trng khng kh ang ngy cng b nhim nghim trng nht l cc thnh ph ln.Thnh ph H Ni cng khng nm ngoi s . Trong qu trnh pht trin ca mnh thnh ph ang phi i mt vi nhiu thch thc m mt trong nhng thch thc l vn nhim khng kh. C th thy rng nhim khng kh gy nhiu thit hi khng nhng i vi sc kho nhn dn m cn lm thit hi v mt vt cht rt ln i vi nn kinh t quc dn. Nhng nhng thit hi bng bao nhiu th tht kh m xc nh chnh xc c. Tuy nhin vic xc nh li v cng quan trng bi v mun thc hin mt bin php gim thiu nhim no ngi ta thng so snh gia li ch v chi ph m bin php em li quyt nh xem c nn thc hin hay khng. Cc chi ph ca vic gim thiu thng d lng ho c nhng li ch ca n th kh hn.V vy cn lng ho gi tr thit hi do nhim khng kh gy ra, ga tr chnh l nhng chi ph tch kim c hay li ch c c nu thc hin cc bin php gim thiu nhim. T ta c th phn tch tnh kh thi ca cc gii php trong qu trnh xy dng v thc hin cc chnh sch mi trng Chnh v l em mnh dn s dng phng php chi ph thay th bc u lng ho gi tr thit hi v kinh t do nhim mi trng khng kh thnh ph H Ni

Ni dung
I/ C s l lun. 1. khi nim v nhim v nhim mi trng khng kh Trc khi tin hnh lng ho chng ta phi hiu th no l nhim v nhim mi trng khng kh . Theo lut bo v mi trng ca Vit nam: nhim mi trng l s lm thay i tnh cht ca mi trng, vi phm tiu chun mi trng. nhim khng kh l mt vn tng ca con ngi, ca hp, n c xc nh bng s bin i mi trng theo hng khng tin nghi, bt li i vi cuc sng ng vt v thc vt m s nhim li chnh l do hot ng ca con ngi gy ra vi quy m, phng thc v mc khc nhau, trc tip hoc gin tip tc ng lm thay i m hnh, thnh phn ho hc, tnh cht vt l v sinh hc ca mi trng khng kh 2. Cc tc hi ca nhim mi trng khng kh 2.1. i vi sc kho con ngi nhim khng kh tc ng i vi sc kho con ngi v ng vt trc ht l qua ng h hp, cng nh l tc ng trc tip ln mt v ln da ca c th. Chng gy ra cc bnh nh ngt th, vim ph phi, mt s cht nhim gy kch thch i vi cc bnh ho, hen suyn, lao phi, ung th phi, gy cay chy nc mt Nguy him nht l mt s cht nhim gy bnh ung th. Tc ng ca cc cht nhim vo ng h hp mnh hay yu mt phn cn ph thuc vo s ho tan ca chng trong nc. Nu cc cht nhim c tnh ho tan trong nc th khi ta ht th khng kh, chng s ho tan vi
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dung dch lng trn ng h hp v gy tc ng ln c quan ny. Tnh cht xm nhp vo phi ca nhiu loi cht nhim cn lin quan n s c mt ca cc kh dung trong khng kh. Bnh thng cc cht kh ny khng xm nhp vo su trong kh qun v ph qun nhng nh c cc kh dung hp th m c kh nng xm nhp vo su hn trong phi cho n tn cc ph nang. 2.2. Tc hi i vi thc vt Hu ht cc cht nhim trong mi trng khng kh u c tc ng xu n thc vt, gy nh hng c hi i vi ngh nng v ngh lm vn. Biu hin l lm cho cy trng chm pht trin c bit l sng khi quang ha gy tc hi khc lit i vi cc loi rau nh l rau dip, u H Lan, la, ng, cc loi cy n qu v cc loi phong lan. Nhng thnh phn nhim trong mi trng khng kh nh l SO2, HF, NaCl, cc hi, bi t cng nghip luyn ng, ch, km, nhum c bit l hi kh bc ra t cc l nung vi, nung gch th cng ngay c khi nng ca chng cn thp cng lm chm qu trnh sinh trng ca thc vt, nng cao lm vng l, lm hoa qu b lp, b nt, b thui v mc cao hn th l cy cng nh hoa qu u b rng, b cht hoi. Cc loi bi t bm vo l cy nhiu cng nh hng n sinh trng ca cy v lm gim qu trnh dip lc ho quang hp ca cy. 2.3. i vi vt liu nhim khng kh gy tc hi rt ln i vi cc loi vt liu khc nhau nh st, thp, vt liu sn, sn phm dt, vt liu xy dng bng cc qu trnh n mn (han g), mi

mn, gy hoen v ph hu. Ni chung nhim khng kh c tc ng xu, lm vt liu, kt cu cng nh dng v thit b chng b h hng. Cc cht nhim nh l SO2, H2SO4, clorua, cc sol kh lm g st thp, lm h hng cc mi hn kim loi v vt liu xy dng rt nhanh. Do lm gim tui th cng trnh v tng tc phi sa cha nh ca. II/ Hin trng mi trng khng kh thnh ph H Ni nhim mi trng khng kh H Ni hin nay do ba ngun thi ch yu: * Hot ng sn xut cng nghip * Hot ng giao thng th v xy dng * Sinh hot ca ngi dn thnh ph (ch yu l do cht t sinh hot) 1. nhim khng kh do cng nghip: Theo kt qu iu tra nhim cng nghip H Ni, hin nay H Ni c gn 400 c s cng nghip ang hot ng ti 9 cm cng nghip c l Minh Khai, Thng nh, Vn in, Trng nh, Cu Giy, Yn Vin, Chm, Cu Bu v ng Anh v mt s khu cng nghip mi tp trung nh Si ng, Bc v Nam Thng Long, khu cng nghip Ni Bi thuc Sc Sn. Ngoi tr cc nh my mi xy dng c thng qua bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng nn p dng cc bin php x l kh thi cn li cc nh my c do thit b c, khng ng b, cng ngh lc hu vn cha c bin php x l kh thi trc khi a ra mi trng hoc c nhng khng t tiu chun. cc nh my ny kh thi vn c thi trc tip vo mi trng. Theo s liu thng k ca S Khoa hc cng ngh v mi trng trong gn

400 c s cng nghip ang hot ng c n 147 c s c tim nng thi cc cht gy nhim khng kh. Cc kh thi c hi sinh ra t cc nh my, x nghip do qu trnh chuyn ho nng lng (tiu th than v xng du cc loi). c bit, hin nay do cht lng nhin liu nc ta cn cha tt so vi cc nc trong khu vc c th l hm lng benzen trong xng qu cao (5% trong khi cc nc trong khu vc l 1%), hm lng lu hunh trong diezen cao (0,5%-1% so vi 0,05%), trong khi lng than tiu th trung bnh l250.000 tn /nm, xng du l 20.000 tn/ nm thi ra mt lng ln bi, kh SO2, CO, NO2 gy tc ng xu n cht lng khng kh Hn th na, cc cm cng nghip c lc hu li c phn b nm xen k trong cc khu dn c hoc ven ngoi thnh nn chng khng nhng gy nhim cc b trong khu cng nghip m cn gy nhim mi trng khng kh ca cc khu dn c xung quanh. Ti mt s khu vc nh qun Hai B Trng, ng a, Thanh Xun, kh thi vt qu tiu chun cho php: kh CO2 vt 3-5 ln, kh SO2 vt 3-10 ln, bi vt3-6 ln. 2. nhim khng kh do hot ng giao thng th v xy dng. Theo s liu nm 2001 ca B Giao thng- vn ti, thng ph H Ni hin c hn 100.000 xe t cc loi v khong 1,2 triu xe my. Mc tng trng trung bnh hng nm v xe my l 15%, t l 10%. y chnh l mt trong nhng ngun gy nhim khng kh ch yu H Ni. Trong khi tc pht trin ca cc tc pht trin ca cc phng tin giao thng rt cao, qu trnh pht trin ca h thng giao thng vn ti th H Ni cn th hin nhiu

bt cp. iu ny th hin r s pht trin thiu hi ho gia s lng v chng loi cc phng tin giao thng vi h thng c s h tng giao thng th. H thng c s h tng tuy pht trin nhanh v dn c hin i ho nhng khng theo kp tc pht trin nhanh n mc khng th kim sot c ca cc phng tin giao thng. Chnh v th h thng c s h tng vn nhanh chng b qu ti v xung cp nghim trng. Hin trng h thng ng giao thng H Ni c mt khong 5,41km/km2, cng dng xe ln, trn 1800 n 3600 xe 1h. ng hp, nhiu ng ba ng t, cht lng ng km, phn lung hn ch, xe i ln ln nn lun phi thay i tc . Hn th na, tc ng lin tc xy ra trong v ngoi gi cao im ( in hnh l ng T s, ng ba Trng Chinh Tn Tht Tng, Ng T Vng, Cha Bc) lm xe phi dng li lu trong khi vn trng thi n my nn lng kh c hi CO2, SO2, NO2, CxHy, Pb, cc hp cht cha bi, khi, ting n do xe thi ra rt ln. Cc kh ny thng c nng cao hn nhiu ln so vi TCCP lm nhim mi trng khng kh ti cc trc giao thng chnh, cc nt giao thng, cc khu dn c xung quanh. H Ni cng ang trong qu trnh th ho, tc th ho din ra rt nhanh. Nhu cu xy dng ln nhng cn thiu s kim sot ca cc c quan chc nng th hin vic xy dng khng thng nht gia cc c quan c lin quan. Rt nhiu tuyn ng sau khi c thi cng hon thin xong li c o ln lp t ng dy in, ng dy in thoi, ng ng nc gy lng ph tin ca ca nh nc v to ra mt lng ln cht thi rn xy dng v bi.

Qu trnh xy dng ca dn c cng din ra mt cch t, thiu quy hoch thng nht. Hin tng cht thi xy dng, nguyn vt liu ra va h, lng ng cn ph bin. Nhu cu vn chuyn nguyn vt liu, cht thi xy dng cng rt ln trong khi cc phng tin chuyn ch thiu cc trang thit b an ton v sinh thit yu lm ri vi nguyn vt liu, cht thi xy dng ( ch yu l ct si, bn) dc qung ng chuyn ch. Tt c u to ra mt lng cht thi rn v gy nhim mi trng . 3. nhim khng kh do sinh hot v cc hot ng dch v ca dn c thnh ph. Trong qu trnh sinh hot, dn c thnh ph cng thi vo khng kh mt s cht c hi nh CO2, CO, NOx v bi do s dng bp than t ong un nu hoc du ho, ci theo thng k trung bnh mt h gia nh tiu th 2 kg than mt ngy tc l 50 60 kg than mt thng. Trong iu kin nh ng, mi thp, trt chi ngun nhim ny gy nhim cc b mi trng khng kh xung quanh ( trong mt cn h, mt nh hay mt s nh) nht l khi cc h nhm hoc bp. Nn kinh t th trng nhiu thnh phn ngy cng pht trin, c nhiu h sn xut hng th cng v c th nh sn x, hn hi, sa cha cc thit b ng lnh nm ri rc khp cc ng xm, khu dn c. H hot ng khng k ngy m gy nh hng khng nh n mi trng khng kh khu vc. Cc hot ng ny rt kh kim sot, gy kh khn cho vic tun th cc quy nh v an ton v v sinh mi trng khng kh chung ca thnh ph.

III/ p dng phng php chi ph thay th bc u c tnh thit hi kinh t do nhim khng kh Nguyn tc ca phng php chi ph thay th l thay v tnh trc tip gi tr ca mi trng t nhin ta tm gi tr cu nhng vt thay th gn gi v thay v tnh trc tip gi tr cht lng mi trng b gim st (m thc t l khng th tnh c) ta tm cc chi ph lin quan do cht lng mi trng khng kh b gim st gy ra. Nh trong phn I.2 phn tch ta thy rng nhim khng kh gy tc hi i vi sc kho con ngi, s pht trin ca ng thc vt v i vi bn ca kt cu vt liu. Do c th tnh : Thit hi kinh t do nhim mi trng khng kh hay gi tr cht lng mi trng khng kh b gim st = Ch+Cp+Cm trong Ch =chi ph v mt sc kho Cp=chi ph i vi cy trng Cm=chi ph v nguynvt liu 1. Cc chi ph lin quan n sc kho C rt nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra cc bnh v ng h hp nh do thi tit, do thi quen sinh hot, do ht th khng kh khng trong lnh, y n gin ta gi s rng tt c cc bnh h hp u do nhim khng kh gy ra. l kt qu ca vic ht th khng kh vi cht lng km, lu ngy tch t dn to thnh mm bnh. V vy cc chi ph lin quan n bnh h hp l nhng chi ph thay th cho chi ch do nhim khng kh. Cc bnh h hp dc cp y bao gm : vim ph qun, vim phi v cc bnh h hp khc khng tnh n cc bnh lao phi v cc dch bnh h hp. 2. Chi ph i vi cy trng

Do nhim khng kh H ni tp trung ch yu cc khu cng nghip v mt s im nt giao thng, cn cc khu trng cy nng nghip li tp trung ch yu vng ngoi thnh nn nhim khng kh hu nh khng nh hng n nng sut cy trng. Do c th coi chi ph i vi cy trng l khng ng k: Cp=0 3. Chi ph i vi vt liu Cc cht nhim nh CO2 ,SO2,n mn kim loi, lm gim tui th cc cng trnh xy dng do ta phi chi ph sa cha cc cng trnh xy dng . V vy gi tr lng kim loi b n mn (ch yu l st) cng c th coi l mt loi chi ph thay th ca chi ph. Cc nghin cu cho thy mi nm c n 10% cc cng trnh phi duy tu bo dng do suy yu kt cu vi tng lng thp cn mua l hn 100 tn. Hin nay, gi thp trn th trng l 5.100000 ng/tn do tng chi ph i vi vt liu l Cm=100*5100000=510000000 ng Vy tng chi phi nhim khng kh l: C = 19.376.173.000 + 510.000.000 = 19.886.173.000 ng III/ xut cc bin php cho vic gim thiu, ngn nga nhim 1. Cc gii php kinh t 1.1. p dng nguyn tc ngi gy nhim phi tr tin: Theo ngi gy nhim phi chu mi khon chi ph thc hin cc bin php lm gim nhim do chnh mnh gy ra nhm m bo cho mi trng trong trng thi c th chp nhn c. Trong thi gian ti cc B, ngnh c lin quan ti

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vic bo v mi trng c bit l B khoa hc cng ngh v mi trng v S khoa hc cng ngh v mi trng thnh ph H Ni nn tin hnh xay dng mt khung php l hon chnh quy nh c th v cc i tng, cc hnh vi c coi l tn hi ti mi trng v mc phi chu pht khi vi phm cc quy nh trn. Trin khai ng b cc bin php trn v p dng i vi ton b cc i tng c quy nh, trnh tnh trng mt cng bng trong vic s pht cc vi phm nh hin nay. Cc cng c kinh t c th p dng trong trng hp ny l cc loi thu, ph nhim; cc loi giy php x thi c th trao i mua bn trn th trng, cc khon tr cp, cc cng ch v khuyn khch thc thi. 1.2. p dng nguyn tc ngi c hng th phi tr tin C th hiu nguyn tc ny mt cch tng th l: tt c nhng ai hng li do c c mi trng trong lnh khng b nhim th u phi tr tin. Khon tin thu c s c b sung cho Qu d phng mi trng, y l mt ngun lc quan trng trong vic duy tr hot ng ca qu d phng mi trng. iu ny c quy nh trong iu 33 chngV- Ngh nh 175 chnh ph ngy18/10/1994 hng dn thi hnh Lut bo v mi trng. 2. Cc gii php k thut Sp xp, b tr li cc x nghip mi d kin s u t xy dng sao cho ph hp vi tnh hnh thc t, p ng yu cu bo v v sinh mi trng v yu cu pht trin trong tng lai. - Cn u t xy dng cc h thng lc bi i vi cc ng khi ca cc nh my, hoc thay th nhin liu than bng nhin liu du.

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- Cn phi kim tra li kch thc ng khi cc nh my xem t yu cu hay cha. Nu cn phi c u t nng cp h thng qut v ng khi cho t yu cu bo v mi trng. - Gim thiu nhim bi i vi mi trng trong cc nh my: trc ht phi lm kn dy truyn thit b sn xut, dn dn i mi cng ngh v thit b, xo b dn cc thit b qu lc hu v cng ngh sn xut ca thp nin 60. - Ci thin mi trng vi kh hu trong cc xng sn xut: trc tin phi ci to kt cu bao che nh, trc ht l h thng ca s v ca mi, m bo nh xng thng thong, gim bt bc x mt tri chiu vo nh v tng cng nh sng t nhin. Trong trng hp cn thit, khi cc ngun c hi khng th hn ch, loi tr c, c th chuyn nh my sang sn xut mt hng khc hoc di di x nghip ra khi vng ni thnh, cch xa khu dn c. T chc li v nng cp h thng cng trnh v mng li h tng k thut, c bit l h thng thot nc v giao thng trong khu vc. Tn dng mi din tch trng trng cy xanh, ci thin mi trng khu cng nghip. * Qun l v mt hnh chnh Qun l kim sot xe c giao thng cng cn c thc hin nghim ngt. V d khng cho ng k cc loi xe gy nhim mi trng qu tiu chun cho php. Mt khc nhim mi trng th cn do chiu rng ng ph, s ln xe, s lng ngi i b sang ng, s lng ng ba ng t ca ng . Cht thi ca cc xe c ng c c cht

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lng km hoc chy sai ch c th gp nhiu ln ca xe mi. V vy cn phi thng xuyn kim tra xe. i vi cc cng trnh xy dng phi dng hng ro che chn cao hn cng trnh t 0,5 - 1m. - Chuyn cht thi xy dng trong cc ng ng kn, t container thu gom cht thi xy dng ngay t ngun. Ti nc chng bi khi o nn mng hoc ph d cng trnh. - Cc phng tin vn chuyn cht thi, vt liu xy dng phi c ra bng cu ra xe, c y bt che chn trc khi ra khi cng trnh. - Khuyn khch v tin ti bt buc p dng cc cng ngh mi nh s dng va ti, b tng ti. - Xy dng mng li cc trm ra xe vi cu ra xe hin i, khoa hc. - Kim tra thng xuyn cc c s kinh doanh vt liu xy dng, cp php khi iu kin v din tch, k thut, phng tin. - Pht trin h thng cy xanh, tng din tch vn hoa cng vin trn a bn qun. - Tng cng kim tra, x l trit cc xe khng m bo quy chun khi tham gia giao thng 3. Gio dc thc bo v mi trng. S nghip bo v mi trng l s nghip ca ton dn. Ch c nng cao thc v trch nhim ca ngi dn th mi c th bo m cho mi trng trong sch lu di. Cn pht ng, khuyn khch cc phong tro qun chng tham gia bo v mi trng. Thay i np sng khng ph hp vi bo v mi trng.

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iu quan trng l lm sao cho mi h sn xut, ch x nghip, lnh o chnh quyn t phng ti thnh ph c c nhn thc, hiu bit v c trch nhim cao i vi bo v mi trng. Nu nh ngi ta c x rc ra ngoi ng, cc xe ti c mi v t th bi ra ng, cc nh my c tip tc nh bi ra mi trng th c l l mi trng khng kh trong thnh ph H Ni s mi b nhim.

Kt lun
C th ni rng cng vi qu trnh cng nghip ho hin i ho mi trng khng kh H Ni ang b nhim nghim trng. nhim khng kh ang gy ra thit hi to ln i vi nn kinh t quc dn khin chng ta khng th th . Chnh v l do em mun bc u lng ho thit hi do nhim khng kh phn tch chi ph li ch khi thc hin cc bin php gim thiu nhim, Tuy nhin do thi gian v s hiu bit ca bn thn cn hn ch c v l lun cng nh thc t nn bi vit ca em khng trnh khi nhng khim khuyt. Em rt mong nhn c s gp ca thy bi vit ca em c hon thin hn. Em xin chn thnh cm n s hng dn ca cc thy gip em hon thnh bi tp ny.

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