You are on page 1of 49

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

Chng I TNG QUAN V SDH


Truyn dn thng tin l mt phn khng th thiu trong cuc sng ca con ngi, ng thi cng c rt nhiu cch truyn dn thng tin. Mt trong nhng phng thc truyn dn c s dng trong cc h thng vin thng trong gn hai thp k qua l truyn dn ng b theo chun ca h thng phn cp ng b s SDH. Chng ny s tm hiu tng quan v h thng ny. C th l, mc 1.1 Gii thiu v SDH. Trong mc 1.2 s cp n cc c im ca SDH. Phn kt lun s c nu ln trong mc 1.3. 1.1. Gii thiu 1.1.1. Lch s pht trin ca SDH Phn cp s ng b SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy). Xut hin vo cui nm 1980, v n u nhng nm 90 th chun quc t v bo hiu s 7 CCITT (nay l ITU-T) a ra nhng khuyn ngh G.707, G.708, G.709 v tiu chun nt mng SDH. SDH c bit thch hp cho mi trng truyn dn si quang vi tc lung c s l 155,52 Mbit/s. Ngi ta s dng k thut ghp xen byte to nn cc lung SDH c tc cao hn theo nguyn l ghp ng b. Cc tiu chun SDH c kh nng tng hp vi cc cng ngh truyn dn c, c th l cc khung tn hiu trong h thng phn cp s cn ng b PDH. Hn 30 nm trc, tng dung lng truyn dn trn cc tuyn cp ng, ngi ta tin hnh ghp cc knh thoi c iu ch xung m PCM tc 64 kbit/s thnh cc khung tn hiu bng k thut ghp knh theo thi gian. Trong qu trnh to khung cc bc khc nhau, ng b chng, ngi ta phi thm vo nhng ng chnh khung. Nm 1962, CCITT gii thiu mt s tiu chun lin quan n cc loi khung tn hiu v t tn gi l phn cp s cn ng b PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy).

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-1-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

S lng

PDH

SDH 1990 2010 Nm

Hnh 1.1: S pht trin ca mng SDH trong tng lai Cc tiu chun ca SDH c thc s bt u t nm 1985 ti Hoa K vi s xut hin ca mng quang ng b SONET (Synchronous Optical Network). Bt u l s n lc to ra mt mng giao tip quang c th hot ng vi tt c cc h thng truyn dn khc nhau ca cc sn phm khc nhau (theo tiu chun Chu u hoc Chu M). Dn dn sau cc tiu chun ny c m rng dn ln c th x l cho mng hin ti v c cho cc loi tn hiu trong tng lai cng nh c tnh cho c phng tin vn hnh v bo dng. Thng 2 nm 1985 cng ty Bellcore l cng ty con ca cng ty Bell ti Hoa K ngh phn cp truyn dn mi nhm mc ch khc phc nhc im ca h thng cn ng b PDH. Thng 4 nm 1988, ITU-T t c s tha thun vi vin chun ha Hoa K ANST (Americal National Standards Institute) l thay i mt s tiu chun mng quang ng b SONET ph hp vi cc giao din PDH ca Chu u Thng 11 nm 1988 cc tiu chun u tin vi tc , khung tn hiu cho SDH vi cc lung nhnh PDH t c ph chun v sau l cc tiu chun v ng b v qun l mng SDH cng c ra i. 1.1.2. Khi nim v SDH Phn cp s ng b SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) c ngun gc t mng quang ng b SONET ca M l mt thut ng ni ti tc , dng tn hiu

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-2-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

v cc hot ng c ch ra trong b tiu chun ca ITU-T. SDH thc hin mt h cc tiu chun (hay giao thc). N c th v s giao tip vi cc mng hin c c xy dng trn cc tiu chun vng. SDH c th v s tr thnh mt tiu chun cng nghip cho thng tin si quang bng rng ton cu. Mng thng tin ny c th c b sung bi cc h thng cp ng v v tuyn cho cc ng dng ng truyn c ly ngn v tc thp. Khi mng s ca quc gia c truyn khai mt phn thng qua cc chun SDH th cc vng SDH ny c th c kt ni ti nhng vng c trin khai vi tiu chun phi SDH (thng c ni ti l cc chun cn ng b PDH). 1.2. Cc c im ca SDH 1.2.1. Cc nhc im ca k thut PDH K thut cn ng b PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy) tuy c mt qu trnh pht trin v c ng dng trn mng lu di nhng PDH t r nhiu nhc im v hn ch nh l khng p ng c cc nhu cu v dch v Vin thng ngy cng c phong ph v a dng trong hin ti v tng lai. Cc nhc im ca k thut cn ng b PDH th hin trong cc vn nu sau y. Mng PDH ch yu p ng cc dch v in thoi. i vi cc dch v mi nh: truyn data, a dch v bng thng rng ISDN, dch v in thoi truyn hnh hoc cc dch v phi thoi khc th mng PDH kh c th p ng c. Do tc cao nht c chun ha ca h thng PDH l 140Mbit/s nn khng th to ra c cc xa l thng tin cho cc tuyn Vin thng quc t. Mng PDH khng linh hot trong vic kt34 cc lung lin lc. Khi c nhu ni cu tch lung (v d cn tch lung 2Mbit/s) t mt lung c dung lng ln hn
140 34 Mbit/s 4 x 34 Mbit/s 4x

(v d 140Mbit/s), vic gii ghp cn phi qua cc cp trung gian h tc OLTE OLTE
34 lung t cao xung cp tng ng, cng nh vic ghp lung cng cn phi tri qua 140 y cc cp t cp tc thp ln cp tc cao. iu ny dn n vic phi s Mbit/s Mbit/s dng cc thit DDF gian lm cho h thng qun l cng knh,DDF lng km. b trung cht Mbit/s 64 x 2 140

140

34

34

GVHD: Ng Th Anh
DDF

-3-

2 DDF

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

DDF: Khung phn b s (Digital Distribution Frame) OLTE: Thit b u cui quang (Optical Line Terminal) Hnh 1.2: Xen tch lung PDH Cc thng tin v qun l, gim st, bo dng khng c lin kt trn ton tuyn thng tin m ch i vi tng on truyn dn ring l. Th tc bo tr cho ton tuyn phc tp. Cha c m ng truyn thng nht cho cc h thng truyn dn. Kh nng gim st, qun l cht lng khng cao. Dung lng h thng b hn ch. Cc h thng thng tin SDH c pht trin khng ch khc phc c cc vn trn m cn b sung trn cc dch v mi v cc cng c qun l tp trung mnh 1.2.2. Cc c im ca SDH 1.2.2.1. u im Cng ngh truyn dn SDH c xy dng trn c s cc khuyn ngh ca ITU-T ra, ng thi da trn s pht trin ca cc cng ngh tin tin trn cc lnh vc nh cng ngh vi in t, cng ngh t ng ha v iu khin, cng ngh tin hc, cng ngh truyn dn quang, nn h thng SDH c nhng u im c nu ra sau y. Do kh nng tiu chun ha cao ton mng v giao din, cc thit b xen/r knh ADM (Add/Drop Multiplexer), ni cho lung s ng b SDXC (Synchronous Digital Cross Connection) v u cui ghp knh TM (Terminal Multiplexer) nn d lp t v bo dng. iu ny lm cho gi thnh h thng SDH gim i rt nhiu so vi h thng PDH. Kh nng tch, ghp, ti cc lung tn hiu thnh phn t lung tn hiu tng hon ton d dng ti cc giao din ghp knh.

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-4-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

Cho php mng c qun l hon ton trc tip vi knh vn hnh, qun l v bo dng OA & M (Operation Administration & Mainternace). Mng SDH c kh nng chuyn ti hiu qu v mm do cc dch v bng rng. 1.2.2.2. Nhc im Ngoi cc u im vt tri so vi cc cng ngh truyn dn trc v dung lng h thng, cht lng dch v, kh nng qun l mng SDH vn cn tn ti mt s c im sau y. Vic qun l cc lung ghp trong qu trnh ghp knh l phc tp do phi ghi li r s tng quan v Phase gia cc tn hiu lung SDH v thng tin dn ng cho cc khung ti trng trong lung. iu ny c th hin r hn trong chng III. Vic ghp xen byte trong SDH lm tng kh nng trt cc khung tn hiu so vi kiu ghp xen trong PDH. 1.3. Kt lun Tm li, chng ny cung cp cc thng tin v lch s pht trin ca SDH, l do ra i ca chun phn cp s ng b SDH, trong c vic xem xt cc nhc im ca phn cp s cn ng b PDH. ng thi, cc ni dung khi qut cc c im ca h thng phn cp s ng b SDH cng c trnh by. Chng II s cung cp cc thng tin v nguyn l ghp knh SDH hiu r thm v SDH.

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-5-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

Chng II NGUYN L GHP KNH SDH


Chng ny s gii thiu v nguyn l ghp knh ca h thng truyn dn SDH. C th l, mc 2.1 gii thiu s lc v s cu trc b ghp knh SDH. Mc 2.2 trnh by v phn tch cc thnh phn c bn ca b ghp knh SDH. Trong mc 2.3 s phn tch cu trc ghp cc lung STM_N. Mc 2.4 s a ra kt lun chng. 2.1. S cu trc b ghp 2.1.1. Cu trc theo tiu chun ITU-T

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-6-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

Cu trc b ghp SDH theo khuyn ngh ca hip hi vin thng quc t ITUT c minh ha trong hnh 2.1
STM-N xN x1 AUG x3 AU3 VC3 x7 TUG-2 X l con tr Sp xp ng chnh Ghp knh x1 x3 x4 TU12 TU11 VC12 VC11 C-12 E1 (2,048 Mbps) DS1(1,544 Mbps) TU-2 VC-2 C-2 AU-4 VC4 x 3 TUG-3 x7 x1 VC3 C-3 C-4 E4 (139,264 Mbps)

TU-3

DS3 (44,736 Mbps) E3 (34,368 Mbps) DS2 (6,312 Mbps)

C-11

Hnh 2.1: Cu trc b ghp knh theo khuyn ngh ca ITU-T Trong hnh 2.1 trn, cc ch vit tt biu th cho cc ni dung sau STM: Synchronous Transport Module: Moun truyn ti ng b. AUG: Administrative Unit Group: Nhm n v qun l. AU: Administrative Unit: n v qun l. TU-x: Tributary Unit (cp x): n v lung cp x. TUG-x: Tributary Unit Group (cp x): Nhm n v lung cp x. VC-x: Virtual Container (cp x): Container o cp x. C-x: Container (cp x): Khi lung cp x. POH: Path Over Head: T mo u ng. SOH: Section Over Head: T mo u on. Cc thnh phn trong cu trc b ghp phn cp s ng b v cc thng s c bn c th c tham kho qua cc bng 2.1, 2.2 v 2.3. Bng 2.1: Cc thnh phn ghp trong SDH.

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-7-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

Lung PDH u vo (Mbit/s) 1.544 (DS1) 2.048 (E1) 6.312 (DS2) 34.368 (E3) 44.736 (DS3) 139.264 (E4)

Container C-x C-11 C-12 C-2 C-3 C-3 C-4

Container o VC-x VC-11 VC-12 VC-2 VC-3 VC-3 VC-4

n v lung TU-x TU-11 TU-12 TU-2 TU-3 TU-3 -

n v qun l AU AU-3 AU-3 AU-4

Bng 2. 2: S lung s trong mt n v ghp. Tn hiu Lung ghp s (Mbit/s) 1.544 (DS1) 2.048 (E1) 6.312 (DS2) 34.368 (E3) 44.736 (DS3) 139.264 (E4) 28 21 7 1 1 84 63 21 3 3 1 84 63 21 3 3 1 236 252 84 12 12 4 1344 1008 336 48 48 16 AU-3 AU-4 STM-1 STM-4 STM-16

2.1.2.Cc khuyn ngh ca ITU-T v SDH Thng 11 nm 1988 cc tiu chun u tin v tc , khung tn hiu, cc cu trc ghp, s b tr cc tn hiu nhnh PDH c ph chun v sau l cc tiu chun v ng b v qun l mng SDH cng c ra i. Cc tiu chun ny thuc trong cc khuyn ngh ca ITU-T c trnh by di y. G.707: Cc tc bit SDH

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-8-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

G.708: Giao din nt mng SDH G.709: Cu trc ghp ng b G.773: Cc b giao thc ca giao din Q G.774: M hnh thng tin qun l SDH G.782: Cc kiu v cc c tnh chung ca thit b ghp SDH G.783: Cc c tnh ca khi chc nng thit b ghp SDH G.784: Qun l SDH G.803: Cu trc mng truyn dn da vo SDH G.957: Cc giao din quang ca thit b v h thng lin quang n SDH G.958: Cc h thng s SDH s dng cho cp si quang. Bng 2.3: Kch thc v tc bit u ra ca cc phn t. Container C Dung lng (byte) Tc bit (Kbit) Container o VC Dung lng (byte) Tc bit (Kbit/s) n v lung TU Dung lng (byte) Tc bit (Kbit/s) n v qun l AU Dung lng (byte) Tc bit (Kbit/s) n v qun l AUG Dung lng (byte) Tc bit (Kbit/s) C-11 25 1600 VC-11 26 1664 TU-11 27 1728 C-12 34 2176 VC-12 35 2240 TU-12 36 2304 C-2 106 6784 VC-2 107 6848 TU-2 108 6912 C-3 756 48384 VC-3 765 48960 TU-3 768 49152 AU-3 786 50304 AU-4 2358 150912 AUG 2358 150912 C-4 2340 149760 VC-4 2349 150339

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-9-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

2.2. Cc thnh phn c bn ca cu trc b ghp 2.2.1. n v cha thng tin u vo Container C Container l n v truyn dn nh nht trong khung truyn dn phn cp s ng b, y chnh l ni b tr cc lung tn hiu truyn dn c tc tng ng vi tng loi ca container, v d cc lung s cn ng b PDH, lung tn hiu truyn hnh, lung d liu. Cc loi container c s dng tng ng vi cc lung tc PDH truyn dn khc nhau c cha trong n nh trong bng 2. 4. Bng 2.4: Cc loi Container K hiu container C C-11 C-12 C-2 C-3 C4 1,544 2,048 6,312 44,736 hoc l 34,368 139,264 DS1 E1 DS2 DS3 hoc E3 E4 Lung PDH c truyn trong C tng ng (Mbiit/s)

Cc container gm c cc thnh phn nh sau: cc lung d liu c ghp, cc bit hoc byte chn c nh trong khung. Vic chn cc bit v cc byte chn khng mang thng tin cc byte chn c c s dng. Khi cn thit cc byte ny c th c s dng cho cc byte d liu, vi trng hp ny trong khung cn c cc bit iu khin chn thng bo cho u thu bit cc byte chn khng c nh ny c th l byte mang thng tin d liu hoc l mt byte chn thun ty. Cu trc ca container C ty theo kch thc ca tng cp v ty theo kch thc ca lung d liu u vo m ngi ta gn container C tng ng ph hp. 2.2.2. Container o VC (Virtual Container)

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-10-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

Container o trong cu trc b ghp c th biu din nh trong cng thc sau: VC = C + VC-POH Trong POH l mo u ng (Path Overhead). Ni dung c th ca POH s c phn tch mc 2.2.9.. C th ni rng, container o VC l s kt hp ca mt container C v t mo u ng POH (Path OverHead) to thnh mt khung hon chnh truyn n u thu. Chc nng ca mo u ng ny l mang thng tin b tr thng bo v tr ni Container s n v mang thng tin gim st, bo tr ng truyn. C 2 loi Container o c s dng trong h thng ghp knh SDH, bao gm: Container o cp thp LOVC (Low Order Virtual Container) l cc container o c th c ghp trong mt container o ln hn. ng vi cc VC cp thp l cc container cp thp. Cc VC cp thp gm VC-11, VC-12, VC-2 v i khi l VC-3. VC-11 = C-1 + VC-11-POH (Gm 25 byte d liu v 1 byte POH) VC-12 = C-12 + VC-12-POH (Gm 34 byte d liu v 1 byte POH) VC-2 = C-2 + VC-2-POH (Gm 106 byte d liu v 1 byte POH) VC-3 = C-3 + VC-3-POH (Gm 756 byte d liu v 9 byte POH) Container o cp cao HOVC (High Order Virtual Container) l cc container o c th c truyn i trc tip trong khung STM-1. VC o cp cao l VC-4 v VC-3, trong VC4= C4 + VC4-POH = 9 x 260 + 9 x 1. VC3= C3 + VC3-POH = 9 x 84 + 9 x 1. Trong trng hp container o VC-3 c truyn trc tip vo khung STM-1 th VC-3 c xem l container o cp cao. 2.2.3. n v lung TU (Tributary Unit Group) n v lung TU gm container o VC c gn thm con tr n v lung (TU- PTR). TU c th c biu din theo cng thc nh sau: TU = VC + TU-PTR, nh vy :

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-11-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

TU-11 = VC-11 + TU-11 PTR = C-11 + POH + Pointer = 25 + 1 + 1 TU-12 = VC-12 +TU-12 PTR = C-12 + POH + Pointer = 34 + 1 +1 TU-2 = VC-2 + TU-2 PTR = C-2 + POH + Pointer = 106 + 1 +1 TU-3 = VC-3 + TU-3 PTR = C-3 + POH + Pointer = 756 + 9 byte POH + 3 byte Ponter. Mi con tr TU-3 gm 3 byte. Trng hp 3 VC-3 c ghp vo VC-4 theo nguyn tc xen byte ri truyn i trong AU-4 th trong qu trnh truyn dn s c 2 cp con tr c ghp vo, bao gm AU-4 Pointer ch v tr VC-4 trong STM-1, v 3 TU-3 Pointer (3 x 3 byte) gn vo VC-4 thng bo v tr mi VC-3. 2.2.4. Nhm n v lung TUG (Tributary Unit Group) Phn t nhm n v lung TUG l ni sp xp tn hiu cc n v lung TU theo phng thc xen byte to thnh mt lung tn hiu c tc cao hn v chuyn n cc VC cao hn. C 2 loi TUG, l: TUG-2 = 4 x TU-11 TUG-2 = 2 x TU-12 C 2 cch b tr VC-12 vo TUG-2, bao gm Kiu Floating l kiu gn VC-12 vo TUG-2 v tr no v s dng con tr lin kt vi mi VC-12 ch v tr bt u ca n trong TUG-2. Kiu Locked l kiu gn VC-12 vo v tr c nh trong TUG-2 v khng cn s dng con tr ch th v tr bt u ca VC-12 trong TUG-2: TUG-2 = 1xTU-2 TUG-3 gm 9 x 86 byte, tc 49536 Kbps. c hnh thnh mt trong cc cch sau: TUG-3 = 1xTU-3 + 6 byte

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-12-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

TUG-3 = 7xTUG-2 Ct th nht ca TUG-3 cha 3 byte con tr v 6 byte chn c nh. Trng hp ny con tr TUG-3 khng c chc nng nh v a ch trm n ca cc lung tn hiu, chng ch cha cc mu bit c nh v c gi l ch th con tr khng c gi tr NPI (Null pointer indication). NPI c s dng xc nh TUG-3 c to nn t TU-3 hay TUG-2. Cc byte con tr nm trong TUG-2 s nh v a ch ca VC-1x hoc VC-2, chng c sp xp trong hng u tin ca ct TUG tng ng. VC-4 = 3xTUG-3 ct th nht ca VC-4 cha VC-4 POH, ct th 2 v 3 cha cc byte chn c nh, cn li l phn c ghp xen byte. 2.2.5. n v qun l AU (Administration Unit) Phn t n v qun l bao gm mt container o bc cao v con tr n v qun l. Con tr n v qun l AU-PTR c gn c nh trong khung STM-1 v cc gi tr ca n c dng ghi nhn mi tng quan v phase gia khung truyn dn v cc VC bc cao, ng thi cng ch ra im bt u ca VC . AU-PTR c gn vo hng th 4 ca 9 ct u tin trong khung STM-1. AU-3 = VC-3 + AU-3 PTR AU-4 = VC-4 + AU-4 PTR 2.2.6. n v qun l AUG (Administration Unit Group) AUG = n x AU n v qun l AUG l mt hoc nhiu n v qun l AU c ghp li vi nhau theo phng thc ghp xen byte to thnh mt nhm n v qun l AUG c cu trc khung ging nh cu trc khung ca STM-1 khi cha c SOH. 2.2.7. Ti trng. Trong SDH, khung ca tt c cc ghp u c 9 hng v thi hn l 125s, s ct nhiu hay t l ph thuc vo dung lng byte trong khung nhiu hay t

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-13-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

Khung STM-1 c cu trc nh hnh 2.2. Khung STM-1 c 9 hng x 270 ct, bao gm 4 phn. l: Mo u on lp (RSOH) chim 3 hng v 9 ct Mo u on ghp (MSOH) chim 5 hng v 9 ct Con tr AU. K hiu l AU- PTR ghp vo hng 4, ct 1 n ct 9. Phn ti trng tin (Payload) hay cn gi l phn d liu, dnh cha cc lung VC trong qu trnh ghp knh. Kch thc ca ti trng gm c 261 ct v 9 hng.
9 ct RSO H AU-PTR
9 hng

276 ct

261 ct

MSOH

Hnh 2.2: Cu trc khung STM-1. Tng s byte trong khung STM-1 = 270 x 9 = 2430 byte Tc bit truyn ca khung STM-1: STM-1 = 8 bit / byte x 2430 byte / khung x 8.103 khung/s = 155,52 Mbit/s. y chnh l tc bit ca SDH c tnh nh sau: RSTM_1= 8 b/B.2430B/k. 8.103 k/s 2.2.8. Mo u on SOH Cc chc nng qun l mng trong h thng SDH c thc hin bi ba tp byte mo u c tn l mo u ng, mo u on ghp knh v mo u on lp. Ni khc i, ta phi c kh nng nhn bit mt "ng", mt "on ghp knh" v mt "on ti to" ca bt c kt ni im - im SDH no. Chc

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-14-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

nng ca cc loi mo u gm: thng bo kch thc khung truyn dn, gim st h thng, gim st li, thc hin cc chc nng bo dng, thc hin cc chc nng v iu khin. Hnh 2.3 ch ra mt kt ni im-im in hnh c giao tip vi cc mng PDH.

Hnh 2.3: Kt ni u-cui SDH Trong : MSTE l thit b kt cui phn ghp knh (Multiplex Section Terminating). PTE l thit b kt cui tuyn (Path Terminal Equipment). Mt ng (path) l mt kt ni logic gia im m ti mt dng khung chun ca tn hiu c tc cho c nhm li v im m ti dng khung chun ca tn hiu c tch ra. Trong cu trc khung ca module truyn cp c s STM-1 cng nh cp STM-N, cc t mo u lun l i tng c tch ra t thng tin c ch. u im ca s sp xp v tr t mo u trong cu trc khung l cc byte t mo u c th c tra vn, thay i vo bt k thi im no m khng cn phi phn knh lung tn hiu hu ch thnh cc knh ring l. u on (section) trong SDH l mt tuyn kt ni gia cc t mo u on SOH (Section OverHead) c x l ti tt c cc trm truyn dn v n c cha cc thng tin cn thit cho bo tr, bo dng trn on m t mo on SOH c lin quan n.

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-15-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

Mo u truyn ti tin ca STM-1 gm 2 phn l mo u on lp RSOH (Regenerator Section OverHead), v mo u on ghp knh MSOH (Multiplex Section OverHead). 2.2.8.1. Mo u on lp RSOH Mt on lp (ti to) l mt phn ca phng tin truyn dn bao gm cc im kt cui, gia mt phn t kt cui mng NE v mt b lp, hoc hai b lp ti to. Mt thit b kt cui on lp ti to l mt phn t mng thc hin ti to mt tn hiu STM-N cho tuyn truyn dn c ly xa. Chng c th khi to, truy nhp, sa i hoc kt cui mo u on ti to hoc c th thc hin bt k s kt hp no ca cc hot ng ny. Mt on lp r rng c ngha l mt tuyn SDH kt ni hai phn t mng lin k v trong c t nht mt phn t l b lp ti to. Mt on ghp knh l mt tuyn SDH kt ni hai b ghp knh SDH lin k hoc hai thit b kt cui lin k thc hin mt s chc nng ghp knh. V tr mo u on SOH trong khung truyn dn ca SDH c th hin trong hnh 2.4.
1 1 2 3 A1 B1 D1 2 A1 3 A1 4 A2 E1 D2 5 A2 6 A2 R R 7 J0 F1 D3 R R 8 9

SOH on lp

4
5 6 7 8 9 B2 D4 D7 D10 S1 B2 R R R Z1 B2 R R R Z1

Con tr AU-n
K1 D5 D8 D11 Z2 R R R R Z2 R R R R M1 K2 D6 D9 D12 E2 R R R R R R R R

VC-3/VC-4

SOH on ghp knh

Hnh 2.4: Khung STM-1 vi cc mo u

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-16-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

Mo u on lp nm cc hng 1 ti 3 v ct 1 ti ct 9. AU-n, hay chnh xc hn l cc con tr AU-3 hoc AU-4 (s c tho lun trong Chng III) chim hng s 4 t ct s 1 ti ct s 9. V mt l thuyt cc byte con tr ny c th c xem l mt phn ca mo u on ghp knh. Lu rng cc con tr ny v mo u on truyn ti c v tr c nh trong 1 khung 125 s. Ni theo cch khc, cc byte con tr c pha c nh so vi khung STM-1. Mt khc mo u ng (path overhead) VC-3 hoc VC-4 c th chim bt k ct no trong cc ct t s 10 ti 270 ca khung STM-1. Ta ni rng mo u ng l "ng" hay "tri ni" so vi khung 125 s, tc l mo u ng VC-3/VC-4 c pha bin i so vi khung STM-1, hay chnh xc hn l bin i so vi cc byte (A1, A2). Chc nng ca mo u on lp c th hin qua cc byte thnh phn ca RSOH. C th l: Su byte u tin ca mo u on lp ca STM-1 l gm ba byte A1 tip n l ba byte A2 (xem hnh 2.4) dng cho mc ch ng b khung. Mu ng b khung c dng s hex F628 ( 1111 0110 0010 1000). Byte (A1, A2) s c phn b trong tt c cc tn hiu STM-1. Nh vy, trong mt khung STM-16, s c 48 ( 16x3) cp (A1, A2) bi v c 3 cp (A1, A2) cho mi tn hiu STM-1. Chc nng ng b khung c s dng ng b gia u pht v u thu Byte J0: (d vt) l byte duy nht trong khung STM-1. N c dng truyn lp i lp li mt ia ch im truy cp on (Section Access Point Identification), nh mt my thu on (section receiver) c th kim tra tnh lin tc kt ni ca n ti my pht nh. Ni dung ca bn tin ny khng b hn ch theo tiu chun do n c th c lp trnh bi ngi s dng ti c hai u pht v thu. Byte B1: (BIP-8) c phn b trong mi STM-1 nhm gim st li on lp. Chc nng ny l nh mt m kim tra chn l 8 bit (Bit Interleaved Parity 8 code) s dng lut chn l chn. B1 c tnh ton trn tt c cc bt ca khung STM-N trc sau khi thc hin ngu nhin ha. Vic tnh ton ny c thc hin trn

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-17-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

c s tng bit mt. B1 sau khi tnh ton c t vo v tr ca B1 trong khung STM-1 th nht trc khi ngu nhin ha. Byte B1 ny c ch nh duy nht cho STM-1 th nht ca mt tn hiu STM-N. Byte F1: l knh ngi s dng v c dnh ring cho mc ch ngi iu hnh mng v c dng truyn s liu trong cc ng dng bo dng trm lp. Mt khuyn ngh cho byte ny l dng nhn dng mt on s c trong mt chui cc on lp. Nu mt trm lp pht hin c s c trong on lp ca n, n c th chn vo byte ny mt chui 6 bt nhn dng trm lp v mt m 2 bit xc nh bn cht s c. Byte ny c xc nh duy nht cho STM-1 th nht ca mt tn hiu STM-N. Byte E1: byte ny dng lm knh nghip v. Nh tt c cc byte khc ca khung, n c s ln lp trong mt giy l 8000 ln, to ra mt knh 64 Kbit/s, c th c dng cho cc kt ni thoi/s liu phc v cc mc ch bo tr cc trm lp. Byte E1 c xc nh duy nht cho khung STM-1 th nht ca mt tn hiu STM-N. Knh thng tin s liu (DCC) gm cc byte D1, D2 v D3 l mt knh bn tin 192 kbit/s. Knh ny dnh cho vic to ra cc bn tin t bn trong hay bn ngoi v bn tin c bit ca nh sn xut. Cc byte ny c xc nh duy nht cho STM-1 th nht ca mt tn hiu STM-N. Knh DCC phc v cc mc ch vn hnh, bo dng v qun l cc trm lp trn ng truyn SDH. 2.2.8.2. Mo u on ghp knh MSOH Mo u on ghp knh MSOH (Multiplex Section OverHead) nm hng th 5 ti th 9 ct t 1 ti 9 nh trong hnh 2.2 Cc MSOH ch c tc dng gia cc trm xen tch hoc u cui vi nhau m khng c tc dng i vi cc trm lp (cc byte MSOH khng phi x l cc trm lp). Tng t nh RSOH, chc nng mo u on ghp c th hin qua cc

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-18-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

byte cu to nn MSOH. C th l: Byte B2: C ba byte B2, khng phi l mt nh trong phn mo u on lp, c phn b trong mi STM-1 gim st li ca mt on ghp. Chc nng ny l nh mt m kim tra chn l 24 bit (BIP-24) s dng lut chn l chn. BIP24 c mt trong tt c cc khung STM-1 ca khung tn hiu STM-N. BIP-24 c tnh ton trn tt c cc bit trong khung STM-1, ngoi tr ba hng u tin ca mo u on lp RSOH v t vo cc byte B2 trong vng mo u on ghp MSOH ca khung k tip trc khi thc hin ngu nhin ha. V d kt qu ca BIP-24 ca khung tn hiu STM-1 th n s c t vo 3 byte B2 ca khung STM-1 th n+1. BIP-24 khng phi tnh ton li ti mi trm lp m c tnh ton li ti mi b ghp knh. BIP-n c hnh thnh trn c s cc nhm n bit, c th nh sau. Bt th nht ca t m BIP-n c to nn bi tt c cc bt th nht ca cc nhm n bit cn gim st. Bt th hai ca BIP-n c to ra trn c s cc bt th hai ca cc nhm n bit v c nh vy n khi bit th n ca t m BIP-n c to ra. Gi tr ca mi bit ca BIP-n c xc nh theo qui c chn l . Cc byte bo v t ng K1, K2: dnh cho bo hiu chuyn mch bo v t ng (APS- Automatic Protection Switching), chng hnh thnh knh truyn thng tin cnh bo v lnh chuyn mch d phng khi h thng chnh c s c. Hai byte ny c xc nh duy nht cho khung STM-1 th nht ca tn hiu STM-N. Chi tit v hot ng ca cc byte ny s c trnh by trong Chng III. Byte E2: (orderwire) c s dng lm knh nghip v tc 64 kbit/s. Knh ny c s dng truyn thng tin thoi khi bo dng cc trm ghp hay xen/tch knh hay cc u cui xa (remote terminal). Byte ny cng ch c xc nh duy nht cho STM-1 th nht ca tn hiu STM-N. Knh thng tin s liu 576 Kbit/s (D4 D12), thc hin cc chc nng ging nh chc nng ca cc byte D1D3 ca mo u on lp. Tc l dng cho vic

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-19-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

vn hnh v qun l b ghp knh trn ng truyn SDH. Cc byte ny cng ch c n nh cho khung STM-1 th nht ca tn hiu STM-N. Cc byte Z1, Z2: Bn byte ny c dng trong tng lai. Hin nay gi tr ca chng cha c qui nh v chc nng cng cha c nh ngha. Bng 2.5: Gi tr cc bt thnh phn ca S1. Cc bt t 5-8 M t mc cht lng ng b SDH 0000 ng b, cha xc nh cht lng 0001 D tr 0010 ng h chun s cp (khuyn ngh G.811; 0011 D tr 0100 ng h trung chuyn (khuyn ngh G.812; 0101 D tr 0110 D tr 0111 D tr 1000 ng h cc b (khuyn ngh G.812; Q=4) 1001 D tr 1010 D tr 1011 Ngun nh thi thit b ng b (SETS); 1100 D tr 1101 D tr 1110 D tr 1111 Khng s dng cho ng b Q=6 (*) (*) Bn tin ny c th m phng li ca thit b v s c m phng bi tn hiu AIS on ghp. Bng 2.6: Gi tr byte M1 trong cc khung STM-1. Byte M1 Din gii Byte M1 234 5678 001 1000 001 1001 001 1010 . 111 1111 Din gii (s khi b li) 24 0 0 . 0 .

234 5678 (s khi b li) 000 0000 0 000 0001 1 000 0010 2 000 0011 3 . .

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-20-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

Lu : Bt 1 khng c s dng. Byte S1: s dng cc bit t 5 ti 8 truyn bn tin (SSM) trng thi ng b. C th l ch s cht lng Q ca ng h trm ny truyn ti trm khc. Bng 2.5 ch ra gi tr cc bt thnh phn cho bn mc ng b theo chun ITU-T. Trong bng ny c hai thnh gi tr cc thnh phn bt cn ch l ch ra rng cht lng ng b cha c xc nh v ra hiu rng cc on truyn dn ny khng nn s dng cho ng b. Cc m cn li c dnh cho cc mc cht lng c nh ngha bi cc nh qun l ring. Bng 2.7: Gi tr byte M1 trong cc khung STM-4 Byte M1 Din gii Byte M1 234 5678 110 0000 110 0001 110 0010 . 111 1111 Din gii (s khi b li) 24 0 0 . 0

234 5678 (s khi b li) 000 0000 0 000 0001 1 000 0010 2 000 0011 3 . .

Lu : Bt 1 khng c s dng. Bng 2.8: Gi tr byte M1 trong cc khung STM-16 Byte M1 Din gii Byte M1 Din gii (s khi b li) 4 5 . 255

1234 5678 (s khi b li) 1234 5678 0000 0000 0 0000 0100 0000 0001 1 0000 0101 . 0000 0011 3 1111 1111

Nh s tr gip ca S1, c th l cc bit t 5 n 8 m vic quyt nh chuyn cp ng h c th c thc hin. Chng hn nu cht lng ng h ca on ghp ny cao hn th ng h ny s c s dng cho ng b. Cc bt t 1-4 ca S1 c s dng ring bi nh khai thc mng.

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-21-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

2.2.9. Mo u ng POH T mo u ng POH (Path OverHead) c ghp cp container o VC, n cha tt c cc thng tin cn thit bo m cho s vn chuyn ca cc container. Cc thng tin v trng thi ca tt c cc lung s c th bit c nh gi tr d liu ca t mo ng POH. Cc thng tin cha trong t mo u ng POH ch c x l khi giao tip vi lung s cn ng b hoc l x l bi cc thit b kt ni cho s ng b SDXC (Synchronous Digital Cross Connect) thc hin vic tch ghp cc container o VC. Tng ng vi hai loi container o bc cao v container o bc thp th t mo u ng cng chia lm hai loi l t mo u ng bc cao (HPOH VC), v t mo u ng bc thp (LO POH VC). 2.2.9.1. Mo u ng bc cao - HO POH Mo u ng POH (Path OverHead) c ghp cp container o VC. POH cha tt c cc thng tin cn thit m bo cho s vn chuyn ca cc container. Cc thng tin v trng thi ca tt c cc lung s c th bit c nh cc gi tr d liu ca mo u ng POH. Mo u ng VC-3/VC-4 c gi l mo u ng cp cao, gm 9 byte (xem bng 2.8) d vt ng J1, gim st li ng B3, nhn tn hiu C2, trng thi ng G1, knh ngi s dng tuyn F2, ch th a khung H4, knh ngi s dng tuyn F3, knh chuyn mch bo v t ng K3 v byte cho ngi iu hnh mng N1. Cc byte mo u ny c th c phn loi thnh cc byte nh: byte thng tin im - im l byte J1, B3, C2 v G1, cc byte ch nh ti tin l byte H4, F2 v F3, byte ngi iu hnh mng l byte N1. Cu trc v chc nng ca byte mo u ng VC-3/VC-4 POH c th hin bng 2.9. Mc ch ca byte J1 (byte J1 hay cn gi l byte to vt ng) l truyn lp i lp li mt mu nhn dng im truy cp ng cp cao ca VC-n u cui

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-22-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

ng thu c th xc minh s kt ni lin tc ca n ti my pht nh. Mu nhn dng im truy cp ng c th s dng chui c dng t do gm 64 byte hoc mu dng E.164 gm 16 byte, 15 byte tip theo c s dng truyn 15 k t ASCII c yu cu cho dng s E.164. Byte J1 l byte u tin ca cc khung container o bc cao VC-4 v VC-3. V tr ca byte J1 trong khung STM-1 c ch ra bi con tr AU-4 v con tr AU-3. Bng 2.9: Cu trc v chc nng VC-3/ VC-4 POH. J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1 Nhn dng im truy nhp tuyn VC-3 hoc VC-4 BIP-8 (8 bit Byte Interleaved Parity Chek) Nhn tn hiu Ch th li u xa Knh iu hnh mng S th t khung VC-4 trong a khung Knh iu hnh mng Knh iu khin APS cc tuyn VC-3 hoc VC-4 Gim st im chuyn tip tuyn VC-3/ VC-4 POH

Dng mu l mt khung 16 byte c xc nh truyn s E.164. Byte u ca chui l mt du bt u khung v cha kt qu ca php tnh m vng a thc c d CRC-7 qua khung trc . CRC-7 c a thc sau: g(X ) = 1 + X 3 + X 7

a thc ny c s dng tnh ton cc bit kim tra chn l cho mi bn tin. Byte B3 (BIP-8) c phn b trong mi VC-3, VC-4 hoc VC-4-Xc (mt tn hiu mc xch s c tho lun trong chng III) cho chc nng gim st cc hot ng li ca ng ni gia hai container o bc cao VC-4, VC-3 hoc VC4-Xc. N s dng lut chn l chn ging nh cc byte B1 v B2 B3 c tnh ton trc khi ngu nhin ha thng qua tt c bit ca VC-3, VC-4 hoc VC-4-Xc

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-23-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

trc . B3 c t (trc khi b ngu nhin ha hay xo trn) vo v tr byte B3 ca VC-3, VC-4 hoc VC-4-Xc hin ti. Bng 2.10: Cc k t ASCII cho dng s E.164 1CCC CCCC 0XXX XXXX 0XXX XXXX 0XXXXXXX CCCCCCCC Du bt u khung byte 2. byte 16 K t ASCII ca chui E.164 Kt qu ca tnh ton m vng athc c d CRC-7 ca khung trc .

Byte C2 l byte nhn tn hiu dng ch r cu to ti tin hay ni cch khc l thng bo kiu b tr c s dng trong vic hnh thnh container o bc cao VC-4 hoc VC-3. Ti u thu, tn hiu sau khi gii ngu nhin th tr gi tr C= 0000 0000 cn cc gi tr khc ca C2 c ngha l s dng container o VC-4 hoc VC-3. Cc ng dng ca byte nhn hiu c th hin bng 2.11. Byte G1 l byte trng thi ng (path status byte). B y t e G1 c dng truyn ngc v thit b pht bn tin v trng thi tuyn hay ng (path) v hiu sut ca tuyn.Tnh nng ny cho php trng thi v hiu sut tuyn (path) ca mt ng hon ton song cng c gim st ti bt k u no trong hai u thu pht v ti bt k im no dc theo ng (path). Trong mi byte 8 bit ta c th c phn ra thnh cc loi sau: (a) khng bit li, (b) 1 bit li, (c) 2 bit li, (d) 3 bit li, (e) 4 bit li, (f) 5 bit li, (g) 6 bit li, (h) 7 bit li, (i) 8 bit li. Do c 9 kh nng 23 < 9 < 24 Bit 5 ca byte G1 dng cho ch th s c u xa (cc tiu chun c th sa chc nng ny bng vic s dng ba bit (nh trong hnh 2.8). Hin nay cc bit 6, 7 v 8 cha c n nh.

Bng 2.11: C2, cc ng dng ca byte nhn tn hiu.

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-24-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

M C2 (nh phn) M C2 (Hex) 0000 0000 0000 0001 00 01

Loi ti tin Khng ti C ti/khng c bit (C th c s dng cho tt c cc ti tin khng cn s phn bit hoc t c s phn bit bng cc bin php khc chng hn nh cc bn tin t cc h iu hnh.

0000 0010 0000 0011 0000 0100

02 03 04

Cu trc TUG TU kiu locked (s sm b loi b) B tr lung cn ng b 34,368 Mbit/s vo C3 B tr lung cn ng b 44,736 Mbit/s vo C-

0001 0010 0001 0011 0001 0100 0001 0101

12 13 14 15

3 B tr lung cn ng b 139,264 Mbit/s vo C-4 B tr cho ATM

B tr cho MAN Hnh 2.5 ch ra t chc byte G1. Bit t 1 ti 4 truyn s m cc khi bt c pht hin l li nh m BIP-8 (B3). Byte F2, F3 l knh cho ngi s dng tuyn (path), n cp mt knh truyn d liu cho ngi s dng tuyn. Byte H4 l byte ch th a khung trong trng hp d liu thng tin c b tr trong a khung gm nhiu container cp thp hn. Byte K3 l knh iu khin APS cc tuyn VC-3 hoc VC-4, trong bt 1 n 4 dng cho knh chuyn mch bo v t ng APS, cc bt ny c ch nh cho bo hiu APS bo v ti cc mc ng VC-4 hoc VC-3. Cc bit t 5 n 8 dng lm knh d tr. Bn bit ny dng cho cc chc nng khc trong tng lai cha c nh ngha c th.

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-25-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

1 Khng li 1 li 8 li Khng li 0 0 1

FEBE 3 0 0 0

4 0 1 0

RDI 6

D tr 8

0 0 0

FEBE: Li khi u xa RDI: ch th s c u xa

Hnh 2.8: n nh bit cho byte G1 cc gi tr khc Hnh 2.5. T chc byte G1

Byte N1 l byte iu hnh mng v c dng ch nh cung cp chc nng gim st kt ni chuyn tip. 2.2.9.2. T mo u ng bc thp LO POH Cc t mo u ng bc thp c gn trong cc container o bc thp VC1X v VC-2. Ti trng tin ca cc container o VC-1, VC-2 c cu trc a khung (gm 4 khung) trong khong thi gian 500s. C mi mt a khung ngi ta xen vo 1 byte V5 ng u a khung v V5 chnh l t mo u ng bc thp VC1X POH hoc VC-2 POH. Chc nng ca byte ny l gim st li bit, lm nhn tn hiu v ch th trng thi ng dn Byte V5 Bit th nht v bit th hai ca V5 to thnh t m BIP-2 c s dng gim st li bt trong container o VC-1X v VC-2. BIP-2 1 2 REI 3 RFI 4 Nhn tn hiu 5 6 7 RDI 8

Hnh 2.6: Cu trc VC-12 POH Trong : BIP-2 -Kim tra li tuyn VC-12 REI- Ch th li u xa RFI- Ch th c s c ti u xa

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-26-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

RDI- Ch th u xa khng hon ho Bit th nht c c do kt qu m c cc bit l 1, 3, 5, 7 ca cc byte trong container o VC-1X, VC-2 v gi tr cc bit ny sao cho trng s m c ca cc bit l v chn. Bng 2.12 : Cu trc nhn tn hiu VC-12. b5 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 b6 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 b7 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 ngha Khng trang b C trang b Sp xp khng ng b Sp xp ng b bit Sp xp ng b byte D tr cho pht trin Tn hiu o th o.181 VC-AIS

Bit th hai c hnh thnh nh vic m cc bit chn 2, 4, 6, 8 ca cc byte trong container o VC-1, VC-2. Bit th ba l bit ch th li u xa REI dng kim tra tng ca cc bit, k c cc bit ca V5, trong a khung VC-12 # n+1 bng 1, nu pht hin c tng l th m mt li khi. Nu c li th ci t bit th ba ca V5 (REI) bng 1 v truyn ngc v trm gc. Bit th t l bit ch th c s c ti u xa RFI, nu trm cui xa hng hc th ci t bit th t ca V5 bng 1 v truyn v trm gc. Ch th u xa khng hon ho RDI, trong cc trng hp u xa nhn c AIS, mt con tr TU-12 hoc mt a khung VC-12 th ci t bit th tm ca V5 bng 1 v truyn v trm gc. Cc bit b5, b6 v b7 l nhn tn hiu dng gii thch ca tn hiu VC-12 trong a khung VC-12. Byte J2 l m nhn dng im truy nhp tuyn VC-12.

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-27-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

Byte N2 dng gim st im chuyn tip lung VC-12 v c cu trc nh bng 2.13. Bng 2.13: Cu trc ca N2 b1 b2 BIP-2 b3 1 b4 AIS n b5 TC-REI b6 OEI b7 b8 TC-APId, TC-RDI, ODI

BIP-2 l t m kim tra tng chn ca lung VC-12 ni chuyn tip. Cch tnh gi tr 2 bit ny trnh by phn BIP-2 ca V5. Bit th ba l bit c nh bng 1 ngn nga trng hp N2 l dy 8 bit 0. Bit th su ch th li khi trong lung VC-12 u ra (OEI) Bit th 7 v 8 ci t m nhn dng ni chuyn tip (TC-APId), ci t thng bo cho trm gc bit ti u xa lung ni chuyn tip VC-12 b mt hoc mt khung (TC-RDI), ci t ch th c AIS trong lung ni chuyn tip (ODI). Byte K4 l knh chuyn ti tn hiu iu khin chuyn mch bo v t ng lung VC-12. 2.3. Cu trc ghp knh ca lung STM-N Tng qut th mt khung STM-N c hnh thnh bng cch ghp N khung STM-1 theo phng thc ghp xen byte. Trong thc t, N nhn cc gi tr 4, 16, 64 tng ng vi cc lung STM-4, STM-16, hoc STM-64. 2.3.1. Ghp 4 lung STM-1 thnh STM-4. S cu trc ghp 4 lung STM-1 thnh STM-4 c th hin nh hnh 2.7.
AAAA
1

STM-1

STM-1

BBBB
2

STM-1

CCCC
3

B gh p

ABCDABCD
STM-4

GVHD: Ng Th Anh
STM-1
4

-28DDDD

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

Hnh 2.7: S cu trc ghp 4 x STM-1 thnh STM-4. Mt khung STM-4 c to thnh bng cch ghp xen byte 4 khung STM-1 vo mt khung 1080 ct v c tc 622,08 Mbit/s ( 4 155, 52M bit/s). Nh hnh 2.7 cho thy mt byte "A" t STM-1 s 1 c k tip bi mt byte "B" t STM-1 s 2 v mt byte "C" t STM-1 s 3 c k tip bi mt byte "D" t STM-1 s 4. iu cn lu l bn khung STM-1 ny phi c ng chnh
1234
1 2 3 4 5 9

36

1080

RSOH Cc con tr AU-n MSOH 125s

Hnh 2.8: Cu trc khung khung trc khi ghp. Do mi khung STM-1 c ba byte A1 k tip bi ba byte A2 c n nh cho vic ng b khung nn vic chnh khung ng rng 12 byte u tin ca tn hiu STM-4 phi l ccxbytebyte ba byte t STM-1 s 1, ba byte t 4 270 A1, STM-1 s 2, ba bytext byte 4 9 STM-1 s 3 v ba byte t STM-1 s 4. 12 byte A1 ny li c k tip bi 12 byte A2 c hnh thnh theo cng phng thc nh vi cc byte A1. Cu trcStn hiu ca STM-4 nh hnh 2.9 36 Byte khng trn O H
.

9 dng

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-29-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

Hnh 2.9: Cu trc khung STM-4 Nh vy SOH c 36 ct v 9 dng, dng u tin gm byte A1 th nht ca STM-1 th nht, byte A1 th nht ca STM-1 th hai, byte A1 th nht ca STM-1 th ba v byte A1 th nht ca STM-1 th t. Byte A1 th hai ca STM-1 th nht cui cng ca dng ny l 8 byte gch cho. Cc dng cn li SOH cng ghp theo trnh t nh vy. 2.3.2. Ghp 16 lung STM-1 thnh STM-16 Mt khung STM-16 c th c hnh thnh theo phng thc ging nh vi khung STM-4 v c th hin nh hnh 2.10.
STM-1 STM-1 STM-1 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 .. ...

B ghp

... STM-16

15 16

..

STM-1 15 STM-1 16

15 15 15 16 16 16

...

Hnh 2.10: S ghp 16 x STM-1 thnh STM-16

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-30-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

Trong hnh 2.10 cc ch s nm trong vng trn biu th cc byte thuc h thng STM-1. Cc byte thuc h thng STM-1 no th mng s th t ca h thng . u ra l kt qu ghp theo byte cc lung vo. 16 x 270 byte 16 x 9 byte 144 byte khng trn

SOH
...

9 dng

Cc byte ti trng
H
...

SOH Hnh 2.11: Cu trc khung STM-16. Cu trc khung STM-4 c th hin hnh 2.9. Khung ny c 144 (916) ct mo u cng con tr v tng cng 4320 (16270) ct hay byte trong 1 khung 125 s. C hai cch to tn hiu STM-16 l ghp 4 tn hiu STM-4 v ghp 16 tn hiu STM-4. 2.3.3. Ghp 4 lung STM-4 thnh STM-16

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-31-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

11 12 13 14..1n STM-1 # 1 21 22 23 242n STM-1 # 2 31 32 33 34 3n STM-1 # 3 41 42 43 444n STM-1 # 4


. . . 161 162 163 164.16n

11 21 31 41161 1n 2n 3n16n

STM-16

MUX 1/16

STM-1# 16 1n, 2n,16n K hiu cc byte ca STM-1 # n Hnh 2.12: Cu hnh lung STM-16 Ghp 4 lung STM-4 thnh STM-16 y l cu hnh thit b STM-N mc cao. Lung STM-4 c to thnh bng cch ghp xen byte t 4 STM-1 nh hnh 2.12. Cu hnh ca thit b STM-16 ghp xen byte t 16 STM-1 nh hnh sau. Cu hnh thit b STM-16 ghp xen nhm 4 byte t 4 STM-4 nh hnh 2.13.

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-32-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

11 21 31 41. STM-4 # 1 12 22 32 42 STM-4 # 2 13 23 33 43 STM-4 # 3 14 24 34 44 STM-4 # 4 Hnh 2.13: Cu hnh lung ghp t 4 STM-4 Trong : n1, n2, n3, n4 (n = 1, 2, 3, 4) l k hiu cc byte ca cc STM-4. 2.4. Kt lun Tm li, chng ny cung cp cc thng tin tng quan v nguyn l ghp knh SDH, bao gm cc ni dung v cu trc b ghp, cc container v cu trc ghp cc lung tn hiu. Ngoi ra, cc thng tin v mo u on, mo u ng trong SDH v chc nng ca chng cng c phn tch. H thng SDH c u im vt tri so vi PDH ch n c kh nng ng b cc lung tc khc nhau trong cu trc ghp, cng nh vic tch cc lung thnh phn, m c th l c th tch lung E1 PDH c tc 2,048Mb/s t lung tng ca SDH mt cch d dng. Nhng u im ny c th thc hin c l nh vo vic s dng con tr. Cc ni dung v con tr trong SDH s c cp trong chng III sau y. MUX 4/16 STM-16 11 21 31 4114 24 34 44

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-33-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

Chng III HOT NG CA CON TR TRONG SDH


Trong chng III ny chng ta s tm hiu v hot ng ca con tr trong SDH. Chng ny s bao gm nhng ni dung sau y. Mc 3.1 trnh by tng quan v con tr. Vn phn loi con tr s c nu ra trong mc 3.2. Mc 3.3 s cp n chc nng ca cc con tr. Mc 3.4 nu ln cu to v hot ng ca cc con tr. Phn kt lun chng s c a vo mc 3.5. 3.1. Tng quan v con tr Con tr l mt n v thng tin c dng qun l cc lung VC trong khung STM-1. i vi SDH, vic s dng con tr quyt nh u im ca h thng ng b so vi h thng PDH. Nh k thut con tr m vic tch ghp cc lung thnh phn t lung SDH tng c thc hin mt cch d dng. ng thi, nh c con tr m cc s khng ng b trong qu trnh ghp knh SDH cng c khc phc. Nhn vo cu trc ghp knh (trong phn 2.2.3 v 2.2.5 chng II), ta thy rng c hai loi con tr l con tr AU v con tr TU. ng thi thng qua khi nim c cp trn, chng ta thy s c mt loi con tr c dng cho cc lung VC bc cao v loi kia dng cho cc lung VC bc thp. 3.2. Phn loi con tr Cn c vo s cu trc ghp knh ta c cc loi con tr l con tr AU v con tr TU. 3.2.1. Con tr AU, AU-PTR. Con tr AU dng qun l VC bc cao trong khung STM-1, bao gm con tr AU4 v con tr AU3.

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-34-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

3.2.1.1. Con tr AU-4. Con tr AU4 c hnh thnh trong qu trnh ghp knh SDH nh trong minh ha di y:
E 4 C 4 VC 4 AU 4 AUG STM N

Nhn vo s ghp knh ny ta thy, con tr AU-4 dng qun l VC4 trong khung STM-1. 3.2.1.2. Con tr AU-3 Cng nh con tr AU-4, con tr AU-3 c hnh thnh trong qu trnh ghp knh theo ng ghp knh nh sau:
E 3 VC 3 AU 3 AUG STM N

Nhn vo s ghp knh ny ta thy, con tr AU-3 dng qun l VC3 trong khung STM-1. 3.2.2. Con tr TU. 3.2.2.1. Con tr TU3. Con tr TU-3 c hnh thnh trong qu trnh ghp knh theo ng ghp knh nh sau:

E 3 C 3 V C 3 T U 3 T U G 3 V C 4 A U 4 A U G S T M N
Con tr TU-3 dng qun l VC trong VC-4. 3.2.2.2. Cc con tr TU bc thp Cc con tr TU bc thp bao gm TU2-PTR, TU12-PTR v TU11-PTR. Chng c dng qun l cc a khung VC bc thp VC2, VC12 v VC11 tng ng trong cc VC bc cao hn trong qu trnh ghp knh. 3.3. Chc nng Con tr (Pointer) c gn vo cc con tr container o VC trong qu trnh ghp

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-35-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

knh. Con tr c s dng ng b cc nhnh v cc khung bc cao hn. Tn hiu nhnh trong mt VC c th truyn vi pha ring so vi khung tn hiu. S lin quan v pha gia VC v khung tn hiu c th hin trong cc byte con tr. Cc byte con tr c c vo v tr c nh trong khung tn hiu v cha a ch byte u tin ca VC, tc l byte u tin ca VC POH trong khung tn hiu. Ni cch khc cc con tr c gn ti cc v tr c nh trong khung truyn dn v cha a ch cc byte u tin ca ti trong VC trong khung tn hiu cha VC y. Con tr dng tr n v tr bt u ca khung VC, i vi khung bc cao th con tr c chc nng dng tr ti byte J1, cn i vi khung bc thp th dng tr ti byte V5. u im ca k thut con tr l cho php cc tn hiu nhnh gi trong VC c php ghp vo khung bc cao hn m khng cn s dng n b nh m tr thi gian phc tp. S nh hng ca vic thay i tc bit n pha ca VC c b nh ng b gi tr con tr kt hp vi chn dng, chn m v chn khng cc byte. Vn ng chnh dng, m v khng ca con tr l ht sc phc tp. iu ny thng xy ra trong thc t, v v nguyn l th tt c cc trm Vin thng iu c ng b vi nhau bng cc tn hiu nh thi n nh pht ra t cc trm trung tm. K thut con tr cho php thm nhp tc thi n VC bc cao sau khi din gii con tr AU. Cng nh th, khi thm nhp ti VC bc thp hn, ngi ta phi din gii con tr TU. Ngoi ra con tr cho php tch v ghp cc lung nhnh n t hoc vo tn hiu nhnh chung mt cch trc tip m khng cn s dng thit b tch ghp phc tp v cng knh 3.4. Cu to v hot ng 3.4.1. Con tr AU4

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-36-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

3.4.1.1. Cu to Cu to ca con tr AU4 c th hin hnh 3.1.


3 byte chn m

H1

H2

H3

H3

H3

H1 N N N N S S I D I D I D

H2 I D I D

10 bit gi tr con tr

Hnh 3.1. Cu trc byte ca con tr AU-4 Trong : H1= NNNN SS ID H2= IDIDIDID Y= 1001SS11 "1"=11111111 H3 l byte dnh cho chn m. Cc bit N gi l c s liu mi. Cc bit S nhn dng con tr. Cc bit D gi l cc bit gim. Cc bit I gi l cc bit tng. Nh cp, con tr AU4 c dng qun l VC4 trong STM-1. Do , hot ng ca con tr AU4 c th hin cc qu trnh sau. 3.4.1.2. Phm vi ch th ca con tr AU4

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-37-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

Phm vi ch th ca con tr AU4 c th hin trong hnh 3.2. 522 609 696 0 87 SOH 522 609 696 0 523 610 697 1 521 608 695 782 86 523 610 697 1 88 608 695 728 86

SOH AU-4 PTR

SOH AU-4 PTR SOH

Hnh 3.2. Phm vi ch th ca con tr AU4 Byte u tin ca ti trng VC-4 c t vo v tr no th gi tr con tr AU-4 ch th by nhiu. Trong khung STM-1 c 2349 byte (261 ct x 9 dng), tc l c 2340 v tr dnh cho byte u tin ca VC-4. Nhng ch s dng 10 bit trong cc byte H1 v H2 ca con tr AU-4 ch th gi tr. Ni cch khc l phm vi ch th cc gi tr ca con tr AU-4 bng 0 n 782 (2349:3) v 3 byte mang k hiu 000 c t lin k con tr AU-4. 3.4.1.3. Hot ng ng chnh khng.

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-38-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

Khi tc ca VC-4 c a vo khung truyn dn cp cao hn m c c s ng b vi nhau do vy khng xy ra s ng chnh no v c gi l ng chnh khng. ng chnh dng l qu trnh xy ra khi tc ca VC4 chm hn tc ca STM-1. Hnh 3.3 m t hot ng ca con tr AU-4 (AU-PTR) khi chn dng. Trong khung th nht khng chn dng nn byte u tin ca khung VC-4 (byte J1) ghp vo v tr u nhm byte n. Byte J1 ca VC-4 cch H3 ca con tr n nhm byte. V vy gi tr ca con tr AU-4 bng n. Trong khung th hai cng khng chn dng nn hon ton ging khung th nht. Trong khung th ba c chn dng. Con tr o 5 bit I ngay sau chn 3 byte khng mang tin vo sau H3, tc l chn vo v tr nhm byte mang a ch khng. Thng bo chn dng (o 5 bit I) truyn n pha thu xa cc byte chn dng. Do chn 3 byte vo sau H3 nn cc byte ti trng ca VC-4 dn sang bn phi mt nhm byte. By gi J1 c t vo v tr u nhm byte (n+1). Trong khung th 4 khng chn dng J1 c t ti v tr u nhm byte (n+1) v do gi tr con tr bng (n+1). Tm li sau khi chn dng gi tr con tr tng thm mt n v.

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-39-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

Gi tr con tr (n) H1...H2...H3 H3 H3

Bt u VC-4
n-1 n n n n+1

Khung 1 125 s

Gi tr con tr (n) H1...H2...H3 H3 H3

Bt u VC-4
n-1 n n n n+1

Khung 2 250 s

Gi tr con tr (o 5 bit I) H1...H2...H3 H3 Bt u VC-4 H3


n-1 n n n n+1

Khung 3 375 s

Ba byte chn dng Gi tr con tr (n+1) H1...H2...H3 H3 H3

Bt u VC-4
n-1 n n n n+1

Khung 4 500 s

Hnh 3.3. Hot ng ca AU-4 PTR khi chn dng

ng chnh m xy ra khi tc ca VC4 nhanh hn tc ca STM-1. Qu trnh ny c th hin trong hnh 3.4. Trong khung th nht khng chn m, byte J1 ca VC-4 ghp vo u nhm byte n, gi tr con tr bng n. Trong khung th hai cng khng chn m nn gi tr con tr vn bng n. Trong khung th ba c chn m. Trc ht AU-4 PTR o 5 bit D v ngay sau

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-40-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

xa 3 byte H3 ghp vo 3 byte ti trng ca VC-4. Thng tin o 5 bit D v ngay sau xa 3 byte H3 ghp vo 3 byte ti trng ca VC-4. Thng tin o 5 bit D c truyn n my thu tch 3 byte chn m x l nh nhng byte ti tin khc. V 3 byte ti trng ghp vo v tr 3 byte H3 nn ti trng li sang tri mt nhm byte. Byte J1 ca VC-4 ghp vo u nhm byte (n-1).
Gi tr con tr (n) H1...H2...H3 H3 H3

Bt u VC-4
n-1 n n n n+1

Khung 1 125 s

Gi tr con tr (n) H1...H2...H3 H3 H3

Bt u VC-4
n-1 n n n n+1

Khung 2 250 s

Gi tr con tr (o 5 bit D) H1...H2...


n-1n-1n-1 n

Bt u VC-4 n+1 n
n

Khung 3 375 s

Gi tr con tr (n-1) H1...H2...H3 H3 H3 Bt u VC-4


n-1 n-1 n-1 n n

n n+1

Khung 4 500 s

Hnh 3.4 : Hot ng ca AU-4 PTR khi chn m


Trong khung th t khng chn m nn J1 vn ghp vo u nhm byte (n-1), khong cch t H3 n J1 gim mt byte so vi khung khng chn m. V vy gi tr

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-41-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

con tr trong khung ny bng (n-1). Ngha l gi tr con tr AU-4 trong khung sau khung chn m gim i mt v bng (n-1). 3.4.2. Con tr AU-3 3.4.2.1. Cu to Mi con tr AU3 c cu to gm 3 byte c th hin hnh 3.5. H1 H2 H3

Hnh 3.5: Cu to con tr AU3. Trong : H1= NNNNSSID H2= IDIDIDID H3 dng cho chn m. Cc bit N gi l c s liu mi. Cc bit S nhn dng con tr. Cc bt D gi l cc bit gim. Cc bit I gi l cc bit tng. C ba con tr AU-3, chng ta s k hiu l AU3_PTR#1, AU3_PTR#2, v AU3_PTR#3, tng ng qun l VC3#1, VC3#2, v VC3#3. Bt c mt tp byte con tr AU-3 no (H1, H2, H3) cng thc hin chc nng ging chc nng ca con tr AU-4 c m t trong phn 3.4.1.1. T chc ca (H1, H2) cng ging nh t chc (H1, H2) ca con tr AU-4. 3.4.2.2. Phm vi ch th ca con tr Con tr AU-3 ny c cng phm vi gi tr con tr (0 782) nh trong ng dng ca AU-4 PTR. Do con tr AU-3 thc hin chc nng ging nh con tr AU-4, duy nht mt chc nng s c tho lun ngn gn y. Tp byte con tr (H1, H2,

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-42-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

H3) chim ct s 1, 4 v 7 c ch nh cho tn hiu AU-3 th nht. Nu (H1, H2) c gi tr lch con tr bng 0 th byte u tin ca cc byte mo u ng VC-3 th nht s nm hng th 4 ct 10 ca khung STM-1. Tng t i vi tn hiu AU3 th 2, nu (H1, H2) c gi tr lch con tr bng 0 th byte u tin ca cc byte mo u ng VC-3 th hai s nm hng th 4 ct th 11 ca khung STM-1. i vi tn hiu AU-3 th 3, nu byte H1, H2 c gi tr lch con tr bng 0 th byte u tin ca cc byte mo u ng VC-3 th 3 s nm hng s 4 ct 12 ca khung STM-1.

Hnh 3.6: Phm vi lch con tr AU-3 Ba tp byte con tr ny cho ba tn hiu AU-3 hot ng c lp. Chng hn, (H1, H2) ca tn hiu AU-3 th nht c th c gi tr lch con tr l 1, trong khi (H1, H2) ca AU-3 th 2 c th c gi tr lch con tr bt k trong khong (0 782). V tn hiu AU-3 th 3 c th c gi tr con tr ging hoc khc gi tr con tr ca tn hiu AU-3 th nht v AU-3 th 2.

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-43-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

3.4.2.3. Hot ng Hot ng ca cc con tr ny l c lp vi nhau, nhng tng t nhau nn minh ha ta s chn mt con tr phn tch. Gi s chn AU-3 PTR#3. Con tr AU-3 PTR c dng xc nh v tr ca VC3 trong khung STM_1. Ni cch khc, n c dng tr ti v tr byte J1 ca VC3 trong khung STM_1. Nh vy, con tr AU-3 PTR#3 c dng tm ra byte J1 ca VC3#3 trong khung STM-1. Gi s rng gi tr ca con tr AU-3 PTR#3 bng 5, khi J1 ca VC3#3 nm c gi tr bng 5 th 3 trong vng a ch. Nh vy, khong cch t byte H3 cui cng n byte J1 ca VC3#3 l 17 bytes. Lc ny, cc bit gi tr con tr ny s l: IDIDIDIDID = 0000000101. Chn khng con tr. Gi s tc ca khung VC3#3 khng i so vi tc ca khung STM-1 trong sut qu trnh lm vic ca h thng, khi , v tr tng i ca con tr VC3#3 so vi v tr ca khung STM-1 cng s khng i. Nh vy, nu khng c cc s c v ngun hoc truyn dn th tc ca cc khung ny l ng b vi nhau, v AU3_PTR#3 mang gi tr n nh m khng cn phi iu chnh bt c thng tin g. iu ny gi l chn khng con tr. Chn dng con tr: Gi s rng sau 1 thi gian lm vic ca thit b trong qu trnh ghp knh SDH t VC-3 ln STM-1, v mt l do no m tc ca VC3#3 n nhanh hn bnh thng. iu ny lm cho tc ca khung STM-1 v khung VC3#3 khng cn ng b vi nhau na. Cng gi s s thay i ny ln n mc yu cu chn dng con tr khng nh hng n vic ng b ca h thng. Qu trnh chn dng con tr AU-3 PTR#3 din ra nh sau: ngay khung STM-1 m tc ca khung VC3#3 n nhanh hn, cc bits I trong gi tr con tr AU-3 PTR#3 o du thng bo cho u thu bit rng vic chn dng con tr ang c thc hin, ng thi mt byte khng mang tin c chn ngay vo byte mang a ch 0 th 3 trong bng phm vi ch th lm cho J1 ca VC3#3

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-44-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

b dch chuyn sang bn phi tng ng mt trong bng phm vi ch th ca AU-3 PTR#3 ( s 6). Cc bt gi tr con tr trong khung ny l IDIDIDIDID = 1010101111. khung STM-1 tip theo, cc bits I trong gi tr con tr tr li bnh thng, nhng gi tr con tr tng ln 1 n v, ng thi J1 ca VC3#3 cng n nh v tr mi. Cc bt gi tr con tr trong khung ny l IDIDIDIDID = 0000000110. n y, vic ng chnh dng con tr c hon tt. Chn m con tr: Gi s rng sau 1 thi gian lm vic ca thit b trong qu trnh ghp knh SDH t VC-3 ln STM-1, v mt l do no m tc ca VC3#3 n chm hn bnh thng. iu ny lm cho tc ca khung STM-1 v khung VC3#3 khng cn ng b vi nhau na. Cng gi s rng s thay i ny ln n mc yu cu chn m con tr khng nh hng n vic ng b ca h thng. Qu trnh chn m con tr AU-3 PTR#3 din ra nh sau: ngay khung STM_1 m tc ca khung VC3#3 n chm hn, cc bits D trong gi tr con tr AU-3 PTR#3 o du thng bo cho u thu bit rng vic chn m con tr ang c thc hin, ng thi mt byte mang tin ca VC3#3 c chn ngay vo byte H3 ca AU-3 PTR#3 lm cho J1 ca VC3#3 b dch chuyn sang bn tri tng ng mt trong bng phm vi ch th ca AU-3 PTR#3 ( s 4). Cc bt gi tr con tr trong khung ny l IDIDIDIDID = 0101010000. khung STM_1 tip theo, cc bits D trong gi tr con tr tr li bnh thng, nhng gi tr con tr gim i 1 n v, ng thi J1 ca VC3#3 cng n nh v tr mi. Cc bt gi tr con tr trong khung ny l IDIDIDIDID = 0000000100. n y, vic ng chnh m con tr c hon tt. 3.4.3. Con tr TU3 Con tr TU3 c hnh thnh trong khung STM-1 thng qua n v qun l AU4. Cc container o VC-3 s c ng chnh trong khung container o VC-4 theo th t nh cc con tr TU-3. Cu trc ca con tr TU-3 cng ging nh cu trc ca con

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-45-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

tr AU-3, tc l mi con tr TU-3 cng c cu trc gm 3 byte H 1, H2, v H3 nh trong AU3-PTR.

Hnh 3.7: Phm vi lch con tr TU-3. TU3-PTR c dng qun l cc VC-3 trong khung VC-4 vi bng phm vi ch th c xc nh nh trong hnh 3.7. Ba tn hiu TU-3 phi c ghp xen byte vo mt vng ti tin STM-1 nh trong hnh 3.7. Trnh t pht mt tn hiu STM-1 l t tri qua phi v t trn xung di. T hnh 3.7 ta c th thy sau khi H1 u tin (c n nh cho tn hiu TU-3 th nht) c pht i ta phi pht byte H1 cho tn hiu TU-3 th 2, sau l H1 cho tn hiu TU-3 th 3 s c pht i. Ba byte H1 c b tr gn nhau. Tng t, tt c ba byte H2 v ba byte H3 tng ng ni ui nhau c pht i. V vy, (H1, H2, H3) cho mi tn hiu TU-3 phi c b tr theo chiu dc nh ch ra trn hnh v. Hot ng ca cc con tr TU-3 hon ton tng t nh hot ng ca cc con

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-46-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

tr AU-3, ch khc l AU3-PTR c dng qun l cc VC-3 trong khung STM1, cn TU3-PTR c dng qun l cc VC-3 trong khung VC-4. Do , vic phn tch hot ng ca con tr TU-3 c th tham kho mc 3.4.2.3. 3.4.4. Cc con tr TU bc thp. Cc con tr TU bc thp bao gm TU-2 PTR, TU-12 PTR, v TU-11 PTR c dng ng chnh tc ca cc a khung VC-2, VC-12, v VC-11 vi cc a khung TU-2, TU-12, v TU-11 tng ng. Vic ng chnh ny l cn thit bo m vic ng b gia cc a khung VC v TU bc thp trong qu trnh ghp knh SDH t cc lung cp thp ln cc lung cp cao hn. Vic phn tch cc yu t nh v tr, chc nng, cu to v hot ng ca cc con tr TU bc thp c th c trnh by nh sau.
TU-11 TU-12 TU-2 V tr ca con tr TU bc thp nm vng ti trng ca khung STM-1.

Chc nng: TUn_PTR c dng qun l, gim st v nh v VC-n trong TUn (n = 2, 12, V1 11).
V1 V1 78 Cu to ca con tr TUn-PTR gm105 4 byte c th hin nh321 hnh 3.8. trong

10 3 V2 0 25

125 V1 s

V2 V3
250 s

. . V1= NNNNSSID 13 125 9 V2 s IDIDIDID = V2 0 V3 dng cho chn

. .
427

125 s

V2 0

. m con tr . V4 . V4 d tr . V3 10 250 250 26 Hnh 3.8: Cu34 cascon tr TUn-PTR to 6 s V3 V3 10 375 51 35 7 s V4 . . 375 52 69 s V4 375 21 s 500 3 77 70 s V4 21 . . 4 . 14 -47- 500 GVHD: Ng Th Anh SVTH: H Ph Qu . s 4 500 32 s

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

Hnh 3.9. Phm vi ch th ca con tr TU-1x v TU-2 Bng phm vi ch th c th hin trong hnh 3.9. Bng ny chnh l bng ta m byte V5 ca cc a khung VC bc thp c th c t vo, hay chnh l bng ta cc con tr TU bc thp qun l v tr bt u ca cc a khung VC bc thp trong cc a khung TU tng ng. Hot ng ca cc con tr TU bc thp c th c tm tt nh sau: Khi bnh thng th gi tr con tr ch th khong cch t byte V2 n byte u tin ca ti trng VC trong a khung TU (trong khung th hai ca a khung). Cn ch khi nh s v tr cc byte trong a khung TU bc thp th byte mang s 0 xp lin

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-48-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

n tt nghip

H thng truyn dn SDH Mu Thn Cn Th

sau byte V2 v byte mang s th t cao nht xp lin trc byte V2, tc l cui khung th nht trong a khung. Khi c nhu cu chn dng th cc bit I trong V1 v V2 b o, ngay sau chn thm mt byte mang thng tin gi st sau byte V3. Kt thc ng tc chn dng gi tr con tr tng thm mt n v (nh hnh 3.9). Khi c nhu cu chn m th cc bit D trong V1 v V2 b o, mt byte ti trng (byte tin) ca VC c xp vo v tr ca byte V3. Kt thc chn m con tr c gi tr gim mt n v so vi lc bnh thng. 3.5 Kt lun. Tm li, chng ny cung cp cc thng tin v con tr, c bit l v hot ng ca con tr trong SDH. Qua vic thc hin chng III, chng ta c gii thiu v hot ca con tr trong h thng truyn dn SDH, bao gm tng quan v con tr, phn loi con tr, cu to v hot ng ca con tr cng c phn tch c th. Ngoi nhng c im trn, h thng phn cp s ng b SDH c ng dng ngy cng nhiu trong mng vin thng. Phn cp s ng b SDH c nhiu cch t chc trong mng vin thng. Chng IV s tm hiu cc phng php t chc v ng b mng SDH.

GVHD: Ng Th Anh

-49-

SVTH: H Ph Qu

You might also like