G@1

Frecluency Synthcsizcr
1

.. i.. ... Objectirres.. 15.2 Discussion Of Fundamentals... 15.3 Equipments Required. 5.4 Experiments And Records... ..

5.1

5-

15-1
'

.. 15-19
1

5- 1 9

Experiment 15-1 Typical Freque'tcy Synthesizer Experiment 15-2 Frequency Synthesizer with Prescaler Experiment 15-3 Frequency Synthesizer with Frequency Conv'erier
15.5 Questions

15-34

Frequency SynthesiZer

oBtEcTryES

1. To study the principle of frequency synthesizeis. 2. To measure the characteristics of frequency synthesizers.

DISCUSSION OF FUNDAMENTAIS
Basically a frequency synthesizer is a frequency source whose output signal frequency is equal to the input reference frequency multiplied by an integer

rmber. Figure 15-1 shows a typical frequency ,synthesizer, which consists of a phase-locked loop (PLL), voltage-controlled osciltator (vco), phase
n

detector and divide-by-N counter.

The phase detector in the PLL of Figure 1b-1 produces an average voltage value, which is oroportional to the difference between the input reference frequency fsgp dhd the output frequency of divide-by-N counter f6/N. The
divide-by-N counter is generally preset by thumbwheel switches or controlled with an MPU software. This counter produces an output pulse every N input

pulses. The output voltage of the phase detector is applied to the input of the voltage-controlled oscillator (vco) after filtering by a low pass filter (LpF) tc control the Vco output frequency f6,, so that the output frequency is equal
to N times the input reference frequency in locking.

Figure

15-1

Block diagrarn of typical frequency synthesizer

t5-

Unlt

l5

\MrenthePLLoperatesinlock,therelationshipbetweenreferenceand
bY counter outPut can be exPressed

fP=f*=fo111

or the equivalent equation

fo=Nfn

It is

by the reference frequency is determined evident that the output other words' a frequency preset counter value N' ln frequency fp and the
synthesizerisafrequencygeneratorwhoseoutputfrequencyisequaltothe inputreferencefrequencymultipliedbyanintegerN.Thereforeastableand

precisionreferencefrequencyisrequiredforanexcellentfrequency
is employed' synthesizers. Usually a crystaloscillator

Various FrequencY SYnthesizers synthesizers available There are many tYPes of frequency

in practical

applications' Theseare:
SYnthesizer 'r ypical F requencY 1.'ly

il;;;-;;;*,

rjirect frequencv svnthesizer' rhe tne orocx diasram of ia fha -:-^..il PLL circuit is fp to the reference input of the lne ;;;;-tr"or"n", previously' the tlivided by M' As mentioned fx crystal oscillator frequency the synthesizer is ealculated by frequency of the frequency output
equation fo=N'fn

'nthesizei

Frequency SynllqqEgl

rnce and

fo=Nfn

Figure

15-2

Block diagram of typical frequency synthesizer

reference frequency

lual to the
stable and frequency

The main disaclvantage of the typical frequency synthesizer is the frequency limitation of programmable divider. The maximum operating frequency of programmable dividers available in market is only several tens of MHz. This limits the maximum output frequency of frequency synthesizer. To overcome this disadvantage the following types of
frequency synthesizer may be selected.

2.
r
practical

Frequency Synthesizer with Frequency JVlultiplier

A frequency multiplier witlr a multiplication H is used in the type of

frequency synthesizer shown in Figure 15-3. From the block diagram, the
output signal frequency is calculated by

fo = N (Hfn)

xizer. The

cuit is the
viously, the

However this frequency synthesizer has two disadvantages: (1) an additional frequency-selective circuit is required, and (2) a small variation
in VCO output frequency will result in a unbearable variation in synthesizer output frequency. Frequency Multiplier (xH)

ed by the

fo=N(l-ifn)

Figure

15-3

Frequency synthesizer with a frequency multiplier

5-3

l.'|!'fu

Unltl$

" .. , ,

',

Frequencl[ Jlnlheshel ":

3. Frequency $yntheoizor

with Prescaler

synthesizer with a Figure 15-4 showa the block diagram of the frequency (synthesizer prescaler, The prescaler introducing between vco output

the input frequency output) and divide-by-N divider input is used to lower
of the divider in an allowable range'

Figure

15'4

Freqpency synthesizer with prescaler

!

is manufactured in Basically the prescaler, a $tpe of frequency divider,

ECLtechnologyandcanop-erateatmuchhighfrequency(uptoGHz).
15-4 is given by The output signal frequency of the synthesizer in Figure

fo= N(P'fn) at a higher since fq is the VCO output, therefore the VCO must operate frequ.encycomparedwiththesetwotypesdiscussedabove. uency Synthesizer with F roquency Go nverter using in Generally there are hrvo types of the frequency conversion
F

req

freqr"ency synthesizers, These are rising conversion and lowering

conversion.

Figure 15-5 shows the- frequency synthesizer with rising frequency

frequency by converter. The VCO output frequency is converted to higher is expressed as the mixer and local oscillator circuit. The output frequency

l5-4

hesizer

lryqlolgv- srr$gggqr

fe'=f1+frlf*

with a
resizer luency
fo'=fr+111* =1tl(Pfn)

where fs rpresents the output frequenc5'of local oscillator.

r:igure
olP

15-5

Frequency synthesizel with rising frequency converter

The first problem encountered irr this frequency synthesizer is similar to the

type of frequency synthesizer with frequency multiplier due

ured in
lz). en by

to a

frequency-selective circuit is needed at output stage. ln addition, the local oscillator is located outside the PLL circuit so that the PLL cannot correct
the frequency deviation caused by the local oscillator.

Figure 15-6 shows the frequency synthesizer with lowering frequency

converter. The mixer

is inside the PLL circuit so that the frequency

deviation of local oscillator can be corrected by PLL. The output frequency,

Lhigher fe= f1+\lfs, is from the VCO output directly so that the VCO must operate at higher frequencies.

slng

rn

lwering

quency

mcy by ;sed as
Figure

15-6

Frequency synthesizer with lowering frequency converter

5-5

Unit

ti
Transfer Function and Transient Response

FrequoncY SYnthosiror

is an important The analysis of transfer function or transient response to the block technique in designing frequency synthesizers. Referring
diagramofbasicfrequencysynthesizershowninFigurelS.T,the
transfer function' characteristic of each block is expressed by its own

Ve(s):Vd(s)F(s)
0n(s)

0o(s)=KoVe(s)/s

0N(s)=0o(s)A''l

Figure

15.7

Transfer function of a frequency svnthesizer

0o is the phase of ln Figure 15-7, 0n is the phase of the reference signal and is directly the VCO output signal. The output of the phase comparator by the proportional to the difference between these two phases multiplied

conversion gain Ko and can be expressed as

Vo=Ko(0n-0N)=KoAg

the lowpass filter The voltag Vo csused by thq phase error A0 runs through in order to filter the high-frequency components out. The VCO output andrthe conversion frequency is determined by the LPF output voltage V"
gain l$.

roo=KoxV.
I

Replacing coo bY d0Jdt gives

l5-6

nthosizor

Frequencv Svnthesizer

d0s/dt=l$xV"
mportant

Laplace transform of the above equation is

he block

*7,

the

(d0"1dt)=s0u(s)= KoxVu(s)

Therefore 0o(s)=(ft.V
rVe(s)/s

(s)ls.

ln short, the phase of VCO output is directly

proportionalto the controlvoltage V" multiplied by an integer constant.

dfo

Ljplace transforms of the blocks in Figure 15-7 can be expressed as

Vo(s)=Ko [0n(s)- eN(s) I

V"(s)=F(s).Vo(s)

06(s)=[lG.V"(s)l/s
0x(s)= [Oo(s]l / N

The transfer function of the frequency synthesizer is therefore expressed by phase of

s directly

H(s)

0 o(s)

KoKoF(s)

by the

0 n(s)

s + KoKoF(s)/N

'H(s) depends on the lowpass filter (LPF) transfer function F(s). There are two types of LPF usually available in this application. Type I and ll of RC lowpass

filter:'re shown in Figures 15-8 and 15-9, respectively.

rass filter

output

mversion

r5.7

treqgglgy_gynllgsge-1

Figure

15-8 Type I of RC lowpass filter

R1

Figure

15-9

Type ll of RC lowpass filter

The transfer function of type I lowpass filter can be expressed by

F(s)=

b.=
Vin

'1

1+s

where

= RC. lf the RC lowpass filter of Figure 15-8 is used as the loop filter of the frequency synthesizer, the transfer function of the frequency
synthesizer can be expressed as

iynthesizgl

Frequency Synthesizer

rut$r
H1(s)=

"r+I*KoKo tNz
:'.rffioducing the damping ratio d into the above equation, becomes

H,,(s)=oo(s)=

Nri = 0,(s) s2 +2dtrtn +o I

UUrete 0n =

d=2
Fedacing the loop filter by the RC lowpass filter of Figure 15-9, the transfer of loop filter is given by

F(s)=ffi
*FIe rr = RrC and tz = RzC.
The transfer function of the synthesizer

Nrrrf

Hz(s) = s the loop

fiequency

lt+rrs1

s'+2dqs+t^t1

flrcte 0n=

KoKq

N(r' + rr)

l5-9

FrequoncY SYnthoelzor
Unit {5

o ^

-1 l!-*"-",f =;lK*"t'' .

"l

Thetransferfunctionoffrequencysynthesizer,H(s),isasecond-order function'$imilartoanysecond-ordersystems,timerJelayisintroduced the output' and overshoot may be occurred at

between input and output,

MewthestepresponseoffrequencysynthesizershowninFigure15-10
Thefrtistheidealoutputfrequencychangethatfollo.lvsastepchangeinthe inputfrequency,whilethefoisthepracticalresponseofoutputfrequency'

of frequency synthesizer Figure 15-10 Transient response

how the synthesizer - the settling time or The loop filter decides two things for

manycyclestheloopisgoingtoaverage,andthedampingortheabilityof thelooptoacceptnewchangeswithoutexcessiveovershootorpossible filter of Figure 15-9 (Type ll)' oscillation. lf the loop filter is the Rc lowpass

thesettlingtimeoftheloopissetbyRlandCl'ToolonganRlCltime
fast input frequency changes' constant makes the loop too slow in following

ToosmalltheRlCltimeconstantwillnotaverageenoughinputcyclesand jumpstheVCooutputaroundviolently.Thedampingissetbytheratioof

RltoR2.SmallorzeroR2(Typel)valuesmaketheloopbounce,
overshoot,orevenoscillate'ToolargetheR2valuemakesthelooptake
frequency' too long to read just to a new input

t5-10

Unit 15

FtgqUqLUy__syttllp$aqt

Practical Circuit Description Figure 15-13 shows the entire circuit on the pLL Frequency synthesizer Module. lt consists of the following sections: l.Reference Frequency section
2.PLL section

3.Divide-by-N Device section

4.Divide-by-1 0 Device section S.Offset OSC section

1.

Reference Frequency section The reference frequency seclion consists of a crystal reference oscillator and a frequency divider. The 1-MHz quartz (x'TAt.1) and the Nor gate

(u4a, 74HC04) form the precision oscillator. Three BCD counters

(U1-U2-U3, 74LS90) are connected to construct a divide-by-1000 divider. The output signal of reference oscillator is connected to the input of the

divide-by-10O0 divider via

Nor

buffers (U4b and

u4c). The output

to

signal frequency

of the divider at U1 oA is therefore equal

1000KHz+1000=1 KHz

Another output frequency from

1000KHz+100=10KHz. Besides the additional JK frip-flop (U5a, 1t2T4Ls76) is constructed as a divide-by-2 divider and its output frequency at e may be fe=g.56Hz or

u2 eA is

SKHz when its clock input connected

transistor u6.

to 2 or 1, respectively. The Q1 is interfacing the TTL output of USa to the cMos input of

15- 12

yr{!esizer

ynthesizer

I
11

il

rtt t'jj*I"' irS&r Ecc.l -=

ua

74HCO4

RJ

JLTPII
RI

CJi(nP

ti(

2.2X

nl

G!

l oscillator
NOT gate counters
100 divider.

F.bEFilq$q

+la/

fr
vnr

11 l.=J

'33t
a.

tt
Rtt
IK

57

s-2

rput of the

nt RE 22r

O{

he output equal to
Cl0 O.ls

T
+5v

1",.

l't
r! 0=10KHz. rcted as a 3.5KHz or

1z.tx

ult

lt'
utz
7+HCO+

urz F7x-foil
I

ely.

The

x'rA[2

S input of

.+A GilD +lll ooo

_Llr@ .:rtli lr ,: cl2

; N Dido

OlL.a OllC

Figure

15-13

KL-93005 module

Unit 15

Frequency Synthesizer

2,

PLL section
PLL circuit consists of a phase comparator, lock indicator, VCO, and LPF The UG (CD4046) containing turo phase comparators ancl a VCO is the

heart of

PLL.

The CD4046 has two possible phase comparators. One

is an Exclusive'OR System that offers good noise performance, but is harmonic Sensitive and must have square waves on both pins 3 and 14' It is limited to a narrow frequency range. The other system is a logic frequency/phase comparator that operates over a wide frequency range
(1000:1 or beyond), accepts any input duty cycle, and is not harmonic

sensitive. lt has relatively poor noise rejection' This system of the

wideband phase comparator is selected in the P[-L section. Two input signals of the phase comparator are: (1) the reference signal fp

on TP4, and (2) the feedback signal fp coming from the programmable divider output on TP8. The wideband phase comparator provides a
tri-state sample-and-hold outp.rt on pin 13 for the loop

filter.

lf the input

frequency is higher than the VCO frequency, a steady high output results.

lf the input frequency is lower than the VCO frequency, a steady low orrtput results. lf the two frequencies are identical, the phase comparator outputs a pulse proportional to the phase difference. This pulse is
positive going for lagging VCO phase and is negative going for leading VCO phase as shown in Figure 15'14.

lf the reference signal leads the feedback signal, the phase comparator outputs a high pulse charging the capacitor C8. lf ihe reference signal
phase lags behind the feedback signal, the phase comparator outputs a low pulse discharging the capacitor C8. lf the twrr phases are equal
exactly, the output of phase comparator presents high impedance and the

charges on capacitor CB are held.

The loop filter, constructed by resistors RG and R7 and the capacitor C8,
determines two things: (1) the settling time, or how many cycles the loop is

going to average, and (2) the damping, or the ability of the loop to accept

new changes without excessive over shoot or possible oscillation. The

l5-14

Unit

l5

Fr

qqe1qy_ _Sy{legi1e,r

During the PLL locked, UO pin 1 presents a high level which enables the transistor Q2 conducting and turning on the lock indicator
and turn the lock indicator LED1 off if the PLL unlocked.

LED1. On the

other hand, a low level will appear at U6 pin 1 to disable the transistor Q2

The VCO frequency extremes are determined by the capacitor (C4, C5, or

C6) between pins 6 and 7, the maximum frequency resistor (VR2) on pin 11, and the minimum frequency resistor (VR1) on pirr 12. Expressing in
equation form gives

fi,rrru= frvrex=

A/R2(C4-6+32PF)
A/R1 (C4-6+32pF)+fn,rrr.r

fo=(furnx-furr.r)/2

where funx-turrH is referred to the lock or tracking range of VCO.

+N Device section

The VCC output signal is connected to the cascaded programmable

divider (U10, U9, U8, SN74192) via the level shifter Q4 that converts
CMOS level (VCO outpui) to TTL level (divider input).

Each synchronous up/down decade counter SN74192 is used as a down

counter whose outputs are preset by thumbwheel BCD outputs and load input signal. BCD inputs , When a low (0) presents at load control input (pin 11), the BCD inputs (pins 15, 1, 10, and 9; thumbwheel BCD outputs)

are loaded into the decade counter. When input oulses reach at the
down-count input (pin 4), the counter counts down and the borrow output (pin 13) produces a pulse as the counter underflows.

Fer example, the three down counters U8, U9, and U10 are presetto2,1,

and 3 by the hundreds, tens, and units thumbwheels, respectively. Each

input pulse to the units counter U10 pin

results in

a decrement of

counter values. After 213 input pulses, an output pulse erppears at U8 pin 13 (borrow output). The borrow output pulse (low) is connected to the

l5- l6

hesizer

setfling time of the loop is set by R6 and

rd LPF. ) is the

C8.

Too long an RC constant

makes the loop too slow in following fast input frequency changes. Too small an RC constant won't average enough input cycles and jumps the

One

\lCO output around violently. The damping of the loop is set by the ratio

but is
rnd
14.

d
b

R6 to

R7.

Small or zero R7 values make the loop bounce, overshoot,

gTen oscillate. Too large an R7 makes the loop take too long to read just a new input frequencY.

a logic
I range
rrmonic

of the

ignal fp
nmable

rides a

e input
results.

D tr3l

dy low
parator

ulse

is

rtshffi

l-13)

leading

parator
, signal

tputs a

,q!d

r equal
rnd the

Ffu
lHd
Llrdf

lftr)

tor C8,
loop is
accept

Ftre

1Fl4

Phase corhparator waveforms

n. The
I_q-t5

1!y4!hesizer

thesizer

enables the

lod inputs of these three counters to reload the value 213 into the
counters and then the counting sequence runs repeatedly.
emmple, the cascaded decade counter is a divide-by-2l3 counter.

D1.

On the

ln this

fansistor Q2

Fgure 15-15 shows the operation of BCD thumbwheel.

r (C4, C5, or

lf

the

tr.rnbwheel is switched to the decimal figure 5, the outputs C= A=1 and

yR2) on

pin

F84,

therefore the BCD value 0101 is loaded into the programrnable

xpressing in

oounter SN74192.

Ttre output pulse of the programmable divider (U10-U9-U8) is sent to the

lput ilIse

of phase comparator via a JK flip-flop

(Usb). The reason

is that the

width is too narrow to drive the phase comparator. For the same

reason, a JK flip-flop (U5a) is added to the reference frequency section.

ogrammable

tat converts

J as a down

rts and load mntrol input

CD outputs)

each at the

lnow output

@t*rr
eset to 2,
1,
X = output connected to common 0 = open

vely.

Each

input

lcrement of rears at U8
ected to the

circuit

Fgtre 1.}15 BCD thumbwheel operation

l5-17

Unit

t5

Frequency Synthesizer

4. +10 Device section

A
frequency synthesizer with precaler

is simply made by adding a

frequency divider (prescaler) to the input of the programmable divider in typical frequency synthesizer circuit. The use of prescaler promotes the

output signal frequency fo of the synthesizer but keeps the input

frequency to the programmable divider compared with typical frequency

syntnesizer. ln Figure 15-13, the decade counter U7 (SN7490) serves

as a prescaler with the scale of step

10.

By the use of precaler the frequency

lF

will be increased to 10 times the reference frequency.

Offset OSC section

See Figure 15-13. The D flip-flop (U11, SN7474) serves as a mixer. The inverters (U12) and crystal (X'TALZ) form a local oscillator whose output is connected to the D input of the mixer. The VCO output
frequency fo is shifted to a lower frequency via the mixer for suitable the programmable divider
calculated by

input. The output signal frequency of the mixer is

f6,r=f9-fL
where fr is the local oscillator frequency.

l5-18

rthesizer

Froqualtcy Sytttltcsizcr

REQLIRED
rdding
a

livider in
rotes the

'-, lsth.h KL-92001

8-!$dure
KL-93005
S -@sc*hrccope

re

input

equency
r) serves

rT5.L\-D RECORDS
$.prcat Freq u e n c y S ynth
-nl' -re cors,truct
es i z e

equency

typical frequency synthesizer, the following circuit

Eec$oms are necessary.

mtxer.
,L.

rr whose

Rderence Freq uency section

) output
table the

fl-L section
DnurGby-N Device section

mixer is

L.m,te these sections on the PLL Frequency Synthesizer Module.

I. :ffirence tfrequency measurement lit , Ftace a jumper in position 2.

ilE L}ilng the scope, measure and record the
lreqrncies
on the test points in Table 15-1
.

waveforms and

$,

tmas.rng VCO input voltage vs output frequency characteristic '"; Renroue the jumper from position 2. With power off, set VR1
lCKn and VR2 to 1.4MQ using DMM.
d^

to

mre j'rnnpers in positions

Errrmrrd {VCO

3 and

6.

Conne,:t scope CH1 lN to OUT

OUT). Connect dc povver supply 0-15VDC from

,ift-92CI01 to TP6 (VCO lN). Measure and record tlre waveforms and

iery-rencbs for difierent dc input voltages in Table 15-2.

vottage-frequency characteristic in Figure 1 5-1 6 according

Fre esults in Table 15-2.

srtrce a jumper in posrtion 7 (VR2 connected). Repeat steps (2)

rm 3

recorC the results in Table 15-3 and

rlot the characteristic

in

Fgue iF17

i5- le

Unit

l5

Frequency Synthosizor

4.

Measuring the sigr,al frequencies of phase comparator

(1) Place jumpers in positions 2, 3, 6, 7, and 11. (2) Measure and record the frequencies on TP4, TP8, and ouT for
various BCD thumbwheel setting values in Table 15-4.

(3) (4)

4. Repeat step (2). Remove the jumper from position 4 to position 5. Repeat step (2).
Remove the jumper from position 3 to position programmable divider

5. Measuring
(1)

Place jumpers in

2,3,6,7, and 11 positions.

on u10 pin4 (fin), TP7 (fout),

(2) Measure and record the frequencies

and TP8 for various BCD thumbwheel setting values in Table 15-5. Calculate and record the ratio of fin to fout in Table 15-5.

(3) Remove the jumper from position 3 to position 4. (4) Remove the jumper from position 4 to position 5'

Repeat step (2)' Repeat step (2).

6.

Measuring transient response of frequency synthesizer

(1)

2,5,6,7, and 11 positions. (2) Connect scope input to TP6. Measure and record the transient ' response curve of the frequency synthesizer for each sudden change in input frequency in Table 15-6. Measure and record the
Place jumpers in

settling time for each transition in Table 15-6.

To produce a sudden change in input frequency, from 300KHz to 400KHz for example, first set BCD value to 300 (300KHz) and then
switch hundreds thumbwheel to 4 (400KHz) suddenly.

(3)

Connect a 1OpF capacitor between TP6 and ground. Repeat step (2) and record the results in Table 15-7.

s-20

Synthesizor

nd OUT for
Et step (2).

Pos: 20,00,tts

CUHSOF

Type

at step (2).

Source

ru

Delta 1,000ms 1.000l,Hr

VW7
I

(fout),

Cursor

r Table 15-5.

-1,020ms Cursol ? -20,1]0r's

nt nt step (2).
step (2).

n 300KHz to
Fts) and then

r5-2r

Unit 15

Frequency Synthesizer

Experiment

15-2 Frequency

Synthesizer withPrescaler

1. Place jumpers in positions 2, 3, 6, 7, B, and

fn=Q.5KH2, P=10.

12.

This step constructs a

frequency synthesizer with prescaler as shown in Frgure 15-4, and sets

2.

Measure and record the signal frequencies on OUT, U7 pin1, and U7

pin12 for various BCD thumbwheel setting values in Table 15-8.

3.

Compare U7 pinl signal with OUT and record the phase shifts of U7 pinl signal in Table 15-8.

4. Compare

U7 pin12 signal with OUT and record the phase shifts of U7

pin12 signal in Table 15-8.

5. Remove

the jumper from position 3 to position

4. 5

Repeat steps 2 thru 4.

6.

Remove the jumper from position 4 to position

Repeat steps 2 thru 4.

Synthesize.r

Frequency Synthesizer

Synthesizer with Frequency Conv erter

, constructs a

5-4, and sets

inpers in positions 2, 5, 6, 7, 10, and 13. qffiesizer with lowering frequency

l5S,
and sets fp=Q.5KHz, f1=l[1492.

This step constructs a

converter as shown in

pin1, and U7

f:

scope or frequency countel measure and record the output

il'.
lfts of U7

d
pinl

local oscillator on TP9.

fiequency

fl

rtd
r shifts of
U7

record the frequencies on OUT (fo) and U11 pinS for various setting values in Table 15-9.

on U11 pinS should equal to the output frequencies minus

mcillator ftequency, fe-f1.

leps'2 thru 4.
:

teps 2 thru 4.

l5-23

Unit 15

Frequency Synthcsizcr

Table

15-1

Reference frequency measurement

Waveforin

ynthesizcl

i:i

lltrO inptrt voltage vs output frequency characteristic

tr",

hr*R*nn
F"
lit*-'

OUT Waveform & FrequencY (KHz) Output

o5
N

EE-'
ti

15
F.*

i2
2!-5

F=

35

---i,
,
F'

i
r

r-s

F'-

T'g
55
5

F-

h.

65
iF-

t*-

ils
I

f*
>+ -'
-

rF
I
ot
w

Iro
ts-25

Unit

l5

Frequen_cy _Synfheg

[e r

Table

15-3 VCO input voltage

(VR2 connected)

vs output frequency characteristic

TP6 lnput dc Voltaqe ru)

0

OUT Output Waveform & Frequency (KHz)

0.5
1

1.5
2

2.5
3

3.5
4

4.5
5

5.5
6

6.5
7

7.5
8

8.5

I
9.5
10

ry sy1_t!e5qe1

23156789101112
lF'nG Arput

lnput
Voltage

(v)

frequency vs input voltage characteristic

2.3456789101112

lnput
Voltage

(v)

ls'17

Ortput frequency vs input voltage characteristic

Unit t5

frequmcy Syntheiaer.

Table

15-4

Phase comparator frequencies

Frequency Synthesi2er

,lfrllmeasurement

Froquoncy Sy:tlhooirar

Table

15-6

Transient response of frequency synthesizer

lnput Frequency (KHz)

Transient Response

Settling Time

100 to 200

200 to 300

300 to 400

400 to 500

500 to 600

600 to 700

5-30

Syntltooizor

Frequency $Yntheqizqr

ffilrrccurement

Unit 15

Frequency

Table

15

Transient response of frequency synthesizer

lnput Frequency ffil-iz)

Transient Response

Settling Time

100 to 200

200 to 300

300 to 400

'tl

400 to 500

ii 'l
I

lL

500 to 600

ii
i

ii i.i''l'

ir,

iii il

600 to 700

il t' il

5.30

Unit

l5

Frequency Synthesizer'

Table

15-8

Frequency synthesizer with prescaler U7 pin12

with frequency converter

qJT
heryency

U11 pinS 0Frequency

Unit

l5

15.5 QUESTIONS

1.

Describe the function of JK flip-flops (U5a, USb) in reference freq

and programmable divider sections.

Describe the requirement of tne input signals to phase comparators cD4046.

3. What is the frequency range

of VCO in PLL section?

5-34