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Antiderivaties and Antidierentiation

Mathematics 53
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Lecture 4.1

For today

Antiderivatives and Antidierentiation

Integration by Substitution

For today

Antiderivatives and Antidierentiation

Integration by Substitution

Antiderivatives

PROBLEM: Suppose F (x) = 2x , what is F (x)?

Antiderivatives

PROBLEM: Suppose F (x) = 2x , what is F (x)? ANSWER:


F (x) = x 2

Antiderivatives

Denition
A function F is an antiderivative of the function f on an interval I

Antiderivatives

Denition
A function F is an antiderivative of the function f on an interval I if and only if F (x) = f (x) for every value of x in I .

Antiderivatives

Denition
A function F is an antiderivative of the function f on an interval I if and only if F (x) = f (x) for every value of x in I . Examples.

Antiderivatives

Denition
A function F is an antiderivative of the function f on an interval I if and only if F (x) = f (x) for every value of x in I . Examples.
1

An antiderivative of f (x) = 12x 2 + 2x is

Antiderivatives

Denition
A function F is an antiderivative of the function f on an interval I if and only if F (x) = f (x) for every value of x in I . Examples.
1

An antiderivative of f (x) = 12x 2 + 2x is F (x) = 4x 3 + x 2 .

Antiderivatives

Denition
A function F is an antiderivative of the function f on an interval I if and only if F (x) = f (x) for every value of x in I . Examples.
1 2

An antiderivative of f (x) = 12x 2 + 2x is F (x) = 4x 3 + x 2 . An antiderivative of g (x) = cos x is

Antiderivatives

Denition
A function F is an antiderivative of the function f on an interval I if and only if F (x) = f (x) for every value of x in I . Examples.
1 2

An antiderivative of f (x) = 12x 2 + 2x is F (x) = 4x 3 + x 2 . An antiderivative of g (x) = cos x is G(x) = sin x .

Antiderivatives

Remark
The antiderivative F of a function f is NOT unique.

Antiderivatives

Remark
The antiderivative F of a function f is NOT unique.

Examples.
1

Another antiderivative of f (x) = 12x 2 + 2x is

Antiderivatives

Remark
The antiderivative F of a function f is NOT unique.

Examples.
1

Another antiderivative of f (x) = 12x 2 + 2x is F1 (x) = 4x 3 + x 2 1.

Antiderivatives

Remark
The antiderivative F of a function f is NOT unique.

Examples.
1 2

Another antiderivative of f (x) = 12x 2 + 2x is F1 (x) = 4x 3 + x 2 1. Another antiderivative of g (x) = cos x is

Antiderivatives

Remark
The antiderivative F of a function f is NOT unique.

Examples.
1 2

Another antiderivative of f (x) = 12x 2 + 2x is F1 (x) = 4x 3 + x 2 1. Another antiderivative of g (x) = cos x is G 1 (x) = sin x + .

Antiderivatives

Theorem
If F is an antiderivative of f on an interval I , then every antiderivative of f on I is given by F (x) +C , where C is an arbitrary constant.

Antiderivatives

Theorem
If F is an antiderivative of f on an interval I , then every antiderivative of f on I is given by F (x) +C , where C is an arbitrary constant.

Remark
If F1 and F2 are antiderivatives of f , then F2 (x) = F1 (x) +C for some constant C .

Antidierentiation
Terminologies and Notations:

Antidierentiation
Terminologies and Notations: Antidierentation is the process of nding the antiderivative.

Antidierentiation
Terminologies and Notations: Antidierentation is the process of nding the antiderivative. The symbol , called the integral sign, denotes the operation of antidierentiation.

Antidierentiation
Terminologies and Notations: Antidierentation is the process of nding the antiderivative. The symbol , called the integral sign, denotes the operation of antidierentiation. The function f is called the integrand.

Antidierentiation
Terminologies and Notations: Antidierentation is the process of nding the antiderivative. The symbol , called the integral sign, denotes the operation of antidierentiation. The function f is called the integrand. If F is an antiderivative of f , we write
f (x) d x = F (x) +C .

Antidierentiation
Terminologies and Notations: Antidierentation is the process of nding the antiderivative. The symbol , called the integral sign, denotes the operation of antidierentiation. The function f is called the integrand. If F is an antiderivative of f , we write
f (x) d x = F (x) +C .

The expression F (x) +C is called the general antiderivative of f .

Antidierentiation
Terminologies and Notations: Antidierentation is the process of nding the antiderivative. The symbol , called the integral sign, denotes the operation of antidierentiation. The function f is called the integrand. If F is an antiderivative of f , we write
f (x) d x = F (x) +C .

The expression F (x) +C is called the general antiderivative of f . Each antiderivative of f is called a particular antiderivative of f .

Antidierentiation

Example
1

12x 2 + 2x d x = 4x 3 + x 2 +C

Antidierentiation

Example
1

12x 2 + 2x d x = 4x 3 + x 2 +C cos x d x = sin x +C

Antidierentiation

Example
1

12x 2 + 2x d x = 4x 3 + x 2 +C cos x d x = sin x +C dx

Antidierentiation

Example
1

12x 2 + 2x d x = 4x 3 + x 2 +C cos x d x = sin x +C dx = 1dx

Antidierentiation

Example
1

12x 2 + 2x d x = 4x 3 + x 2 +C cos x d x = sin x +C dx = 1 d x = x +C

Antidierentiation

Example
1

12x 2 + 2x d x = 4x 3 + x 2 +C cos x d x = sin x +C dx = 3x 2 d x 1 d x = x +C

Antidierentiation

Example
1

12x 2 + 2x d x = 4x 3 + x 2 +C cos x d x = sin x +C dx = 1 d x = x +C

3x 2 d x = x 3 +C

Antidierentiation

Example
1

12x 2 + 2x d x = 4x 3 + x 2 +C cos x d x = sin x +C dx = 1 d x = x +C

3x 2 d x = x 3 +C x2 d x

Antidierentiation

Example
1

12x 2 + 2x d x = 4x 3 + x 2 +C cos x d x = sin x +C dx = 1 d x = x +C

3x 2 d x = x 3 +C 1 x 2 d x = x 3 +C 3

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Theorem

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Theorem
1

dx

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Theorem
1

d x = x +C

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Theorem
1

d x = x +C

If a is any constant,

a f (x) d x

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Theorem
1

d x = x +C

If a is any constant,

a f (x) d x = a

f (x) d x

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Theorem
1

d x = x +C

2 3

If a is any constant,

a f (x) d x = a

f (x) d x

If f and g are dened on the same interval,


f (x) g (x) d x

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Theorem
1

d x = x +C

2 3

If a is any constant,

a f (x) d x = a

f (x) d x

If f and g are dened on the same interval,


f (x) g (x) d x = f (x) d x g (x) d x

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Theorem
1

d x = x +C

2 3

If a is any constant,

a f (x) d x = a

f (x) d x

If f and g are dened on the same interval,


f (x) g (x) d x = f (x) d x g (x) d x

If n is any rational number and n = 1,


xn d x

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Theorem
1

d x = x +C

2 3

If a is any constant,

a f (x) d x = a

f (x) d x

If f and g are dened on the same interval,


f (x) g (x) d x = f (x) d x g (x) d x

If n is any rational number and n = 1,


xn d x = x n+1 +C n +1

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
x5 d x

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
x5 d x

x5 d x

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
x5 d x

x5 d x =

x6 +C 6

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
x5 d x

x5 d x =

x6 +C 6

Example
Evaluate
2dx

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
x5 d x

x5 d x =

x6 +C 6

Example
Evaluate
2dx

2dx

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
x5 d x

x5 d x =

x6 +C 6

Example
Evaluate
2dx

2dx = 2

dx

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
x5 d x

x5 d x =

x6 +C 6

Example
Evaluate
2dx

2dx = 2

d x = 2x +C

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
3 dx x5

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
3 dx x5

3 dx x5

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
3 dx x5

3 dx x5

3x 5 d x

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
3 dx x5

3 dx x5

= = 3

3x 5 d x x 5 d x

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
3 dx x5

3 dx x5

= = 3 =

3x 5 d x x 5 d x

3x 4 +C 4

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
3 dx x5

3 dx x5

= = 3 =

3x 5 d x x 5 d x

3x 4 +C 4 3 = 4 +C 4x

Theorems on Antidierentiation

Example
Evaluate
4u /4 d u
3

Theorems on Antidierentiation

Example
Evaluate
4u /4 d u
3

4u /4 d u
3

Theorems on Antidierentiation

Example
Evaluate
4u /4 d u
3

4u /4 d u
3

4u /4 +C 7/4
7

Theorems on Antidierentiation

Example
Evaluate
4u /4 d u
3

4u /4 d u
3

= =

4u /4 +C 7/4 7 16u /4 +C 7
7

Theorems on Antidierentiation

Example
Evaluate
12x 2 + 2x d x

Theorems on Antidierentiation

Example
Evaluate
12x 2 + 2x d x

12x 2 + 2x d x

Theorems on Antidierentiation

Example
Evaluate
12x 2 + 2x d x

12x 2 + 2x d x

Theorems on Antidierentiation

Example
Evaluate
12x 2 + 2x d x

12x 2 + 2x d x

12x 2 d x

Theorems on Antidierentiation

Example
Evaluate
12x 2 + 2x d x

12x 2 + 2x d x

12x 2 d x +

2x d x

Theorems on Antidierentiation

Example
Evaluate
12x 2 + 2x d x

12x 2 + 2x d x

= =

12x 2 d x + 12x 3 3

2x d x

Theorems on Antidierentiation

Example
Evaluate
12x 2 + 2x d x

12x 2 + 2x d x

= =

12x 2 d x + 12x 3 2x 2 + 3 2

2x d x

Theorems on Antidierentiation

Example
Evaluate
12x 2 + 2x d x

12x 2 + 2x d x

= =

12x 2 d x +

2x d x

12x 3 2x 2 + +C 3 2

Theorems on Antidierentiation

Example
Evaluate
12x 2 + 2x d x

12x 2 + 2x d x

= =

12x 2 d x +

2x d x

12x 3 2x 2 + +C 3 2 = 4x 3 + x 2 +C

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
t 2t 3 t d t

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
t 2t 3 t d t

t 2t 3 t d t

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
t 2t 3 t d t

t 2t 3 t d t

2t 2 3t

3/2

dt

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
t 2t 3 t d t

t 2t 3 t d t

= =

2t 2 3t 2t 2 d t

3/2

dt 3t
3/2

dt

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
t 2t 3 t d t

t 2t 3 t d t

= = =

2t 2 3t 2t 2 d t 2t 3 3

3/2

dt 3t
3/2

dt

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
t 2t 3 t d t

t 2t 3 t d t

= = =

2t 2 3t 2t 2 d t

3/2

dt 3t
3/2

dt

2t 3 2t /2 3 3 5
5

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
t 2t 3 t d t

t 2t 3 t d t

= = =

2t 2 3t 2t 2 d t

3/2

dt 3t
3/2

dt

2t 3 2t /2 3 +C 3 5
5

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
t 2t 3 t d t

t 2t 3 t d t

= = = =

2t 2 3t 2t 2 d t

3/2

dt 3t
3/2

dt

2t 3 2t /2 3 +C 3 5 5 2t 3 6t /2 +C 3 5
5

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
t 2t 3 t d t

t 2t 3 t d t

= = = =

2t 2 3t 2t 2 d t

3/2

dt 3t
3/2

dt

2t 3 2t /2 3 +C 3 5 5 2t 3 6t /2 +C 3 5
5

Note:

t 2t 3 t d t =

t dt

2t 3 t d t

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
x2 + 1 dx x2

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
x2 + 1 dx x2

x2 + 1 dx x2

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
x2 + 1 dx x2

x2 + 1 dx x2

1 + x 2 d x

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
x2 + 1 dx x2

x2 + 1 dx x2

= = x

1 + x 2 d x

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
x2 + 1 dx x2

x2 + 1 dx x2

= =

1 + x 2 d x x+ x 1 1

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
x2 + 1 dx x2

x2 + 1 dx x2

= =

1 + x 2 d x x+ x 1 +C 1

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
x2 + 1 dx x2

x2 + 1 dx x2

= = =

1 + x 2 d x x+ x 1 +C 1

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
x2 + 1 dx x2

x2 + 1 dx x2

= = =

1 + x 2 d x x+ x 1 +C 1 1 x +C x

Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
x2 + 1 dx x2

x2 + 1 dx x2

= = =

1 + x 2 d x x+ x 1 +C 1 1 x +C x

Note:

x2 + 1 dx = x2

x2 + 1 d x x2 d x

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions


Theorem
1

sin x d x

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions


Theorem
1

sin x d x = cos x +C

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions


Theorem
1

sin x d x = cos x +C cos x d x

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions


Theorem
1

sin x d x = cos x +C cos x d x = sin x +C

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions


Theorem
1

sin x d x = cos x +C cos x d x = sin x +C sec2 x d x

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions


Theorem
1

sin x d x = cos x +C cos x d x = sin x +C sec2 x d x = tan x +C

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions


Theorem
1

sin x d x = cos x +C cos x d x = sin x +C sec2 x d x = tan x +C csc2 x d x

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions


Theorem
1

sin x d x = cos x +C cos x d x = sin x +C sec2 x d x = tan x +C csc2 x d x = cot x +C

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions


Theorem
1

sin x d x = cos x +C cos x d x = sin x +C sec2 x d x = tan x +C csc2 x d x = cot x +C sec x tan x d x

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions


Theorem
1

sin x d x = cos x +C cos x d x = sin x +C sec2 x d x = tan x +C csc2 x d x = cot x +C sec x tan x d x = sec x +C

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions


Theorem
1

sin x d x = cos x +C cos x d x = sin x +C sec2 x d x = tan x +C csc2 x d x = cot x +C sec x tan x d x = sec x +C csc x cot x d x

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions


Theorem
1

sin x d x = cos x +C cos x d x = sin x +C sec2 x d x = tan x +C csc2 x d x = cot x +C sec x tan x d x = sec x +C csc x cot x d x = csc x +C

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions


Example
Evaluate
(sin x + cos x) d x

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions


Example
Evaluate
(sin x + cos x) d x

(sin x + cos x) d x

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions


Example
Evaluate
(sin x + cos x) d x

(sin x + cos x) d x

= cos x

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions


Example
Evaluate
(sin x + cos x) d x

(sin x + cos x) d x

= cos x + sin x

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions


Example
Evaluate
(sin x + cos x) d x

(sin x + cos x) d x

= cos x + sin x +C

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions


Example
Evaluate
(sin x + cos x) d x

(sin x + cos x) d x

= cos x + sin x +C

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions


Example
Evaluate
(sin x + cos x) d x

(sin x + cos x) d x

= cos x + sin x +C

Example
Evaluate
tan2 x d x

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions


Example
Evaluate
(sin x + cos x) d x

(sin x + cos x) d x

= cos x + sin x +C

Example
Evaluate
tan2 x d x

tan2 x d x

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions


Example
Evaluate
(sin x + cos x) d x

(sin x + cos x) d x

= cos x + sin x +C

Example
Evaluate
tan2 x d x

tan2 x d x

sec2 x 1 d x

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions


Example
Evaluate
(sin x + cos x) d x

(sin x + cos x) d x

= cos x + sin x +C

Example
Evaluate
tan2 x d x

tan2 x d x

sec2 x 1 d x

= tan x

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions


Example
Evaluate
(sin x + cos x) d x

(sin x + cos x) d x

= cos x + sin x +C

Example
Evaluate
tan2 x d x

tan2 x d x

sec2 x 1 d x

= tan x x

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions


Example
Evaluate
(sin x + cos x) d x

(sin x + cos x) d x

= cos x + sin x +C

Example
Evaluate
tan2 x d x

tan2 x d x

sec2 x 1 d x

= tan x x +C

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Example
Evaluate
cos x sin2 x dx

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Example
Evaluate
cos x sin2 x dx

cos x sin2 x

dx

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Example
Evaluate
cos x sin2 x dx

cos x sin x
2

dx

1 cos x dx sin x sin x

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Example
Evaluate
cos x sin2 x dx

cos x sin x
2

dx

= =

1 cos x dx sin x sin x csc x cot x d x

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Example
Evaluate
cos x sin2 x dx

cos x sin x
2

dx

= =

1 cos x dx sin x sin x csc x cot x d x

= csc x +C

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions


Example
Evaluate
dx 1 + sin x

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions


Example
Evaluate
dx 1 + sin x dx 1 + sin x

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions


Example
Evaluate
dx 1 + sin x dx 1 + sin x dx 1 + sin x

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions


Example
Evaluate
dx 1 + sin x dx 1 + sin x dx 1 sin x 1 + sin x 1 sin x

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions


Example
Evaluate
dx 1 + sin x dx 1 + sin x dx 1 sin x 1 + sin x 1 sin x 1 sin x dx 1 sin2 x

= =

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions


Example
Evaluate
dx 1 + sin x dx 1 + sin x dx 1 sin x 1 + sin x 1 sin x 1 sin x dx 1 sin2 x 1 sin x dx cos2 x

= = =

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions


Example
Evaluate
dx 1 + sin x dx 1 + sin x dx 1 sin x 1 + sin x 1 sin x 1 sin x dx 1 sin2 x 1 sin x dx cos2 x 1 1 sin x dx 2x cos cos x cos x

= = = =

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions


Example
Evaluate
dx 1 + sin x dx 1 + sin x dx 1 sin x 1 + sin x 1 sin x 1 sin x dx 1 sin2 x 1 sin x dx cos2 x 1 1 sin x dx 2x cos cos x cos x sec2 x sec x tan x d x

= = = = =

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions


Example
Evaluate
dx 1 + sin x dx 1 + sin x dx 1 sin x 1 + sin x 1 sin x 1 sin x dx 1 sin2 x 1 sin x dx cos2 x 1 1 sin x dx 2x cos cos x cos x sec2 x sec x tan x d x

= = = = =

= tan x

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions


Example
Evaluate
dx 1 + sin x dx 1 + sin x dx 1 sin x 1 + sin x 1 sin x 1 sin x dx 1 sin2 x 1 sin x dx cos2 x 1 1 sin x dx 2x cos cos x cos x sec2 x sec x tan x d x

= = = = =

= tan x sec x

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions


Example
Evaluate
dx 1 + sin x dx 1 + sin x dx 1 sin x 1 + sin x 1 sin x 1 sin x dx 1 sin2 x 1 sin x dx cos2 x 1 1 sin x dx 2x cos cos x cos x sec2 x sec x tan x d x

= = = = =

= tan x sec x +C

For today

Antiderivatives and Antidierentiation

Integration by Substitution

The Substitution Rule


Suppose F (x) is an antiderivative of f (x).

The Substitution Rule


Suppose F (x) is an antiderivative of f (x).
D x [F (x)] = f (x)

The Substitution Rule


Suppose F (x) is an antiderivative of f (x).
D x [F (x)] = f (x)

Recall the chain rule:


D x F (g (x)) = F (g (x))g (x)

The Substitution Rule


Suppose F (x) is an antiderivative of f (x).
D x [F (x)] = f (x)

Recall the chain rule:


D x F (g (x)) = F (g (x))g (x) = f (g (x))g (x)

The Substitution Rule


Suppose F (x) is an antiderivative of f (x).
D x [F (x)] = f (x)

Recall the chain rule:


D x F (g (x)) = F (g (x))g (x) = f (g (x))g (x)

Therefore, F (g (x)) is an antiderivative of f (g (x))g (x)

The Substitution Rule


Suppose F (x) is an antiderivative of f (x).
D x [F (x)] = f (x)

Recall the chain rule:


D x F (g (x)) = F (g (x))g (x) = f (g (x))g (x)

Therefore, F (g (x)) is an antiderivative of f (g (x))g (x)


f (g (x))g (x) d x

The Substitution Rule


Suppose F (x) is an antiderivative of f (x).
D x [F (x)] = f (x)

Recall the chain rule:


D x F (g (x)) = F (g (x))g (x) = f (g (x))g (x)

Therefore, F (g (x)) is an antiderivative of f (g (x))g (x)


f (g (x))g (x) d x = F (g (x)) +C

The Substitution Rule


Suppose F (x) is an antiderivative of f (x).
D x [F (x)] = f (x)

Recall the chain rule:


D x F (g (x)) = F (g (x))g (x) = f (g (x))g (x)

Therefore, F (g (x)) is an antiderivative of f (g (x))g (x)


f (g (x))g (x) d x = F (g (x)) +C

Let u = g (x).

The Substitution Rule


Suppose F (x) is an antiderivative of f (x).
D x [F (x)] = f (x)

Recall the chain rule:


D x F (g (x)) = F (g (x))g (x) = f (g (x))g (x)

Therefore, F (g (x)) is an antiderivative of f (g (x))g (x)


f (g (x))g (x) d x = F (g (x)) +C

Let u = g (x). Then d u = g (x) d x

The Substitution Rule


Suppose F (x) is an antiderivative of f (x).
D x [F (x)] = f (x)

Recall the chain rule:


D x F (g (x)) = F (g (x))g (x) = f (g (x))g (x)

Therefore, F (g (x)) is an antiderivative of f (g (x))g (x)


f (g (x))g (x) d x = F (g (x)) +C

Let u = g (x). Then d u = g (x) d x


f (u) d u = F (u) +C

The Substitution Rule

Theorem
If u = g (x) is a dierentiable function whose range is an interval I and f is continuous on I , then

The Substitution Rule

Theorem
If u = g (x) is a dierentiable function whose range is an interval I and f is continuous on I , then
f (g (x))g (x) d x = f (u) d u

The Substitution Rule

Theorem
If u = g (x) is a dierentiable function whose range is an interval I and f is continuous on I , then
f (g (x))g (x) d x = f (u) d u

TIPS: Assign u to be an "inner" function whose derivative (disregarding constant factors) is a factor of the integrand.

The Substitution Rule

Theorem
If u = g (x) is a dierentiable function whose range is an interval I and f is continuous on I , then
f (g (x))g (x) d x = f (u) d u

TIPS: Assign u to be an "inner" function whose derivative (disregarding constant factors) is a factor of the integrand. The entire integral must be expressed in terms of u .

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
(1 4x) /2 d x
1

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
(1 4x) /2 d x
1

Let u = 1 4x

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
(1 4x) /2 d x
1

Let u = 1 4x
d u = 4 d x

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
(1 4x) /2 d x
1

Let u = 1 4x
d u = 4 d x du = 4 dx

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
(1 4x) /2 d x
1

(1 4x) /2 d x
1

Let u = 1 4x
d u = 4 d x du = 4 dx

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
(1 4x) /2 d x
1

(1 4x) /2 d x
1

u /2
1

du 4

Let u = 1 4x
d u = 4 d x du = 4 dx

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
(1 4x) /2 d x
1

(1 4x) /2 d x
1

= =

u /2
1

du 4

Let u = 1 4x
d u = 4 d x du = 4 dx

1 4

u /2 d u
1

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
(1 4x) /2 d x
1

(1 4x) /2 d x
1

= = =

u /2
1

du 4

Let u = 1 4x
d u = 4 d x du = 4 dx

1 1 u /2 d u 4 3 1 2u /2 +C 4 3

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
(1 4x) /2 d x
1

(1 4x) /2 d x
1

= = = =

u /2
1

du 4

Let u = 1 4x
d u = 4 d x du = 4 dx

1 1 u /2 d u 4 3 1 2u /2 +C 4 3 3 (1 4x) /2 +C 6

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
x 2 (x 3 1)10 d x

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
x 2 (x 3 1)10 d x

Let u = x 3 1

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
x 2 (x 3 1)10 d x

Let u = x 3 1
du = 3x 2 d x

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
x 2 (x 3 1)10 d x

Let u = x 3 1
du du 3 = 3x 2 d x = x2 d x

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
x 2 (x 3 1)10 d x

x 2 (x 3 1)10 d x

Let u = x 3 1
du du 3 = 3x 2 d x = x2 d x

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
x 2 (x 3 1)10 d x

x 2 (x 3 1)10 d x

u 10

du 3

Let u = x 3 1
du du 3 = 3x 2 d x = x2 d x

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
x 2 (x 3 1)10 d x

x 2 (x 3 1)10 d x

= = 1 3

u 10

du 3

Let u = x 3 1
du du 3 = 3x 2 d x = x2 d x

u 10 d u

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
x 2 (x 3 1)10 d x

x 2 (x 3 1)10 d x

= = =

u 10

du 3

Let u = x 3 1
du du 3 = 3x 2 d x = x2 d x

1 u 10 d u 3 u 11 +C 33

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
x 2 (x 3 1)10 d x

x 2 (x 3 1)10 d x

= = = =

u 10

du 3

Let u = x 3 1
du du 3 = 3x 2 d x = x2 d x

1 u 10 d u 3 u 11 +C 33 3 x3 1 +C 33

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
x x2 + 1
3

dx

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
x x2 + 1
3

dx

Let u

x2 + 1

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
x x2 + 1
3

dx

Let u
du

= =

x2 + 1 2x d x

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
x x2 + 1
3

dx

Let u
du du 2

= = =

x2 + 1 2x d x x dx

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
x x2 + 1
3

dx

Let u
du du 2

= = =

x2 + 1 2x d x x dx

3 x2 + 1

dx

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
x x2 + 1
3

dx

Let u
du du 2

= = =

x +1 2x d x x dx

3 x2 + 1

dx

1 2

u 3 d u

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
x x2 + 1
3

dx

Let u
du du 2

= = =

x +1 2x d x x dx

3 x2 + 1

dx

= =

1 2

u 3 d u

1 u 2 +C 2 2

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
x x2 + 1
3

dx

Let u
du du 2

= = =

x +1 2x d x x dx

3 x2 + 1

dx

= = =

1 2

u 3 d u

1 u 2 +C 2 2 1 +C 4(x 2 + 1)2

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
t t 1dt

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
t t 1dt

Let u = t 1

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
t t 1dt

Let u = t 1
du = dt

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
t t 1dt

Let u = t 1
du = dt = u +1

Also t

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
t t 1dt

t t 1dt

Let u = t 1
du = dt = u +1

Also t

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
t t 1dt

t t 1dt

(u + 1) u /2 d u
1

Let u = t 1
du = dt = u +1

Also t

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
t t 1dt

t t 1dt

= =

(u + 1) u /2 d u
1

Let u = t 1
du = dt = u +1

u /2 + u /2 d u
3 1

Also t

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
t t 1dt

t t 1dt

= = =

(u + 1) u /2 d u
1

Let u = t 1
du = dt = u +1

u /2 + u /2 d u
3 1

Also t

2u /2 5
5

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
t t 1dt

t t 1dt

= = =

(u + 1) u /2 d u
1

Let u = t 1
du = dt = u +1

u /2 + u /2 d u
3 1

Also t

2u /2 2u /2 + 5 3
5 3

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
t t 1dt

t t 1dt

= = =

(u + 1) u /2 d u
1

Let u = t 1
du = dt = u +1

u /2 + u /2 d u
3 1

Also t

2u /2 2u /2 + +C 5 3
5 3

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
t t 1dt

t t 1dt

= = = =

(u + 1) u /2 d u
1

Let u = t 1
du = dt = u +1

u /2 + u /2 d u
3 1

Also t

2u /2 2u /2 + +C 5 3 5/2 3 2 (t 1) 2 (t 1) /2 + +C 5 3
5 3

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
t3 t2 +3 dt

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
t3 t2 +3 dt

Let u

t2 +3

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
t3 t2 +3 dt

Let u
du

= =

t2 +3 2t d t

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
t3 t2 +3 dt

Let u
du du 2

= = =

t2 +3 2t d t t dt

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
t3 t2 +3 dt

Let u
du du 2 Also t 2

= = = =

t2 +3 2t d t t dt u 3

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
t3 t2 +3 dt

t3 t2 +3

dt

Let u
du du 2 Also t 2

= = = =

t2 +3 2t d t t dt u 3

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
t3 t2 +3 dt

t3 t2 +3

dt

t2 t t2 +3

dt

Let u
du du 2 Also t 2

= = = =

t2 +3 2t d t t dt u 3

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
t3 t2 +3 dt

t3 t2 +3

dt

= = u

t2 t t2 +3
1/2

dt du 2

Let u
du du 2 Also t 2

= = = =

t2 +3 2t d t t dt u 3

(u 3)

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
t3 t2 +3 dt

t3 t2 +3

dt

= = = 1 2 u

t2 t t2 +3
1/2

dt du 2 du

Let u
du du 2 Also t 2

= = = =

t2 +3 2t d t t dt u 3

(u 3)

u /2 3u
1

1/2

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
t3 t2 +3 dt

t3 t2 +3

dt

= = = = u

t2 t t2 +3
1/2

dt du 2

Let u
du du 2 Also t 2

= = = =

t2 +3 2t d t t dt u 3

(u 3)

1 1 1 u /2 3u /2 d u 2 3 1 2u /2 2 3

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
t3 t2 +3 dt

t3 t2 +3

dt

= = = = u

t2 t t2 +3
1/2

dt du 2

Let u
du du 2 Also t 2

= = = =

t2 +3 2t d t t dt u 3

(u 3)

1 1 1 u /2 3u /2 d u 2 3 1 2u /2 1 6u /2 2 3

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
t3 t2 +3 dt

t3 t2 +3

dt

= = = = u

t2 t t2 +3
1/2

dt du 2

Let u
du du 2 Also t 2

= = = =

t2 +3 2t d t t dt u 3

(u 3)

1 1 1 u /2 3u /2 d u 2 3 1 2u /2 1 6u /2 +C 2 3

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
t3 t2 +3 dt

t3 t2 +3

dt

= = = = = u

t2 t t2 +3
1/2

dt du 2

Let u
du du 2 Also t 2

= = = =

t2 +3 2t d t t dt u 3

(u 3)

1 1 1 u /2 3u /2 d u 2 3 1 2u /2 1 6u /2 +C 2 3 t2 +3 3
3/2

3 t2 +3

1/2

+C

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
sec3 x tan x d x

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
sec3 x tan x d x

Let u = sec x

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
sec3 x tan x d x

Let u = sec x
du = sec x tan x d x

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
sec3 x tan x d x

sec3 x tan x d x

Let u = sec x
du = sec x tan x d x

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
sec3 x tan x d x

sec3 x tan x d x

sec2 x sec x tan x d x

Let u = sec x
du = sec x tan x d x

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
sec3 x tan x d x

sec3 x tan x d x

= =

sec2 x sec x tan x d x u2 d u

Let u = sec x
du = sec x tan x d x

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
sec3 x tan x d x

sec3 x tan x d x

= = =

sec2 x sec x tan x d x u2 d u u3 +C 3

Let u = sec x
du = sec x tan x d x

Integration by Substitution

Example
Evaluate
sec3 x tan x d x

sec3 x tan x d x

= = = =

sec2 x sec x tan x d x u2 d u u3 +C 3 sec3 x +C 3

Let u = sec x
du = sec x tan x d x

Integration by Substitution
Example
tan 1 + tan 1 sin 1 s s s s 2 cos 1 s ds

Integration by Substitution
Example
tan 1 + tan 1 sin 1 s s s s 2 cos 1 s ds 1 s

Let u =

Integration by Substitution
Example
tan 1 + tan 1 sin 1 s s s s 2 cos 1 s ds 1 s 1 ds s2

Let u =

du =

Integration by Substitution
Example
tan 1 + tan 1 sin 1 s s s s 2 cos 1 s ds 1 s 1 ds s2 ds s2

Let u =

du =

du =

Integration by Substitution
Example
tan 1 + tan 1 sin 1 s s s s 2 cos 1 s ds 1 s ds 1 ds s2 ds s2

Let u =

du =

du =

tan 1 + tan 1 sin 1 s s s s 2 cos 1 s

Integration by Substitution
Example
tan 1 + tan 1 sin 1 s s s s 2 cos 1 s ds 1 s ds 1 ds s2 ds s2

Let u =

du =

du =

tan 1 + tan 1 sin 1 s s s s 2 cos 1 s

tan u + tan u sin u du cos u

Integration by Substitution
Example
tan 1 + tan 1 sin 1 s s s s 2 cos 1 s ds 1 s ds 1 ds s2 ds s2

Let u =

du =

du =

tan 1 + tan 1 sin 1 s s s s 2 cos 1 s

= =

tan u + tan u sin u du cos u sec u tan u + tan2 u d u

Integration by Substitution
Example
tan 1 + tan 1 sin 1 s s s s 2 cos 1 s ds 1 s ds 1 ds s2 ds s2

Let u =

du =

du =

tan 1 + tan 1 sin 1 s s s s 2 cos 1 s

= = =

tan u + tan u sin u du cos u sec u tan u + tan2 u d u sec u tan u + sec2 u 1 d u

Integration by Substitution
Example
tan 1 + tan 1 sin 1 s s s s 2 cos 1 s ds 1 s ds 1 ds s2 ds s2

Let u =

du =

du =

tan 1 + tan 1 sin 1 s s s s 2 cos 1 s

= = = =

tan u + tan u sin u du cos u sec u tan u + tan2 u d u sec u tan u + sec2 u 1 d u

(sec u

Integration by Substitution
Example
tan 1 + tan 1 sin 1 s s s s 2 cos 1 s ds 1 s ds 1 ds s2 ds s2

Let u =

du =

du =

tan 1 + tan 1 sin 1 s s s s 2 cos 1 s

= = = =

tan u + tan u sin u du cos u sec u tan u + tan2 u d u sec u tan u + sec2 u 1 d u

(sec u + tan u

Integration by Substitution
Example
tan 1 + tan 1 sin 1 s s s s 2 cos 1 s ds 1 s ds 1 ds s2 ds s2

Let u =

du =

du =

tan 1 + tan 1 sin 1 s s s s 2 cos 1 s

= = = =

tan u + tan u sin u du cos u sec u tan u + tan2 u d u sec u tan u + sec2 u 1 d u

(sec u + tan u u)

Integration by Substitution
Example
tan 1 + tan 1 sin 1 s s s s 2 cos 1 s ds 1 s ds 1 ds s2 ds s2

Let u =

du =

du =

tan 1 + tan 1 sin 1 s s s s 2 cos 1 s

= = = =

tan u + tan u sin u du cos u sec u tan u + tan2 u d u sec u tan u + sec2 u 1 d u

(sec u + tan u u) +C

Integration by Substitution
Example
tan 1 + tan 1 sin 1 s s s s 2 cos 1 s ds 1 s ds 1 ds s2 ds s2

Let u =

du =

du =

tan 1 + tan 1 sin 1 s s s s 2 cos 1 s

= = = = =

tan u + tan u sin u du cos u sec u tan u + tan2 u d u sec u tan u + sec2 u 1 d u

(sec u + tan u u) +C 1 1 1 sec tan + +C s s s

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
x csc3 x 2 cot x 2 d x

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
x csc3 x 2 cot x 2 d x

Let u = csc x 2

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
x csc3 x 2 cot x 2 d x

Let u = csc x 2

d u = csc x 2 cot x 2 2x d x

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
x csc3 x 2 cot x 2 d x

Let u = csc x 2

d u = csc x 2 cot x 2 2x d x

du = csc x 2 cot x 2 x d x 2

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
x csc3 x 2 cot x 2 d x

Let u = csc x 2

d u = csc x 2 cot x 2 2x d x

du = csc x 2 cot x 2 x d x 2

x csc3 x 2 cot x 2 d x

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
x csc3 x 2 cot x 2 d x

Let u = csc x 2

d u = csc x 2 cot x 2 2x d x

du = csc x 2 cot x 2 x d x 2 = csc2 x 2 csc x 2 cot x 2 x d x

x csc3 x 2 cot x 2 d x

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
x csc3 x 2 cot x 2 d x

Let u = csc x 2

d u = csc x 2 cot x 2 2x d x

du = csc x 2 cot x 2 x d x 2 = = csc2 x 2 csc x 2 cot x 2 x d x 1 2 u2 d u

x csc3 x 2 cot x 2 d x

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
x csc3 x 2 cot x 2 d x

Let u = csc x 2

d u = csc x 2 cot x 2 2x d x

du = csc x 2 cot x 2 x d x 2 = = = csc2 x 2 csc x 2 cot x 2 x d x 1 u2 d u 2 1 u3 +C 2 3

x csc3 x 2 cot x 2 d x

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
x csc3 x 2 cot x 2 d x

Let u = csc x 2

d u = csc x 2 cot x 2 2x d x

du = csc x 2 cot x 2 x d x 2 = = = = csc2 x 2 csc x 2 cot x 2 x d x 1 u2 d u 2 1 u3 +C 2 3 csc3 x 2 +C 6

x csc3 x 2 cot x 2 d x

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
2x 2 sin x 3 d x

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
2x 2 sin x 3 d x

Let u = x 3

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
2x 2 sin x 3 d x

Let u = x 3

d u = 3x 2 d x

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
2x 2 sin x 3 d x du = x2 d x 3

Let u = x 3

d u = 3x 2 d x

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
2x 2 sin x 3 d x du = x2 d x 3

Let u = x 3

d u = 3x 2 d x

2x 2 sin x 3 d x

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
2x 2 sin x 3 d x du = x2 d x 3 du 3

Let u = x 3

d u = 3x 2 d x

2x 2 sin x 3 d x

2 sin u

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
2x 2 sin x 3 d x du = x2 d x 3 du 3

Let u = x 3

d u = 3x 2 d x

2x 2 sin x 3 d x

= = 2 3

2 sin u

sin u d u

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
2x 2 sin x 3 d x du = x2 d x 3 du 3

Let u = x 3

d u = 3x 2 d x

2x 2 sin x 3 d x

= = =

2 sin u

2 sin u d u 3 2 ( cos u) +C 3

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
2x 2 sin x 3 d x du = x2 d x 3 du 3

Let u = x 3

d u = 3x 2 d x

2x 2 sin x 3 d x

= =

2 sin u

2 sin u d u 3 2 = ( cos u) +C 3 2 = cos x 3 +C 3

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx

Let u = 4 + x

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx

Let u = 4 + x

du =

1 2 x

dx

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx

Let u = 4 + x

du =

1 2 x

dx

2du =

dx x

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx

Let u = 4 + x

du =

1 2 x

dx

2du =

dx x

4+ x dx

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx

Let u = 4 + x

du =

1 2 x

dx

2du =

dx x

4+ x dx

4+ x dx

x x

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx

Let u = 4 + x

du =

1 2 x

dx

2du =

dx x

4+ x dx

= =

4+ x dx 4+ x x

x x dx x

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx

Let u = 4 + x

du =

1 2 x

dx

2du =

dx x

4+ x dx

= =

4+ x dx 4+ x x

x x dx x

( x = u 4)

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx

Let u = 4 + x

du =

1 2 x

dx

2du =

dx x

4+ x dx

= = =
1

4+ x dx 4+ x x

x x dx x

( x = u 4)

u /2 (u 4) 2 d u

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx

Let u = 4 + x

du =

1 2 x

dx

2du =

dx x

4+ x dx

= = = =
1

4+ x dx 4+ x x

x x dx x

( x = u 4)

u /2 (u 4) 2 d u 2u /2 8u /2 d u
3 1

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx 1 2 x dx x

Let u = 4 + x

du =

dx

2du =

4+ x dx

2u /2 8u /2 d u
3 1

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx 1 2 x dx x

Let u = 4 + x

du =

dx

2du =

4+ x dx

= =

2u /2 8u /2 d u
3 1

2 2u /2 5
5

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx 1 2 x dx x

Let u = 4 + x

du =

dx

2du =

4+ x dx

= =

2u /2 8u /2 d u
3 1

2 2u /2 2 8u /2 5 3
5 3

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx 1 2 x dx x

Let u = 4 + x

du =

dx

2du =

4+ x dx

= =

2u /2 8u /2 d u
3 1

2 2u /2 2 8u /2 +C 5 3
5 3

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx 1 2 x dx x

Let u = 4 + x

du =

dx

2du =

4+ x dx

= = =

2u /2 8u /2 d u
3 1

2 2u /2 2 8u /2 +C 5 3
5 3

4 4+ x 5

5/2

16 4 + x 3

3/2

+C

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx

Let u = 4 + x

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx

Let u = 4 + x

du =

1 2 x

dx

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx

Let u = 4 + x

du =

1 2 x

dx

2 x du = dx

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx

Let u = 4 + x

du =

1 2 x

dx

2 x du = dx

x = u 4

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx

Let u = 4 + x

du =

1 2 x

dx

2 x du = dx

x = u 4

2 (u 4) d u = d x

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx

Let u = 4 + x

du =

1 2 x

dx

2 x du = dx

x = u 4 4+ x dx

2 (u 4) d u = d x

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx

Let u = 4 + x

du =

1 2 x

dx

2 x du = dx

x = u 4 4+ x dx =
1

2 (u 4) d u = d x u /2 2 (u 4) d u

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx

Let u = 4 + x

du =

1 2 x

dx

2 x du = dx

x = u 4 4+ x dx = =
1

2 (u 4) d u = d x u /2 2 (u 4) d u 2u /2 8u /2 d u
3 1

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx

Let u = 4 + x

du =

1 2 x

dx

2 x du = dx

x = u 4 4+ x dx = = =
1

2 (u 4) d u = d x u /2 2 (u 4) d u 2u /2 8u /2 d u
3 1

2 2u /2 5
5

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx

Let u = 4 + x

du =

1 2 x

dx

2 x du = dx

x = u 4 4+ x dx = = =
1

2 (u 4) d u = d x u /2 2 (u 4) d u 2u /2 8u /2 d u
3 1

2 2u /2 2 8u /2 5 3
5 3

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx

Let u = 4 + x

du =

1 2 x

dx

2 x du = dx

x = u 4 4+ x dx = = =
1

2 (u 4) d u = d x u /2 2 (u 4) d u 2u /2 8u /2 d u
3 1

2 2u /2 2 8u /2 +C 5 3
5 3

Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx

Let u = 4 + x

du =

1 2 x

dx

2 x du = dx

x = u 4 4+ x dx = = = =
1

2 (u 4) d u = d x u /2 2 (u 4) d u 2u /2 8u /2 d u
3 1

2 2u /2 2 8u /2 +C 5 3
5 3

4 4+ x 5

5/2

16 4 + x 3

3/2

+C

End-of-Class Exercise
Evaluate
t t +3 dt

End-of-Class Exercise
Evaluate Solution:
t t +3 dt

End-of-Class Exercise
Evaluate Solution: Let u = t + 3
t t +3 dt

End-of-Class Exercise
Evaluate Solution: Let u = t + 3
du = dt t t +3 dt

End-of-Class Exercise
Evaluate Solution: Let u = t + 3
du = dt t = u 3 t t +3 dt

End-of-Class Exercise
Evaluate Solution: Let u = t + 3
t t +3 dt du = dt t = u 3 t t +3 dt

End-of-Class Exercise
Evaluate Solution: Let u = t + 3
t t +3 dt = du = dt u 3 u 1/2 du t = u 3 t t +3 dt

End-of-Class Exercise
Evaluate Solution: Let u = t + 3
t t +3 dt = = du = dt u 3 u 1/2 du t = u 3 t t +3 dt

End-of-Class Exercise
Evaluate Solution: Let u = t + 3
t t +3 dt = = du = dt u 3 u 1/2
1

t t +3

dt

t = u 3

du
1

u /2 3u /2 d u

End-of-Class Exercise
Evaluate Solution: Let u = t + 3
t t +3 dt = = = du = dt u 3 u 1/2
1

t t +3

dt

t = u 3

du
1

u /2 3u /2 d u 2u /2 3
3

End-of-Class Exercise
Evaluate Solution: Let u = t + 3
t t +3 dt = = = du = dt u 3 u 1/2
1

t t +3

dt

t = u 3

du
1

u /2 3u /2 d u 2u /2 2u /2 3 3 1
3 1

End-of-Class Exercise
Evaluate Solution: Let u = t + 3
t t +3 dt = = = du = dt u 3 u 1/2
1

t t +3

dt

t = u 3

du
1

u /2 3u /2 d u 2u /2 2u /2 3 +C 3 1
3 1

End-of-Class Exercise
Evaluate Solution: Let u = t + 3
t t +3 dt = = = = du = dt u 3 u 1/2
1

t t +3

dt

t = u 3

du
1

u /2 3u /2 d u 2u /2 2u /2 3 +C 3 1 3 2 (t + 3) /2 1 6 (t + 3) /2 +C 3
3 1

The End.

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