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Mathematics 53
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)
Lecture 4.1
For today
Integration by Substitution
For today
Integration by Substitution
Antiderivatives
Antiderivatives
Antiderivatives
Denition
A function F is an antiderivative of the function f on an interval I
Antiderivatives
Denition
A function F is an antiderivative of the function f on an interval I if and only if F (x) = f (x) for every value of x in I .
Antiderivatives
Denition
A function F is an antiderivative of the function f on an interval I if and only if F (x) = f (x) for every value of x in I . Examples.
Antiderivatives
Denition
A function F is an antiderivative of the function f on an interval I if and only if F (x) = f (x) for every value of x in I . Examples.
1
Antiderivatives
Denition
A function F is an antiderivative of the function f on an interval I if and only if F (x) = f (x) for every value of x in I . Examples.
1
Antiderivatives
Denition
A function F is an antiderivative of the function f on an interval I if and only if F (x) = f (x) for every value of x in I . Examples.
1 2
Antiderivatives
Denition
A function F is an antiderivative of the function f on an interval I if and only if F (x) = f (x) for every value of x in I . Examples.
1 2
Antiderivatives
Remark
The antiderivative F of a function f is NOT unique.
Antiderivatives
Remark
The antiderivative F of a function f is NOT unique.
Examples.
1
Antiderivatives
Remark
The antiderivative F of a function f is NOT unique.
Examples.
1
Antiderivatives
Remark
The antiderivative F of a function f is NOT unique.
Examples.
1 2
Antiderivatives
Remark
The antiderivative F of a function f is NOT unique.
Examples.
1 2
Another antiderivative of f (x) = 12x 2 + 2x is F1 (x) = 4x 3 + x 2 1. Another antiderivative of g (x) = cos x is G 1 (x) = sin x + .
Antiderivatives
Theorem
If F is an antiderivative of f on an interval I , then every antiderivative of f on I is given by F (x) +C , where C is an arbitrary constant.
Antiderivatives
Theorem
If F is an antiderivative of f on an interval I , then every antiderivative of f on I is given by F (x) +C , where C is an arbitrary constant.
Remark
If F1 and F2 are antiderivatives of f , then F2 (x) = F1 (x) +C for some constant C .
Antidierentiation
Terminologies and Notations:
Antidierentiation
Terminologies and Notations: Antidierentation is the process of nding the antiderivative.
Antidierentiation
Terminologies and Notations: Antidierentation is the process of nding the antiderivative. The symbol , called the integral sign, denotes the operation of antidierentiation.
Antidierentiation
Terminologies and Notations: Antidierentation is the process of nding the antiderivative. The symbol , called the integral sign, denotes the operation of antidierentiation. The function f is called the integrand.
Antidierentiation
Terminologies and Notations: Antidierentation is the process of nding the antiderivative. The symbol , called the integral sign, denotes the operation of antidierentiation. The function f is called the integrand. If F is an antiderivative of f , we write
f (x) d x = F (x) +C .
Antidierentiation
Terminologies and Notations: Antidierentation is the process of nding the antiderivative. The symbol , called the integral sign, denotes the operation of antidierentiation. The function f is called the integrand. If F is an antiderivative of f , we write
f (x) d x = F (x) +C .
Antidierentiation
Terminologies and Notations: Antidierentation is the process of nding the antiderivative. The symbol , called the integral sign, denotes the operation of antidierentiation. The function f is called the integrand. If F is an antiderivative of f , we write
f (x) d x = F (x) +C .
The expression F (x) +C is called the general antiderivative of f . Each antiderivative of f is called a particular antiderivative of f .
Antidierentiation
Example
1
12x 2 + 2x d x = 4x 3 + x 2 +C
Antidierentiation
Example
1
Antidierentiation
Example
1
Antidierentiation
Example
1
Antidierentiation
Example
1
Antidierentiation
Example
1
Antidierentiation
Example
1
3x 2 d x = x 3 +C
Antidierentiation
Example
1
3x 2 d x = x 3 +C x2 d x
Antidierentiation
Example
1
3x 2 d x = x 3 +C 1 x 2 d x = x 3 +C 3
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Theorem
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Theorem
1
dx
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Theorem
1
d x = x +C
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Theorem
1
d x = x +C
If a is any constant,
a f (x) d x
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Theorem
1
d x = x +C
If a is any constant,
a f (x) d x = a
f (x) d x
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Theorem
1
d x = x +C
2 3
If a is any constant,
a f (x) d x = a
f (x) d x
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Theorem
1
d x = x +C
2 3
If a is any constant,
a f (x) d x = a
f (x) d x
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Theorem
1
d x = x +C
2 3
If a is any constant,
a f (x) d x = a
f (x) d x
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Theorem
1
d x = x +C
2 3
If a is any constant,
a f (x) d x = a
f (x) d x
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
x5 d x
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
x5 d x
x5 d x
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
x5 d x
x5 d x =
x6 +C 6
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
x5 d x
x5 d x =
x6 +C 6
Example
Evaluate
2dx
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
x5 d x
x5 d x =
x6 +C 6
Example
Evaluate
2dx
2dx
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
x5 d x
x5 d x =
x6 +C 6
Example
Evaluate
2dx
2dx = 2
dx
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
x5 d x
x5 d x =
x6 +C 6
Example
Evaluate
2dx
2dx = 2
d x = 2x +C
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
3 dx x5
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
3 dx x5
3 dx x5
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
3 dx x5
3 dx x5
3x 5 d x
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
3 dx x5
3 dx x5
= = 3
3x 5 d x x 5 d x
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
3 dx x5
3 dx x5
= = 3 =
3x 5 d x x 5 d x
3x 4 +C 4
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
3 dx x5
3 dx x5
= = 3 =
3x 5 d x x 5 d x
3x 4 +C 4 3 = 4 +C 4x
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
4u /4 d u
3
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
4u /4 d u
3
4u /4 d u
3
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
4u /4 d u
3
4u /4 d u
3
4u /4 +C 7/4
7
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
4u /4 d u
3
4u /4 d u
3
= =
4u /4 +C 7/4 7 16u /4 +C 7
7
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
12x 2 + 2x d x
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
12x 2 + 2x d x
12x 2 + 2x d x
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
12x 2 + 2x d x
12x 2 + 2x d x
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
12x 2 + 2x d x
12x 2 + 2x d x
12x 2 d x
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
12x 2 + 2x d x
12x 2 + 2x d x
12x 2 d x +
2x d x
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
12x 2 + 2x d x
12x 2 + 2x d x
= =
12x 2 d x + 12x 3 3
2x d x
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
12x 2 + 2x d x
12x 2 + 2x d x
= =
12x 2 d x + 12x 3 2x 2 + 3 2
2x d x
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
12x 2 + 2x d x
12x 2 + 2x d x
= =
12x 2 d x +
2x d x
12x 3 2x 2 + +C 3 2
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
12x 2 + 2x d x
12x 2 + 2x d x
= =
12x 2 d x +
2x d x
12x 3 2x 2 + +C 3 2 = 4x 3 + x 2 +C
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
t 2t 3 t d t
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
t 2t 3 t d t
t 2t 3 t d t
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
t 2t 3 t d t
t 2t 3 t d t
2t 2 3t
3/2
dt
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
t 2t 3 t d t
t 2t 3 t d t
= =
2t 2 3t 2t 2 d t
3/2
dt 3t
3/2
dt
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
t 2t 3 t d t
t 2t 3 t d t
= = =
2t 2 3t 2t 2 d t 2t 3 3
3/2
dt 3t
3/2
dt
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
t 2t 3 t d t
t 2t 3 t d t
= = =
2t 2 3t 2t 2 d t
3/2
dt 3t
3/2
dt
2t 3 2t /2 3 3 5
5
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
t 2t 3 t d t
t 2t 3 t d t
= = =
2t 2 3t 2t 2 d t
3/2
dt 3t
3/2
dt
2t 3 2t /2 3 +C 3 5
5
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
t 2t 3 t d t
t 2t 3 t d t
= = = =
2t 2 3t 2t 2 d t
3/2
dt 3t
3/2
dt
2t 3 2t /2 3 +C 3 5 5 2t 3 6t /2 +C 3 5
5
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
t 2t 3 t d t
t 2t 3 t d t
= = = =
2t 2 3t 2t 2 d t
3/2
dt 3t
3/2
dt
2t 3 2t /2 3 +C 3 5 5 2t 3 6t /2 +C 3 5
5
Note:
t 2t 3 t d t =
t dt
2t 3 t d t
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
x2 + 1 dx x2
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
x2 + 1 dx x2
x2 + 1 dx x2
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
x2 + 1 dx x2
x2 + 1 dx x2
1 + x 2 d x
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
x2 + 1 dx x2
x2 + 1 dx x2
= = x
1 + x 2 d x
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
x2 + 1 dx x2
x2 + 1 dx x2
= =
1 + x 2 d x x+ x 1 1
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
x2 + 1 dx x2
x2 + 1 dx x2
= =
1 + x 2 d x x+ x 1 +C 1
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
x2 + 1 dx x2
x2 + 1 dx x2
= = =
1 + x 2 d x x+ x 1 +C 1
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
x2 + 1 dx x2
x2 + 1 dx x2
= = =
1 + x 2 d x x+ x 1 +C 1 1 x +C x
Theorems on Antidierentiation
Example
Evaluate
x2 + 1 dx x2
x2 + 1 dx x2
= = =
1 + x 2 d x x+ x 1 +C 1 1 x +C x
Note:
x2 + 1 dx = x2
x2 + 1 d x x2 d x
sin x d x
sin x d x = cos x +C
sin x d x = cos x +C cos x d x = sin x +C sec2 x d x = tan x +C csc2 x d x = cot x +C sec x tan x d x
sin x d x = cos x +C cos x d x = sin x +C sec2 x d x = tan x +C csc2 x d x = cot x +C sec x tan x d x = sec x +C
sin x d x = cos x +C cos x d x = sin x +C sec2 x d x = tan x +C csc2 x d x = cot x +C sec x tan x d x = sec x +C csc x cot x d x
sin x d x = cos x +C cos x d x = sin x +C sec2 x d x = tan x +C csc2 x d x = cot x +C sec x tan x d x = sec x +C csc x cot x d x = csc x +C
(sin x + cos x) d x
(sin x + cos x) d x
= cos x
(sin x + cos x) d x
= cos x + sin x
(sin x + cos x) d x
= cos x + sin x +C
(sin x + cos x) d x
= cos x + sin x +C
(sin x + cos x) d x
= cos x + sin x +C
Example
Evaluate
tan2 x d x
(sin x + cos x) d x
= cos x + sin x +C
Example
Evaluate
tan2 x d x
tan2 x d x
(sin x + cos x) d x
= cos x + sin x +C
Example
Evaluate
tan2 x d x
tan2 x d x
sec2 x 1 d x
(sin x + cos x) d x
= cos x + sin x +C
Example
Evaluate
tan2 x d x
tan2 x d x
sec2 x 1 d x
= tan x
(sin x + cos x) d x
= cos x + sin x +C
Example
Evaluate
tan2 x d x
tan2 x d x
sec2 x 1 d x
= tan x x
(sin x + cos x) d x
= cos x + sin x +C
Example
Evaluate
tan2 x d x
tan2 x d x
sec2 x 1 d x
= tan x x +C
Example
Evaluate
cos x sin2 x dx
Example
Evaluate
cos x sin2 x dx
cos x sin2 x
dx
Example
Evaluate
cos x sin2 x dx
cos x sin x
2
dx
Example
Evaluate
cos x sin2 x dx
cos x sin x
2
dx
= =
Example
Evaluate
cos x sin2 x dx
cos x sin x
2
dx
= =
= csc x +C
= =
= = =
= = = =
= = = = =
= = = = =
= tan x
= = = = =
= tan x sec x
= = = = =
= tan x sec x +C
For today
Integration by Substitution
Let u = g (x).
Theorem
If u = g (x) is a dierentiable function whose range is an interval I and f is continuous on I , then
Theorem
If u = g (x) is a dierentiable function whose range is an interval I and f is continuous on I , then
f (g (x))g (x) d x = f (u) d u
Theorem
If u = g (x) is a dierentiable function whose range is an interval I and f is continuous on I , then
f (g (x))g (x) d x = f (u) d u
TIPS: Assign u to be an "inner" function whose derivative (disregarding constant factors) is a factor of the integrand.
Theorem
If u = g (x) is a dierentiable function whose range is an interval I and f is continuous on I , then
f (g (x))g (x) d x = f (u) d u
TIPS: Assign u to be an "inner" function whose derivative (disregarding constant factors) is a factor of the integrand. The entire integral must be expressed in terms of u .
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
(1 4x) /2 d x
1
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
(1 4x) /2 d x
1
Let u = 1 4x
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
(1 4x) /2 d x
1
Let u = 1 4x
d u = 4 d x
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
(1 4x) /2 d x
1
Let u = 1 4x
d u = 4 d x du = 4 dx
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
(1 4x) /2 d x
1
(1 4x) /2 d x
1
Let u = 1 4x
d u = 4 d x du = 4 dx
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
(1 4x) /2 d x
1
(1 4x) /2 d x
1
u /2
1
du 4
Let u = 1 4x
d u = 4 d x du = 4 dx
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
(1 4x) /2 d x
1
(1 4x) /2 d x
1
= =
u /2
1
du 4
Let u = 1 4x
d u = 4 d x du = 4 dx
1 4
u /2 d u
1
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
(1 4x) /2 d x
1
(1 4x) /2 d x
1
= = =
u /2
1
du 4
Let u = 1 4x
d u = 4 d x du = 4 dx
1 1 u /2 d u 4 3 1 2u /2 +C 4 3
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
(1 4x) /2 d x
1
(1 4x) /2 d x
1
= = = =
u /2
1
du 4
Let u = 1 4x
d u = 4 d x du = 4 dx
1 1 u /2 d u 4 3 1 2u /2 +C 4 3 3 (1 4x) /2 +C 6
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
x 2 (x 3 1)10 d x
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
x 2 (x 3 1)10 d x
Let u = x 3 1
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
x 2 (x 3 1)10 d x
Let u = x 3 1
du = 3x 2 d x
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
x 2 (x 3 1)10 d x
Let u = x 3 1
du du 3 = 3x 2 d x = x2 d x
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
x 2 (x 3 1)10 d x
x 2 (x 3 1)10 d x
Let u = x 3 1
du du 3 = 3x 2 d x = x2 d x
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
x 2 (x 3 1)10 d x
x 2 (x 3 1)10 d x
u 10
du 3
Let u = x 3 1
du du 3 = 3x 2 d x = x2 d x
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
x 2 (x 3 1)10 d x
x 2 (x 3 1)10 d x
= = 1 3
u 10
du 3
Let u = x 3 1
du du 3 = 3x 2 d x = x2 d x
u 10 d u
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
x 2 (x 3 1)10 d x
x 2 (x 3 1)10 d x
= = =
u 10
du 3
Let u = x 3 1
du du 3 = 3x 2 d x = x2 d x
1 u 10 d u 3 u 11 +C 33
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
x 2 (x 3 1)10 d x
x 2 (x 3 1)10 d x
= = = =
u 10
du 3
Let u = x 3 1
du du 3 = 3x 2 d x = x2 d x
1 u 10 d u 3 u 11 +C 33 3 x3 1 +C 33
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
x x2 + 1
3
dx
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
x x2 + 1
3
dx
Let u
x2 + 1
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
x x2 + 1
3
dx
Let u
du
= =
x2 + 1 2x d x
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
x x2 + 1
3
dx
Let u
du du 2
= = =
x2 + 1 2x d x x dx
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
x x2 + 1
3
dx
Let u
du du 2
= = =
x2 + 1 2x d x x dx
3 x2 + 1
dx
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
x x2 + 1
3
dx
Let u
du du 2
= = =
x +1 2x d x x dx
3 x2 + 1
dx
1 2
u 3 d u
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
x x2 + 1
3
dx
Let u
du du 2
= = =
x +1 2x d x x dx
3 x2 + 1
dx
= =
1 2
u 3 d u
1 u 2 +C 2 2
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
x x2 + 1
3
dx
Let u
du du 2
= = =
x +1 2x d x x dx
3 x2 + 1
dx
= = =
1 2
u 3 d u
1 u 2 +C 2 2 1 +C 4(x 2 + 1)2
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
t t 1dt
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
t t 1dt
Let u = t 1
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
t t 1dt
Let u = t 1
du = dt
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
t t 1dt
Let u = t 1
du = dt = u +1
Also t
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
t t 1dt
t t 1dt
Let u = t 1
du = dt = u +1
Also t
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
t t 1dt
t t 1dt
(u + 1) u /2 d u
1
Let u = t 1
du = dt = u +1
Also t
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
t t 1dt
t t 1dt
= =
(u + 1) u /2 d u
1
Let u = t 1
du = dt = u +1
u /2 + u /2 d u
3 1
Also t
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
t t 1dt
t t 1dt
= = =
(u + 1) u /2 d u
1
Let u = t 1
du = dt = u +1
u /2 + u /2 d u
3 1
Also t
2u /2 5
5
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
t t 1dt
t t 1dt
= = =
(u + 1) u /2 d u
1
Let u = t 1
du = dt = u +1
u /2 + u /2 d u
3 1
Also t
2u /2 2u /2 + 5 3
5 3
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
t t 1dt
t t 1dt
= = =
(u + 1) u /2 d u
1
Let u = t 1
du = dt = u +1
u /2 + u /2 d u
3 1
Also t
2u /2 2u /2 + +C 5 3
5 3
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
t t 1dt
t t 1dt
= = = =
(u + 1) u /2 d u
1
Let u = t 1
du = dt = u +1
u /2 + u /2 d u
3 1
Also t
2u /2 2u /2 + +C 5 3 5/2 3 2 (t 1) 2 (t 1) /2 + +C 5 3
5 3
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
t3 t2 +3 dt
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
t3 t2 +3 dt
Let u
t2 +3
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
t3 t2 +3 dt
Let u
du
= =
t2 +3 2t d t
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
t3 t2 +3 dt
Let u
du du 2
= = =
t2 +3 2t d t t dt
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
t3 t2 +3 dt
Let u
du du 2 Also t 2
= = = =
t2 +3 2t d t t dt u 3
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
t3 t2 +3 dt
t3 t2 +3
dt
Let u
du du 2 Also t 2
= = = =
t2 +3 2t d t t dt u 3
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
t3 t2 +3 dt
t3 t2 +3
dt
t2 t t2 +3
dt
Let u
du du 2 Also t 2
= = = =
t2 +3 2t d t t dt u 3
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
t3 t2 +3 dt
t3 t2 +3
dt
= = u
t2 t t2 +3
1/2
dt du 2
Let u
du du 2 Also t 2
= = = =
t2 +3 2t d t t dt u 3
(u 3)
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
t3 t2 +3 dt
t3 t2 +3
dt
= = = 1 2 u
t2 t t2 +3
1/2
dt du 2 du
Let u
du du 2 Also t 2
= = = =
t2 +3 2t d t t dt u 3
(u 3)
u /2 3u
1
1/2
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
t3 t2 +3 dt
t3 t2 +3
dt
= = = = u
t2 t t2 +3
1/2
dt du 2
Let u
du du 2 Also t 2
= = = =
t2 +3 2t d t t dt u 3
(u 3)
1 1 1 u /2 3u /2 d u 2 3 1 2u /2 2 3
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
t3 t2 +3 dt
t3 t2 +3
dt
= = = = u
t2 t t2 +3
1/2
dt du 2
Let u
du du 2 Also t 2
= = = =
t2 +3 2t d t t dt u 3
(u 3)
1 1 1 u /2 3u /2 d u 2 3 1 2u /2 1 6u /2 2 3
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
t3 t2 +3 dt
t3 t2 +3
dt
= = = = u
t2 t t2 +3
1/2
dt du 2
Let u
du du 2 Also t 2
= = = =
t2 +3 2t d t t dt u 3
(u 3)
1 1 1 u /2 3u /2 d u 2 3 1 2u /2 1 6u /2 +C 2 3
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
t3 t2 +3 dt
t3 t2 +3
dt
= = = = = u
t2 t t2 +3
1/2
dt du 2
Let u
du du 2 Also t 2
= = = =
t2 +3 2t d t t dt u 3
(u 3)
1 1 1 u /2 3u /2 d u 2 3 1 2u /2 1 6u /2 +C 2 3 t2 +3 3
3/2
3 t2 +3
1/2
+C
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
sec3 x tan x d x
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
sec3 x tan x d x
Let u = sec x
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
sec3 x tan x d x
Let u = sec x
du = sec x tan x d x
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
sec3 x tan x d x
sec3 x tan x d x
Let u = sec x
du = sec x tan x d x
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
sec3 x tan x d x
sec3 x tan x d x
Let u = sec x
du = sec x tan x d x
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
sec3 x tan x d x
sec3 x tan x d x
= =
Let u = sec x
du = sec x tan x d x
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
sec3 x tan x d x
sec3 x tan x d x
= = =
Let u = sec x
du = sec x tan x d x
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
sec3 x tan x d x
sec3 x tan x d x
= = = =
Let u = sec x
du = sec x tan x d x
Integration by Substitution
Example
tan 1 + tan 1 sin 1 s s s s 2 cos 1 s ds
Integration by Substitution
Example
tan 1 + tan 1 sin 1 s s s s 2 cos 1 s ds 1 s
Let u =
Integration by Substitution
Example
tan 1 + tan 1 sin 1 s s s s 2 cos 1 s ds 1 s 1 ds s2
Let u =
du =
Integration by Substitution
Example
tan 1 + tan 1 sin 1 s s s s 2 cos 1 s ds 1 s 1 ds s2 ds s2
Let u =
du =
du =
Integration by Substitution
Example
tan 1 + tan 1 sin 1 s s s s 2 cos 1 s ds 1 s ds 1 ds s2 ds s2
Let u =
du =
du =
Integration by Substitution
Example
tan 1 + tan 1 sin 1 s s s s 2 cos 1 s ds 1 s ds 1 ds s2 ds s2
Let u =
du =
du =
Integration by Substitution
Example
tan 1 + tan 1 sin 1 s s s s 2 cos 1 s ds 1 s ds 1 ds s2 ds s2
Let u =
du =
du =
= =
Integration by Substitution
Example
tan 1 + tan 1 sin 1 s s s s 2 cos 1 s ds 1 s ds 1 ds s2 ds s2
Let u =
du =
du =
= = =
tan u + tan u sin u du cos u sec u tan u + tan2 u d u sec u tan u + sec2 u 1 d u
Integration by Substitution
Example
tan 1 + tan 1 sin 1 s s s s 2 cos 1 s ds 1 s ds 1 ds s2 ds s2
Let u =
du =
du =
= = = =
tan u + tan u sin u du cos u sec u tan u + tan2 u d u sec u tan u + sec2 u 1 d u
(sec u
Integration by Substitution
Example
tan 1 + tan 1 sin 1 s s s s 2 cos 1 s ds 1 s ds 1 ds s2 ds s2
Let u =
du =
du =
= = = =
tan u + tan u sin u du cos u sec u tan u + tan2 u d u sec u tan u + sec2 u 1 d u
(sec u + tan u
Integration by Substitution
Example
tan 1 + tan 1 sin 1 s s s s 2 cos 1 s ds 1 s ds 1 ds s2 ds s2
Let u =
du =
du =
= = = =
tan u + tan u sin u du cos u sec u tan u + tan2 u d u sec u tan u + sec2 u 1 d u
(sec u + tan u u)
Integration by Substitution
Example
tan 1 + tan 1 sin 1 s s s s 2 cos 1 s ds 1 s ds 1 ds s2 ds s2
Let u =
du =
du =
= = = =
tan u + tan u sin u du cos u sec u tan u + tan2 u d u sec u tan u + sec2 u 1 d u
(sec u + tan u u) +C
Integration by Substitution
Example
tan 1 + tan 1 sin 1 s s s s 2 cos 1 s ds 1 s ds 1 ds s2 ds s2
Let u =
du =
du =
= = = = =
tan u + tan u sin u du cos u sec u tan u + tan2 u d u sec u tan u + sec2 u 1 d u
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
x csc3 x 2 cot x 2 d x
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
x csc3 x 2 cot x 2 d x
Let u = csc x 2
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
x csc3 x 2 cot x 2 d x
Let u = csc x 2
d u = csc x 2 cot x 2 2x d x
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
x csc3 x 2 cot x 2 d x
Let u = csc x 2
d u = csc x 2 cot x 2 2x d x
du = csc x 2 cot x 2 x d x 2
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
x csc3 x 2 cot x 2 d x
Let u = csc x 2
d u = csc x 2 cot x 2 2x d x
du = csc x 2 cot x 2 x d x 2
x csc3 x 2 cot x 2 d x
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
x csc3 x 2 cot x 2 d x
Let u = csc x 2
d u = csc x 2 cot x 2 2x d x
x csc3 x 2 cot x 2 d x
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
x csc3 x 2 cot x 2 d x
Let u = csc x 2
d u = csc x 2 cot x 2 2x d x
x csc3 x 2 cot x 2 d x
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
x csc3 x 2 cot x 2 d x
Let u = csc x 2
d u = csc x 2 cot x 2 2x d x
x csc3 x 2 cot x 2 d x
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
x csc3 x 2 cot x 2 d x
Let u = csc x 2
d u = csc x 2 cot x 2 2x d x
x csc3 x 2 cot x 2 d x
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
2x 2 sin x 3 d x
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
2x 2 sin x 3 d x
Let u = x 3
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
2x 2 sin x 3 d x
Let u = x 3
d u = 3x 2 d x
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
2x 2 sin x 3 d x du = x2 d x 3
Let u = x 3
d u = 3x 2 d x
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
2x 2 sin x 3 d x du = x2 d x 3
Let u = x 3
d u = 3x 2 d x
2x 2 sin x 3 d x
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
2x 2 sin x 3 d x du = x2 d x 3 du 3
Let u = x 3
d u = 3x 2 d x
2x 2 sin x 3 d x
2 sin u
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
2x 2 sin x 3 d x du = x2 d x 3 du 3
Let u = x 3
d u = 3x 2 d x
2x 2 sin x 3 d x
= = 2 3
2 sin u
sin u d u
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
2x 2 sin x 3 d x du = x2 d x 3 du 3
Let u = x 3
d u = 3x 2 d x
2x 2 sin x 3 d x
= = =
2 sin u
2 sin u d u 3 2 ( cos u) +C 3
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
2x 2 sin x 3 d x du = x2 d x 3 du 3
Let u = x 3
d u = 3x 2 d x
2x 2 sin x 3 d x
= =
2 sin u
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx
Let u = 4 + x
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx
Let u = 4 + x
du =
1 2 x
dx
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx
Let u = 4 + x
du =
1 2 x
dx
2du =
dx x
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx
Let u = 4 + x
du =
1 2 x
dx
2du =
dx x
4+ x dx
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx
Let u = 4 + x
du =
1 2 x
dx
2du =
dx x
4+ x dx
4+ x dx
x x
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx
Let u = 4 + x
du =
1 2 x
dx
2du =
dx x
4+ x dx
= =
4+ x dx 4+ x x
x x dx x
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx
Let u = 4 + x
du =
1 2 x
dx
2du =
dx x
4+ x dx
= =
4+ x dx 4+ x x
x x dx x
( x = u 4)
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx
Let u = 4 + x
du =
1 2 x
dx
2du =
dx x
4+ x dx
= = =
1
4+ x dx 4+ x x
x x dx x
( x = u 4)
u /2 (u 4) 2 d u
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx
Let u = 4 + x
du =
1 2 x
dx
2du =
dx x
4+ x dx
= = = =
1
4+ x dx 4+ x x
x x dx x
( x = u 4)
u /2 (u 4) 2 d u 2u /2 8u /2 d u
3 1
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx 1 2 x dx x
Let u = 4 + x
du =
dx
2du =
4+ x dx
2u /2 8u /2 d u
3 1
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx 1 2 x dx x
Let u = 4 + x
du =
dx
2du =
4+ x dx
= =
2u /2 8u /2 d u
3 1
2 2u /2 5
5
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx 1 2 x dx x
Let u = 4 + x
du =
dx
2du =
4+ x dx
= =
2u /2 8u /2 d u
3 1
2 2u /2 2 8u /2 5 3
5 3
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx 1 2 x dx x
Let u = 4 + x
du =
dx
2du =
4+ x dx
= =
2u /2 8u /2 d u
3 1
2 2u /2 2 8u /2 +C 5 3
5 3
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx 1 2 x dx x
Let u = 4 + x
du =
dx
2du =
4+ x dx
= = =
2u /2 8u /2 d u
3 1
2 2u /2 2 8u /2 +C 5 3
5 3
4 4+ x 5
5/2
16 4 + x 3
3/2
+C
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx
Let u = 4 + x
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx
Let u = 4 + x
du =
1 2 x
dx
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx
Let u = 4 + x
du =
1 2 x
dx
2 x du = dx
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx
Let u = 4 + x
du =
1 2 x
dx
2 x du = dx
x = u 4
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx
Let u = 4 + x
du =
1 2 x
dx
2 x du = dx
x = u 4
2 (u 4) d u = d x
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx
Let u = 4 + x
du =
1 2 x
dx
2 x du = dx
x = u 4 4+ x dx
2 (u 4) d u = d x
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx
Let u = 4 + x
du =
1 2 x
dx
2 x du = dx
x = u 4 4+ x dx =
1
2 (u 4) d u = d x u /2 2 (u 4) d u
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx
Let u = 4 + x
du =
1 2 x
dx
2 x du = dx
x = u 4 4+ x dx = =
1
2 (u 4) d u = d x u /2 2 (u 4) d u 2u /2 8u /2 d u
3 1
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx
Let u = 4 + x
du =
1 2 x
dx
2 x du = dx
x = u 4 4+ x dx = = =
1
2 (u 4) d u = d x u /2 2 (u 4) d u 2u /2 8u /2 d u
3 1
2 2u /2 5
5
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx
Let u = 4 + x
du =
1 2 x
dx
2 x du = dx
x = u 4 4+ x dx = = =
1
2 (u 4) d u = d x u /2 2 (u 4) d u 2u /2 8u /2 d u
3 1
2 2u /2 2 8u /2 5 3
5 3
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx
Let u = 4 + x
du =
1 2 x
dx
2 x du = dx
x = u 4 4+ x dx = = =
1
2 (u 4) d u = d x u /2 2 (u 4) d u 2u /2 8u /2 d u
3 1
2 2u /2 2 8u /2 +C 5 3
5 3
Integration by Substitution
Example
Evaluate
4+ x dx
Let u = 4 + x
du =
1 2 x
dx
2 x du = dx
x = u 4 4+ x dx = = = =
1
2 (u 4) d u = d x u /2 2 (u 4) d u 2u /2 8u /2 d u
3 1
2 2u /2 2 8u /2 +C 5 3
5 3
4 4+ x 5
5/2
16 4 + x 3
3/2
+C
End-of-Class Exercise
Evaluate
t t +3 dt
End-of-Class Exercise
Evaluate Solution:
t t +3 dt
End-of-Class Exercise
Evaluate Solution: Let u = t + 3
t t +3 dt
End-of-Class Exercise
Evaluate Solution: Let u = t + 3
du = dt t t +3 dt
End-of-Class Exercise
Evaluate Solution: Let u = t + 3
du = dt t = u 3 t t +3 dt
End-of-Class Exercise
Evaluate Solution: Let u = t + 3
t t +3 dt du = dt t = u 3 t t +3 dt
End-of-Class Exercise
Evaluate Solution: Let u = t + 3
t t +3 dt = du = dt u 3 u 1/2 du t = u 3 t t +3 dt
End-of-Class Exercise
Evaluate Solution: Let u = t + 3
t t +3 dt = = du = dt u 3 u 1/2 du t = u 3 t t +3 dt
End-of-Class Exercise
Evaluate Solution: Let u = t + 3
t t +3 dt = = du = dt u 3 u 1/2
1
t t +3
dt
t = u 3
du
1
u /2 3u /2 d u
End-of-Class Exercise
Evaluate Solution: Let u = t + 3
t t +3 dt = = = du = dt u 3 u 1/2
1
t t +3
dt
t = u 3
du
1
u /2 3u /2 d u 2u /2 3
3
End-of-Class Exercise
Evaluate Solution: Let u = t + 3
t t +3 dt = = = du = dt u 3 u 1/2
1
t t +3
dt
t = u 3
du
1
u /2 3u /2 d u 2u /2 2u /2 3 3 1
3 1
End-of-Class Exercise
Evaluate Solution: Let u = t + 3
t t +3 dt = = = du = dt u 3 u 1/2
1
t t +3
dt
t = u 3
du
1
u /2 3u /2 d u 2u /2 2u /2 3 +C 3 1
3 1
End-of-Class Exercise
Evaluate Solution: Let u = t + 3
t t +3 dt = = = = du = dt u 3 u 1/2
1
t t +3
dt
t = u 3
du
1
u /2 3u /2 d u 2u /2 2u /2 3 +C 3 1 3 2 (t + 3) /2 1 6 (t + 3) /2 +C 3
3 1
The End.