Lazaretto Architectural Investigation

Prepared by the Architectural Archaeology Class of the Graduate program in
Historic Preservation at the School of Design, University of Pennsylvania

A|cpcriCcnpi|inginc|csu|iscjArcniicciura||ntcsiigaiicnsCcn!ucic!aiincIazarccininc
Spring of 2012
TheLazareoQuaranlineSlalion
THE LAZARETTO QUARANTINE STATION
University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic Preservation
HSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
2
Contents:
Executive Summary 4
History of the Site 5
CharaclerDeningIealures
DescriliveAnaIysis
Historic American Building Survey Drawings 22
Stone and Brick Masonry 33
IIoorandRoofIramingSyslems
Exterior Millwork: Porches and Doors 53
Windows 65
MelaIs
InleriorMiIIvorkandIinishes
TheargemansTover
Thearn
I. Introduction
II. Existing Conditions
III. Architectural Investigations
3
I. Introduction
Executive Summary
History
CharactcrDcningFcaturcs
4
Executive Summary
Localed in Tinicum Tovnshi DeIavare Counly aIong lhe DeIavare River lhe IhiIadeIhia
Lazareo is a hisloricaIIysignicanl sile lhal is currenlIy slabiIized molhbaIIed and unoccuied
ConslrucledinasaquaranlineslalionforlhecilyofIhiIadeIhialheLazareorelainsmanyof
ilsoriginaImaleriaIsanddelaiIslodayinsileofseveraIsignicanlaIleralionssinceilsconslruclion
Over the course of the four-month semester, the participants of this Architectural Archaeology
course took a materials-based approach to documentation of the structure and the site. Projects ranged
from analyzing the main buildings framing system to a detailed paint analysis for several rooms on
lhe rsl oor inlerior The slruclures brickvork doors vindovs miIIvork and melaIvork vere
extensively explored, assessed, and documented. Auxiliary structures to the main building, including
the Carriage House (now referred to as the Barn) and the Bargemans Tower, were also subjects of
research.
Investigations conducted at the site were primarily concerned with uncovering the original
conslruclion and conguralion of lhe buiIding as il vas buiIl in This course and naI reorl
seek therefore to expand on past research and inform a suitable adaptive reuse strategy so that a full
resloralionoflhesileviIIresecllheLazareosaslandIanarorialeIyforilsfulure
1
History of the Site
Exerpted from the Historic American Buildings Survey, PA-6659
Catherine C. Lavoie
HABS Historian James A. Jacobs
Rebecca Sell
5
2
5ignicancc
uiIl belveen and lhe Lazareo
Quarantine Station was among the earliest
purpose-built, and is the oldest extant,
quarantine-related structure in teh United
States. The buildings high level of integrity
is of particular importance since it is physical
evidence of the forces impacting eighteenth-
century Amercan hospitals--both in terms of
ubIic heaIlh oIicy and in lhe edices shaed
by that policy. The City of Philadelphias Board
of HeaIlh erecled lhe Lazareo lo rolecl ils
citizenry against infestious diseases long before
the federal government involved itself with
such concerns. Nearly a century passed before
lhe oening of lhe rsl ermanenl quaranline
and immigrant station on Ellis Island in New
York Harbor WhiIe lhe Lazareo Quaranline
Station and other similar, early-nineteenth-
century centers are precursors to this later, far-
beerknovn faciIily each had a veIIdened
purpose relative to its time and place. Activities
al lhe Lazareo made IiIe dislinclion belveen
the people or cargo carried on ships as sources
for epidemic disease. Each was inspected and
detained based on the presence of a perceived
health threat and only released when that threat
had assed over liem or lhrough uricalion
Only with the rise of immigrant processing and
regulation in the mid-nineteenth century did
quarantine become more exclusively associated
with people.
As with most early public health initiatives,
lhe eslabIishmenl of lhe Lazareo resonded
Drawing by Frank H. Taylor, 1895
As featured in HABS Report PA-6659
6
3
directly to a local crisis: in 1793, a yellow fever
epidemic devastated Philadelphia, claiming
oneflh of ils ouIalionAII bul a handfuI of
determined citizen-caretakers abandoned the
cilycomoundinglheiIIeeclsoflheshocking
mortality rate. Despite Philadelphias position
as the most cosmopolitan city in America, it
still lacked the municipal organization and the
facilities needed to contend with a large-scale
epidemic. It was home to the Pennsylvania
Hospital, the only institution of its kind in
America at that time; however, because it was
conceived to cure, rather than merely contain,
the sick, the hospital literally shut its doors
during the 1793 epidemic, as did the nearby
Alms House, the conventional repository for
the sickly poor. The abject failure of the city to
deal with this catastrophe hastened the creation
of the Philadelphia Board of Health in 1794, the
rslermanenlmuniciaIheaIlhorganizalionin
America. The rationale behind its establishment
not only concerned the practical maintenance
of public health, but perhaps more importantly,
future avoidance of civic paralysis in times of
crisis and the restoration of the public trust in all
levels of government.
Lacking even basic medical knowledge required
lo rescribe eeclive lrealmenls for disease
contemporary public-health policy primarily
sought to quarantine the sick from the healthy. The
series of legislative acts that created, structured,
and rened lhe resonsibiIilies of lhe oard of
Health eventually resulted in the construction
of two hospital complexes with similar,
seasonal functionsa City Hospital located
at the edge of the urban center and intended
to separate sick residents of Philadelphia from
the healthy during epidemics, and a quarantine
slalion caIIed lhe Lazareo meanl lo conlain
people with infectious diseases approaching
the city by ship at a location remote from the
metropolis. It can be suggested that the Board
of Health realized the new quarantine stations
centerpiece building on formal plans by English
architect-emigre Joseph Bowes, but eighteenth-
century vernacular traditions most impacted
its massing and spatial organization. The main
buildings visually dominant center pavilion
and simIer anking hyhens emerged from a
generic English formula that colonists imported
and adapted to meet local requirements and
conditions. This process previously gave shape
to Philadelphias Pennsylvania Hospital, which
became an inuenliaI forerunner for many
eighteenth-century American structures related
to social welfare.
The Pennsylvania Hospital single-handedly
launched a new domestic vernacular form that
allowed for economical construction within
the limitations of Philadelphia craftsmen who
spent much of their working life building
houses. Rather than convey its public presence
through innovative materials and construction
lechniques lhe Lazareos main buiIding
aainedlhedesiredresenceandscaIebyIinking
three separate, domestic-type structures into a
single unit. Although physically and functionally
separated by unbroken party walls, the three
arlsverevisuaIIyuniedandaggrandizedby
an exterior piazza running across the buildings
river front. The octagonal cupola and vane
perched on the center pavilions roof relieved
any remaining doubt of the buildings public
nalure The main buiIding al lhe Lazareo vas
among the last of its kind and is now a rare, quite
probably unique, survivor. Built concurrently
vilh lhe Lazareo en|amin Henry Lalrobes
innovaliveandinuenliaIankofIennsyIvania
7
4
set new standards and represented the future
of American public-building design. Despite
later use as a gentlemens athletic club and an
early base for sea planes in the United States, the
structure is likely the least adulterated example
of an eighteenth-century hospital remaining in
the country.
HISTORICAL INFORMATION
Physica!Histnry
DatcnIcrcctinn
The Board of Health placed a newspaper
advertisement for Building-Stone, Lime and
Scantling on June 18, 1799, just a week after
a meeting during which they discussed the
buildings plans.
1
The ad stated that proposals
1 Advertisement, Building-Stone, Lime and
Scantling, Claypooles American Daily Advertiser
viIIbereceivedallheHeaIlhOcefor
the supply of large quantities of the above
mentioned materials to be delivered on the
lower end of Tinicum Island. An entry in the
Board of Health minutes for August 7 requested
that the Steward of the City Hospital...
furnish six tents with poles to be sent to the
NevLazareoforlheaccommodalionoflhe
Workmenconrminglhalvorkhadbeenor
would shortly be started.
2
In May 1801, several newspaper notices
announced the auction of A Lot of Ground
18 Jun. 1799: (2); for discussion of plan, see Minutes
of the Board of Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
(hereafter MBH), 11 Jun. 1799, RG 37, Bureau of
Health, 37.1, Minutes, 1795-1854, Philadelphia City
Archives, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (hereafter
PCA).
2 MBH,7 Aug. 1799.
TncIazarccjrcnanc|!pncicgrapn
8
5
and Buildings thereon erected, known by the
nameoflheLazareoOnIrovinceIsIand
indicating that the construction campaign for
its replacement had proceeded far enough to
use the new facility during the 1801 quarantine
season.
3
On November 23, 1801, the Board of
Health stated in a meeting: The buildings
allheLazareoarenovnished
4
While
clearly functional, the degree to which they
verenishedinNovemberisuncerlain
becauseoneyearIalerlheymorecondenlIy
decIaredTheNevLazareoonTinicum
IsIandiscomIeleIynishedandalresenlin
a high state of improvement.
5
Architcctbui!dcrs
AIlhoughlheLazareosdesignlyoIogy
and construction methods are easily and
appropriately situated within the local
vernacular, there is enough evidence to at least
suggest that plans for the structure may have
been created by an intriguing architectural
practitioner by the name of Joseph Bowes.
ovesashedonlolheIhiIadeIhiascenein
the mid-1790s with heady claims and plans, and
3 Advertisement, For Sale at Auction at the
CoeeHousePoulsons American Daily Advertiser
12 May 1801 (also 13-16, 18, and 19 May 1801). The
quarantine season generally covered the months
from the beginning of May through the end of
Oclobervilhlheexaclslarlandnishvaryingabil
from health act to health act over time. During this
half-year period, Pennsylvania law required that
ships approaching the Port of Philadelphia stop at
lheLazareoforlheinseclionofcrevassengers
and cargo by the resident physician and the quaran-
tine master. The Board of Health annually published
notices in newspapers and printed broadsides that
announced the opening of the season, and stated
its associated legal requirements and penalties if
ignored.
4 MBH, 23 Nov. 1801.
5 MBH,22 Nov. 1802.
inonIyafevyearsdisaearedIeavingIiIe
behind in Americas largest city.
6
An October
1794 newspaper advertisement announced
Bowess arrival, his objective to practice the
business of Architecture in all its departments,
and stated solid credentials as a Draftsman
for several years past, to the celebrated
Robert Adam, Esq. Architect in London.
7

His supposed employment with Adam is not
veriabIyknovnhoveverhevasreasonabIy
familiar with many of the Adam brothers
late works in Edinburgh and Glasgow. Robert
Adams and James Adams deaths in 1792 and
resecliveIyaIsolslhelimeIinefor
Bowess appearance in Philadelphia since their
passing may well have precipitated a need to
ndnevemIoymenlsilualion
Regardless of his background, Bowes was
certainly educated, able, and demonstrated
strong ambition. In addition to advertising his
readiness to design and construct buildings,
heaIsooeredhislaIenlsasaleacherof
architectural drawing.
8
During what was likely
hisrslyearinlhecilyheconferredinAriI
1795 with the newly formed Philadelphia Board
of Health about plans for a city hospital and
one month later showed sundry pieces of
architecture at the Columbianum, the earliest
known American exhibition of architectural
drawings.
9
6 See Sandra L. Tatman and Roger W. Moss, Bio-
graphical Dictionary ofPhiladelphia Architects:
1700-1930 (Boston: G. K. Hall & Co., 1985), 88, for brief
bio, also available online at:
www.philadelphiabuildings.org.
7 Joseph Bowes [sic], Architect. Lately Arrived
from Europe, Dunlap and Claypoole s
American Daily Advertiser, Oct. 15, 1794.
8 Tatman and Moss, 88.
9 The exhibition of the Columbianum or American
Academy of Painting, Sculpture, Architecture,
9
6
DesilelhisearIyurryofaclivilyoves
seems not to have enjoyed much success
in Philadelphia. The 1796 Philadelphia city
directory lists him as an architect on Vine
Street, while the following year he had moved
to Cressons Alley and designated his
profession as architect & engraver.
10
After
1798, his continued residence in the city is
doubtful.
11
Whether he died or moved away
is not known; perhaps he was a victim of that
years yellow fever epidemic. In the end, a lack
of known commissions, either documented or
extant, points to unlikely accomplishment in
IhiIadeIhiaGivenhisskelchyIegacyoering
Bowes as a possible contributor to the design
oflheLazareoisaingconsoIalionrize
(even more so if he died of yellow fever). With
lheIegisIalionforlheLazareoaulhorizedonIy
after Bowes disappeared from Philadelphia,
what connection might he have with the
nishedslruclure
The Pennsylvania legislature passed An Act
jcrcsia||isninganHca|incccin 1794 that
IocaledaHeaIlhoceonSlaleIsIandfor
&c. established at Philadelphia, 1795 (Philadelphia,
1795); Tatman and Moss, 88.
10 [Thomas] Stephenss Philadelphia directory for
1796, or, Alphabetical arrangement containing
the names, occupations, and places of abode of the citi-
zens; with a register of the executive, legislative, and
judicial magistrates of the United States (Philadelphia,
1796); Cornelius William Stafford, The
Philadelphia directory, for 1797, containing the names,
occupations, and places of abode of the citizens
(Philadelphia, 1797).
11 As noted in Tatman and Moss, 88.
seasonal quarantine and called for the creation
of a sister establishment nearer the city.
12
This
establishment would be a public hospital for
receivingcilizensvhomaybeaicledvilh
Pestilential or Contagious Diseases and located
in a neighbourhood of the city of Philadelphia,
easily accessible by water as well as by land.
13

The City Hospital would operate on an as
needed basis during epidemics for isolation
of, mainly, poor Philadelphians who became
12 An Act for establishing an Health-ofhce, ana for
otherwise securing the City and Port of
Philadelphia from the Introduction of pestilential and
contagious diseases, and for regulating the
Importation of German and other Passengers, Apr. 22,
1794, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Reprinted in full
in Dunlap and Claypooles American Daily Advertiser,
May 7, 1794, supp.
13 Ibid.
Guard House on the bank of the Delaware River, 1936
10
7
ill.
14
TheneedforlhislyeofubIicedicevas
made clear during the yellow fever epidemic
of 1793 during which the privately funded
Pennsylvania Hospital closed its gates and did
not admit anyone into the compound while the
disease raged and decimated the city outside.
In desperation, the few remaining city leaders
commandeered a vacant three-story, Georgian
country house on William Hamiltons Bush
Hill estate just outside the city for emergency
quarantine purposes.
15
In the epidemics
14 The Board of Health informally called the pub-
lic hospital intended for Philadelphia the city
hospital as early as 1795 [MBH, 10 Jun. 1795]. The 1798
amendment to the prior health laws referred to a
location commonly called the City Hospital, meaning
the public hospital, and changed the name of the
'Board oI Inspectors oI the Health-oIfce to 'Managers
of the Marine and City Hospitals of the Port and
City oI Philadelphia, showing that in time oIfcials Ior-
mally adopted the once casual moniker. See An Act
to alter and amend the health laws of this Commonwealth,
and to incorporate a Board of Managers of the
Marine and City Hospitals of the Port of Philadelphia,
and for other purposes therein mentioned, Apr. 4,
1798, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Reprinted in full in
Claypooles American Daily Advertiser, Apr. 14,
1798: (1-2).
15 Bush Hill was one of two estates owned by Wil-
liam Hamilton in the Philadelphia area.
Hamiltons grandfather constructed the house at Bush Hill
in 1740 on the estate granted to him by the Penn family. It
was the full-time residence of his prominent uncle, James
Hamilton, until his 1783 death at which time William
inherited the estate. By this time, William Hamilton had
already constructed his own country house at The Wood-
lands, a tract on the west bank of the Schuylkill River that
he had inherited from his father in 1747. Hamilton resided
at Bush Hill between 1786 and 1789 while he overhauled
and greatly enlarged his house at The Woodlands. Vice
President John Adams and his family lived there in 1790-
91, but afterward it never again functioned as a residence.
Following the estates use as a seasonal hospital between
1793 and 1797, Hamilton granted a ten-year lease to a
theater company planning to open the house and grounds
to the public as a garden, concert, and amusement
site in the manner of Vauxhall in London and the Pub-
aftermath, the Board of Health negotiated
Bush Hills use as a public hospital for the
city through March 25, 1795.
16
Anticipating
this deadline, the Board of Health purchased
a lot on the west side of the Schuylkill River
near Market Street and began planning for a
permanent city hospital early in 1795.
17
In contemplating this structure, the Board
conferred with members of the College of
Physicians, an academic organization of
medical doctors founded in 1787, about various
design requirements. Eminent doctors Adam
Kuhn, Thomas Parke, and Caspar Wistar
lic Gardens of Paris. The house burned in 1814 and the
ruins were reconstituted as a Iactory, beIore fnally being
razed entirely in 1875. See Henry A. Boorse, Bush Hill:
An Historic Philadelphia House, Imprint 9 (Autumn
1984): 12-18; [Philadelphia] Committee to Attend to and
Alleviate the SuIIerings oI the AIficted with the Malig-
nant Fever, Minutes of the proceedings of the committee,
appointed on the 14th September, 1793, by the citizens of
Philadelphia, the northern liberties and the districts of
Southwark, to Attend to and Alleviate the Sufferings of the
Afictea with the Malignant Fever, prevalent, in the city
and its vicinity, with an appendix (Philadelphia, 1848),
entries for Oct. 10, Nov. 4 and 5, Dec. 24, 1793, and
March 4, 1794, for Bush Hills use as a hospital; MBH, 2
Jun. 1797, for moving city hospital from Bush Hill to the
Wigwam; Claypooles American Daily Advertiser, 29 May
1797, for public gardens.
16 Minutes ofthe proceedings ofthe committee, ap-
pointed on the 14 September, 1793 (1848), Dec.
24, 1793.
17 In an entry on February 10, 1795, the Minutes of
the College of Physicians (hereafter MCP)
recorded that the Board of Health desired advice on the
construction of the intended Hospital over
Schuylkill, indicating that the lot described in the 1795
amendment to the health act was already
purchased. See MCP, vol. 1, College of Physicians His-
torical Library, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and An
Act supplementary to the several Acts establishing an
Health Ofhce, Apr. 17, 1795, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania. Reprinted in full in Dunlap and Claypooles
American Daily Advertiser, Apr. 23, 1795.
11
8
comrisedlhecommiee
18
The minutes of
the Board of Health dated February 24, 1795
recorded that the College of Physicians gave
their opinion about the projected structure.
19

The minutes also described the basic
organization for the building: a Centre house
with two Wings to admit of four Rooms in
eachfromTvenlyloTvenlyvefeelinlhe
clear. Separated by a Brick Partition wall and
Communication to be by an open piasa [sic]
in front of the Wings.
20
Having worked out
the general hospital scheme with the College
ofIhysicianslheCommieeforuiIdingan
Hospital over the Schuylkill had two Plans,
two elevations, & a section of the Hospital
18 MCP, 10 Feb. 1795.
19 MBH, 24 Feb. 1795.
20 Ibid.
created and presented to the Board at a general
meeting on March 10, 1795.
21
While the minutes do not record the originator
of these drawings, they were possibly
conceivedandmorecerlainIyrenedby}oseh
Bowes and a Monsieur Desaurau.
22
In April,
the Board met with Bowes and Desaurau
respecting the most eligible plan for the
Building, each whom furnished plans and
for whose services they are of opinion the
formershouIdbeaiddoIIarsandlheIaer
40 dollars.
23
Bowes and Desaurau appear to
21 MBH, 10 Mar. 1795.
22 MBH, 30 Apr. 1795. The minutes contain an
alternate spelling of Desaureau in an entry for 10
Jun. 1795, Dusereau
23 MBH, 30 Apr. 1795.
Wing to the left of the Administration Building (November 1, 1936)
12
9
have been working as a team, and the lack of
an entry in the city directories for Desaurau
and a smaller proposed fee implies that he
was perhaps Bowess apprentice and possibly
living in his household. Ultimately, Desaurau
was paid forty dollars for drawing plans for
the City Hospital, and Bowes, whose plan
was approved, compensated sixty dollars for
design expertise in addition to drafting.
24
The
board minutes never mentioned either man
again and they ultimately never built the City
Hospital on these plans. In November 1796, the
board treasurer, Gideon Wells, reported that the
repairs to the quarantine station on State Island
required withdrawals from the City Hospital
Tax account, which was already far short of
what will be necessary to complete a Hospital
because of the present high price of Labour.
25

ThenanciaIsilualiondidnolimroveandIess
lhanayearIalerlheHeaIlhOcemovedlhe
public hospital from Bush Hill to the recently
purchased Wigwam, a country seat...late the
property of, and employed as a hospital for the
French Republic.
26
The City Hospital remained
at the Wigwam until 1805, and moved into its
rslurosebuiIlslruclurein
27
24 MBH, 10 Jun. 1795.
25 MBH, 15 Nov. 1796.
26 MBH, 31 May and 2 Jun. 1797, for contempla-
tion and purchase of the Wigwam; Claypooles
American Daily Advertiser 31 May 1797, for the Wig-
wams advertisement of sale.
27 Scharff and Westcott stated that because the City
Hospital at the Wigwam existed in a
populating neighborhood, citizens lobbied for its move
further into North Philadelphia, which occurred in
1805. This information is corroborated by the Board of
Health minutes. As early as December 15, 1802, the Re-
port of the Committee on the Revision of the Health Law
encouraged inclusion of a directive to relocate the City
Hospital. Three years later, the Board of Health wrote to
Governor McKean informing him that they were trying
to sell both the former Marine Hospital (Old Lazaretto)
on State Island and the City Hospital, the proceeds of
The City Hospital built by the board in 1808-09
on a portion of the Bush Hill estate is not the
one imagined in the 1795 plans. On January
16, 1808, the Board awarded Alexander Steel
a contract to furnish materials and oversee
construction of a hospital: 108 feet in length
by 22 feet in breadth, with a piazza to both
stories, of 12 feet in depthwindows opening
onlheiazzadovnlolheoorandulolhe
ceiling...to be divided into seven wards.
28

This description suggests a rectangular
footprint, simpler in concept than the three-
part structure proposed over a decade earlier.
29

The unexecuted drawings of the City Hospital
drafledandIikeIyrenedby}osehovesin
mighlhaveendeduinacIoselaicor
basement, but the cash-strapped and crises-rich
Board of Health might have also pragmatically
used them to build the new quarantine station
stipulated in the amended health act of 1799.
30
which they contemplate building an Hospital in a more
eligible situation. The City Hospital property sold in
March 1806, the same month in which the Board began
negotiations with William Hamilton about leasing part of
his Bush Hill estate for the site of a new hospital. Con-
struction began early in 1808 and was completed by May
1809. See J. Thomas Scharff and Thompson Westcott,
History of Philadelphia, 1609-1884, vol. 2 (Philadelphia,
1884), 1676; MBH, 15 Dec. 1802, Dec. 1805, 13 and 27
Mar. 1806; 5 Jan. 1808; 4 May 1809.
28 MBH, 16 Jan. 1808.
29 In their 1884 history, Scharff and Westcott
describe, without citations, a much larger structure, with a
'mansion house at center 'fIty Ieet Iront, Iorty-two Ieet
deep fanked by wings that were one hundred-eighty Ieet
long and twenty-two feet deep. All of this was fronted by
a two-story piazza. Given the dimensions of the planned
structure noted in the minutes (and the transposition of
108 and 180 in either the minutes or by Scharff and
Westcott), and the two-story piazza, it is possible that
the City Hospital as constructed in 1808-09 later became
a wing of a much larger establishment. See Scharff and
Westcott, 1676.
30 The institutional foundations for the Lazaretto,
and discussion of hospital and other period public
13
10
On June 11, 1799, just three weeks after
negotiating the purchase often acres on
TinicumIsIandforlhenevLazareoa
commieelaskedvilhlhedesignoflhenev
facility exhibited the Plans for the proposed
Lazareoalameelingoflheoardof
Health.
31
At this gathering, the Board studied
the drawings, scaled back aspects of the plan,
andmadenaIdecisionsaboullhecomIexs
principal structure. They described the three-
arlbuiIdingasconsislingofamiddIehouse
Fifty feet square with Cellars under and three
story [sic] highThevingsorLazareoslobe
two story [sic] high and without cellars under
them, the length of each about sixty four feet,
andlhedelhofeachaboullvenlyvefeel
32
Unlike the months-long discussion of the City
Hospital design in 1795, the minutes record
no further deliberation about the design of
the building on that day or any other. With
the exception of the cellars that extend under
aIIlhreearlsoflheLazareosrimary
structure, the completed building adheres to
the form and dimensions established in the
minulesThenishedslruclureaIsofaIIsvilhin
parameters of the only known description of
lheCilyHosilaIsrsldesignaCenlrehouse
with two Wings to admit of four Rooms in
each... Separated by a Brick Partition wall and
Communication to be by an open piasa [sic] in
front of the Wings.
33
If the Board of Health had
already paid for Joseph Bowess architectural
expertise and construction drawings for an up-
to-date, but as of 1799, unbuilt hospital, there is
building design can be found in sections I:A:6, Original
plans and construction, and I:B, Historical
Context, of this report.
31 MBH, 11 Jun. 1799.
32 Ibid.
33 MBH, 24 Feb. 1795.
reason to think that the Board would have used
them for another, similar need.
Origina!andsubscqucntnwncrs
The acreage purchased by the Board of Health
forlheconslruclionoflheLazareohadbeen
part of a tract owned by the Taylor family since
at least 1725.
34
Rebecca Smith, one of the party
selling the tract to the Board of Health, was
widowed at a young age by one of a number of
eighteenth-century Thomas Taylors.
AugustRcbccca5mithandThnmas
5mithtnthcBnardnIHca!thinPhi!adc!phia
Rebecca Smith and her son, Thomas, sold
approximately ten acres of land on Tinicum
Island, Delaware County, Pennsylvania for
$2000.00.
35
A second transaction for $1.00 made
on the same day between Daniel and Margaret
King and Rebecca Smith, (daughters of Rebecca
and sisters of Thomas) and the Board of Health
conrmedlhallheybolhreceivedlhe
originally stipulated in their brother Israel
Taylors will of 1780.
36
This transaction formally
relinquished any claim on the acreage by the
sisters or their descendants.
JanuarythcCitynIPhi!adc!phiatn
FrankandAnnaLMi!!s
On June 5, 1893,
lheslaleassembIyociaIIyabandonedlhe
34 For a brief abstract of ownership beginning in
1725, see: Deed, Rebecca Smith and Thomas Smith to the
Board of Health, 7 Aug. 1799, Delaware County, Pennsyl-
vania (hereafter DCP), Deed Book E, 160.
35 Ibid.
36 Deed, Daniel and Margaret King and Rebecca
Smith to the Board of Health, 7 Aug. 1799, DCP,
Deed Book E, 159.
37 Deed, the City of Philadelphia to Frank and
Anna L. Mills, 6 Jan. 1937, DCP, Deed Book 1026,
109.
14
11
property to the City of Philadelphia, although
the complex remained in use until the opening
of the immigration station at Marcus Hook in
1895. A city council ordinance of
September 1, 1936, called for the divestment
of unproductive salable real estate owned by
the City.
38
E. M. Harris resurveyed the Old
LazareolraclandlheMiIIsesurchased
11+ acres for $10,500.00. They subsequently
partitioned the tract and sold a riverfront
portion containing the former resident
physicians house to the Riverside Yacht Club
on November 15, 1939, for $4,000.
39
OctnbcrAnnaLMi!!sMichac!and
F!nydMichac!tnFrankACRnbcrtandJ
Wi!!iamMi!!s
40
Anna L. Mills inherited the
acreage from her husband upon his death on
December 29, 1940. She and her new husband
sold the same to her sons for $1.00. Although
the object of a number of deed transactions,
the property remained in the Mills family until
Juncwhen Island Marine Partners
purchased the property for $2,150,000.00.
41
38 Edward T. Morman suggests that Philadelphia
sold the Lazaretto sometime around 1895 for $7,000,
and cites the information to the Minutes of the Board of
Health, 6 and 20 Oct. 1896. For reasons unknown, this
transaction was never oIfcially completed. See Edward T.
Morman, Guarding Against Alien Impurities: The Phila-
delphia Lazaretto 1854-1893, Pennsylvania Magazine
ofHistory and Biography 108 (Apr. 1984): 143.
39 Deed, Frank and Anna L. Mills to the Riverside
Yacht Club, 15 Nov. 1939, DCP, Deed Book
1079, 398.
40 Deed, Anna L. Mills Michael and Floyd Michael
to Frank A., C. Robert, and J. William Mills, 9
Oct. 1945, DCP, Deed Book 1301, 224.
41 For a brief abstract of the transactions through
1990, see: Deed, Murray S. Eckell, Administrator of the
Estate of J. William Mills, to Nancy R Mills Danos, 27
Feb. 1990, DCP, Deed Book 743, 301. For later trans-
actions, see: Nancy R. Mills Danos to Nancy R. Mills
Danos and Nicholas W. Danos, 20 Jul. 1990, DCP, Deed
Ju!yIs!andMarincPartncrsLLC
tnTinicumTnwnshipPcnnsy!vaniaThe
three proposals put forth by Island Marine
Partners in 2000 all called for the demolition of
the historic structures on the site. Preservation
advocates responded quickly and founded
lheIriendsoflheLazareoinorderlo
raise awareness and funds to thwart the sites
destruction and planned redevelopment. The
public campaign gained momentum and in
2001 the Pennsylvania legislature authorized
$400,000 towards the down payment on the
property; however, Tinicum Township was
not able to complete the purchase of the site
until 2005 after the state agreed to grants and
allocations totaling approximately $11,000,000
for the ten acres ($3,100,000), stabilization of
the historic structures present on the property
($2,000,000), and construction of a new
rehouseonlhesile
42
Book 776, 1674; C. Robert Mills, Holli Anne Crane, C.
Robert Mills, Jr. to Same, 26 Feb. 1999, DCP, Deed Book
1846, 0654, and 14 Mar. 2000, DCP, Deed Book 1992,
973; Deed, Nancy R Mills Danos and Nicholas Danos,
C. Robert Mills, Holli Anne Crane, and C. Robert Mills
to Island Marine Partners, 19 Jun. 2000, DCP, Deed Book
2026, 0721.
42 For more information on these efforts, see: Re-
becca H. Sell, 'The Lazaretto: The Cultural Signifcance
and Preservation Plan in the Spirit of the Burra Char-
ter, thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 2005. See also:
Joann Klimkiewicz, 'Students and OIfcials Vow to Save
Historic Hospital, Philadelphia Inquirer, Sep. 29, 2000;
Matt Schwartz, Can Lazaretto Come Back to Life?,
Delaware County Daily Times, Oct. 2, 2000; Joann Klim-
kiewicz, Preservationists and Developer in Race to Buy
Hospital, Philadelphia Inquirer, Jan. 1, 2001; Inga Saf-
fron, Tinicum Trying to Save a Place that Saved Lives,
Philadelphia Inquirer, May 4, 2001; Erik Schwartz,
Lease on Life for Lazaretto, Delaware County Daily
Times, May 7, 2002; Jeff Gelman, Tinicum Grant to be
Approved, Delaware County Daily Times, Apr. 19, 2005.
15
12
Origina!andsubscqucntnccupants
Philadelphia Board of Health
Pennsylvania State Quarantine Board
cacaThe Orchard Club
Philadelphia School of Aviation (Essington School of Aviation); Philadelphia Seaplane
Base
Wnrkmcnandmatcria!ssupp!icrs
Most of the workmen and suppliers for the initial building campaign are unknown at this time.
It is likely that a number of their names were documented in the Minutes of the Board of Health;
unfortunately, the volume covering the period during which most of the construction occurred, is
missing from the Philadelphia City Archives.
Front view showing the administration building as of 1936
(Trellis since demolished)
16
1
CharaclerDeningIealures
17
2
ToaidinlhereservalionIanningandlrealmenloflheLazareoageneraIsummaryoflhe
characlerdeningfealuresisrovidedbeIovThisincIudeslheexlanlexleriorandinlerior
eIemenlsvhichconlribulelolhearchilecluraIandvisuaIcharacleroflhemainbuiIdingand
shouIdserveaslhemoslsignicanlrioriliesinlhereservalionandolenliaIreuseoflhesile
EXTERIOR:
Orientation to the south and relationship with auxiliary buildings and the Delaware River
TheLazareossignicanceasaquaranlineslalionforshicargoandassengersdeendsonils
roximilyandsilereIalionshilolheDeIavareRiverIorlhisreasonlhesoulhfacingorienlalion
oflhemainbuiIdingandlheconguralionoflhesilesauxiIiarybuiIdingsincIudinglhebarnand
lheargemansHouseareasignicanlconlribulingeIemenllolheLazareoroerly
MassingnIthcccntra!pavi!innandankingwings
ThemainbuiIdingoflheLazareoismassedvilhacenleraviIionankedbylvovingsThe
mainbIockissloriesarovofdormersisselinlolheroofIineandeachvingisslories
againvilhdormersselinlolheroofIine
Piazza on south elevation
WhiIelhecurrenlconcreleorchisnolhisloriclheresenceofaorchonlhesoulhfacing
eIevalionisasignicanlfealureoflhedesignThisorchvasakeyeIemenlinlhesile
conguralioneslabIishingavisuaIreIalionshibelveenlhemainbuiIdinglhevalerandlhesiles
auxiIiarybuiIdingsIlaIsovisuaIIyIinkedlhemainbuiIdingvilhlheankingvings
Orientation to south and sites relationship with the Delaware River
18
Fcncstratinnpacrn
ThesoulheIevalionsoriginaIfeneslralionaernislhemoslinlaclbulaIIolhereIevalionsrelain
mosloflheiroriginaIvindovoeningsMosloflhedoubIehungsashareaIsooriginaIlolhe
conslruclionoflhebuiIdingvilhlheexcelionoflhersloorvindovsinlhemainbuiIdings
norlhandsoulheIevalions
HicrarchynIbrickbnnds
ThemainfaadelhesoulheIevalionfacinglheDeIavareRiverfealuresaIIemishbond
TheeaslnorlhandvesleIevalionsareconslrucledvilhavecoursecommonbondTheeasl
andvesleIevalionsoflheankingvingsuseavecoursecommonbondonlheIoverorlion
oflhevaIIlhenasixandsevencoursebondonlheuerorlionAdecoralivevalerlabIe
characlerislicofeighleenlhcenlurybrickbuiIdingsencomasseslhebuiIdingbeIovlhesiIIIineof
lhersloorvindovs
Cupola
ThecenlraIaviIionisloedvilhanoclagonaIcuoIaandvealhervaneAslhehighesloinlof
lhebuiIdinglhecuoIaislhemoslvisibIefealureoflhemainbuiIdingIromlheinleriorilhasa
broadvievshedoflheDeIavareRiverfacingsoulhandTinicumTovnshifacingnorlh
INTERIOR
Dnub!cpi!cnnrp!annImainbui!ding
WhiIelheoorIansoflheankingvingshavebeenaIleredlhemainbIockrelainsadoubIeiIe
IanIourroomsoenonlolhecenlerhaIIvayandlheslaircaseisIacedallhenorlhendoflhe
assagevay
HicrarchynIintcrinrmi!!wnrk
ThelrimandvoodvorkreecllhehierarchyofusebelveenlheubIicandrivalesacesoflhe
mainbuiIdingThecenlraIaviIionsIoverubIicoorsfealurelhemoslinlricalevoodvork
incIudingdelaiIssuchascrovnmouIdingvhiIelhemorerivalesacesinlheankingvingsand
lhecenlraIaviIionsuersloriesincIudesimIervoodvork
RumInrdrcp!accs
ThereIacesallheLazareoarenolabIeinlheirdesignandconslruclionasearIyRumford
reIacesvhichreachedouIarilyduringlheearIylhcenluryDesignedvilhachokevilhin
lheueRumfordreIacesveremeanlloincreaseeciencybydravingsmokequickIyulhe
chimneyandaIIovinglhehealfromlhereloradialelovardslheinleriorTheRumfordreIaces
allheLazareoiforiginaIareIikeIysomeoflheearIieslAmericanversionsoforiginaIRumford
designsfrom
19
20
II. Existing Conditions
DcscriptivcAna!ysis
HistnricAmcricanBui!ding5urvcyHAB5Drawings
21
Descriptive Analysis
TheLazareobuiIlfromloissilualedonlhebanksoflheDeIavareRiverinTinicum
Tovnshi|uslsoulhoflheIhiIadeIhiaAirorlTheIargemasonryslruclureisselbackaboul
feet from the riverfront. The building is divided into three wings. The central, administrative wing has
a hipped roof and large chimneys, and is topped by a cupola and decorative gilded weathervane. The
lhreeandhaIfslorycenlraIorlionisankedbylvoandahaIfslorygabIeroofreclanguIarvings
ThesevingsareosellovardslhesoulhfaceoflhebuiIdingvhichislhefaadeThecenlraIving
ro|ecls much furlher norlh lhan lhe anking vingsA Iarge one slory coIumned orch slrelches
from the west to the central wing. The brick structure rests on a Wissahickon Schist foundation.
The entire structure is symmetrical in plan, which was echoed by the mirrored outbuildings that
once stood on the property. The plan, massing and interior decorative work is representative of an
earIy Adamesque IederaI slyIe aIlhough Ialer aIleralions slray from lhis slyIe Some seclions of
lhe slruclure cIoseIy resembIe ils aearance vhiIe olhers reresenl Ialer aIleralions due lo
evolving use over time. The building features numerous hierarchical decorative schemes, which will
be thoroughly discussed in the following sections.
1
Note: HABS drawings
re-printed at 25% of
original size
22
Historic American
Building Survey
Drawings
PA-6659
2
Note: HABS drawings
original size
23
3
Note: HABS drawings
original size
24
4
Note: HABS drawings
original size
25
5
Note: HABS drawings
original size
26
University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic Preservation HSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012 5 Note: HABS drawings re-printed at 25% of original size
6
Note: HABS drawings
original size
27
7
Note: HABS drawings
original size
28
8
Note: HABS drawings
original size
29
9
Note: HABS drawings
original size
30
10
Note: HABS drawings
original size
31
32
III. Architectural Investigations
5tnncandBrickMasnnry
F!nnrandRnnIFraming5ystcms
ExtcrinrMi!!wnrkPnrchcsandDnnrs
Windnws
Mcta!s
IntcrinrFinishcs
ThcBargcmansTnwcr
ThcBarn
1
Stone and Brick Masonry
33
2
IhiIadeIhias Lazareo Quaranline is
aneexamIeofIale
th
and early 19
th
cenlury
brickvork Conslrucled vilh a rough quarried
schisl foundalion lhis massive brick slruclure
rises lo lhree and onehaIf slories in lhe main
bIockandlvoandonehaIfsloriesineachoflhe
vingslolheeaslandvesl
Al lhe lime of conslruclion lhe Lazareo
vas IikeIy one of lhe Iargesl buiIdings being
buiIl vilhin lhe area Documenlalion from
conslruclion indicales lhal Iarge quanlilies
of bricks vere being shied lo lhe sile from
various Iocalions lhroughoul lhe region
1
One
such documenl indicales lhal in one shimenl
bricks vere being lransferred lo lhe sile
of lhe nev Lazareo During advenl of lhe
nineleenlhcenlurylhereaIreadyexisledaIarge
and lhriving brick induslry vilhin lhe Uniled
SlaleslhalslrelchedaIIaIonglheeaslcoasl
rickmaking during lhis lime invoIved
using rimilive looIs such as icks shoveIs
andcrovbarslovorklheminedcIayexcavaled
beIovlhesurfaceIeveIIoIIovinglhislhecIay
vouIdbevealheredforaeriodoflimeandlhen
lemeredvhichinvoIvedaddingvalerlolhe
cIayandmixinglhelvomaleriaIsHorsesvouId
lhenbeusedlolhoroughIymixoruglhecIay
unliI il couId be handressed by a vorkman
inlo vooden moIds The moIded bricks vouId
beIeflloairdryandlhenredineilheracIam
orscovekiIn
2
OflenmaleriaIsvouIdbemined
from lhe sile and lhese kiIns erecled during
conslruclion lo erform lhis rocess on sile
Hovever as menlioned due lo lhe magnilude
of maleriaI needed for lhe Lazareo lhe bricks
vere more lhan IikeIy shied lo lhe sile from
various brickyards lhroughoul lhe region
SecicaIIy lhe individuaI bricks found al lhe
1 Philadelphia City Archives, 37.13, Accounts, Lazaretto Steward
(1794-1801).
2 Reid, Sharon. University of Pennsylvania Masters Thesis. 2012
silearearoximaleIyIongxvidex
lhickTheirsurfacecharaclerislicsindicalelhal
lheyverehandmoIdedInsecicIocalions
cIosurebricksareusedreguIarIyMoIdedbricks
found aIong lhe uer edge of lhe valer labIe
are aroximaleIy inches Iong x lhick
and are beIieved lo be aroximaleIy vide
bullhisdimensioncouIdnolbemeasured
Main Block, Delaware River Faade
The fronl faade of lhe buiIding vhich
faces lhe DeIavare River once served as lhe
mainenlrancelolhebuiIdingasshisenlering
lhe orl of IhiIadeIhia vere required lo slo
al lhis Iocalion Due lo lhe imorlance of lhis
faade lhe brickvork is rimariIy Iaid in a
IIemishbondaernvhichisoflenoneoflhe
moredicuIlandexensiveoflhebrickbonds
MasonrydemonslralionalLazareo
34
3
When conslrucling lhis bond each course is
comosedofaIlernalingheadersvideand
slrelchers Iong The aIlernaling headers
andslrelchersaIsooccurverlicaIIyinlhevaIIAs
evidenced on lhe exlerior of lhe Lazareo lhis
lye of bond oflen requires lhe use of quarler
haIfandlhreequarlerbalbricksloserveaslhe
IasandaclaslhecIosersvilhinlhehearloflhe
wall. .
The enlire buiIding fealures a valer labIe
aroximaleIy feel in heighl lhal fealures a
rounded moIded brick lhal acls as a lransilion
fromlhefourvylhebrickIoverfoundalionlhe
lhreevylhelhickvaIIabove
The IIemish bond found on lhe soulh
faade of lhe main bIock conlinues lo each of
lhe ad|acenl vings An inlriguing archilecluraI
delaiI is lhal lhe brickvork of lhe vings is nol
keyed inlo lhe brickvork of lhe main bIock
The courses of brick are disconlinuous al lhe
|unclure of each ving and main bIock and lhe
individuaI courses are nol consislenlIy aIigned
This unique design eIemenl may arise from
lhe originaI buiIders desire lo kee lhe vings
reserved for lhe sick seerale from lhe main
buiIdinglorevenldisease
The IIemish ond as iIIuslraled in a Trealise on
ArchileclureanduiIdingConslruclionV
GeneraIaernsseenallheLazareoIueindicalesemishbondvhiIerediscommonbond
35
AIsoevidencedonlhesoulheIevaliononlhe
easl ving is lhe resence of lvo rovs of bricks
used lo suorl a orlion of lhe orch roof
vhich has been demoIished Wilhin lhis area il
isaarenllhallhebricksandmorlaraearlo
havebeenaIleredDuelolhefacllhallheorch
roof once covered lhis area of brickvork il is
ossibIe lhal Iesser quaIily bricks vere used in
lhisareaandarenovaresueringdelerioralion
This area may have aIso been reoinled vilh
a modern morlar during removaI of lhe orch
roof giving il ils currenl rough aearance
NolabIy lhe bond lransilions from IIemish lo
Common secicaIIy vilhin lhis area as lhis
brickvorkvasnolinlendedlobevisibIe
On lhe IargeIy vindovIess gabIeend
facades of lhe easl and vesl vings lhe brick
is Iaid in Common bond from lhe slone schisl
foundalion lhe lo lhe lo of lhe slruclure
Common bond vhich consisls of endloend
slrelchersinlersersedvilharovofheadersal
reguIar inlervaIs aroximaleIy every ve lo
sevencoursesverlicaIIyisoflenconsideredlhe
IessexensiveaIlernaliveloIIemishbondasil
is Iess demanding lo conslrucl Hovever due
lo ils nalure of conslruclion a lransverse bond
onIyoccursvilhinlhevaIIallheheadercourse
vilhIIemishbondlhelransversebondoccurs
al every olher brick Al higher eIevalions on
lhese facades lhe number of slrelcher courses
increasesfromveloseven
The norlh eIevalion of lhe slruclure is aIso
Iaid in common bond vilh slrelchers running
every ve courses vhich is IikeIy due lo lhe
IesserimorlanceoflhebuiIdingasiloriginaIIy
did nol serve as lhe main enlrance lo lhe
buiIdingSimiIarloaernseenonlheoosile
eIevalion cIosure bricks are used exlensiveIy
in lhe brickvork lo accomodale lhe sacing
between the windows.
36
IireIaces
Wilhin lhe Lazareo lhere exisl
aroximaleIy lvenlylvo reIaces and
aroximaleIy six indeendenl chimneys
conlaining lhe ues lhal exeI lhe smoke
These reIaces loday range in various slales
ofreservalionanddelerioralionrangingfrom
lhosecomIelevilhlheiroriginaImanleIssuch
as lhe one in lhe soulhvesl room in lhe rsl
ooroflhemainbIockloolherslhalhavebeen
heaviIymodiedandordeslroyedsuchaslhe
one Iocaled vilhin lhe norlhvesl room in lhe
basemenloflhemainbIock
The reIaces vilhin lhis buiIding are
arlicarIynolabIeaslheyarebeIievedlobeearIy
examIesoflheRumsfordreIacedesignedby
CounlRumfordaroundThislyeofdesign
reslriclslheoeningoflheuevhichdravslhe
airandlhereforesmokeulheuealagrealer
rale This lye of reIace gained ouIarily
during lhe rsl haIf of lhe lh cenlury as lhis
design ecienlIy radialed heal vhiIe reducing
smokeinaroomInlroducedbyRumfordinhis
ubIicalion lhe Rumford reIaces al lhe
Lazareo if origina may be one of lhe earIiesl
AmericanexamIes
Seclion lhrough a Rumford reIace GiIIesie
TyicaIconguralionGiIIseie
37
VisuaI examinalion in lhe reIace ues

of lhe second and lhird slories vilhin lhe
main buiIding indicale lhal lhese vere IikeIy
conslrucled as originaI Rumford reIaces and
nol aIlered al a Ialer dale Hovever lhis sliII
needslobeconrmedThereIacesvilhinlhe
basemenl and lhe rsl oor do nol aear lo
haveoriginaIIybeenconslrucledinlhismanner
andmaybeaIaleraddilionIlisossibIelhallhe
designforlhereIaceschangedaslhebuiIding
vasbeingconslrucledandlheouIarilyoflhis
reIacedesigngrev
Wilhin lhe basemenl of lhe slruclure in lhe
norlhveslroomlhereexislsevidenceofaIarge
cooking reIace lhal has subsequenlIy been
exlrensiveIyaIleredRemnanlsofaIargebricked
archcanbeseenvilhinlhisareaaIongvilhsool
slainedIaslerHoveveraroximaleIyhaIfof
lhis reIace has been removed and reIaced
vilhanevbrickcoIumnTolherighloflhelhis
remnanlisevidenceofabrickedindoorvaronce
Iead lo lhe exlerior of lhe buiIding Il is IikeIy
lhal vhen lhis reIace vas in use as lhe main
cooking area lhis door served as easy access
lo lhe smoke house vhich Iies ad|acenl lo lhis
areaTodayonlheexlerioroflhebuiIdinglhis
1
3
2
4
38
7
enlrancevayhasbeencoveredovervilhasloo
lolhedoorvayonlhersloor
Duringlhecourseofourinvesligalionslhe
reIace vas exIored vilhin lhe norlhvesl
chamber on lhe rsl oor of lhe main bIock
IniliaIIyilvasaarenllhallheroomconlained
a reIace al one oinl due lo lhe ro|ecling
masonry mass cenlered on lhe vesl vaII
Hovever no reIace fealure vas aarenl in
lhismassInlheinlereslofverifyinglheossibIe
exislenceofareIaceInliaIIylheIaslervas
removed from lhe vaII beIov lhe chair raiI
as lhere has been revious valer damage in
lhe area VerlicaI seams in lhe brickvork vere
reveaIed
Afler severaI days of addilionaI Iasler
removaI lo furlher exose lhe seams and brick
vaII surface vilhin lhe area il vas aarenl
lhallhesacealonelimeheIdaIargereIace
erhasusedforcookinglhalvassubsequenlIy
aIleredexlensiveIy
Il is beIieved lhal lhe reIace has been
aIlered and changed aroximaleIy four limes
TherslandoriginaIconguralionoflhesace
is beIieved lo be a Iarge kilchen reIace as
evidencedlheremnanlsoflheIargebrickarched
oening IoIIoving lhis il is IikeIy lhal lhis
oening vas made smaIIer and a vaII vas
inserledinlolheueasshovninlhefoIIoving
imagelakenvilhinlheoeninga
The Iefl of lhe reIace is vhal is beIieved
lobelheoriginaIIaslerfromlherslreIace
The righl is lhe never brick vaII inserled inlo
lheIargeue.
The nexl aIleralion vilhin lhis sace
incIuded lhe arliaI inII of lhe Iarge arched
oening and inslaIIalion of a smaIIer reIace
vilh a vroughl iron bar as a IinleI lo suorl
lheinIIedbrickvorkabovebIlisaarenl
lhal vhen lhis IinleI vas inslaIIed severaI
originaI bricks of lhe originaI arched oening
verechiedandremovedloaccommodalelhe
angIedendsoflheironbar
The naI addilionaIleralion incIuded
lhe inslaIIalion of a smaII square oening al
lhecenleroflhevaIIedinbrickreIaceallhe
baseboard This aIleralion is evidenced by a
Ialer Dulchman vilhin lhe baseboard lhal vas
crealedloaccommodalelhisaIleralion
LalerlhcenluryaIleralionscanaIsobeseen
lhroughoullheLazareoCircuIaroeningsare
resenl above each reIace vilhin lhe main
seclionareIikeIyfromlheinslaIIalionofIrankIin
sloves during WWI These sloves fealured a
caslironslovelhalservedbyassedlheneedfor
aboxreIaceThesmokefromlheseslovesvas
lhereforealchedinlolheueoflheoriginaI
reIaceasseeninlheLazareoloday
Throughoul lhe slruclure lhe reIaces
rangeinvariousslalesofreservalionDesile
lheirresenlcondilionslheseoflenoverIooked
archilecluraI fealures iIIuslrale a fascinaling
hisloryallheLazareo
39
1
Structural Framing Investigations
40
2
METHODOLOGY
Structural framing investigations were
carried out to understand the principles and
logic of the construction as well as to determine
alterations that have occurred since the original
date of construction (1799-1801). The framing of
the main block was documented and a structural
framing diagram was produced using Auto-
CAD. Detail drawings of joinery and special
condilionsvereaIsorearedlobeeriIIuslrale
lhe hisloricaI |oinery and signicanl members
Dendrochronology was carried out on select
fromlhebasemenlandlhirdoorHoveverlhe
test is unlikely to yield great results due to the
narrow dimensions of the framing elements.
The vood framing of lhe Lazareo is
primarily of oak and pine. These members
bear on a stone foundation and brick masonry
walls in the upper stories. The cupola framing is
entirely wood.
The rsl oor framing vas invesligaled by
examining exposed joists in the basement. The
oor|oislsofnearIyaIIroomsoflhemainbIock
were visible as the plaster ceiling had been
removed or never inslaIIed in some areas Il
vasobservedlhalformosloorslheunderside
of lhe oorboards vere covered vilh Ialh and
Iasler foIIoved by lhe oor |oisls and lhen
anolherIayerofIalhandIaslervhichformed
lhe nished ceiIing of lhe oor beIov The Ialh
and plaster appeared to be of the same date by
visual observation of the plaster and the nails
hoIding lhe Ialh Iurlher conrmalion of lhe
consistency in dating could be obtained through
analysis of the binder and aggregate within the
plaster itself. The function of doubling plaster
in lhis fashion is unknovn bul il has been
secuIaledlhalilvasareroongmeasurefor
insuIalionorlodamennoises

This doubling of
plaster and lath can be seen in other Philadelphia
buiIdingssuchasCarenlersHaII
Measurements of the width and height
of |oisls vere laken on aroximaleIy ve
members per room and their average calculated.
This average was used to describe joists that
were unexposed. Spacing was measured on
center between joists. Measuring between
oorboard naiIs in lhe rsl slory conrmed
spacing measurements. This same method
vas emIoyed for lhe remaining oors using
oorboardnaiIsandexosed|oislslodelermine
the spacing and average width of members.
TooIs used incIuded a lae measure a
Iumb bob ashIighls en and aer a oinl
andshoolcameraandAuloCAD
A sistered mortise and tenon header and trimmer in
Room 003
41
3
quileIargeNolonIyarelvoheadersresenlbul
the outermost header sits sixteen inches from the
bearing wall and is made of two joists sistered
together. It is clear that the framing in this room
was designed to support a much larger hearth
than observed anywhere else in the building.
Invesligalion of lhe reIace vaII reveaIed an
originaIreIacelhalvasmuchIargerlhanvhal
exislsinlheolherrsloorroomsThereIace
revealed through archaeological investigation
does nol fuIIy accounl for lhe enlire oening
andmoreresearchisneededloconrmexaclIy
for what this opening was framed.
It can be surmised that the builders of the
Lazareo buiIl lhe rsl oor framing vilh
the intention of installing large hearths and
reboxes for lhe buiIding as vas common in
the 18
th
cenlury Hovever afler lhe rsl oor
framing vas comIeled and before lhe rsl
oor masonry hearlhs vere buiIl a decision
vasmadelobuiIdmuchsmaIIerreIacesand
hearths. This was a trend occurring in the United
SlalesandIuroeallhelimefoIIovingadesign
knovn as Rumford reIaces The Rumford
IireIace veII knovn in lhe Uniled Slales by
lhe mid s vas designed vilh a laIIer and
shallower opening with more widely splayed
walls that maximized the use of radiant heat.
ecauseoflheshaIIovoeningasmaIIerhearlh
vas required incIuding lhe oor hearlh lhe
portion that extends into the room.
1
Additional
evidence to support this hypothesis includes the
facllhallheooringaearsoriginaIbecauseof
the carefully made dovetail joints framing the
masonry hearlh and daling of oorboard naiIs
lhal Iaces lhe ooring in lhe Iale
th
to early
19
th
century.
GiIIesieGCurlisRumfordIireIaces
andHovTheyAreMadeNevYorkWTCom-
slock
ANALYSIS
Wilhinlhebasemenlilvasobservedlhallhe
framing of lhe rsl oor hearlhs vas originaIIy
constructed to accommodate large hearths.
Hovever al resenl lhere are smaIIer hearlhs
that extend approximately twenty inches beyond
lhe girder and l comIeleIy on lhe masonry
foundalion or bearing vaII Il vas cIear lhal
the framing in each room was intended for a
larger hearth because of the presence of two
headers er hearlh AddilionaIIy in lhe rooms
oflhemainbIockonlheeasllherevereslubs
of vood inserled belveen lhe headers as if lo
rovideaddilionaInaiIingsaceforoorboards
or to assist in supporting a hearth (see image
below).
InlheveslernorlionoflhemainbIocklhe
rsloorhearlhsvereoriginaIIyinlendedlobe
42
4
To conrm lhal lhe reIaces of lhe
upper stories had not been altered since their
conslruclion and lhal lhe RumfordslyIe
reIaces currenlIy inslaIIed vere lhe originaI
inlenloflhebuiIderslheheadersandlrimmers
of nearIy each reIace vere observed and
documented using the same techniques as
described above Ior lhe second slory hearlhs
hovever framing vas nol exosed lherefore
it was necessary to remove small areas of
lhe Iasler ceiIing of lhe rsl oor lo observe
the connection of trimmers and headers that
suorled lhe second oor y making lhese
areasvisibIeilvasdelerminedlhallhehearlhs
on the upper stories were original and that their
original dimensions are still intact.
Ixcavalions of lhe rsl oor ceiIing
carried out included removal of the ceiling plaster
in room 105 of the main block. A small amount
of plaster was removed north of the hearth to
expose the intersection between the header and
lrimmerOnceexosedilvasaarenllhallhe
there had been later interventions in this area
to repair damage to the members and original
joinery was not evident. Therefore it was
determined that investigation of another room
would be necessary.
Due to the current conditions of the
remaining rsl oor rooms il vas decided lo
excavate room 104. The other two rooms were
less accessible due to others using the rooms
asvorksaceorasvaslhecaseofrooma
dropped ceiling prohibited easy excavation.
In room a orlion of lhe Iasler
ceiling and lath was removed south of the
reIacesolhallhelrimmerandheaderoflhe
second oor framing couId be examined This
LeftIxosedlrimmerengagedvilhheaderonlhelhirdoor
Right:RemovaIofrsloorceiIingIaslerloexosehearlhframingofsecondoor
43
5
rovided visuaI conrmalion lhal lhe framing
was constructed using a mortise and tenon and
was set into the brick work as if constructed
simuIlaneousIy vilh lhe masonry Thus lhis
framing likely dates to the original date of
conslruclion AddilionaIIy lhe framing vas
not oversized and was constructed to support
the smaller hearth that is typical of a Rumford
reIace
This excavation provided the evidence
necessary to understand the logic and the
PLASTER AND LATH CEILING
ON UNDERSIDE OF JOISTS
TRIMMER JOIST
TRIMMER PATIALLY ENGAGED
IN FIREPLACE MASONRY
FLOORING SITS ON TOP
SURFACE OF JOIST
FIREPLACE MASONRY
TYPICAL JOIST
Typical Trimmer engagement detail,
depth of engagement or inset varies.
Typical tenon profile.
methodology that guided the craftsmen and
designers who built the framing for this
buiIdingTheLazareovasbuiIlasaermanenl
buiIding vilh morlise and lenon |oinery and
veIIlhoughlouldelaiIssuchasdovelaiI|oinls
in ooring The individuaIs vho buiIl lhe
LazareovereguidednolonIybylhenevslyIes
and lechnoIogy of lheir lime as is evidenced
by the decision to build a more contemporary
reIacearlvaylhroughconslruclionbullhe
funclionoflheLazareovasallhehearloflheir
construction decisions. Solidly built framing
Typical Hearth Framing
A) Basic mortise and tenon joists
B) Hearth Blocking dropped in and sits on ledger
A
1) Initial Framed Opening 2) Exploded Hearth Framing 3) Assembly
B
C
D
C) Hearth surface rests on brick arch that springs from fireplace masonry
D) Nailer for ceiling below attached to bottom of blocking.
44
andRumfordreIacesvouIdrovidelhebesl
possible comfort to the occupants of the building
lhroughecienlhealingandIaslingdurabiIily
Due lo lime conslrainls lhe framing of
the roof and cupola is not as well understood
aslheIoversloriesbulilshouIdbenoledlhal
a preliminary investigation was carried out. It
appears that the roof framing of the main block
aears comIex al rsl bul vhen anaIyzed in
horizonlaI Iayers il becomes much cIearer lo
readSimIislicaIIylheframingconsislsoflhree
Iales aIlernaling direclion and slacked on lo
of one anolher The raflers are aached lo lhe
secondIayerandlhecuoIaisliedinaIlhough
hovilisliedinneedsfurlherinvesligalion
The cornice structure appears typical of
late 18
th
and early 19
th
century construction. A
diagram of hov lhe raflers lie lhe chimney siII
Iale and cornice logelher can be found in lhe
AutoCAD drawings. Investigation of this portion
was limited to access through wall openings in
lheaicasveIIasexaminalionofexosedareas
near chimneys at the third and fourth stories.
0 4-0 2-0 6-0
HEARTH MASONRY
DOVETAILED TRIM
FIREPLACE MASONRY
Tyical plan detail of hearth flooring trim
(Room 205). Trim is dovetailed into an
un-interrupted floor board.
FLOORBOARDS
Photograph of the Eave Framing as observed from
incjcurinccr
45
46
3
S2.1
1
S2.1
2
S2.1
4
S2.1
4
S2.1
47
LIKELY REPAIR
48
49
SISTERED
MEMBER ALONG
SILL PLATE, WITH
MITERED END.
AREA REQUIRES
FURTHER STUDY
4 x 7 RAFTER PLATE
50
1
S2.2
1
S2.2
51
LENGTH AND WIDTH, NO
MORTISED TO HEADER
52
NOT TO SCALE
1
Exterior Millwork: Porches and Doors
53
2
Porches
The orch on lhe faade of lhe Lazareo
played an integral role in the day-to-day
operations of the site. Because the structure was
originally divided into three separate wings
with limited access between to prevent the
transmission of disease, the porch served as an
exterior hallway linking all three portions of the
building. This would allow for administrators
and physicians to travel around the structure
with protection from the elements. The porch
also served as gathering place for social events,
as evidenced by the instillation of furniture.
Some of the original fabric of the porch exists,
but much is hidden under concrete or later
alterations, and many of the original structural
members are in advanced stages of decay.
The one story, covered piazza originally ran
lhefuIIIenglhoflhefaadeWhenlheLazareo
was renovated for use as apartments in the mid
20th century, the eastern portion of the porch
was removed. The only other covered porch at
lheLazareovasIocaledonlhenorlhfaceoflhe
structure, stretching along the western wall of the
central wing and covered the door leading to the
presumed bake house. This porch was probably
not original but was likely added when the
exterior door in this room was installed (which
is discussed in the door section). This porch is no
longer extant however there are several physical
indications of its existence including a shadow
line of the roof and nails in the brick wall from
roofashing
Wooden steps up to the porch were located
at each entryway on the three wings. There
were also steps at the west end of the porch and
likely on the east end. Photographic evidence
indicates that paneled wooden cheek walls
encased the stairs in front of the main entrance,
a feature only present at the main entrance. The
stairs today are constructed of modern concrete.

Western Porch Elevation Shadow of former porch on north wall.
54
3
nailed to the structural beams. The only major
aIleralionlolheorchooroccurredinlheIale
19th century when a long bench was installed
along the western wing of the faade. This bench
abuedlheslruclureilseIfandvasanchoredlo
the wall with metal pins that were inserted into
mortar joints. This feature was removed by the
mid 20th century. Around the time the benches
were removed, a thick layer of concrete was
ouredoverlheoorcoveringlheoriginaIdeck
material.
White Roman Doric columns, situated
over the brick piers, support the edge of the
porch roof structure. These columns are topped
with a large abacus with applied trim. The
original bases were simple, and typical of the
Doric order and vouId have been raised o
the porch deck, probably by wooden plinths, to
prevent rot. The appearance of the columns has
evolved over time. During the late 19th century,
Victorian scroll brackets and detailing were
applied to the sides of columns, and some trim
The porch structure is of a fairly common
construction system for its time period. Large
beams (3 by 8) were notched and rested on
a ledge at the top of the stone foundation (see
drawing one). These beams spanned to the top
of brick piers, forming a gentle slope in the
orchoorloshedvalerSixockelsverecul
into the top of each structural beam and small
joists, or sleepers were installed in each opening.
The oorboards of lhe orch vere naiIed lo
these sleepers, running parallel to the structural
beamsvhichvouIdaIIovvalerloovolhe
porch. The width of these boards varied slightly
from 3/4 wide to 1.5 wide. The boards were
connected to each other via a tongue and groove
syslemThefoundalionoflheLazareoconlains
a number of basement windows. These windows
would probably have been operable and used to
ventilate and provide light into the basement,
a function that would have been impossible if
covered by a porch deck. The builders accounted
forlhisbyIeavingalhreefoolbyvefoolgain
lhe orch oor over lhe vindovs SmaII ga
spaced rails spanned these openings, and were
Board of Health Ocials at the Lazaret-
to in 1886 showing paneled cheek wall.
Opening above basement window.
55
4
joists and rafters meet at this point. A small piece
of blocking extends over the rafter, with a drip
edge nailed to the end. A cornice was applied
to the overhang and the architrave. The rafter
runs from the architrave to the faade, and is
notched in to the brick belt course between the
rslandsecondoorsThe|oislssanfromlhe
architrave to the faade, where three-brick high
pockets were cut into the wall. Beaded sheathing
vaslhenaachedlolheraflersCurrenlIylhere
are asphalt shingles on the roof deck, but the
original material was probably wood shakes
The rafters and joists were connected near
the wall via a vertical board that that was pegged
into the rafters, and nailed to a horizontal
board that spans across the joists. Some of the
was added to the architrave (see drawing two).
A tapered plinth with applied trim replaced
traditional bases. In the mid twentieth century
these embellishments were removed. Metal
poles run through the middle of the columns,
and anchor them to square concrete plinths
These reinforcement poles are a twentieth
century addition. A variety of factors, including
rot, corrosion, and shifting loads have caused
the failure of a few of the columns, and threaten
the remaining members.
The columns support an architrave
which consists of sistered three inch by seven
and a half inch beams, as illustrated in drawing
one. The architrave is encased with three, three
and a quarter inch thick boards. The ceiling
Photo from 1933 showing porch with brack-
ets and bench. Photo from HABS
Applied porch cieling (blue)
56
5
Exterior Doors
Many of the original exterior doors are
sliIIexlanlallheLazareoaIlhoughsomehave
been dramalicaIIy aIlered Changes lo lhe door
schedule over time are indicative alterations to
the circulation of the building, as well as the
buildings use.
The south faade has four entrances,
lhree of vhich are originaI The second oor
entrance on the eastern wing was added in the
mid twentieth century. The addition of this
second oor doorvay and associaled melaI
stairs was the reason for the demolition of
eastern portion of the porch. Three doors, one
in the center of each wing, all contain original
fabric (See drawing three). The main entrance of
the central wing is slightly larger (four inches)
lhan lhe anking doors This cenlraI enlryvay
like the other faade doors, is recessed into
the building wall, with four-panels on each
side. Above the doors is a sash transom light,
originally with four panes. All original doors
are constructed with traditional stiles, panels
and rails. These doors have six panels, with the
boom lvo being lhe Iargesl as iIIuslraled in
drawing three. The two side stiles are mortised
lo receive lhe lenons of lhe lo boom and
lock rails, as well as the center stile. Six raised
panels are inserted between the stiles and rails,
andreslingroovednolchesThisconguralion
allows for the exterior panels to expand and
contract in response to changes in temperature
and humidity without cracking. The original
doors share the same exterior molding. The door
frames likely feature small wooden protrusions,
called ears, that allowed the frames to key into
the brick work as the wall the being laid. All the
doors have wooden, interior lintels. For added
rigidity and insulation, vertical beadboard was
aachedlolheinlerioroflhedoorsusingcIinch
original rafters and joists exist today, but are in
advanced stages of deterioration, especially near
the cornice where there has been extensive water
damageTheenlireroofslruclurehasseIedand
has begun to separate from the faade.
Sometime in the early to mid nineteenth
century, a decorative ceiling was added to the
roofLargealboardsverenaiIedlolhe|oisls
at each column and along the wall and eave edge
forming panels on the ceiling. Beaded, tongue-
andgrooveboardssimiIarlolheooringvere
laid on above these wide boards, running east
to west. Trim was added along the edges of the
large boards, and the top of the columns were
boxed in. This decorative system was painted
blue (on top of white primer), a typical color
for outdoor roofs in the 19th century. Nails
found in the joists indicate that this ceiling was
probably added around 1830-1840. Much of the
roof structure and detailing is in fair condition.
Some patches of water damage, as well as large
quanliliesofanimaImaerhavecausedareasof
failure in the ceiling.
If lhe Lazareo is renovaled and for
reuse, the porch structure will likely have to
be reconstructed. Extensive structural decay in
the deck structure has resulted in makeshift,
haphazard repairs over the years. Extensive
decay and the shifting of the roof structure have
compromised the structural integrity of the
entire porch.
57
6
quite complex and diverse on this face and will
be summarized one by one from east to west.
The door on the eastern corner of the
north face is not original to the structure, and
was probably added sometime in the early to
mid 20th century. The door leads to directly
lo reslrooms and is accessed by a rooess
brick patio. This was probably added to allow
membersorgueslsoflheyingschooIaccesslo
bathrooms without having to enter the building.
Visible evidence in the brickwork around the
door shows that there was originally a window
in this location. The door and surrounding frame
and molding are in poor condition.
Proceeding west, there is an extremely
large, machine-shop door opening that is now
boarded over. This expansive opening was cut
to allow large plane or boat motors to be brought
indoors for maintenance in the repair shop that
operated in the building in the 20th century. The
originaI feneslralion aImosl cerlainIy reecled
nails. These three doors are the largest and most
elaborately embellished doors on the structure.
This correlates with the general decorative
scheme of the building, in which more time,
money, and resources were allocated to the
south wall of the structure facing the river. All of
the doors on this wall appear to be original. Only
one of the sash transom windows (in western
door) is still extant, while the others have been
replaced. Some of the panels are missing from
the doors, but they are in decent condition
overall. The trim work protected by the porch
roof is in good condition, while the molding
on the eastern wing has weathered extensively.
Both of the side wing doors have an additional
wood frame for screen doors, installed sometime
in the mid 20th century.
The remaining doorways are all located
on the rear or north side of the structure. Unlike
the south faade, the system of entryways is
Door on the north east corner. Machine shop door.
58
7
door. This door also took the place of what was
originally a window. A small amount of plaster
removal on the interior revealed the lintel of a
former window still in place. A concrete block,
brick, and cement stairway leads up to this
entrance. The door itself is shorter than those
elsewhere on the building, and is actually a
Iarger door lhal vas relroed lo l inlo lhe
frame. This door was probably constructed
when cooking activities were moved to the bake
house, which is still extant and lies just outside
the door. The door and the former porch would
have provided quick and easy access between the
bake house and the dining room (into which the
door opens). The basement shows that some sort
of bulkhead doorway led from the basement out
to where this patio is now located. If, originally,
cooking functions were carried out in the large
reIace in lhe basemenl lhen lhe buIkhead
steps would have provided direct access to the
exterior for supplies, water, and other cooking
that of the northern side of the western wing.
Moving to the central wing of the
structure, the original exterior door is still in place
on the north side. It is located just east of center
on the wing to allow for stairs on the interior of
the central hall. A porch that leads to this door
is constructed of brick, Wissahickon schist stone,
and iron angles, covered in concrete. Pockets
in the wall near this porch indicate that this
stoop was originally constructed of wood joists
with railings. Unfortunately no photographic
evidence has been found. The large stone
embedded in the ground in at the base of the
steps could date to the earlier porch. This door
and surrounding trim, as well as the lintel, are in
exceedingly poor condition, and the brick above
the door is failing due to the deteriorated lintel.
Around the corner, on the western face
of the central wing, is another non-original
Central north-wall door.
59
8
needs without using the main stair. Future
paint sampling and mortar analysis could help
to determine exactly when these alterations
were made, but a nail survey indicates that this
was probably a very early addition. Today, the
molding and door are in poor condition due to
weathering.

Plaster removal showing original window
lintel.
Door leading to dining room in place of a former window.
60
9
The next door proceeding west is also not
original. Tucked in the corner between of the
central and western wing, this door is much
plainer in detail than the originals and early
addilions The door Ieads lo lhe oce of lhe
seaplane base, and would have been covered by
the roofed porch that also covered the dining
room door. Unlike all the other doors on the
structure, this one features a concrete instead of a
wooden sill. Like many of the added entryways,
this later addition is located in what used to be
a window. This door and the surrounding frame
and trim are in good condition.
The last exterior door on the north faade
is an original opening, and represents the back
door of the central hall in the western wing.
Moderninlervenlionssuchasashingconcrele
repairs, and plywood covering have kept this
entry in good condition. Like the northern door
of the main block, it is shorter than the south
doorways and has no transom light due to the
interior staircase landing.
20th Century door on north side of east wing.
61
1
The
Lazaretto
Title:
Date:
FT
.5 1 2
Ben Buckley
HSPV 744
U Penn
Column Elevations: Proposed Original and Late 19th Century
05/02/2012
1799 Aprx. 1890
1
Exterior Millwork: Porch and Doors
62
2
FT
.5 1 2
HSPV 744
U Penn 3
The
Lazaretto
Title:
Date:
Ben Buckley
Western Facade Door Elevation and Section
05/02/2012
63
3
The
Lazaretto
Title:
Date:
Porch Section
05/02/2012
Ben Buckley
HSPV 744
U Penn
FT
.5 1 2
2
64
1
Windows
65
2
GivenlheLazareosroximilylolheDeIavare
River and its function as a quarantine station,
lhefeneslralionoflhemainbuiIdingisakey
fealureandcharaclerdeningeIemenlofils
designTheoriginaIvoodenframesareaImosl
enlireIyinlacllodayandvilhlheexcelion
ofsomersloorvindovslhesashseem
lobeoriginaIasveIIThebuiIdingssoIid
framevindovsincIudehoIIovedoulveighl
ockelsalransilionaIIale
th
earIy
th

cenlurydesigninlherogressionofvindov
conslruclion
ThissurveyoflhevindovsallheLazareo
seekslocomIemenlandsuIemenllhe
documenlalionoflheHisloricAmerican
uiIdingsSurveyvhichincIudeddravings
offourvindovlyesallheLazareoIn
addilionlolhosefourdesignsvhichincIude
lhecuoIasfeneslralionlherearelhreeolher
lyesoffeneslralioninlhemainbuiIding
excIudinglhebrickinIIorvinyIreIacemenls
inlhebasemenlAIIoflhevindovsvilhlhe
excelionoflhosemodernreIacemenlsare
voodandveremadeusinghandlooIsand
|oinerylechniqueslhalaIIovedforsimIe
mainlenanceandreairs
WINDOW CONSTRUCTION +
TECHNOLOGY
TheLazareosvindovframesarea
lransilionaIdesigninlhehisloryofvindov
conslruclionandlechnoIogyTheyfoIIov
lheIocaIlradilionofsIidingsashvhichrsl
emergedinvrienrecordsinoslonand
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cenlury
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ofgIassasoosedloIeadedgIassvhich
redaledgIazedanes
1
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lheyfealuredoubIehungsashesvhichreIyon
}amesGarvinA Building History of Northern
New EnglandHanoverNHUniversilyIressof
NevIngIand
Iig Hcrizcnia| scciicn cj Iazarcc uin!cu jranc Tqpc A an! B sncuing sc|i! jranc
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66
3
veighlssusendedinockelsvilhinlheframe
bullheyarenolassembIedasIalervindovs
were--scc|igusingindividuaIcomonenls
andiecesRalherlheframeiscarvedfrom
oneIargeieceofvoodvilhlhebackband
mouIdingandshovsiIIlhenaIiedand
lheveighlsaresusendedinaockellhalis
carvedouloflheframeralherlhanassembIed
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vindovframevasselinlolhebrickoening
andsecuredusingearsaachedlolhebaseof
lheframe|ig
Thehand|oineryoflhesashusesmorlise
and-tenon construction techniques, with the
sliIesandraiIsinnedlogelherusingsmaII
voodendoveIs|ig Because the sashes are
veighledrecessesforlhesashcordsarecarved
inlolhesidesofeachsash
ThemeelingraiIslhalsearalelhesashesare
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vindovsallhelimevere
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NevYorkLandmarksConservancy
|cpairingO|!an!HisicricWin!cusAManua|jcr
Arcniiccisan!HcnccuncrsWashinglonDCThe
IreservalionIress
IigA|aicruin!cujrcn
Mcrristi||cPAccnsirucic!usinga|cxjranc
!csignraincrinanincIazarccssc|i!jranc
IigWcignipcckcijcrjrancjcun!inWin!cu
TqpcsAan!Bsncuingsc|i!jrancccnsiruciicn
cxpcsc!ucignian!sasnccr!
67
aIIovingforeasierandmorefrequenlaccess
lolheveighlockelsIvidencesuggeslslhal
screvsvereoriginaIlolheframesincelhere
areonIylhreehoIesinlhecoverboardandlhe
vindovframeandlherearenooeningsfrom
anyolherearIierfasleners
TheveighlsvhichveighIbozinlhe
TyeAandframesaresliIIsusendedusing
cordinmanyvindovsaIlhoughlhedaleof
lhesecordsisnolcIear|igTheageoflhe
vindovsandlhefragiIilyofsashcordmakeil
unIikeIylhallhecurrenlcordisoriginaIlolhe
buiIdingTheuseofcordishoveverinkeeing
vilhlheoriginaIvindovconslruclionvhich
vouIdhaveredaledmelaIchainsOncelhe
cordvasinIacevilhlhevindovsashesilvas
slrungaroundamelaIuIIeyselinlolhevindov
frameFig. 7ecauselhesecomonenlsvere
suscelibIeloruslmanyhavebeenreIacedover
lheyears
ThemunlinsoflheLazareosvindovs
arlicuIarIylhoseonlheIoveroorsarefairIy
narrovvilharoIelhalis|uslalils
narrovesloinlandasimIeovoIooneilherside
oflhalcenlraIIIelecauselhesevindovsvere
madebyhandlheirmunlindimensionsvary
sIighlIybullheymainlainareguIarilyinroIe
androorlionInearIyvindovssuchaslhese
IigOciai|cjjranccarjrcna|aicruin!cu
IigMcriiscan!icncnjcincrqcjuin!cusasn
IigSasnucignijrcnWin!cuTqpcsAan!B
68
IigWin!cuTqpcA
a|ctc|cjiuiin!ciai|cj
pu||cq|ccaiicna|ctcrigni
an!pu||cq|cji
69
allheLazareolhegIassvasnolverylhickand
lhemunlinsvereconsequenlIyfairIyshaIIovvilh
resecllolheirvidlh
3
(|ig
ARCHITECTURAL DESCRIPTION +
CURRENT CONFIGURATION
4
LikelheconguralionoflhemainbuiIdings
exleriorbrickbondandinleriormiIIvorklhe
vindovsallheLazareoeslabIishahierarchy
belveenlheIovermoreubIicoorsandlhe
uersloriesanddormersThebuiIdingisloed
bylhecuoIavhichisarominenlfealureoflhe
designandilsvindovsareaccordingIymore
ornaleTheresloflhebuiIdingsfeneslralion
hoveverischaraclerislicoflhesilesoriginaI
IederaIeriodofdesignandconslruclionThe
vindovsurroundsareconsislenlIysimIe
archilravesvilhvoodensiIIsandlrim
Garvin
HaIfoflhebuiIdingsvindovsashesvere
removedasarloflhemolhbaIIingrocessasvereaII
oflheshuersAIIoflhesecomonenlsareIabeIedand
sloredinroomoflheveslvingandIouvredaneIsfor
venliIalioncurrenlIyslandinforlheremovedsashes
ThisarchilecluraIdescrilionreferslolheinlaclforms
oflhefeneslralionresuminglhalaIIremovedeIemenls
viIIbereinslaledasarlofanyresloralioncamaign
IigMuniinprc|cjrcnWin!cuTqpcA IigOciai|cjsasnjcincrq
70
5
Type A
Horizontal
Section
Type B
Horizontal
Section
71
6
11
2
4
3 6
8
9
12
7
5
13 10
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
MUNTIN
PANE
STILE
UPPER SASH
PARTING BEAD
WEIGHT
FRAME
COVER BOARD
SIDE JAMB
TRIM
SILL
BRICK
PLASTER
FRAME
CONSTRUCTION
72
7
T
Y
P
E

A
,

V
E
R
T
I
C
A
L

S
E
C
T
I
O
N
T
Y
P
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B
,

V
E
R
T
I
C
A
L

S
E
C
T
I
O
N
D
E
T
A
I
L
,

S
A
S
H

M
E
E
T
I
N
G

R
A
I
L
S
73
8
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
B
R
I
C
K
E
X
T
E
R
I
O
R

M
O
U
L
D
I
N
G
S
H
O
W

S
I
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F
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A
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E
M
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I
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P
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R
A
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F
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O
N
T

T
R
I
M
S
I
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E

J
A
M
B
S
I
L
L
B
R
I
C
K
P
L
A
S
T
E
R
F
R
A
M
E

C
O
N
S
T
R
U
C
T
I
O
N 5 6
7
4
1
0
9
1
2
1
1
3
1
2
8
74
1
SASH TYPE A
SASH TYPE B
SASH TYPE D
SASH TYPE E
SASH TYPE C
SASH TYPE F
SOUTH ELEVATION
WEST ELEVATION EAST ELEVATION
Elevation drawing mirrored
for windowconguration
reference only
SASH TYPE G
75
2
B01
CELLAR
All drawings provided by the
Historic American Buildings Survey
101
FIRST FLOOR
B02 B03 B04
B05 B06 B07
B08 B09 B10 B11
B12
B13 B14 B15
B16 B17 B18 B19
B20 B21 B22
102 103 104
105 106 107 108
109 110 111 112
113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120
137 136
135
134 133 132
131 130 129 128
126
125
124
123
122
121
127
TYPE A
TYPE B
TYPE C
TYPE D
TYPE E
TYPE F
INFILL
OR VINYL
WINDOW
REPLACEMENT
TYPE G
WINDOW SASH
76
3
326 325 324
301 302 303
304 305 306
327
328
307 308
309 310 311
316 315 314
313
312
323 317
322 321 320 319 318
THIRD FLOOR
SECOND FLOOR
210 211 212 213 214
237 236 235 234 233
215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222
231 230 229 228 226 225 224 223 227
201 202 203 204 206 207 208 209
247 246 245 244 242 241 240 239 243
205
238 232
TYPE A
TYPE B
TYPE C
TYPE D
TYPE E
TYPE F
INFILL
OR VINYL
WINDOW
REPLACEMENT
TYPE G
WINDOW SASH
77
4
TYPE A
TYPE B
TYPE C
TYPE D
TYPE E
TYPE F
INFILL
OR VINYL
WINDOW
REPLACEMENT
TYPE G
WINDOW SASH
FOURTH FLOOR + CUPOLA,
CENTRAL PAVILION
401 402
403
404
405
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
78
Installed in windows:
Interior |xicricr
Type A
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t 113
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t 121
t 122
t 123
t
t
t
t 132
t 133
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t 211
t 212
t 213
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t 221
t 222
t 223
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t 231
t 232
t 233
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
Window Type Aislhemoslcommon
designinlhemainbuiIdingusedin
oeningsonlherslandsecondoors
Ilssashisaoverdesignvilheach
oflheanesmeasuringx
79
Type A
DRAWING BY THE HISTORIC
AMERICAN BUILDINGS SURVEY
80
Type B
|xicricr Interior
t
t
t 111
t 112
t
t
t
t 131
t 132
Window Type BaIieslolhenine
vindovsonlherslandsecondoors
oflhemainbIocksnorlhandsoulh
eIevalionsThesevindovsrelainlheir
originaIframessameasType Abul
lheirsashesvereIalerreIacedvilh
oversashes
81
Type B
82
11
|xicricr
Type C
t t t t t
t t t t t321
t322 t323
Window Type C is featured in the third
ooroflhemainbuiIdingscenlraIaviIion
TherearelveIveinslancesoflhisvindovin
lhebuiIdingandilsdoubIehungsashesare
conslrucledinanoverdesign
83
12
|xicricrWin!cu
Type D
TqpcOjranc
ncu|!ingprc|c
TqpcOinicricrc|ctaiicn
t t
t t
t t311 t t
t t t t
Window Type D isfoundonIyinlhelhirdoor
dormersoflhemainbuiIdingsankingvings
TherearelveIveinslancesoflhisvindovlyeinlhe
buiIdingIlfealuressashesvilhanoverdesign
84
13
IxleriorWin!cu
Type F
Window Type F islhecoroIIarylo
Window Type E, andisfoundonIyin
lhelvovindovsinlhelhirdooreasl
vaIIoflheeaslvingIlfealuressashes
vilhaoverarrangemenlofanes
t312 t313
IxleriorWin!cu
Type E
t t
Window Type E refers
to the two windows in
lhelhirdsloryveslvaII
oflheveslvingTheir
sasheshaveaover
scheme
85
IxleriorWin!cuC
Type G
Window Type G isfoundonIyinlhe
mainbuiIdingsoclagonaIcuoIa
Theseeighlvindovsarelhemosl
eIaboraleinlhemainbuiIdingvilh
anoverdesignlhalisloedby
aanedfanIighlvilhinlervoven
Iancels
tC tC tC tC
tC tC tC tC
86
1
Metals
87
2
IM
N
MG
Dr David S arnes associale rofessor of
HisloryandSocioIogyofScienceallheUniversily
ofIennsyIvaniadescribeslhesignicanceoflhe
galeasfoIIovs
InlereslingIylhemaingalelolheLazareo
sile sliII survivesils a gorgeous ornale
vroughliron gale lhals a IiIe bil overgrovn
vilhvinesnovThalvasvhereaIIlransaclions
vilh lhe oulside vorId look Iace You had lo
gelvrienermissionfromlheoardofHeaIlh
beforearoachinglhegaleoflheLazareoIn
olher vords aII reIalives and friends visiling
lhose vho vere undergoing quaranline or
visiling lhose vho Iived and vorked al lhe
Lazareo had lo gel ermission simIy lo
aroachlhegale
1
The eIaborale nalure of lhe gale in
comarison vilh lhe Iess decoralive nalure of
lheoriginaImelaIvorklyicaIoflheLazareo
asveIIaslheroximaleIocalionoflhegaleand
conversionboundbarnslruclureraisequeslions
aslolhedaleofilsinslaIIalionNonelheIessas
Dr arnes suggesls lhe gale is an imorlanl
symboIicvesligeofLazareoasmedialorandas
symboIic conlacl oinl belveen lhe isoIalion of
lhequaranlineslalionandlhegrealerouIace
AIlhough lhe Hisloric American uiIdings
Survey incIuded documenlalion of a vroughl
iron Iighl xlure vilh a simiIar oriform and
curIicue design as lhe gale in lhe reIalion
of lhe lvo eIemenls in lerms of smilh and
1 NicoIaTviIIeyandGeoManaughTheOlher
SideofArrivaIAnInlervievvilhDavidarnes
1 0 2
dale of insliIIalion is uncIear According lo
documenlalionlhegaleisshovninlhecurrenl
Iocalioninadiagramdaled
88
3
cenlraImassshovsnoevidenceofvindovsor
ofshuerdogslherearenoshuerdogsonlhe
lhird slory of lhe norlh eIevalion of lhe cenlraI
masslhoughlhereareshuerdogsonlhesoulh
eIevalionoflhecenlraImassonlhalslorylhere
are no shuer dogs on lhe second slory of lhe
norlh eIevalion of lhe vesl ving lhough lhe
mirroring easl ving does have shuer dogs on
lhal slory No evidence in lhe form of hoIes or
lracesvasresenllosuggesllheformerresence
ofshuerdogsinlheseareas
SD
ecauselherallaiIvouIdformanundercul
vhen moIded and an error vhen casl lhe
originaI ral laiI shuer dogs on lhe exlerior of
lhe Lazareo vere handvroughl and shov
varialion in dimension and curve radius as a
resuIl Wilhoul aribulion lo a smilh or dale
lo guide cIassicalion lhe shuer dogs are
cIassiabIeaccordingloobservabIeroorlionaI
varialions inlo lhree dislincl lyoIogies vilh
averageinchdimensionsofmeasuredhardvare
asfoIIovs

C
T
L
Iachshuerdogisembeddedinlheexlerior
oflheLazareoviadrivenironshankabradal
lheendoflheshankhoIdslhehardvareinIace
allhelorsoWhiIemosloflheshanksareorienled
verlicaIIy severaI embedded in lhe exlerior of
lheeaslvingoflhenorlheIevalionareorienled
horizonlaIIy as are a number of bare shanks
lo lhe immediale righl of lhe Iarge derivalive
shoenlranceThecoIumnofbareshanksseems
lo coincide vilh inslaIIalion of lhe derivalive
enlranceasvorkonlhalorlionoflheexlerior
mighl have necessilaled reIacemenl of lhe
roximaleshuerdogsoreIsebroughlaenlion
lolheircondilionNoolhershuerdogssludied
al lhe Lazareo fealure horizonlaIIyorienled
shanks
ThereareareasonlheexlerioroflheLazareo
invhichshuerdogsarenolresenldesilelhe
resenceofvindovsordesilelheresenceof
shuerdogsonlhemirroringfacelhebIankface
onlhenorlhsidevherelheveslvingmeelslhe
CTSD
89
IH
AH
Though lhe door belveen and is no
Ionger in Iace lhe imression of lhe hinges
malcheslhedimensionsandscrevarrangemenl
of exlanl hinges on originaI doors lhroughoul
lhe Lazareo Though lhe resence of an
esculcheonbeIovseveraIIargehoIesonlhedoor
losuggeslslheinslaIIalionandremovaIofan
earIierknobandesculcheonairlhedimension
and arrangemenl of lhose hoIes is inconsislenl
vilh lhe NorvaIk Lock Co esculcheon found
lhroughoullheLazareoilisrobabIelhallhe
more decoralive NorvaIk Lock Co hardvare
vas never inslaIIed in lhe aic bul ralher vas
reserved for more heaviIy lracked saces
IndeedlhehoIeaernandsacingofdemiIune
imressionsonlhedoorsloandindicale
lhallheearIieslcamaignofIockonlhedoorvas
lhalofalhumbIalchvilhdimensionsidenlicaI
lolhosefoundinslorageinlheveslernvingof
lheLazareo
TC
Iound in a verlicaI orienlalion on lhe
shuers in lhe aic belveen A and
The oriform design suggesls a visuaI Iink
lo lhe olher Viclorianera hardvare resenl
in lhe inlerior of lhe Lazareo lhough lhe
rovenanceoflhelransomcalchesisuncerlain
TheeIaboraleaernsuggeslslhallhesevere
manufacluredveIIaflerlheiniliaIconslruclion
oflheLazareoandlhallhesearenoloriginaI
TTSD
LTSD
90
5
lo lhe buiIding The resence of a calch ush
vilhlheIoverrighlcorneroflheveslernmosl
shuer suggesls lhal lhere vouId have been
a lransom calch in horizonlaI orienlalion lo
securelhalshuerlolhead|acenlshuer
OI
Theesculcheonfoundonlheenlrancedoorof
has eilher vared and so is nol an ideaI
eIIise or vas dislorled as a resuIl of hand
vorkingoruse
C
ThoughlhedoorisnoIongerinIacebelveen
and lhe calch for a boIl is sliII in
IaceThecalchisuniqueinlhebuiIdingand
bendsaroundlheenlrancesurrounds
SH
A slra hinge remains boIled inlo lhe door
surrounds belveen A and Olher
lraces of hardvare Iefl in lhe surrounds
incIuding lhe naiI aern Iefl by lhe hinge
Iale suggesl lhal lhere vere al Ieasl lvo
slra hinges vilh one cIose lo lhe lo of lhe
doorandanolheralanequaIdislancefromlhe
Iover edge IIacemenl of lhe hinge indicales
lhallhedoorsvunglovardlhecuoIaralher
lhanlovardlheslairIanding
HC
Of a more Iighlveighl melaI lhan lhe slra
hinge lhe exibIe hinge is found as a
lransilionaI soIulion lhroughoul lhe Lazareo
asilmeelsacalchlhalcanbesecuredvilhany
adorcombinalionIockInlheaiclhehinge
is aIied lo lhe enlrance door of and on
lheenlrancedoorlo
DHI
The hinge found on lhe veslernmosl shuer
belveen A and The measuremenl
and arrangemenl of hoIes is consislenl vilh
lhe screv aern and imression of Iales in
mosloflheoriginaIdoorsinlhebuiIding
10 2
91
In lhe imrinl of lhe circuIar rose

silsaboveakeyshaedhoIelhalisinIenglh
muchIargerlhanlhalvhichcorresondslolhe
cyma recla or chamferededge esculcheon on
lhe door belveen rooms and a II of a
Iarge esculcheon hoIe vilh simiIar dimensions
is aIso resenl suggesling inslaIIalion and
removaI of a Iarger knob and esculcheon air
vhich IikeIy corresonds lo lhe hoIes An
unainled reclanguIar eId on lhe back side
of lhe Dulchman reair on lhe enlrance lo
suggesls a corresondence belveen an urighl
morlise Iock case on lhe room side of lhe door
and eilher lhe hoIe and esculcheon or lhe
smaIIercircuIarroseandcymareclaesculcheon
surrounds
OII
asedonlhesimIicilyofilsformandlheIack
ofainlbenalhilsboardbaseIikeIylheoIdesl
camaignofIockonlhelhirdoor
CRI
Corresondenl lo lhe circuIar and Ialer
TIH
Thoughlhedoorsoflhelhirdoordonolbear
lhemarksoflhumbIalchesaIIfealurelhehoIes
and imressions of muIliIe Iock camaigns
Wilh lhe excelion of a singIe lransom calch of
lhesamesorlasinlheaiconlhecIoselof
and a calch for lhe same on lhe cIosel of
lhe hardvare of lhe lhird oor is Iess eIaborale
lhan lhal of lhe oors beIov The Iock sliIes of
lhe enlrance doors lo bolh and fealure
ahoIeevidenceofIargeknobahoIeand
circuIar rose or ils imrinl is visibIe on lhe
enlrance doors lo and lhe
doorbelveenandThescrevaernof
lhe circuIar rose vilh lvo screvs equidislanl
from lhe edge of ils horizonlaI axis is dislincl
fromlhalofmoredecoralivecircuIarrosesonlhe
Ioveroorsvhichhavelhreescrevsarranged
inaninverledlrianguIarformalionAlrianguIar
rosevasinslaIIedinreIacemenloflhecircuIar
one and vhere il aears on lhe doors lo
andlheimrinloflheearIiercircuIarroseis
visibIeAcymareclaesculcheonaearsbeIov
lheserosesinaIIinslancessuggeslinglhaliland
lhe circuIar rose vere inslaIIed logelher The
enlrance lo corroborales lhis assumlion
in lhal lhe imression of a circuIar rose and
cyma recla esculcheon are resenl on lhe haII
side of lhal door lhal lhere is no ainl beIov
eilhersuggeslslhallheseverelhearlofalhird
oorIockcamaignvhichredaleslheainling
oflhedoorsInaIIIacesvherelhecymarecla
esculcheon aears il sils alo a Dulchman
reair vhich vas IikeIy made lo slrenglhen
lhe raiI in rearalion for lhe inslaIIalion of
lhe associaled urighl morlise knob and case
A vooden board vilh ogee edges aIso
redales lhe vhile ainl on lhe enlrance doors
loandTheIalealolheboardfealures
a hoIe vilh a diameler a malch for lhe
hoIes found on lhe enlrance doors lo and
92
lrianguIarroses
CII
CorresondenllolheogeeedgedbackIale
CR
Afler lhe ogeeedged back Iale lhe second
oIdesl camaign of Iock visibIe on lhe lhird
oor
TR
ReIacemenl for lhe circuIar rose above and
as a resuIl found in lhe exacl cenler of ils
imrinl
SIH
The second oor fealures more eIaborale
hardvare lhan eilher lhe aic or lhe lhird
oor vilh lransom calches of lhe same make
as lhe above on cIosels in and
and aerned knobs and esculcheons IikeIy
roducls of lhe NorvaIk Lock Co on enlrance
doorsloandandlhedoorbelveen
and lhe enlrance door lo is no
IongerinIaceandlheconneclionbelveen
and vas seaIed in lhe conversion of lo
an aarlmenl Il seems lhough lhal lhe Iock
camaign lhal Iaced a cyma recla esculcheon
benealhacircuIarroseasissliIIinIaceon
lhelhirdoorvasonceinIaceonlhesecond
bolh ieces of hardvare are in Iace on lhe
enlrance lo alo a Dulchman reair vilh
ahoIereairconsislenlvilhlhehoIeson
lhe lhird oor doors and surrounded by lhree
hoIes arranged in an inverled lriangIe A
esculcheonhoIesilsonlhehaIIsideoflhaldoor
lo lhe righl of lhe hoIe reair benealh lhe
circuIar rose indicaling lhal lhe Iock and
esculcheon redaled bolh lhe circuIar rose and
cymareclaesculcheonandingconsislenlvilh
lhaloflhelhirdoorsequenceofcamaignsAn
unainled reclanguIar eId on lhe back side of
lhe Dulchman reair suggesls as on lhe lhird
oorsomecorresondencebelveenanurighl
morlise Iock case on lhe room side of lhe door
and eilher lhe hoIe and esculcheon or lhe
smaIIercircuIarroseandcymareclaesculcheon
acalchonlhemalchingsurroundsisfurlher
evidence of such a case AII exlanl doors on
lhe second oor have seen a somevhal recenl
inslaIIalionofsimIemorliseIocksvilhcommon
cul ralher lhan skeIelon key access il seems
lhalcerlaindoorsvereaIsolvilhasimIeboIl
cIosure as is sliII in Iace on lhe door belveen
and IikeIy afler lhe insliIIalion of lhe
NorvaIkhardvarebulbeforelheinslaIIalionof
93
modernculkeyIocks
The enlrance door lo lhe renovaled
aarlmenlvasarorialedfromeIsevherein
lhe buiIding and is IikeIy lhe hanlom second
door from lhe doubIe door enlrance lo lhe easl
vingoflhersloorThefaceofilsaneIsinlo
lheaarlmenlralherlhanlhehaIIlheresence
of x hinge imrinls and corresondenl
hoIes in a erfecl malch arrangemenl for lhe
hingeimrinlonlhesurroundsoflheabsenlrsl
oordoorandlhexdimensionoflhe
doorilseIfamalchforlheexecleddimensionof
lheabsenldooraIIIinklhedoorlolhehanlom
one Il is robabIe lhal once lhe Lazareo vas
no Ionger in use as a quaranline slalion lhe
seconddoorvouIdhavebeenIesscruciaIlolhe
revenlionofdiseaseandmighlhavebeenused
loreIaceabrokenordamageddooreIsevhere
in lhe buiIding In lhe arorialion lhe door
vas converled from righlhand lo Ieflhand
arrangemenl vilh oinledhead screvs in lhe
currenl hinge indicaling lhal lhe hinge Iale in
ils currenl arrangemenl vas nol originaI Thal
vhal vas once lhe hinge sliIe has nov become
lhe Iock sliIe is evidenced by lhe resence of
hinge imrinls in lhe currenl Iock sliIe of lhe
door
K I I N
LC
TheurighlmorliseIockcasesinlheLazareo
oer a alenl dale of }uIy and bear
lhe slam of lhe NorvaIk Lock Co Though
based in Soulh NorvaIk Conneclicul lhe
NorvaIk Lock Comany had ils rinciaI
varehouse al eekman Slreel in Nev
York and an oulosl in IhiIadeIhia al
Commerce Slreel vhich runs due soulh of
vhal is nov }ohn I Kennedy ouIevard
IacinglhebuiIdingonebIockeaslofvhalis
nov Indeendence NalionaI HisloricaI Iark
lheconslruclionofvhichrazedaburgeoning
commerciaIcoreinlheareaThealenldaleof
coincidesvilhubIicalionoflheNorvaIk
Lock Comany CalaIogue of lhough
Leonard Iumins Victorian Decorative
Art: A Photographic Study of Ornamental Design
in Antique Doorknobs
1
daleslheknobloc
anddoesnolconrmlheNorvaIkrovenance
TheNorvaIkLockComanysoIdilsvaresby
lhedozenvhichvouIdmakelheirurchase
forlherenovalionoflheLazareoeseciaIIy
fromandouloslinlheCilyofIhiIadeIhia
convenienlandIogicaI
K R I M W
C
LeonardIuminsVictorian Decorative Art:
A Photographic Study of Ornamental Design in
1 Leonard Blumin, Victorian Decorative Art: A Photo-
graphic Study of Ornamental Design in Antique Doorknobs
(Chathan, New Jersey: Antique Doorknob Collectors of
America, 1999), K-2.
94
Antique Doorknobs dales lhe cilrus molif knob

locanddoesnolconrmlherovenance
referring inslead lo ils origin in vernacuIar
melaI design
2
}ames CambeII Iibrarian
and curalor of lhe Nev Haven Museum and
HisloricaI Sociely beIieves lhal lhe knob and
rose vere roducls of lhe MaIIory WheeIer
Co of Nev rilain Conneclicul The cilrus
knobandroseareresenlonIyasreIacemenl
for lhe NorvaIk knob and rose above and
aearonlheenlrancedoorlolheeaslvingA
cilrusroseisresenlonlherivalesideoflhe
enlrancelovilhamarbIeizedreIacemenl
knobThediameleroflhecilrusknobal
is vider lhan lhal of lhe NorvaIk knob al
andilisossibIelhallherareaearance
oflhecilrusknobinlheLazareoisdueloils
nalureasareIacemenlarlicIe
CH
The cIosels in and fealure hooks
from lhe RusseII Irvin Manufacluring
Comany lhe hooks are resenl in exlanl
calaIogs from lo al vhich oinl
lhe calaIog oerings had become far more
decoraliveandeIaboraleTheRusseIIIrvin
Manufacluring Comany vas based in Nev
rilainConnecliculbulhadanouloslal
NorlhlhSlreelinIhiIadeIhia
R
2 Ibid., H-15.
ISAAGIC
R S H W N
YAAGIC
Texlisinlegraledinlolhedesignoflheradialor
nearlheunusuaIavfeelandreadsundy
IIile Ialenled }une A A Gring
Iron Co NY The A A Gring Co vhich
had an oce in IhiIadeIhia al in lhe
ourseuiIdingsoIdlheundyIIileradialor
beginning in unliI or Ialer The
modeIinlheLazareoisIisledincalaIogsand
adverlisemenlsoflhaleriodashavinglhree
seclionsandbeingvideandlaII
95
Though lhe rovenance of lhe hinges one

buIbloed and one sleeIeloed is
unknovn lhe oriform aerns rovide a
visuaI Iink lo lhe knobs roses esculcheons
and lransom calches lhroughoul lhe
buiIding The back side of lhe sleeIe
loedhingedoesnolnoleamanufaclurer
onIy a dimension of x The hinges
are resenl al lhe enlrance of onIy lvo
chambers in lhe Lazareo lhe buIb lo al
andlhesleeIeloallherslsaces
encounleredonenlrance
IIH
The rsl oor doors foIIov lhe generaI Iock
camaign aern of lhe second oor vilh
NorvaIk Lock Co knobs and esculcheons
inslaIIed above Dulchman reairs of varying
sizes More care seems lo have been laken in
reserving lhe originaI fabric of lhe doors on
lhe rsl oor lhan eIsevhere in lhe Lazareo
lhe Iock sliIes Iack lhe muIliIe hoIes alches
andimrinlscharaclerislicofdoorsonlheoors
above and inslead lhe NorvaIk knobs roses
andesculcheonssilfarbeIovsomevhalmodern
culkeyIocksonlheenlrancedoorslo
andTheenlrancedoorloisnolresenl
lhoughafragmenloflheeIaboralehingesliIIin
IaceonisvisibIeandsuggeslslhaland
aslherslsacesencounleredonenlrance
lolheLazareoveremoreeIeganllhanolhers
a susicion corroboraled by lhe decoralive
Iasler encarus above lhe reIace in Il
seems cerlain lhal lhe esculcheons inslaIIed on
lhe doors vere nonfunclionaI as none are sel
above hoIes aII Iack morlise Iock cases and
lhe haII side esculcheon on lhe enlrance lo
is inslaIIed usidedovn vilh consislenl ainl
coIoralion benealh il suggesling lhal il vas nol
overlurnedfoIIovinginslaIIalion
VH
96
11
The casl iron box slove used for cooking
bearslhebrandnameofAbboLavrence
above lhe foIiform design of lhe doors The
slove is far more lhan anolher beaulifuI
forgoen reIic lhe Abbol Lavrence
LiberlySloveWorksbasedinlheNorlhern
Liberlies of IhiIadeIhia is a name lhal
vouId onIy have been used belveen
vhenlheoeralionvasfoundedand
vhen lhe rm vas reeslabIished under
anolher name according lo lhe Ies of lhe
LibraryComanyofIhiIadeIhia
OH
TILC
An inlerior shuer in lhe barn fealures lvisled
vroughl iron Ialches evidence of a sorl of
handivork lhal is no Ionger exlanl in lhe main
buiIdingoflheLazareo
WWH
U S D T
K
I C H A
S
TheeIaboraleknobandesculcheonfealured
a reclanguIar aerned dro in ils originaI
slale is resenl on lhe exlerior enlrance lo
lheveslvingThecreslislhaloflheUniled
SlaledDearlmenloflheTreasurylheknob
and esculcheon are resumed lo have been
saIvaged from lhe former cusloms house
ad|acenl lo lhe Lazareo The hardvare
is idenlicaI lo a aern in a Hokins and
DickinsonMfgCoIaleof
S
97
12
MS
According lo Warren I Roberls Wood
ScrevsasanAidloDalingWoodenArlifaclsa
bIunlended screv can be reIiabIy daled lo lhe
eriod belveen bIunlended screvs
mighl according lo lhe arlicIe aIso shov
asymmelryinlheIacemenloflhesIolbyvhich
lheyveredriven
CS
IevcIoselsinlhemainbuiIdingrelainoriginaI
bIunlended screvs in lheir hinges Inslead
a oinlended screvs has been emIoyed as
reIacemenl oflen vilh a visibIe sIick of uy
asabindingagenlloaccounlforlhedierence
in shafl diameler belveen lhe originaI bIunl
endedscrevsandlhenarroverreIacemenls
Ior lhe urose of maing lhe resence of
originaIandreIacemenlscrevslhroughoullhe
main buiIding lhe screvs vhich are shovn al
acluaIsizeviIIbedesignaledinIanasfoIIovs

OriginaI
bIunlended
screv
head
c
ReIacemenl
screv
c
98
13
RDS
As vilh lhe cIosels fev room doors vilhin lhe
mainbuiIdingrelainoriginaIbIunlendedscrevs
inlheirhingesInsleadlvodislincloinlended
screvshavebeenemIoyedasreIacemenlvilh
dimensions lhal dier from lhe reIacemenl
screvs used in lhe cIosels In cerlain hinges
muIliIelyesofscrevareinIace
Ior lhe urose of maing lhe resence of
originaIandreIacemenlscrevslhroughoullhe
main buiIding lhe screvs vhich are shovn al
acluaIsizeviIIbedesignaledinIanasfoIIovs

OriginaI
bIunlended
screv
head
c
ReIacemenl
screv
c
ReIacemenl
screv
c
99
AISM
IIoor Ian courlesy lhe Hisloric American uiIdings Survey Any screvs nol shovn on lhe ma
indicalelhallherevasnodoorinIaceandconsequenlIynoscrevslosludy
100
15
TISM
101
SISM
102
IISM
103
MN
LeeHNeIsonsNaiIChronoIogyasanAid
lo Daling OId uiIdings
1
discusses lhe formaI
quaIiliesofmelaInaiIsasameansofdelermining
lhe dale of naiIing an aroach vhich
corroboraledcerlainsusicionsaslolheoriginaI
1 Lee H. Nelson, Nail Chronology as an Aid to Dating
Old Buildings (Nashville, Tennessee: American Associa-
tion for State and Local History, 1968) Technical Leaet
No. 48.
nalure of eIemenls in lhe buiIding Though lhe
conslruclion dale of lhe Lazareo came during
somelhingofalransilionaIhaseinlermsofnaiI
deveIomenllhedalesgiveninNeIsonssludy
can be resumed lo be aroximalions making
naiIs in lhe buiIding from before aboul
IikeIylheoriginaIs
MTN
IarIymachineheadedculnaiI
cloIales
IromlheuerIeflcorneroflhe
moIdingoflhedoubIedoorbelveen
andThisnaiIindicaleslhal
lheuerIeflcornervhichdiers
visuaIIyfromlhesurrounding
moIdingvasnoloriginaIlolheroom
Machineculsrigandbrad
cloresenl
IoundinlhelrimoflhenorlhvaII
vindovsinasveIIaslhe
lrimoflhenorlhvaIIvindovs
inThallhemoIdingsinlhese
roomsdierbuluselhesamenaiIs
isfurlhercorroboralionoflheidea
lhalahierarchyofbeerandIesser
roomsvaseaslabIishedbylhelime
ofconslruclionandmanifeslin
conslrucliondelaiIs
ModernmachineculnaiIs
cloresenl
IromlhemoIdingoflhedoorlo
indicalinglhallhemoIdinginlhal
roomvasinslaIIedaflerlheiniliaI
conslruclion
104
LalhnaiIvilhmachineculhead
csloIales
AIalhenaiIfromTheheadis
cenleredvhereLheadsarefoundin
IalhnaiIseIsevhereinlhebuiIding
LalhnaiIvilhLhead
csloIales
Ioundlhroughoullheaicandlhird
oorAIongvilhlheinchedbul
machineheadednaiIalIeflafurlher
leslamenllolhelransilionaInalureof
naiIdeveIomenlduringlhelimeof
conslruclion
MachineculnaiIvilhhandmadehead
clo
IoundinAIongvilhcomIeleIy
machinemadeooringnaiIsfound
eIsevhereinlhebuiIdingafurlher
leslamenllolhelransilionaInalureof
naiIdeveIomenlduringlhelimeof
conslruclion
LN
IN
MachineculnaiIvilhhandmade
head
cslo
AooringnaiIfromThe
resenceofnaiIsvilhhandmade
andmachinemadeheadsaesls
lolhelransilionaIslaleofnaiI
deveIomenlallhelimelhe
Lazareovasconslrucled
ModernmachineculnaiI
csloresenl
IromareIacemenloorboard
inslaIIedinvhenlheIargereIace
andhearlhvereremovedAIsofound
inreIacemenloorboardsof
NolchedmachineculnaiI
clo
IromaoorboardinlhoughaIso
foundalaIenglhoflhroughoul
lheaicSimiIarinformlolheearIier
machineculnaiIsbulvilhanolch
characlerislicofavornsloonan
earIynaiImakingmachine
105
Interior Millwork
106
andIinishes
2
Considering lhe Lazareos remarkabIe
213 year-old history, the structure retains an
extraordinary amount of original millwork. A vast
ma|orilyoflhebaseboardschairraiIsdoorframes
window frames, crown molding, and doors, appear
lohavebeenreservedsinceilsconslruclion
WilhonIyfevexcelionslhebuiIdingsmiIIvork
displays a hierarchy highly indicative of the relative
imorlanceofeachroominlheslruclurescenlraI
bIock
FIRST FLOOR HIERARCHY
ThersloorisadornedvilhlhemoslformaI
and slyIized miIIvork roIes The inlerior of
the rooms closest to the main entrance, rooms
103 and 105, are furnished with millwork accents
more intricate than those in the corresponding
rooms behind rooms and Rooms
and conlain lhe more eIaborale lhreeIane
doorandvindovframesDIWasveIIas
decoralive Iinlh bIocks and crovn moIding
CM In conlrasl rooms and lo lhe
norlh Iack lhe more eIaborale crovn moIding
andIinlhbIocksseeninlhefronlrooms
IaernbookresearchreveaIslhallhemoIdings
dominalinglhesersloorroomsmoslIydalelo
lhelimeofconslruclionTheIederaISlyIeIaerns
byMaryelhMudrickandLavrenceD
Smith, for instance, depicts a three plane Grecian
ogee molding from the Isaac Cooley House in
Agawam, MA that is similar to that used throughout
lhersloorDIasdalingloaseboards
andvereaIsofoundlobesimiIarlolhose
used in the Hyde-Worthen House in Charleston, MA
lheHarrisonGrayOlisHouseinoslonMA
andlheHoImesSayvardHouseinAIfred
MIresecliveIy
ThemoslrevaIenlformofbackbandmoIding
on lhe rsl oor is lhe Grecian ogee and bead
moIdinglyeAvhichonIyaearsinlhersl
andsecondoorhaIIvaysThismoredelaiIedslyIe
conlraslslhesimIermorelradilionaIbackband
moIdingusedonlheueroorsTheGrecianogee
roIeisaIsousedinlheIargeoeningbelveen
roomsandOIsuggeslinglhalilmay
have been conlemorary lo conslruclion of lhe
buiIdingHovevernaiIsuIIedfromOIinroom
indicalelhallhisoeningvasrobabIyadded
in lhe scorresonding lo lhe observed
discreanciesinroomTheoeningbelveen
andOIisaIsoIikeIyIaleraddilion
CuriousIy room breaks lhe aern of
symmetry found elsewhere throughout the
buiIdingIlsvindovsaresurroundedbyaIess
formaI frame W vhich bears an eighleenlh
cenlury roIe Rooms and are
surroundedbyGrecianogeevindovframesIn
addilionlhebuiIlincabinelryfealuresaninlricale
sslyIemoIdingCIlhaldoesnolaear
anyvhereeIseinlhebuiIding
AddilionaIIylhe manlIesofrooms see
IIroIesandeIevalionandaremore
delaiIedlhanlhalofMvhichinlurnismore
IireIacealUsaIainGermanlovnseclionofIhiIadeIhia
107
3
delaiIedlhanlhemanlIesonlheueroors
ThesurvivingmanleIieceinroomII
simiIarIybearsresembIancelomanyfederaIslyIe
reIacesurroundsouIarfromaboul
Al UsaIa in Germanlovn for inslance a
reIaceincIudesdelaiIsquilesimiIarlolhaloflhe
LazareosinroomThoughUsaIasrendilion
issIighlIymoreeIaboralesimiIarbaskelssvags
andioniculediIaslersaearinbolhinleriors
CIose examinalion of lhe Lazareos room
manleIiece reveaIs lhal arabesqueshaed
detailing likely adorned the top central panel.
IreIiminary ainl anaIysis conducled by lhe
scraing melhod conrmed lhal lhis carved
vooddelaiIingrobabIyadheredlolheaneIvilh
bradsandgIueandvasainledoveraflerilvas
IoslUsaIasreIaceshovnabovecanIendcIues
aslohovlheLazareosroomandossibIy
roommanleIiececenlraIaneImighlhave
originally appeared.
Iurlherconrmalionaslolhedaleofroom
sreIacecanbemadebasedonaddilionaI
ro|ecls of a simiIar eriod IhiIadeIhias
WoodIandsforinslancevhichdalesfrom
incIudesoverdoormoIdingsvilhsimiIar
svags and uled ionic iIaslers Al lhe Iierce
NichoIshouseinSaIemMassachusesbuiIlin
lhesamemolifsareseenonlheeaslarIor
reIace
ThoughlhereIacesurroundinroomis
now lost, it is presumed that it likely matched, or
closely approximated, that of room 103. A direct
symmetry of the layout of these two rooms, along
with consistencies in many of the major molding
roIes suorl lhis nolion Cabinel reIace
and doorway locations mirror one another in each
of these spaces. Though room 105 includes a door
lolherighlofilsreIacelolhead|oiningving
and room 103 appears to only have a solid wall,
invesligalioninlolhevaIIsslruclurereveaIedlhal
room 103 did indeed include an opening at the
limeoflhebuiIdingsconslruclionThisoening
hassincebeenbrickedinbulcanbeseenbyfainl
changes in the plaster, and a change in millwork in
DoorsurroundallheWoodIandsinIhiIadeIhia
Mantle at the Pierce-Nichols house, Salem, MA
108
4
this area.
More intricate millwork is placed in the
haIIvays mosl IikeIy because of lheir funclion
asubIicsacesThebaseboardinlhersloor
haIIvayconlinuesoneachoflhefouroors
AsoneascendslheslairslheIeveIofdelaiIand
ceiIing heighl decreases The Grecian ogee
backband moIding of lhe doorvays DI and
DI indicales a high imorlance of lhe Iover
oorsandcomaredvilhlheueroors
andvhichfealuremorebasiclhcenlury
roIesIikeDIandDI
SICONDILOOR:
ThedoorframesinlhesecondoorhaIIvay
AaIIshovasimIiedlvoIaneversionDI
oflhoseinlhersloorhaIIvayDIThismakes
lheirsecondarynalurelolherimacyoflhersl
oorsacescIearThevindovframesWarea
simIiedversionoflheinleriordoorframesvilh
reverseogeeandbeadbackbandmoIdingTye
bulnocasingTheinleriorsoflhesecondoor
roomsaIIsharelhesameslyIeThemanlIes
onlhesecondandlhirdoorsareasimIerversion
oflhosefoundonlhersloorInIaceoflhe
cabinelryoflhersloorlhesecondoorfealures
closets with full-size doors. Rooms 203 and 205
havedoubIecIoselsvhiIeroomsandhave
singIecIoselslhismayindicalelhesuremacyof
andvhichareonlhesoulhernsideabove
lhemoslinlricaleroomsonlhersloor
THIRDILOOR
Thelhirdandfourlhoorrooms
andincIudelhe
simIesl lye of baseboard moIding The
inlerior doorframes incIuding cabinelcIosel
doorframesandvindovframesmalchinlhese
rooms as well. While the chair rails in rooms 303, 304
and 305 match, the chair rail in room 302 appears to
bemoresimIe
IOURTHILOOR
The interior doorframes of rooms 402, 403,
404 and 405 all match one another, as do the
baseboardsThequarlerroundbackbandmoIding
found on lhe fourlh oor Tye D is a fairIy
common, traditional style that was used during
lhelhcenluryIlaearsinlheRuIeook
ubIishedbylheCarenlersComanyoflheCily
and County of Philadelphia. Curiously, the exterior
door frames are less formal than those gracing the
inleriorlheexleriordoorvaysarecomosedonIy
ofbackbandmoIdingvhiIelheinleriordoorshave
backbandanddoorcasingThiscanbearibuled
lolhehaIIvaybeinglrealedasaassagevayvilh
lheroomsconsideredmoresignicanlThequarler
roundroIeisaIsofoundinlhevingsindicaling
lheirsecondarynalurelolhecenlraIbIockasveII
SUMMARY
ThemiIIvorkexlanlinlhecenlraIbIockoflhe
LazareoleIIsanoverlsloryaslolheevoIulionand
hierarchyoflhesaceIronlroomsandrsloors
verefavoredvilhinlricalemoIdingsandubIic
haIIvaysreceivedsimiIarimorlanceSecondoor
front rooms were treated in higher regard than their
backareacounlerarlsyelremainedsubservienl
lolhefronloorreceivingsacesUeroorsand
backroomsgrevincreasingIysimIeasonemoved
lhroughlhebuiIding
109
5
TyeAGrecianOgeeandead
ouIar
TyeReverseOgeeandead
ouIar
TyeCQuarlerCovelhcenlury
TyeDQuarlerRound
lhIIoorandWingsnoliclured
IaernresenlinTheCarenlersComanyoflheCily
andCounlyofIhiIadeIhiaRuIeookageIX
CommonTyesofackband
MoIdinginlheLazareo
110
111
7 112
113
114
10 115
11 116
12 117
13 118
14 119
15 120

B
3
D
I
B
4
B
a
s
e
b
o
a
r
d
s
/
D
o
o
r

F
r
a
m
e
s
:

F
l
o
o
r

4
D
I
121
17
Baseboards
B2 B3
122

Baseboards
B4
B5 B6
B7
123

CR1
CR4
CR2
CR3
Chair Railings
124
20
CR5 CR6
CR7 CR8
Chair Railings
125
21
Door Frames
Room
104
Room
102
2nd
IIoor
Hallway
A
DF1
DF2
DF3
DF4
126
22
DI
rdoor
hallway
A
rdoor
interior
302, 303,
lhIIoor
interior
ndoor
interior
202, 203,
DF5 =
CBF5
DF6
DF7 =
CBF7
Door Frames
127
23
Cabinet Frames
Room
102 only
CBF3
Rooms
103 & 105
CBF1
CBF2
Rooms
104 only
128
24
Window Frames
Room
104
Room
102
ndoor
inlerior
202, 203, 204,
rdoor
inlerior
302, 303, 304,
W2
W3
W1
W4
W5
129
25
Openings
OP1
OP2
elveen
102 and
103
elveen
104 and
105
130

Crown Molding
slIIoorHaIIRoom
CN2
Rooms 103 and 105
CN1
131
27
Fireplace Surround FP1: Room 103
132

Fireplace Surround Details
FP1: Room 103
Pilaster capital detail
IiIaslerulingdelaiI
askeldelaiI
Urn detail
Swag detail
133

Fireplace Surround FP1: Room 103
a.
134
30
FP1: Room 103
b
c.
d.
Fireplace Surround
135
31
a.
FP2: Room 104
a.
Fireplace Surround
136
32
c.
d.
FP2: Room 104
b
a.
c.
d.
b
Fireplace Surround
137
33
FP3: ndandrdIIoors
a.
b
b.
a.
Fireplace Surround
138
139
kCCM 101 102 103 104 10S 201A 2018 202 203 204 20S 301A 3018 302 303 304 30S 401A 4018 402 403 404 40S
1L
CN1
CN2
CN3
C1
C2
81
82
83
84
8S
86
87
Ck1
Ck2
Ck3
Ck4
CkS
Ck6
Ck7
DI1
DI2
DI3
DI4
DIS
DI6
DI7
DI8
DI9
C8I1= DI1
C8I2= DI2
C8I3
C8IS=DIS
C8I7=DI7
W1=DI1
W2
W3
W4
WS
I1
I2
I3
Matrix of Interior Millwork
140
141
INTIRIORIINISHISIAINTANALYSIS
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
The Bargemans Tower
1 149
2
The decorative faade of the structure
faces the Delaware River, while the entrance
faces lhe Lazareos main buiIding Hisloric
holograhicevidenceoflhevalchmanshouse
and some hysicaI remains under lhe cemenl
stucco on the structure indicate that a shallow
shed roof orch may have exisled on lhe norlh
faade On lhe righl side of lhe norlh facade
aroximaleIy above grade lhere exisls a
series of square ockels lhal couId have been
suorlsforlheorchroofandaboulabove
lhal a series of naiIs some vilh bils of melaI
aachedandaslrieofruslslainedsluccolhal
couIdindicalelheashingIayerSeeIage
The currenl condilion of lhe argemans
inleriorisoorWalerdamagefromaIargehoIe
in lhe roof has IikeIy conlribuled lo lhe arliaI
coIIase of lhe oor A subslanliaI hoIe aIso
exislsinlhevaIIonlheeaslsideoflhevindov
The inlerior of lhe argemans Tover has been
aIleredsinceilsuseaslhesIeeingandvailing
saceforlhebargemenSeeIageThesingIe
room is nished vilh Iasler on Ialh Tongue
and groove vainscoling vefeel laII covers
the lower portion of the wall and is capped with
a four inch board Iying horizonlaIIy Iike a
shaIIov sheIf Ils IikeIy lhal lhis aneIing vas
added afler lhe buiIdings iniliaI conslruclion
duelolheresenceofnishedIaslerbehindlhe
vainscoling The arched vindov oening has
been relroed lo accommodale a reclanguIar
melaIframevindovAoorloceiIingvooden
sheIving unil aIong lhe vesl vaII IikeIy dales
lo lhe roerlys use as a seaIane base The
cenler of lhe ceiIing is framed in such a vay
as lo suggesl lhal a slove ie may have been
rouledlhroughlheceiIingscenlerandlheeak
of lhe roof Above lhe ceiIing heighl lhe slone
vorkisbrokenonlheeaslandveslfacadesby
framed reclanguIar voids This reasoning and
Iacemenloflhesevoidsremainsunknovn
DISCRIITION
TheargemansToverisasmaIIneocIassicaI
oulbuiIding on lhe Lazareo sile Iying near
lhe edge of lhe DeIavare River The slruclure
oeraled in con|unclion vilh lhe Walchmans
Tover housing eilher lhe valchmen or
bargemen on duly When lhe valchmen on
dulysighledanincomingvesseIlhebargemen
vouId ferry lhe Ihysician and Quaranline
Masler by barge or afler sleam lug oul
lomeellhearoachingvesseIandlhenrelurn
lhemlolheLazareoaflerlheiniliaIinseclion
1

HisloricaIIy lhe argemans Tover vouId
have been silualed al lhe rivers edge aIong a
slone relaining vaII bul inII nov searales
lheslruclurefromlheriverTheosilioningof
the structure would have provided convenient
sheIlerforlhebargemenlocomIelelheirvalch
The slruclure is a sevenleen by sevenleen
fool cube made of brick and slone and covered
in cemenl slucco One and a haIf slories in
heighl lhe argemans Tover acluaIIy has one
onefunclionaIsloryTheslruclurevouIdhave
originaIIy be covered in smoolh slucco and
scoredlosimuIaleslonebIocksbullhishassince
beencoveredincemenlaIlhoughseclionsoflhe
faadevherelhecemenlhasbeenremovedsliII
reveaIlhescoremarksandoriginaIsluccoSee
Iigure The neocIassicaIeIemenls of lhe
slruclure lhe recessed arched vindov cubic
massingyramidaIroofsandvhilecoIoroflhe
buiIdingconlraslvilhlheredbrickoflhemain
buiIdingandhysicianandquaranlinemaslers
houses See Iigure This indicales lhal
lheslruclurecouIdhaveIikeIybeenconslrucled
inaIalerbuiIdingcamaignossibIyduringlhe
sorsrenovalionoflhemainbuiIdings
1 RebeccaHSeIITheLazareoTheCuI
luraISignicanceandIreservalionIIaninlheSiril
oflheurraCharlerHisloricIreservalionThesis
UniversilyofIennsyIvania
150
IXTIRIORDITAILS
IiguresVisibIescoremarksonlheeaslandveslresecliveIysidesoflhedoorNorlhfacade
IigureIavedelaiIs
IigureArchedrecessedvindovSoulhfacade
151
VievoflheMainuiIdingandargemansHouseIookingnorlhfromlheendoflhe
QuaranlineLandingcircaHisloricaISocielyofIennsyIvania
hvvvushisloryorgIazicluresimagesr|g
THIIORCH
152
A B
C
A
B
C
INTIRIOR
153
C D
B A
B
C
A
D
RAITIRSANDROOI
154
7
DITAILS
SlenciIIingonreverseofdoor
IxleriordoorhandIe
DecoraliveIinleIabovedoor
155
HISTORY
LiIeisknovnaboullheconslruclionoflhe
argemansToverIlsconslruclionandlhalof
ils symmelricaI lvin lhe Walchmans Tover
vere nol menlioned in any oard of HeaIlh
minules or records Il cerlainIy occurred afler
lhe conslruclion of lhe main slruclures due lo
lhe dierence in slyIe and maleriaIs and IikeIy
in arl lo lhe facl lhal lhe argemans faciIilies
were not vital to the initial operation of the site
andcouIdhavebeenIannedasaIalerroerly
deveIomenlhase
Theslruclureseemslohaverecedenlinlhe
IodgeandgalehousesofIaleeighleenlhcenlury
IngIand These gale Iodges vere designed
lo roviding Iiving quarlers for lhe erson or
famiIy lhal vas resonsibIe for oening and
cIosing lhe gales lo ark eslales
1
The Iodges
vere oflen conslrucled as lhe argeman and
Walchmens Tovers vere as lvin aviIions
either separate structures on either side of a
gale or slruclures connecled by an archvay
2

See Iage InlereslingIy during lhe heighl
of galeIodge ouIarily Humhry Relon
described in Observalions his disdain for lhe
slrucluressaying
The cuslom of Iacing a gale belveen lvo
square boxes or as il is caIIed a air of Iodges
has aIvays aeared lo me absurd because il is an
aemllogiveconsequencelolhalvhichinilseIfis
meanlhehabilalionofasingIeIabourerorerhas
ofasoIilaryoIdvomanlooenlhegaleissIilinlo
lvo houses for lhe sake of chiIdish symmelry and
very oflen lhe mosl squaIid misery is found in lhe
erson lhus banished from sociely vho inhabils a
dirlyroomofafevfeelsquare

In Trumel al a Dislanl Gale lhe aulhors
1 TimMovIandIarnshavrian
TrumelalaDislanlGalelheIodgeasreIudelo
lhecounlryhousex
2 MovIxii
HumhryRelonObservalions
describe lhe use of Iodges as more lhan uliIily

slrucluresbulasaerimelerbuiIdingdesigned
lo Iure reseclabIe visilor lo viev simiIar
Ieasuresvilhin
AIlhoughlhosecominginlo
lheLazareofromlherivervouIdnolnecessariIy
be visiling for Ieasure HAS documenlalion
noles lhal lhese slruclures vere oflen lhe rsl
vievofIhiIadeIhialhalmanyassengersand
seamanvereabIelogIimseandlheslruclures
shouId rovide a hinl of lhe beauly of lhe cily
roers archileclure demonslraling lhal
IhiIadeIhiavasnolarovinciaIbackvaler

This oinion is suorled by }ohn Iavorlh
vhoindescribedlhalIodgehousesvere
imorlanl because of lheir Iocalion and lhe
imression lhey couId Iace on lhose enlering
lheroerlyIavorlhdescribes
lheenlranceofaroerlyeeclinglheearIiesl
imression on lhe mind of a visilanl il is of some
imorlancelhalilbeoflhefavourabIekindbecause
inlhisasinolherinslancesofrslimressionsilis
nol easiIy eradicaled and robabIy lhe mind viII
be more slrongIy oeraled on shouId il have lhe
aearance of reuIsiveness or olher ob|eclionabIe
fealures

In lhe IhiIadeIhia IubIic Ledger
ubIishedadelaiIeddescrilionoflheslruclure
and ils currenl use The shorl aragrah
documenls lhe slruclures conslruclion and
inlerior funclion Ieaving design delaiIs lo lhe
imaginalionThearlicIeslales
AleachcorneroflhevharfonlhevaIkIeading
fromlheresidenceoflheLazareoIhysicianlolhal
of lhe Quaranline Masler is a smaII square rough
casl slruclure buiIl uon iIes sunk in lhe marsh
and used as lhe vailing and sIeeing rooms of lhe
bargemen on duly during lhe quaranline season
vhich Iasls for four monlhs from lhe sl of }une lo
lheslofOcloberThesehousesareaarenlIylvo
slories high bul in reaIily lhey are onIy one slory
above lhe ground and conlain bul one room in
vhicharelhreecolsandlhemoslnecessaryarlicIes
MovIvi
HAS
}ohnIavorlhRuraIResidences
156
of furnilure The bargemen kee valch during lhe

nighlandsoundlhevalchbeIIeveryhaIfhourfrom
ocIockunliIsunriseandarerequiredlobereadyal
anymomenllouloinaboalincaseofaccidenlor
aIarmonanyvesseIdelainedallheLazareoandlo
rendersuchassislanceasmaybenecessary
7

The use of lhe slruclure foIIoving lhe
roerlys lransilion lo lhe Orchard CIub and
lhen lo lhe seaIane base is undocumenled
DuelolheresenceofnumberedsheIvingunils
simiIarlolhoseinsidelhemainbuiIdingilcan
be assumed lhal lhe slruclure vas used for lhe
slorageofarls
IubIicLedgerIhiIadeIhiaAugusl
DuringlheOrchardCIubyearsNolelheorlrayaIoflheWalchandargemansToversasredbrick
IrobabIybyIrankTayIornoledIhiIadeIhiaiIIuslralorca
AccessibIefromhvvvsasuennedudbarnesIholoshlmI
ThomasLCerneaucksCounlyarchilecland
ainlerundaledrobabIyscourlesyof
IhiIadeIhiaHisloryMuseum
AccessibIefromhvvvsasuenn
edudbarnesIholoshlmI
157
Image found onIine No currenl evidence exisls of lhe

reclanguIarboxnexllolhevindov
Guard House al lhe Lazareo Wharf IduTourisl
IIickrAccessibIefromhvvvickrcom
Thisdravingaearsloindicaleaorchonlheargeman
andaIsoshovsavenlorcaallheeakoflheroof
Draving by Irank H TayIor Rendering of lhe
Soulh Side of lhe Lazareo Iroerly Hisloric American
uiIding Survey hvvvushisloryorgIaziclures
imagesr|g
aeriaI holo of Lazareo sile shoving lhe slone vaII
andargemansToverAccessibIefrom
hvvvsasuennedudbarnesIholoshlmI
AeriaIVievargemansToveriscrovdedbyboals
SlonevaIIhasbeencoveredbyinIIAccessibIefrom
hvvvushisloryorgIazicluresaeriaIhlm
HISTORICIHOTOGRAIHS
158
11

IOSSILIIRICIDINTS
ThesegaleIodgesaIIaearinA Trumpet at a Distant GatebyTimMovIandrianIarnshavSlyIislicaIIyand
inmassinglheyareverysimiIarlolheargemansToverbulnodenileIinkageshavebeendelermined
159
12
IXTIRIORILIVATIONS
160
IXTIRIORILIVATIONSCONTINUID
161
SICTIONANDILOORILAN
162
TheLazareoarn
UniversilyofIennsyIvaniaGradualeIrograminHisloricIreservalion
HSIVArchilecluraIArchaeoIogySring
2 163
3
Approximate date of construction
Although it is impossible to pinpoint the
exacldaleoflheLazareobarnsconslruclion
lhisediceaearslohavebeenerecledvilhin
rslsevenmonlhsfoIIovinglheIhiIadeIhia
oardofHeaIlhsfromhereonIHAugusl
urchaseoflheTinicumIsIandroerly
UnforlunaleIynoneoflherevievedarchivaI
maleriaIreIalingloeilherlheIHsreguIalory
planning for or its subsequent execution
ofoeralionsallheLazareosecicaIIy
menlionslheconslruclionofabarnoreven
lheconslruclionofacarriagehouseorslabIe
1

IindingsreveaIedhoveverlhalconcurrenl
vilhilsarovaIoflhemainhosilaIbuiIding
lheheadhysicianshouseandlhequaranline
maslersdveIIingasof}unelheIH
vasaIreadyconsideringlheconslruclionof
severaIoulbuiIdingsonlhenevLazareo
camus
2
AddilionaIIyanadverlisemenl
published in 1801 regarding the sale of the
MarineHosilaIlheroerlylhalservedas
lheSlaleslemoraryLazareoriorlolhe
conslruclionoflheTinicumsilesuggesled
lhallhebuyeroflhisroerlycouIdconverl
oneoflhesilesbuiIdingsinloabarnand
slabIesforfourhorsesandfourcovsvilh
achairhouse
3
Although this suggested
adalivereuseoliondoesnolreIaledireclIy
lolheLazareoalTinicumildoesIeadreaders
loqueslionvhelherornollhisideavas
derivedfromIHsovndecisionloincIude
abarnslabIingareaanderhasasmaII
carriagesaceonlhegroundsoflheTinicum
sileCerlainIyvhenlheIHvasdeninglhe
roIesoflhenevLazareosHeadIhysician
QuaranlineMaslerandSlevardlheoard
membersnoledlhalilvouIdbelhe|oboflhe
aoinledSlevardloensurelhallheLazareo
groundsveremainlainedlhallheinslilulions
fruilandvegelabIegardensverecuIlivaled
andlhalaIIvhoeilherlookorveredeemediII
verefurnishedvilhlheroerheaIlhresloring
diels
4
Toslrenglhenlhecasefurlheril
aearslhalinlhesummeroflheIH
urchasedahorseforuseallheLazareo
5

ThenilvasrecordedonAriIlhallhe
LazareoSlevardaidanunknovnarlyfor
onelonofhay
AgaininearIyNovemberof
anenlryindicaledlhalaseconddeIivery
lhislimeavelonaIIolmenlofhayvas
deIiveredlolhesile

WhiIelheIHsnoledinlereslin
conslruclingoulbuiIdingsonlheLazareo
groundslhereferenceslolheslabIing
capacities of buildings on the Marine Hospital
164
4
groundsandlheexIicilDayookenlries
fromreIalinglolhedeIiveryofhayare
aIIcomeIIingnoneoflhisinformalioncouId
conrmlheexaclconslrucliondaleoflhebarn
Asaconsequenceourleamsoughlolhermeans
byvhichvecouIdbolhdaleandaIsoconrm
lhallhebuiIdingvasoriginaIIyconslrucled
lofunclionasabarnIirslvecarefuIIy
documenledlhebuiIdingsoneexislinghay
movThenvilhlheassislanceofaslrucluraI
engineervecaIcuIaledlhallhismovaIone
hadlhecaacilylohoIduloveandone
haIflonsofhay
8
InaddilionlocaIcuIalinglhe
amounlofhaylhebarnmighlhaveheIdve
also examinedlhebarnsrinciaIbuiIding
maleriaIbrickinhoesofslrenglhening
ourargumenlforilsearIydaleofconslruclion
ThebarnIikelhemainhosilaIbuiIdingand
ilsvingsandlheHeadIhysiciansHouse
isconslrucledofhandmoIdedbricksHand
moIdedbricksbareauniquesurfacelexlure
anddonolhaveuniformIyslraighledges

AIlhoughseveraIUSGovernmenlalenls
veregranledinlheIalesforlhemoIding
ofbricksilvasnolunliIlheslhal
mechanizedmelhodsofbrickmakingbeganlo
gainrecognilion
10
Thereforesincelhebricks
used in the construction of the barn are hand
moIdedbrickandsincebolhlhecoIoringoflhe
bricksandlhebondingaernchosenforlhe
barnsocIoseIymirrorlheolherexlanl
eraLazareobuiIdingsveconcIuded
lhallhisbuiIdingmuslhavebeenconslrucled
duringlhesamelimeeriod
AroximaledaleofearIyaIleralions
DuringlhecourseofoureIdvorkve
noleddislurbancesinlhebrickvorkbordering
lhebarnsexlanlvindovoeningsAsour
dravingsreveaIlhesedislurbancesaear
to the left and the right of both the upper and
lheIovercornersofeachoeningWesusecl
that these disturbances resulted from the
removaIofearIiervindovsOnceexlracled
fromlheIoadbearingvaIIinlovhichlhey
vereoriginaIIyselnevvindovframes
vereinserledIlvasaflervardnecessary
foramasonloalchlhehoIescausedbylhe
removaIandsubsequenlreIacemenlofeach
vindov AIlhoughvefoundlhisinformalion
curiousilvasnolunliIveexlracledanaiI
fromoneoflhesoulhfaadesboardand
baenvindovshuerslhalvevereabIelo
dalelhereIacedvindovframeslolhes
Iig
11
Usinglhissamedalingmelhodve
subsequenlIydelerminedlhalbolhlhebarns
165
5
humanscaIeboardandbaendoorsandil
IargecenlraIdoubIedoorsvereroduclsof
lhissameeraAddilionaIdocumenlalionaIso
rovedlhallhebarnevidencesass
eracorniceIig
12
Wilhlhesedalesinmind
velhenrelurnedlolhearchivesinsearchof
evidencelhalsuorledalheorycircuIaling
amongsllhecIasslhallheremighlhavebeenan
imrovemenlcamaigninlhesecondquarler
oflhenineleenlhcounlrylhalvasdirecledal
lhebuiIdingsoflheLazareoDesilelhefacl
lhalvedidnoluncoverexIicilevidencelo
corroboralelheexislenceofsuchacamaign
looursurrisevediddiscoverlhalbylhe
slhebarnvasusedforhousinglhings
olherlhananimaIs
13
UnforlunaleIyallhis
|unclurevecannoldeniliveIysayvhylhe
barnundervenlaeslhelicermulalionsNor
canvesayeilherexaclIyvhenorvhylhe
LazareosloedasluringanimaIsorvhy
ilmighlhaveconverledilsbarnlosomelhing
lhalvaslanlamounlloasloragefaciIilyfor
aIIandsundrySliIIilisveryimorlanllo
recognizelhalasilaearslodaylheLazareo
barnisaImoslenlireIyaroduclofcirca
to 1830s/1840s construction materials and
lechnoIogies
14
Historical References
Articles and reports published on the
Lazareovilhinlheaslfevdecadesreference
lhishisloricsilesbarnasacarriagehouse
15
OfconsequenceourleaminiliaIIyaroached
both the assessment and the documentation
oflheLazareobarnaslhoughilverea
sloragesaceforacarriageandossibIya
sacevilhacon|oinedslabIingareaAsve
beganlosludylhebuiIdingingrealerdelaiI
Modern Machine-Cut Nail
Late 1830s to present
Heads tend to be
uniformly convex on
each side, and uniform in
size and shape.
Fig. 2: 1830s - 1840s era Lazaretto Barn Cornice.
Drawing by A. Berger, 2012.
Fig. 1: Modern Machine-CutNail
from the Lazaretto Barn.
166
andasveeilhernoledoruncoveredmore
hysicaIeIemenlsandslrucluraIanomaIies
hoveverveconcomilanlIybeganloconducl
additional research on the structure to see if
ilmighlhaveoriginaIIybeenconslrucledasa
barnSeveraIdocumenlsevenluaIIyconrmed
oursusicionsThemoslnolabIevaslhe
reoccurringIislingofeilherarnorarn
andYardinlheLazareosInvenloryof
GoodsandChaeIsAnolherIalerbulIess
ociaImenlionoflhebuiIdingasabarncame
fromanubIicaliononIhiIadeIhia
inslilulions
CerlainIylheInvenlories
referencesheIrovelhallheIHinlenlionaIIy
conslrucledlhisbuiIdingasabarnSliII
consideringlhenumberofnineleenlh
lvenlielhandlvenlyrslcenluryvrilings
lhalhavedecIaredlhisbuiIdingeilhera
carriagehouseoraslabIeilvasbolhheIfuI
andreassuringloseesomeoneacknovIedgelhe
structure for its agrarian-related architectural
characlerislicsUnforlunaleIyvhalnone
oflhisinformalionexIainedvasvhyin
olhervrilingsfromlhenineleenlhlhrough
lhelvenlyrslcenlurieslhisbuiIdingvas
referencedasacarriagehouseaslabIeora
carriagehouseandslabIe
Inaneorllobeerunderslandvhy
lheLazareobarnvasaImoslnevercaIIeda
barnandvhyilvasinsleadinlerchangeabIy
lermedacarriagehouseandaslabIeve
lhoughlilarorialelobolhdeneand
researchlheelymoIogyoflhevordsbarn
carriagehouseandslabIeIniliaIIyveslarled
combing extant literature on these building
lyesinhoesofndingdierenlialing
exIanalionsandcharaclerislicsIruslralingIy
acluaIcIeardenilionsoulsideoflhose
recordedindiclionariesverenolforlhcoming
IvenlheDeIavareCounlyGIassTax
RecordrovedunheIfuIWhiIelhisTax
RecordrecordedlheexislenceofaIIDeIavare
CounlyIAbarnsilaIsoIisledslabIes
carriagehousesandchairhousesSomelimes
aroerlyvasreorledlohaveabarnand
aslabIeorabarnandacarriagehouseorin
afevcasesaslabIeandachairhouse
18
To
furlhercomIicalemaersvilhlheexcelion
oflhesizeoflhechairhouseandafevIarge
slonebarns
lherevasneilheraconsislenl
noranexIicilsizedierenlialionamongsl
lhevariouslermsIorexamIeframedbarns
veresomelimesrecordedalxx
xandxAllhesamelime
slabIesaearedinlhefoIIovingsizes
167
xxxandx
20
AIso
someroerlieseveninlheTovnshiof
TinicumconlainedbuiIdingsIisledasslone
andframeslabIehayhousexand
framecarriagehouseandslabIex
21

InaemlloaIIayourmounlingconfusionve
conferredvilhbarnhislorianGregoryHuber
UnforlunaleIyHuberexIainedlhalnoleven
hehaseverseenlhelermbarndenedineilher
reIalionorinconlraslloaslabIearnsas
venoledinlhecourseofourresearchandas
HuberaIsoexIainedvereusedforbolhlhe
slorageoffarmingequimenlandharvesled
crosandoflenforlhesimuIlaneousslabIing
ofanimaIs
22
AIsosincelheIileralurelhal
verevievedoflenreferencedlheIocalion
ofslabIesvilhinacarriagehouse
23
ve
uIlimaleIydecidedloconsuIllheOxford
IngIishDiclionaryOIDasveendeavored
lodenelheselermsAccordinglolheOID
lheresecliveelymoIogyandlhedenilionof
lhelermbarnslabIeandcarriagehouseare
recordedasfoIIovs
arnn
IlymoIogyOIdIngIishbreernIil
barIeyIacebrebarIeyrn
ernIacecIoselsloreroomreduced
aIreadyinOIdIngIishlobrernbren
brnvhenceMiddIeIngIishbern
modbarn
a. AcoveredbuiIdingforlheslorage
ofgrainandinviderusageof
hayslravaxandolherroduce
oflheearlh
b. AslabIeorcaIehouseUS
24
SlabIen
1
IlymoIogyOIdIrenchestable
mascuIineandfeminineslabIeaIso
aIiedloacovhouseigslyelc
modernIrenchtable feminine
covhouseLalinslabuIumaIso
popular Latin stabula plural used
asfemininesinguIarslabIeslaII
encIosureorfoIdforanimaIsIil
standing place
aAbuiIdingedvilhslaIIsIoose
boxesrackandmangerandharness
aIiancesinvhichhorsesarekel
IormerIyusedinavidersensea
buiIdinginvhichdomeslicanimaIsas
caIegoalselcarekel
25
Carriagehouse
nacoachhouse
AslheaboveselofdenilionscIariesbarns
vereoflenusedeseciaIIyinlheUSfor
the simultaneous storage of crops and the
slabIinganimaIsIlislhereforeunderslandabIe
vhylhevordsbarnandslabIemighlhave
beenusedinlerchangeabIylodenolelhesame
ediceAIsoifalanylimeachairorsome
lyeofsmaIIcarriagevasaIsosloredinside
lhebarnscenlraImovvhelherornollhe
slruclurevassliIIusedforlheslabIingof
168
8
animaIsilisunderslandabIevhyilmighlhave
beencommonIydenoledasacarriagehouse
AIsovhiIesomeLazareovisilorsmighl
haveimmedialeIyrecognizedlheslruclureas
abarnolhersmighlhavebeenmoreincIined
loreferencelhebarninreIalionloilsfunclion
nolilsbuiIdinglyeSincevaslheIalesl
enlryinlheLazareoInvenloryofGoods
andChaeIslhalsecicaIIyIisledanimaIs
underlhecalegoryarnilisossibIe
lhalsomelimeaflerlhisdalebulbeforelhe
nexlenlryvasmadelheLazareo
ceasedslabIinganimaIsWherelheLazareo
reorledloovnonehorselhreehogsand
lhreecovsandabuIIinlhersldecadeoflhe
nineleenlhcenlurybylhesnoneoflhese
animaIsvasmenlionedInsleadIisledunder
lhecalegoryarnverelhingsIikere
enginerebuckelsvheeIbarrovs
abaerboxvilhoarsaIongvilhdung
andilchforksshoveIssadeshoesgarden
shearsandvariouslyesofknives
AIsoilis
important to note that at some point during the
IaerhaIfoflhenineleenlhcenlurybolhalvo
sloryeaslernandaoneslorysoulhernaddilion
vereaddedlolhebarn
28
While their original
dalesofconslruclionremainunknovnilis
ossibIelhallheseaddilionsservedsearale
slabIingandenninguroseslhusIeaving
lheoriginaIbarnoenforslorageIig
HisloricIrecedenls
AflernearIyamonlhofinlheeId
invesligalivevorkanddocumenlalionand
researchonbolhslabIesandcarriagehouses
ourleamnaIIybeganloreaIizelhalour
buiIdingevidencedmanyhysicaIfealures
lhalverereminiscenlofbarnarchileclure
ConcurrenlvilhresearchlhalvasheIing
lobuiIdacaseforlhisbuiIdinghavingbeen
conslrucledasabarnveIookedaroundin
hoesofndinganhisloricrecedenlOur
researchreveaIedlhallheLazareobarndoes
nolmanifeslasanyonerecognizedbarnlyeor
sublyeIlinsleadaearslobeaderivalive
oflheGroundbarnTheGroundbarnvasone
oflvorinciaIeighleenlhandnineleenlh
cenlurybarnlyescommonloSoulheaslern
Fig. 3: 1909 Map of Tinicum Township. Image from http://
delawarecountyhistory.com/tinicumtownship/images/Tinicum-
Twp.1929.jpg.
169
IennsyIvania
AccordingloHuberlhereare
lvoslyIesofGroundbarnslheGermanicslyIe
andlheIngIishLakeDislriclLancashire
slyIe
30
GermanicslyIeGroundbarnsarelhree
bayediceslhalvereconslrucledonuneven
groundIeveIsInconlraslLancashireslyIe
GroundbarnsvereerecledonaIeveIIolsand
exhibilhumanscaIedoorsoneilhergabIeend
31
OurreIiminarysearchreveaIedan
imageofacircaUKbrickbarnlhalvas
verysimiIarinsizelolheLazareobarnIig
Soonaflervardvediscoveredlhe
AbiahTayIorGroundbarninIaslradford
TovnshiCheslerCounlyIAAccordinglo
HuberlhisbarnvhichincidenlaIIybeIongs
loourinslruclor}ohnMiInerisoneoflhe
fevremainingidenliedLancashirebarns
ThisbarnmeasuresinIenglhand
invidlhexhibilsasleeIyilchedrooflhree
baysacenlraIlhreshingbayandlvomovs
eachofvhichisIocaledaboveasearale
stabling area and located to either side of
lhecenlraIlhreshingoorIigInlhe
lyicaILancashireslyIelheTayIorbarnaIso
exhibits human scale doors on each its east-
andilsveslfacinggabIeendDesilebeing
sIighlIyIargerhavingadoororselofdoors
oneachgabIeendexhibilingbaIislralis
verlicaIsIayedvenliIalionsIils
32
and
beingconslrucledofslonelheTayIorbarn
isunqueslionabIyareasonabIerecedenl
forlheLazareobarnTheonIyolherknovn
recedenlforlheLazareobarnisa
GroundbarnIocaledinnorlhernWarren
CounlyN}IigLikelheTayIorbarnlhis
N}barnisaIsoaLancashireslyIeGroundbarn
Fig. 4: Farm building, Gills Road, Kent, UK. Image from geo-
graph.org.uk.
Fig. 5: Abiah Taylor Ground Barn. S. Reid, photographer, 2012.
170
10
IlbearshoveveranevengrealerresembIance
lolheLazareobarnIirsllhisN}barnis
aroximaleIyIongbyvideIllherefore
malchesaImoslerfeclIyvilhlhedimensions
oflheLazareobarnlheLazareobarnis
IongbyvideAgainasisseeninlhecase
oflheLazareobarnlhisN}Groundbarn
aIsoexhibilsaIargecenlraIarcheddoorvay
andacenlraImovlhalisIocaledonlhebarns
inleriordireclIyabovelhisarcheddoorvay
Signicance
WilhinlheSlaleofIennsyIvaniaand
eseciaIIyinlhegrealerIhiIadeIhiaarea
there is a dearth of barns that date either to or
beforelhelurnoflhenineleenlhcenlury
33
The
facllhallhecircaLazareobarnis
exlanlandlhalilexhibilssuchhighinlegrily
isaIonesignicanlAIsoasoursearchfor
hisloricaIrecedenlsreveaIedlheLazareo
barnisuniqueinlermsofilsarchilecluraIslyIe
ilsrimaryconslruclionmaleriaIandinlerms
oflheslrucluraIformilsroofsframingsyslem
AIlhoughlhisbarnbearsaverisimiIiludelo
lheLancashireGroundbarnlyelhisediceis
lruIyinacalegoryofilsovnIflhereareolher
survivingexamIesoflhisarlicuIarbarnlye
lhesebarnshaveyelloeilherbediscovered
ordocumenledIlishoveververyIikeIy
lhalvilhinlhecenlraInorlheaslernUniled
SlalesandeseciaIIyvilhinSoulheaslern
IennsyIvanianoolherbarnsoflhisslyIeexisl
Asilisilisrarelhaloneevenencounlersa
brickbarnfromlhishisloricaIeochAIsoil
hasbeennoledlhalbarnsbuiIlriorloaboul
inIennsyIvaniabecomerogressiveIy
more scarce into the earlier decades of the
eighleenlhcenlury
34
AccordingloreviousIy
conducledresearchinlherevereonIy
lenexlanlbrickbarnsinlheenlireSlaleof
IennsyIvania
35
Noneoflhelenbrickbarns
aearedinDeIavareCounlyslax
records
Thisisnollosaylhalbrickbarns
verenolconslrucledaflerIlisinslead
inlendedloshovlhallurnoflhenineleenlh
cenlurybarnsvererareIyconslrucledofbrick
Fig. 6. 1798 Ground Barn in Warren County, NJ. Image courtesy of
Greg Huber, 2012
171
11
IvenifaslalevidelaxrecordvereavaiIabIe
forlheyearorilisnolIikeIylhal
ilvouIdevidenceadraslicincreaseinlhe
numberofbrickbarnsAsaconsequence
lhisinformaliononIyaugmenlsvaIueoflhe
LazareobarnsureIyilisanexceedingIy
rare example of a turn-of-the-nineteenth-
cenlurybuiIdinglyeandlhusonelhalis
undoubledIyvorlhyofhavingilsenveIoe
reslorederhasbeingsensiliveIyadaledloa
nevuseandbeingermanenlIyreserved
Endnotes
TheroceedingseclionHisloricaI
ReferencesviIIexIainhovlhelermsbarn
slabIeandcarriagehouseveresomelimesused
inlerchangeabIy
IhiIadeIhiaoardofHeaIlhMeelingof
lheoard}uneinIhiIadeIhiaoard
ofHeaIlhMinulesCourlesyoflhe
IhiIadeIhiaCilyArchivesMinulesH
IorSaIealAuclionallheCoeeHouse
onWednesdayeveninglhelhinslanlal
ocIockALolofGroundanduiIdingslhereon
erecledknovnbylhenameoflheLazareo
OnIrovinceIsIandvIouIsonsAmerican
DaiIyAdverliserMayDeIavare
CounlyHisloricaISocielyHisloricaIIylhelerm
chairreferencedasingIeassengervehicIe
lhalcarriedoneersonandlhalvasuIIedby
onehorseThisdenilionvasrovidedby
RoberlWReynoIds}rDireclorIennsyIvania
GermanCuIluraIHerilageCenleralKulovn
UniversilyofIennsyIvania
}aredSarksTheSlrangersguidein
IhiIadeIhiaIhiIadeIhiaLindsayand
IakinsonIhiIadeIhiaoardof
HeaIlhMeelingoflheoard}une
inIhiIadeIhiaoardofHeaIlhMinules
Inlriesrecordedinbolhlheoardof
HeaIlhDayookforlheMarineHosilaIand
lheLazareoandlheDayookof
lheLazareoandlheLazareoHosilaI
reecllhallheSlevardvaserforming
lheseaforemenlionedduliesSeeoardof
HeaIlhDayookforlheMarineHosilaIand
lheLazareoandDayook
oflheLazareoandlheLazareoHosilaI
CourlesyoflheIhiIadeIhia
CilyArchives
IhiIadeIhiaoardofHeaIlhMeelingof
lheoard}uIyinIhiIadeIhiaoard
ofHeaIlhMinulesCourlesyoflhe
IhiIadeIhiaCilyArchivesMinulesH
Ivenlhoughlhishorsevasurchasedrior
lolhedalelhallheIHvasreorledlohave
ociaIIyurchasedlheTinicumroerlyilis
cIearlhallheIHexecledlhalhorsesvouId
bekelonlheremises
oardofHeaIlhDayookforlheLazareo
oardofHeaIlhDayookforlheLazareo
OnelonofhayveighsaroximaleIy
Ibs
Thereverelhreecommonmelhodsforhand
moIdingbrickvalerslrikingsandslriking
andoiIslrikingSeeKarIGurckericks
andrickmakingAHandbookforHisloricaI
ArchaeoIogyMoscovIDUniversilyofIdaho
IressIormoreinformaliononlhe
handmoIdingrocessseeSeclionoflhis
report
GurckericksandrickmakingIlis
aIsovorlhnolinglhallheInduslriaIRevoIulion
172
12
InaddilionlolheaforemenlionedIale
lvenlielhandearIylvenlyrslcenlury
vrilingslhalreferencelhisbuiIdingaseilher
aslabIeoracarriagehouseandslabIelhe
foIIovingubIicalionaIsoreferencelhe
buiIdingbyoneorbolhoflheselerms
IhiIadeIhiaMarilimeIxchangeHandook
oflheLoverDeIavareRiverIhiIadeIhia
GeorgeSHarrisandSons
GIassTaxforlheoroughofChesler
TheTovnshisofDarbyTinicumand
IdgemonlTheTovnshiofUIandDeIavare
CounlyIADeIavareCounlyHisloricaI
SocielyCheslerIATheGIassTaxis
anolhernameforlheIADireclTax
Record
TyicaIIyslonebarnsaearedlobeIarger
lhanframebarnsOneslonebarnvasreorled
lobexAnolhervasx
TheTovnshisofDarbyTinicumand
IdgemonlTheTovnshiofUIandDeIavare
CounlyIADeIavareCounlyHisloricaI
SocielyCheslerIATheGIassTaxis
anolhernameforlheIADireclTax
Record
TheTovnshiofTinicumDeIavareCounly
IADeIavareCounlyHisloricaISociely
CheslerIATheGIassTaxisanolher
nameforlheIADireclTaxRecord
GregHuberersonaIconversalionvilh
membersofHSIVMarch
Irofessor}ohnMiInersbarninIaslradford
CheslerCounlyIAvasaIsobuiIlloserve
asbolhaslorageandaslabIingsaceInlhe
roceedingseclionHisloricaIIrecedenls
lhisbarnviIIbediscussedinmoredelaiI
A}DovningTheArchileclureofCounlry
HousesNevYorkDaCaoIress
MHoraceHayesSlabIeManagemenl
inlheUniledSlalesbeganinlhes
InorderlodalelhenaiIveusedlhe
foIIovinghandoulLeeHNeIsonNaiI
ChronoIogyasanaidlodalingoIdbuiIdings
in American Association for State and Local
HisloryTechnicaILeael
ThanksloIrofessor}ohnMiInervevere
abIelodalelhiscornice
IeclsofandbeIongingslolheLazareo
InvenloriesofGoodsandChaeIs
LazareoIhiIadeIhiaCily
ArchivesH
SomelvenlielhcenluryreIacemenl
bricksverefoundonlhebuiIdingThesevere
manufacluredbricksandmosloflhemvere
roduclsoflheMiIlonrickComanyThis
comanyvasIocaledinMiIlonIAandvas
eslabIishedinSeeMuniciaI}ournaI
noOclober
TheLazareoHisloricaIAmerican
uiIdingsSurveyHASsurveynumber
HASIANRISnumber
NalionaIRegislerofHisloricIIaces
WashinglonDCThisHASreorlreferences
lhebarnasbolhacarriagehouseandaslabIe
RebeccaHSeIITheLazareoTheCuIluraI
SignicanceandIreservalionIIaninlheurra
CharlerSchoIarIyCommonsh
reosiloryuenneduhlhesesThislhesis
makesmenlionoflhebuiIdinghavingbeen
abarnbullhroughoullhereorlreferences
lhebuiIdingasaslabIeAddilionaIIylhis
documenldoesnolmakeanycaseforlhebarn
andlheslabIehavingbeenlhesamebuiIding
Insleadilaearslhallheaulhormayhave
been under the impression that in addition
lolheslabIelheLazareoroerlyaIso
conlainedasearalebarn
}aredSarksTheSlrangersguidein
IhiIadeIhia
173
13
andIxerciseAbookforhorseovnersand
sludenlsLondonHurslandIacke
}CLoudonIncycIoediaofCoage
IarmandViIIaArchileclureandIurnilure
VoIumeIvilhaninlroduclionbyIrinMercer
ShaflesburyUKDonheadRoberl
McCIureTheGenlIemansSlabIeGuide
IhiIadeIhiaIorlerCoales
CIayMcShaneand}oeIATarrHorsein
lheCilyLivingMachinesinlheNineleenlh
CenluryaIlimoreThe}ohnsHokins
UniversilyIress}ohnSlevarlSlabIe
IconomyATrealiseonlheManagemenlof
HorsesinReIalionloSlabIingGrooming
IeedingWaleringandWorkingIdinburgh
aIIanlyneandCoc
24 arnnOIDOnIineMarchOxford
UniversilyIresshroxyIibraryuenn
eduvievInlryrskeyz|I}Inres
uIlisAdvancedfaIseaccessedMarch
25 SlabIenOIDOnIineMarch
OxfordUniversilyIress
hroxyIibraryuenneduvievInlry
rskeySevnZresuIlisAdvancedf
aIseaccessedMarch
CarriagehousenOIDOnIineMarch
OxfordUniversilyIresshroxy
IibraryuenneduvievInlryredi
recledIromcarriagehouseaccessedMarch
IeclsofandbeIongingslolheLazareo
InvenloriesofGoodsandChaeIs
LazareoIhiIadeIhiaCily
ArchivesHNoenlryaflerlhisdale
IislsasingIeanimaIinlheLazareoinvenlory
Invenloriessanninglhroughvere
consuIledforlhisreorlThisincIudeslhe
reviousIymenlionedInvenloriesofGoods
andChaeIsLazareoIhiIadeIhia
CilyArchivesHandH
MasaIsoDeIavareRiverHandbookg
caIIslhisaslabIeandcarriagehouseandIisls
ilasbeingxfeel
GregoryDHuberAnInsideLookalSome
oflheIarIieslarnsinIennsyIvaniaMaleriaI
CuIlurenoTheolhercommon
lyeofbarnvasalvoslorybankedbarn
Ibid
Ibid
Ibid
HuberAnInsideLookalSomeoflhe
IarIieslarnsinIennsyIvania
Ibid
HuberAnInsideLookalSomeoflhe
IarIieslarnsinIennsyIvaniaThis
researchvasreviousIyconducledbylhe
hislorianHenryKauman
AIlhoughlhereverenobrickbarnsIisled
inlheDeIavareCounlyGIassTaxRecord
onebrickslabIemeasuringbyvas
recordedinTinicumTovnshiSeeGIass
TaxforlheTovnshisofDarbyandTinicum
DeIavareCounlyIADeIavareCounly
HisloricaISocielyCheslerIA
174
14
/D]DUHWWR%DUQ&KDUDFWHU'HQLQJ)HDWXUHV
Planning for the future preservation
and the possible adaptive use of the Lazaretto
arn requires lhal lhe arn's slevards hrsl
recognize this historic structures character
dehning fealures vhich should be resecled
during the planning process. As a consequence,
this section includes both the general listing
and a subsequent summary of each of the
Lazaretto Barns extant interior and exterior
characler-dehning fealures. Missing fealures
that are evidenced by existing physical details
or materials are also recorded in this segment.
Orientation to the south, facing the Delaware
River, the main Lazaretto building, and the Head
Physicians house; Relationship with the main
Lazaretto building, the Head Physicians house, and
the Lazarettos main entrance gate
The Lazaretto Barn was constructed
c. 1799 - 1801. It is oriented facing south, in
the direction of the Delaware River, the main
Lazaretto building, and the Head Physicians
house. The barn is located approximately
one hundred feet from the main Lazaretto
building,
1
and lies just outside of the Lazarettos
main entrance, to the northeast of the Head
Physicians house. This barn is historically
signihcanl because il is one of lhe fev
remaining brick ground barns from the turn
of the nineteenth century. The barn is also
signihcanl as a conlribuling elemenl lo lhe
Lazaretto Quarantine Station. Although some
of the Barns millwork dates to the second
quarter of the nineteenth century, it coincides
with an aesthetic improvement campaign that
is believed to have been implemented more
widely at the Lazaretto Quarantine Station.
Form and Massing
In both form and massing the Lazaretto
Barn is a derivative of a three bay late
eighteenth-century/early nineteenth-century
Ground Barn.
Fig. 7: Board and Batten Shutter. A. Berger,
photographer, 2012.
175
15
Gable roof with moderate pitch
The Barn retains its original c. 1799-
1801 roof slope. The pitch of this gable roof
is moderate with the ridge running east to
west. Although the Barns rafters are original,
its sheathing is not. Most likely, the roof was
originally sheathed with wood shingles nailed
to wood lath strips.
Hand-molded brick masonry walls
The Lazaretto Barn is constructed of
brick masonry exterior bearing walls. With
the exception of a few replacement bricks, the
Barn is constructed entirely of hand-molded
bricks. On the exterior, these bricks are laid in
a common bond pattern. The north, south, east
and west faades are each three wythes thick
up to the level of the eave. The gable end walls
(east and west) transition to two wythes thick
up to the ridge.
Fenestration pattern
The buildings north and south facades
mirror one another in terms of their respective
fenestration patterns. Each exhibits a central
arched arn door (double door) anked by one
hrsl-slory vindov, a hrsl slory human-scale
door, and one smaller, second story window
that is aligned in both placement and width
vilh lhe hrsl slory vindov.
Fig. 8: Common bond brick pattern. Southern interior elevation,
Lazaretto Barn. Drawing by A. Berger, 2012.
Fig. 9: North facade of Lazaretto Barn, fenestration pattern. A.
Berger, photographer, 2012.
176
Roof and Eave Framing: c. 1799-1801

The Lazaretto Barn evidences a rarely
recorded, turn of the nineteenth-century roof
and eave framing system. The conventional roof
framing system in this region was comprised of
allic oor |oisls sanning (erendicular lo lhe
ridge) between the exterior walls and extending
beyond those walls by approximately one foot
to support the rafter plates, rafters and cornices.
At the Lazaretto, only four of the attic joists
(two of which are adjacent to the gable end
walls) span between the north and south walls.
The remaining joists extend beyond the exterior
walls to support the rafter plates, rafters and
cornices but are truncated in their length by
header joists which span between the four
full-span joists.
This purposely designed framing
system, with its lack of numerous full-span
joists, appears to have allowed the Barns users
access to three lofty upper-level storage areas
mows. Were this framing system not used, it
would not have been possible for the Barn to
contain a high central mow. Nor would it have
been possible for either of the side mows to
have more than an approximately seven foot
high ceiling clearance.
Period barn door openings, human-scale doors,
windows, and hardware
It is believed that during the second
quarter of the nineteenth century the Barn
underwent an improvement campaign that
resulted, at a minimum, in the replacement
of this structures doors, window frames
Fig. 10: South facade of Lazaretto Barn, fenestration pattern. A.
Berger, photographer, 2012.
Fig. 11: Lazaretto Barns Eave framing system. Drawing by
A. Berger, 2012.
177
andshutters, and its cornice (both north and

south sides). This campaign resulted in the Barn
being oulhlled vilh lhe folloving nev fealures:
Wood-frame window openings with
board and batten shutters and period hardware;
Wood-frame door opening with board and
batten doors and period hardware; Wood-
framed, double doors, each board and batten,
with period metal hardware. This double door
is missing along the north side of the building,
but since the door on the south side is intact,
the north door could be reproduced to match.
These doors and windows also evidence period
hardware, including: hinges; handles; and
clinched nails.
Period millwork: 1830s-1840s era cornice
Apparently, the Lazaretto Barns cornice
vas also aecled by lhe aforemenlioned
improvement campaign. The replaced, extant
cornice is of plain architectural detail, consisting
of an unornamented wooden crown board,
fascia board, sol board, and bed molding
(Reference Figure 1).
7KUHHED\LQWHULRURRUSODQLQFOXGLQJPRZV
The Lazaretto evidences a three bay
inlerior oor lan lhal includes a cenlral
lhreshing oor anked on eilher side by an
animal bays. The slone lhreshing oor valls
that separate the central bay from each side bay
are extant at ground level.
riginally, lhe barn's inlerior oor lan
included three mows; two side mows, one over
each animal bay, and one central mow over
lhe lhreshing oor, slarling above lhe heighl
of the arched central doorway. Only the east
mow remains intact. Joist pockets indicating
lhe localion of lhe veslern mov's oor are slill
extant. Several joist pockets that indicate the
localions of lhe cenlral mov's oor |oisls are
also extant.
Fig. 12: Lazaretto Barns human-scale board and batten door
Drawing by A. Berger, 2012.
178
18
East and west gable-end windows
The eastern facade of the Barn evidences
a bricked-in window opening. The dimensions
of this opening were documented and it
could be reopened. The west facade evidences
two openings. These openings are, however,
currently covered with sheathing and not
accessible for examination. (In preparation for
this report, a series of conjectural drawings
were made. Please reference these drawings
in the proceeding section titled, the Lazaretto
Barns Drawing Set.)
Rationale for inclusion of the list of
&KDUDFWHU'HQLQJ)HDWXUHV
Although it may not be possible to
restore the Lazaretto Barn to its early- to mid-
nineteenth-century condition, great care should
be taken to respect the Barns history. Any
adaptive reuse of the Barn should endeavor
to interpret as many of the aforementioned
characler dehning fealures as ossible. Ior
example, although it may neither be desirable
nor hnancially feasible lo reconslrucl all of
the buildings hay mows, its intact eastern
mow should be retained. Also, both the Barns
central and western hay mows respective
joist pockets should be visibly preserved.
Adaptive reuse of the Barn should also avoid,
to the greatest extent possible, compromising
lhe conhguralion of bolh lhe slruclure's
existing exterior walls and roof. Furthermore,
it is recommended that the stone walls that
represent both the presence of the central
lhreshing oor and lhe arn's hay movs be
both preserved and interpreted.
(QGQRWHV
1 Rebecca Sell, The Lazaretto: The Cultural
Signihcance and Ireservalion Ilan in lhe urra
Charter, (2005), 31.
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194

Lazaretto Architectural Investigation

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Lazaretto Architectural Investigation

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Prepared by the Architectural Archaeology Class of the Graduate program in

Historic Preservation at the School of Design, University of Pennsylvania

VisuaI examinalion in lhe reIace ues

In lhe imrinl of lhe circuIar rose

Antique Doorknobs dales lhe cilrus molif knob

Though lhe rovenance of lhe hinges one

describe lhe use of Iodges as more lhan uliIily

of furnilure The bargemen kee valch during lhe

Image found onIine No currenl evidence exisls of lhe

Roof and Eave Framing: c. 1799-1801

andshutters, and its cornice (both north and

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