COMPLEX NUMBERS

1.00
The complex number system

There is no real number x which satisfies the polynomial equation x2 1 0 . To permit solutions of this and similar equations, the set of complex numbers is introduced. We can consider a complex number as having the form a + bi where a and b are real number and i, which is called the imaginary unit, has the property that i 2
1 . It is denoted by z i.e. z = a + ib. a is called as

real part of z which is denoted by (Re z) and b is called as imaginary part of z which is denoted by (Im z). Any complex number is: (i) Note : (a) The set R of real numbers is a proper subset of the Complex Numbers. Hence the complete number system is N W I Q R C. Purely real, if b = 0 (b) Purely imaginary, if a = 0 (c) Imaginary, if b 0

(b) Zero is purely real as well as purely imaginary but not imaginary. (c) (d)
i 1 is called the imaginary unit. Also i 2 a b
1; i3 i; i 4 1 etc.

ab only if atleast one of a or b is nonnegative.

(e) is z = a + ib, then a ib is called complex conjugate of z and written as z a ib .

1.01 Algebraic Operations 111 Fundamental operations with complex numbers 1

In performing operations with complex numbers we can proceed as in the algebra of real numbers, replacing i 2 by 1 when it occurs. (1) (2) (3)
Addition (a bi) (c di) Subtraction (a bi) (c di) a bi c di a bi c di (a c) (b d )i (a c) (b d )i

Multiplication (a bi) (c di)

ac adi bci bdi 2

(ac bd ) (ad bc)i

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(4)

Division

a bi a bi c bi = c di c di c di

ac adi bci bdi 2 ac bd (bc ad )i ac bd bc ad = = 2 + i. c2 d 2i 2 c2 d 2 c d 2 c2 d 2

Inequalities in complex numbers are not defined. There is no validity if we say that complex number is positive or negative. e.g. z > 0, 4 + 2i < 2 + 4i are meaningless. In real numbers if a 2 b2 Illustration 1 : Solution:
0 then a 0 b however in complex numbers, z12
2 z2

0 does not imply z1

z2

0.

Find multiplicative inverse of 3 + 2i, then

Let z be the multiplicative inverse of 3 2i, then z.(3 2i) 1 z z 1 3 2i 3 2 i 13 13 3 2 i 13 13 Ans. 3 2i 3 2i 3 2i

1.02 Equality In Complex Number 111 Two complex numbers z1 a1 ib1 & z2 a2 1
equal respectively. i.e. z1 Illustration 2 : Solution:
z2

ib2 are equal if and only if their real and imaginary parts are I m ( z2 ) .

Re( z2 ) and I m ( z1 )

Find the value of x and y for which (2 3i) x2 (3 2i) y 2 x 3 y 5i where x, y R.

( z 3i ) x 2 (3 2i ) y 2x 3y
2

2 x 3 y 5i

2x 3y

x2 x x if x x

0 2y 5

0, 1 and 3x 2 0, y 0, y

5 and if x 1, y 1 2 5 and x 1, y 1 2

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Illustration 3 : Solution:

Find the value of expression x4 4x3 3x2 2x 1 when x 1 i is a factor of expression.

x 1 i x 1 i x 2x 2
2

( x 1) 2
4

0 Now x 4 x3 3 x 2 2 x 1

( x 2 2 x 2)( x 2 3 x 3) 4 x 7 when x 1 i i.e. x 2 2 x 2 4 7 4i 3 4i Ans 0

x 4 4 x3 3 x 2 2 x 1 0 4(1 i) 7

Illustration 4 : Solution:

Solve for z if z 2 | z | 0 .
Let z x iy ( x iy ) 2 x2 y2 0

x2 y 2 x when x y when y z 0 or y 0 y
2

x2 0

y2

0 and 2 xy

| y| 0 z 0, i, 1 x z 0 i, z 1 0, z

0, 1, 1 0 0 x2 | x | 0 Ans.

Illustration 5 : Solution:

Find square root of 7 + 40i.

Let (x iy ) 2 x y
2 2

9 40i 9 ........(i) ..........(ii ) 4x2 y 2 81 1600

and xy we get x 4 ( x2 x
2

20 y 4 2x2 y 2 y 2 )2 y
2

squing (i ) and adding with 4times the square of (ii )

168 ........(iii) (5 4i) (5 4i)

4 (5 4i) or Ans.

from (i) (iii) we can see that x & y are of same sign x iy (5 4i) Sq. roots of a 40i

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1.03 Representation Of A Complex Number 111 1 Illustration 6 : Express the complex number z 1
Solution:
z |z| Arg z z 1 i 2 (1) 2 2
2

2i in polar form.

1 2

3 ( say ) tan 1 2

tan 1 3(cos

2 1 i sin )

tan 1 2 where

1.04 Modulus Of A Complex Number 111 1 Illustration 7 : If | z 5 7i | 9 , then find the greatest and least values of |z 2 3i.|
Solution: We have 9 = |z (5 + 7i)| = distance between z and 5 + 7i. Thus locus of z is the circle of radius 9 and centre at 5 + 7i. For such a z (on the circle), we have to find its greatest `and least distance as from 2 + 3i, which obviously 14 and 4. Illustration 8 : Solution: Find the minimum value of |1 + z| + |1 z|.
|1 z | 1 z 1 z 1 z |1 z 1 z | (triangle inequality) 2 2

minimum value of (|1 z | |1 z |)

Geometrically | z 1| |1 2 | | z 1| | z 1| which represents sum of distances of z from 1 and 1 it can be seen easily that minimum ( PA PB ) 21/ 4 e
1 8 n

AB

Ans.

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Illustration 9 :

2 z
2 z

1 then find the maximum and minimum value of |z|.

2 z 2 2 2 z

Solution:

z r 1

Let z r r 2 r

2 r r R ..........(i ) 1 r ..........(ii ) (1, 2) 2 1 r

2 1 r r 2 r 1

and r

(1, 2)

from (i) and (ii) r r (1, 2) Ans.

1.05 Argument Of A Complex Number 111 1 Illustration 10: Solve for z, which satisfy
Arg ( z 3 2i) 6 and Arg ( z 3 4i) 2 . 3

Solution:

From the figure, it is clear that there is no z, which satisfy both ray.

Illustration 11: Sketch the region given by (i)

Arg ( z 1 i)

/3

(ii)

5 & Arg ( z i 1)

/3.

Solution:

(i)

(ii)

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1.06 111 1

Conjugate Of A Complex Number

Illustration 12:

If

z 1 is purely imaginary, then prove that z z 1

z 1 z 1 z 1 z 1 zz 1 z 1 0 z 1 z 1 z
2

1.

Solution:

Re

z 1 z 1

z 1 0 z 1

z z z z 1 z z z z 1 0 1 Hence Proved.

1.07 Rotation Theorem 111 z 1 1 Illustration 13: If Arg

z 1

then interrupter the locus.

Solution:

arg

z 1 z 1

3 3

arg

1 z 1 z

Here arg

1 z 1 z

represents the angle between lines

joining 1 and z and 1 + z. As this angle is constant, the locus of z will be a of a circle segment.(angle in a segment is count). It can be seen that locus is not the complete side as in the major are arg
1 z 1 z

will be equal to
0, 1 3

2 . Now try to geometrically find 3

Radius 2 3 Ans.

out radius and centre of this circle. centre

Illustration 14:

If A(z + 3i) and B(3 + 4i) are two vertices of a square ABCD (take in anticlock wise order) then find C and D.

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Solution:

Let affix of C and D are z3 Considering DAB 90

0

z4 respectively AD AB

we get

z4 (2 3i) (3 4i) 2 3i AD AB z4 (2 3i ) (1 i )i z4 2 3i i 1 1 zi

i 2

and z3 z3

z3 (3 4i ) ( z 3i ) (3 4i) i e CB AB 2 3 4i (1 i )(i ) 3 4i i 1 z 5i

1.08 Cube Root Of Unity 111 1 Illustration 15: Find the value of
Solution:
192 194 2

192

194

Ans.

Illustration 16:

If 1,
(i ) (ii )

,
(1 (1

are cube roots of unity prove.

2

)(1 ) (1 )(1

4
2 5 8

2 5 2 2

4 2

32 )
4

(iii ) (1 )(1 (iv) (1

(1

)(1
4

9
8

)(1

)(1

)..........to 2n factors

22 n

Solution:

(i )

)(1
2

(2 )(2 4

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1.09 n Roots Of Unity 111 1 Illustration 17: Find the roots of the equation
Solution:
z6 z
6

th

z6

64 0 where real part is positive.

64 z 6 .e z z
i (2 n 1)

x
6

ze

i (2 n 1)

2e 6 , 2e 2 , ze 2 , ze

5 6

7 6 i

, ze

3 2 11 6

, ze

11 2

roots with +ve real part are

i

e6

2e

Ans.

Illustration 18:

Find the value

k 1
6 k 1 6

sin

2 k 2 k . cos 7 7

Solution:

sin

6 2 k 2 k cos 7 7 k 1

sin

k 0 6

2 k 6 2 k cos 1 7 7 k 0

(Sum of imaginary part of seven seventh roots of unity)

k 0

6 k 0

(Sum of real part of seven seventh roots of unity) 1

00 1 1 i Ans.

1.10

Logarithm Of A Complex Quantity

Illustration 19:

If cos

cos

cos

0 and also sin )

sin

sin

0, then prove that

(i) cos2 +cos2 +cos2 = sin2 +sin2 +sin2 = 0 (ii) sin3 +sin3 +sin3 = 3sin( (iii) cos3 +cos3 +cos3 = 3cos( )

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Solution:

Let z1 z3 z1

cos cos z2 1 z1 cos 1 z2 0 z

2 2 2 1

i sin , z2 i sin . z3 0 (cos (cos

cos

i sin ,

cos

cos ) i(sin

sin

sin ) (1)

0 i.0 (i ) Also 1 z1 1 z1 Now z

i sin ) 1

cos

i sin

i sin , 1 z3
2 z3

1 cos sin z3 cos cos ) i(sin sin sin ) (2)

(cos

0 i.0

( z1 1 z1

z2 1 z2

z3 ) 2 2( z1 z2

z 2 z3

z3 z1 )

0 2 z1 z2 z3

1 z3

0 2 z1 z2 z3 .0 or (cos

0, u sin g (1)and (2) (cos cos 2 i sin ) 2 i sin 2 (cos cos 2

3 z 2 ) z3

i sin ) 2 i sin 2 ) 2
3 z3

i sin ) 2 i sin 2

0 0 i.0 cos 2 cos 2 0 and sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 0

or (cos 2 (ii ) z13

3 z2

Equation real and imaginary parts on both sides, cos 2 ( z1 z2 )3 3 z1 z2 ( z1

3 ( z3 )3 3z1 z2 ( z3 ) z3 , using (1)

3z1 z2 z3 (cos 3(cos i sin )3 (cos i sin )3 (cos i sin )(cos i sin )3 i sin ) i sin )(cos

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or cos 3

i sin 3

cos 3 ) i sin(

i sin 3

cos 3 )}

i sin 3 sin 3 sin 3 3sin( )

3{cos( Alternative method Let C S sin C iS C iS From (1) ei 2 ei (2 cos 2

)

Equation imaginary parts on both sides, sin 3 cos sin e

i

cos sin e
2 i

cos 0 e
i i

0 0 (e
i 2 2

(1) (2) ) (e )(e ) (ei )(ei ) (ei )(ei ) ei ei )

i i

ei (e
i

ei ) (e

ei )

ei 2 ei 2

ei 2 ei 2

ei ei ei (e 2 0( from 2) sin 2

Comparing the real and imaginary parts we cos 2 cos 2 sin 2 sin 2 0 Also from (1) (ei )3 (ei )3 (ei )3 ei 3 ei 3 ei 3 3ei (
)

3ei ei ei

Comparing the real and imaginary parts we obtain the results.

Illustration 20:

If z1 and z2 are two complex numbers and c > 0, then prove that
z1 + z2
2

(I C) z1

(I C 1 ) z2 .

Solution:

We have to prove that: z1 i.e. z2

2

(1 C ) z1
3

(1 C 1 ) z2 z2 z2 C 1 z2
2

z1

z2

z1 z2 c z1
2

(1 C ) z1

(1 C 1 ) z2
2

orz1 z2

z2 z2

or c z1

1 2 z2 z1 z2 z2 z2 c

(using Re ( z1 z2 ) or c z1 1 c z2

z1 z2 )
2

0 which is always true.

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Illustration 21:

If ,

[ / 6,

/ 3], i 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and z 4 cos

3 . 4

z 3 cos

z 3 cos

z cos

cos

2 3, then show that | z |

Solution:

Given that cos 1 .z 4 cos 2 .z 3 cos 3 .z 2 cos 4 .z cos

5

2 3
5

or cos 1 .z 4 2 3 1 2
2 3

cos 2 .z 3 cos 3 .z 2 cos 2 .z 3

cos 4 .z cos cos 4 .z

2 3 cos
5

cos 1 .z 4

cos 3 .z 2

i [ / 6, / 3] cos
i

3 2
3 | z |3 2 | z |2 | z |3 3 | z |2 2 |z| | z |4 | z |5 .......... 3 |z| 2 3 2

3 | z |4 2 | z |3

3 | z |4

3 | z | | z |2 3

|z| 3e| z | | z | 1 | z | 4| z| 3 |z| 3 4

Illustration 21:

Two different non parallel lines cut the circle |z| = r in point a, b, c, d respectively. Prove that these lines meet in the point z given by z =
a 1 b 1 c 1 d 1 . a 1b 1 c 1d 1

Solution:

Since point P, A, B are collinear

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z z 1 a a 1 b b 1 Similarlym, since points P, C, D are collinear z a b c d z c d a b zz r2 k ( say ) a cd cd a b ab ab c d (ii ) k ,b a k ,c b k etc. c 0 z a b z (a b) ab ab 0(i )

From equation (ii ) we get z z k k k k (c d ) z ( a b) a b c d a 1 b 1 c 1 d 1 a 1b 1 c 1d 1 ck kd ak bk ( a b) (c d ) d c b a

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