INVERSE CORCULAR FUNCTIONS

1.00 Inverse Function Definition 111 If1 function is one to one and onto from A to B, then function g which associates each element y a
one and only one element x = g(y). Usually we denote g f 1 {Read as f inverse}
x f 1 ( y).

B to

A, such that y = f(x), then g is called the inverse function of f, denoted by x

1.01 Inverse Trigonometric Function 111 We have seen that the trigonometric functions, sin, cos etc. are all periodic and thus, each of them 1
achieves the same numerical value at an infinite number of points. Thus, the equation sin x infinite number of solutions, viz., x whose sine is
,
1 has an 2

etc. If one is to answer the question : What is the angle

R defined by

1 ?, there is no unique answer. The difficulty arises as the function f : R 2

f ( x) sin x is not one to one and thus, does not admit of an inverse. To achieve a unique answer to the

aforesaid question we restrict the domain of sin x so that the resulting function is invertible. Thus, the function g : ,
2 2 [1, 1] defined by g ( x) sin x is one to one and onto and admits of an inverse , where

(denoted by h sin 1 and read as sin inverse or arc sin) defined as h :[1, 1]
h( y) x if y

sin x . The function sin 1 is the inverse of the sin function when the sin function is viewed in

a restricted sense. We similarly define the other inverse trigonometric functions

Important Points

1: sin 1 x is an angle and denotes the smallest numerical angle, whose sine is x. 2: If there are two angles one positive and the other negative having same numerical value. Then we shall take the positive value.
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1.02 Inverse Trigonometric Function 111 Here, sin 1 x,cos ec 1 x, tan 1 x belongs to I and IV quadrant. 1

Here, cos 1 x, sec1 x, cot 1 x belongs to I and II quadrant.

1. I quadrant is common to all the inverse functions. 2. III quadrant is not used inverse function. 3. IV quadrant is used in the clockwise direction i.e., / 2 y 0 .

1.03

Domain, Range And Graphs of Inverse Functions

1. If sin y = x, then y sin 1 x under certain condition.

1 sin y 1; but sin y x

1 x 1

Again, sin y = 1

y = /2 and sin y = 1

y = /2

Keeping in mind numerically smallest angles or real numbers.

/2 y /2

These restrictions on the values of x and y provide us with the domain and range for the function
y sin 1 x .

i.e.,

Domain : Range :

x [1, 1] y [ / 2, / 2]

2. Let cos y = x then y cos 1 x under certain condition 1 cos y 1 .

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1 x 1 cos y 0 y 1 y y 0 cos y cos 0} cos y 1

{as cos x is a decreasing function in [0, ]; hence cos

These restrictions on the values of x and y provide us the domain and range for the function
y cos 1 x .

i.e.,

Domain : x [1, 1] Range : y [0, ]

3. If tan y = x then y tan 1 x , under certain conditions.

Here, tan y tan y ( / 2, R R / 2) x R y /2

/2

Thus, domain x Range y

4. If cot y = x, then y cot 1 x (under certain conditions)

cot y R cot y x R; 0 y

These conditions on x and y make the function, cot y = x oneone and onto so that the inverse function exists.
i.e., i.e., y cot 1 x is meaningful. R (0, )

Domain: x Range : y

5. If sec y = x, then sec1 x, where x 1 and 0 y

Here, Domain : Range : x R (1, 1) ] { / 2} y [0,

,y

/2

6. If cosec y = x then y cos ec 1 x,

where x Here, 1 and /2 y / 2, y 0

Domain : Range :

R (1, 1) [ / 2, / 2] {0}

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1.04

Principal values & Domains of Inverse Trigonometric / Circular Functions

Function Domain
where where where where where where

Range
1 x 1 1 x 1 x x x x R 1 or x 1 1 or x 1 R 0 2 2 y y y

(i ) (ii ) (iii ) (iv) (v ) (vi )

y y y y y y

sin 1 x cos x tan 1 x cos ec 1 x sec 1 x cot 1 x

1

2 y

y y

2 2 ,y 0

0 0

;y

Note : (a) (b) (c) (d) 1st quadrant is common to the range of all the inverse functions. 2nd quadrant is not used in inverse functions. 4th quadrant is used in the clockwise direction i.e.
y 0.

No inverse function is periodic. (See the graphs on page 17)

1 2 1 3

Illustration 1 :

Find the value of tan cos 1

1 2 6

tan 1

Solution :

Let

tan cos 1 tan

tan 1

1 3 tan 6

3 3

Ans.

Illustration 2 : Solution :

Find the domain of sin 1 (2 x2 1) .

Let y sin 1 (2 x 2 1)

For y to be defined 1 (2 x 2 1) 1 0 2x2 2 0 x2 1 x [1, 1]

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1.05 Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions 111 Property 2( A) 1 1 1

(i ) sin(sin x)
1

x,

1 x 1 R

(ii ) cos(cos x)

x,

1 x 1 x x, x R 1, x 1

(iii) tan(tan 1 x) (v ) sec(sec x)

x, x,

x x

(iv) cot(cot 1 x)

x,
1

1, x 1

(vi ) cos ec(cos ec x)

These functions are equal to identity function in their whole domain which may or may not be R. (See the graphs on page 18)
3 4

Illustration 3 :

Fin the values of cos ec cot cot 1

3 4 R

Solution :

Let

cos ec cot cot 1 x, x

.........(i ) cot cot 1 3 4 3 4

cot(cot 1 x)

from equation (i), we get y y cos ec 2 3 4 Ans.

Property 2( B) (i ) sin(sin x) x; x; x; 0 2 2 x x x 2 2 , x 2 (ii ) cos 1 (cos x) (iv) cot 1 (cot x) x; x; x; 0 0 x x x 0, x

(iii ) tan 1 (tan x) (v ) sec 1 (sec x)

(vi) cos ec 1 (cos ecx)

These are equal to identity function for a short interval of x only.(See the graphs on page)

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Illustration 4 :

Find the value of tan 1 tan

3 . 4

Solution :

Let y

tan 1 tan

3 4 x if x , 2 2

Note 3 4

tan 1 (tan x) , 2 2 3 4 3 4

tan 1 tan

3 4

3 2 2 ,

graphs of y = tan 1 (tan x) is as :

from the graph we can see that if then y y

3 , 2 x y 123 4

tan 1 (tan x) can be written as y 3 4 3 4

tan 1 tan

Illustration 5 : Solution :

Find the value of sin 1 (sin 7) .

Let y sin 1 (sin 7) Note : 2 7 5 2 sin 1 (sin x) is as : sin 1 (sin 7) 7as 7 , 2 2

graph of y

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From the graph we can see that if 2 y sin 1 (sin x) can be written as : y
1

5 then 2

x2 72

sin (sin 7)

Similarly if we have to find sin 1 (sin(5)) then 2 5 3 2 2 (5)

from the graph of sin 1 (sin x), we can say that sin 1 (sin(5)) 2 5

Property 2(C ) (i) sin 1 ( x) (iii) cos 1 ( x)

sin 1 x; cos 1 x,

1 x 1 1 x 1

(ii) tan 1 ( x) (iv) cot 1 ( x)

tan 1 x, cot 1 x,

x x

R R

The function sin 1 x, tan 1 x and cos ec1 x are odd functions and rest are neither even nor odd. Illustration 6 : Solution : Find the value of cos 1 sin(5) .
Let y cos 1 sin(5) cos 1 x, x .........(i) 1

cos 1 ( sin 5) cos 1 ( x) cos 1 cos 2 5 2 5

graph of cos 1 (cos x) is as :

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from the graph we can see that if 2 then y=cos (cos x) can be wriiten as y from the graph cos 1 cos from equation (i), we get y 5 5 2 y 5 3 2 5 5 2
1

x 2 2 5 2 5 5 2

Ans.

Property 2( D) (i ) cos ec 1 x 1 sin 1 ; x x 1 tan 1 ; x 1, x 1 x 0 0 (ii) sec 1 x 1 cos 1 ;x x 1, x 1

(iii ) cot 1 x

1 tan 1 ; x x

Illustration 7 : Solution :

Find the value of tan cot 1

Let y = tan cot 1 cot 1 ( x) 2 3 cot 1 x, x 2 3

2 3

.
.........(i )

equation (i) can be written as y tan cot 1

y y

tan cot 1

2 3 3 2

cot 1 x y 3 2

1 tan 1 ifx x

tan tan 1

Property 2( E ) (i ) sin 1 x cos 1 x 2 , 1 x 1 , x 1 (ii ) tan 1 x cot 1 x 2 , x R

(iii ) cos ec 1 x sec 1

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Illustration 8 : Solution :

Find the value of sin(2cos 1 x sin 1 x) when x

1 . 5

Let y

sin[2 cos 1 x sin 1 x] 2 ,x 1

sin 1 x cos 1 x y sin sin 2 cos 1 x cos 1 x

cos 1 x

cos(cos 1 x) y cos cos 1 1 5 x

1 5

.........(i ) if x [1, 1] cos cos 1 y 1 5 1 5 1 5

cos(cos 1 x) 1 [1, 1] 5

Property 2( F ) (i) sin(cos 1 x)

from equation (i), we get

cos(sin 1 x)

1 x 2 , 1 x 1 x x 1
2

(ii ) tan(cot 1 x) 1

cot(tan 1 x)

1 , x x

R, x

(iii ) cos ec(sec 1 x)

sec(cos ec 1 x)

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Illustration 9 :

Find the value of sin tan 1

3 4

3 . 4
.......(i ) x, 1 x 1

Solutions :

Let y

sin tan 1

Note : To find y we use sin(sin 1 x)

For this we convert tan 1 x in sin 1 x Let sin tan 1 3 5 sin 1 3 5 ........(ii ) sin 1 (sin ) 3 4 tan 3 and 4 0, 2

sin 1 (sin ) 0,

2 3 5

equation (ii) can be written as : sin 1 tan 1 3 4 y sin sin 1 3 5 tan 1 3 4 sin 1 3 5

from equation (i), we get y 3 5

Illustration 10 : Find the value of tan

1 5 . cos 1 2 3

Solution :

Let y

tan 5 3

1 5 cos 1 2 3 0

...........(i ) 0, and cos 5 3

Let cos 1

equation (i) becomes y tan 2 1 cos 1 cos 3 5 2 0, tan 2 0 1 1 5 3 5 3 .........(ii )

tan 2

3 5 3 5

(3 5) 2 4

tan

.........(iii) 0,

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from equation (iii), we get from equation (ii), we get

tan y

3 5 2 3 5 2

Illustration 11 : Find the value of cos(2cos1 x sin 1 x) when x Solution :

Lety cos[2 cos 1 x sin 1 x] 2 ,x 1 cos

1 . 5

sin 1 x cos 1 x y cos 2 cos 1 x

cos 1 x 1 5

cos 1 x

sin(cos 1 x) x y sin cos 1 1 5

........(i ) 1 24 5 cos 24 5 1 and 5 0, 2

sin(cos 1 x) sin cos 1 1 5

1 x2 , x 1 1 25

from equation (i), we get y Aliter : sin Let cos 1 24 5 sin 1 24 5 1 5

sin 1 (sin ) 0,

.........(ii ) sin 1 (sin )

equation (ii) can be written as sin 1 cos 1 1 5 24 5 sin 1 24 5 cos 1 1 5

Now equation (i) can be written as y sin sin 1 24 5 [1, 1] 24 5 ........(iii ) sin sin 1 24 5 24 5

from equation (iii), we get y 24 5

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1.06

Identities of Addition and Subtraction A.

(i ) sin 1 x sin 1 y sin 1 x 1 y 2 y 1 x2 , x 1 y 1 x2 , x 0, y 0 & x2 2 0, y y2 0 & ( x2 1 y2 ) 1

sin 1 x 1 y 2 Note that : x 2 x2 y2 y2 1

0 sin 1 x sin 1 y sin 1 x sin 1 y

(ii ) cos 1 x cos 1 y (iii ) tan 1 x tan 1 y tan 1 ,x

cos 1 xy 1 x 2 1 y 2 , x tan 1 x y ,x 1 xy 0, y 0, y

0, y

0 & xy 1

x y ,x 1 xy

0 & xy 1

0, y

0 & xy 1 0 tan 1 x tan 1 y ; xy 1 tan 1 x tan 1 y

Note that : xy 1 B. (i ) (ii ) (iii ) Note : sin 1 x sin 1 y cos 1 x cos 1 y tan 1 x tan 1 y For x

2 0, y 0, y 0

sin 1 x 1 y 2 y 1 x 2 , x cos 1 xy 1 x 2 1 y 2 , x tan 1 x y ,x 1 xy 0, y 0

0, x

0 and y

0 those identities can be used with the help of preperties 2(C )

i.e. change x and y to x and y which are positive.

Illustration 12 : Show that sin 1

3 5 15 0, 17

3 15 sin 1 5 17

sin 1

84 . 85

Solution :

3 0 and 5

15 17

8226 1 7225 15 9 1 17 25

sin 1

3 15 sin 1 5 17 sin 1 sin 1

sin 1

3 225 1 5 289

3 8 15 4 . . 5 17 17 5 84 85

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Illustration 13 : Evaluate cos 1

12 4 63 sin 1 tan 1 . 13 5 16

Solution :

Let

cos 1 4 5

sin 1 z z 4 5

12 4 63 sin 1 tan 1 13 5 16 4 cos 1 2 5 12 13 2 cos 1 4 63 tan 1 5 16 .......(i )

cos 1

cos 1 0, 12 13

4 12 63 cos 1 tan 1 5 13 16 4 5 12 13 4 12 5 13 1

0 and

cos 1

4 12 cos 1 5 13

cos 1

16 144 1 25 169

cos 1

63 65

equation (i) can be written as z 2 cos 1 63 63 tan 1 65 16 .........(ii)

z sin 1 sin 1 63 65

63 63 tan 1 65 16 tan 1 63 16

from equation (ii), we get z tan 1 63 63 tan 1 65 65 z 0 Ans.

5 Illustration 14 : Evaluate tan 1 9 tan 1 . 4

Solution :

9 0,

5 4

0 and 9

5 4

1 5 4 5 1 9. 4 9 4

5 tan 9 tan 4
1 1

tan

tan 1 (1) tan 1 9 tan 1 5 4 3 . 4

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C. 2sin 1 x (i ) sin 1 2 x 1 x 2 ( (ii) cos 1 (2x 2 1) = 2sin 1 x if if x x x 1 2 1 2 1 2

2sin 1 x) if if if if if if

2cos 1 x 2 2cos 1 x

0 x 1 1 x 0 x 1 x 1 x 1

2x (iii) tan 1 1 x2 (iv) cos 1 1 x2 1 x2

2 tan 1 x = 2 tan 1 x ( 2 tan 1 x) ` 2 tan 1 x if 2 tan 1 x if

x 0 x 0

Illustration 15 : Define y cos 1 (4 x3 3x) in terms of cos 1 x and also draw its graph. Solution :
Let y cos 1 (4 x 3 3 x)

Note Domain : [1,1] and range : [0, ] Let cos 1 x y y cos 1 (cos 3 ) [0, ] and x cos cos 1 (4cos 3 3cos ) .........(i)

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[0, ] to define y

[0,3 ]

cos 1 (cos 3 ), we consider the graph of cos 1 (cos x) in the interval [0,3 ]. cos 1 (cos 3 ) if 3

Now from the above graphs we can see that (i ) if 0 3 from equation (i), we get y 3 3

y y (ii ) if y y y (iii ) 2

3 3cos 1 x 3 2 3 2 3 2 3cos 1 x 3 2 2 2 3 2

if if

0 1 2

3 x 1 2 3

cos 1 (cos 3 )

from equation (i), we get if if if 3 1 2 3 2 2 3 1 2 2 3

cos 1 (cos 3 )

from equation (i), we get y y y 3 3 3cos 1 x if if if 2 2 3 1 x 1 2 1 x 1 2 1 1 x 2 2 1 x 1 2 3 3

from (i), (ii) & (iii), we get 3cos 1 x y cos 1 (4 x 3 3 x) 2 3cos 1 x 2 3cos 1 x ; ; ;

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Graph : For y cos 1 (4 x3 3 x) domain :[1,1] range :[0, ] (i ) if dy dx dy dx 1 2 x 1, y 3 1 x2 0 if x 3cos 1 x 3(1 x 2 ) 1/ 2 1 ,1 2 1 ,1 2 ..........(i )

decreasing if x

again if we differentiate equation (i) w.r.t. ' x ', we get d2y dx 2 3x (1 x 2 )3/ 2

d2y dx 2 (ii ) if dy dx 1 2

0 if x x 3 1 x
2

1 ,1 2 1 , y 2

concavity downwards 2 3cos 1 x. dy dx 0 if x 1 1 , 2 2

if x

1 ,1 2

increasing if x (a) if x

1 1 d2y , and 2 2 dx 2 0 if x 0 if x 0, 1 2

3x (1 x 2 )3/ 2

1 d2y , 0 then 2 dx 2

concavity downwards (b) if x 0, 1 d2y then 2 dx 2

1 ,0 2

concavity downwards (iii ) Similarly if 1 x the graph of y

1 dy then 2 dx

0 and

d2y dx 2

0.

cos 1 (4 x 3 3 x) is as

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D. If tan 1 x tan 1 y tan 1 z NOTE : (i ) (ii) If tan 1 x tan 1 y tan 1 z If tan 1 x tan 1 y tan 1 z 2 then x then xy y z yz xyz zx 1 tan 1 x y z xyz if , x 0, y 1 xy yz zx 0, z 0 & ( xy yz zx) 1

(iii) If tan 11 tan 1 2 tan 1 3 (iv) tan 1 1 tan 1 1 2 tan 1 1 3 2

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Inverse Trigonometric Functions Some Useful Graphs

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1.07 111 1 1.

General Definitions
sin 1 x, cos 1 x, tan 1 x etc. denote angles or real numbers whose sine is x , whose cosine is x and

whose tangent is x, provided that the answers given are numerically smallest available. These are also written as arc sin x, arc cos x etc. If there are two angles one positive & the other negative having same numerical value, then positive angle should be taken.

EXERCISE-3

Part : (A) 1.
If cos 1 cos 1 cos 1 v 3 then v v is equal to .

(a) 3 2.

(b) 0

(c) 3

(d) 1

Range of f ( x) sin 1 x tan 1 x sec 1 x is.

(a)

3 4

(b)

3 4
sin 1

(c)
3 x 6

3 4

(d) none of these

3.

The solution of the equation sin 1 tan (a) x = 2 (b) x = 4

0 is.

(c) x = 4
, is

(d) none of these

4.

The value of sin 1[cos{cos 1 (cos x) sin 1 (sin x)}], where x (a) (b) (c)

2
4

(d)

5.

The set of values of k for which x 2 kx + sin 1 (sin 4) > 0 for all real x is (a) {0} (b) (2, 2) (c) R (d) none of these

6.

sin 1 (cos(sin 1 x)) cos 1 (sin(cos 1 x)) is equal to

(a) 0 (b) 4 (c) (d)

3 4

7.

cos 1

1 2 x 2

1 x 2 . 1

x2 4

cos

x cos 1 x holds for 2

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(a)

(b) (d)

x R 1 x 0

(c) 0 8.

x 1
0, b

tan 1 a tan 1 b, where a

(a)

0, ab 1, is equal to
(b)

tan 1

a b 1 ab a b 1 ab

tan 1

a b 1 ab a b 1 ab
is true, is.

(c) 9.

tan 1

(d)

tan 1

1 The set of values of x for which the formula 2sin x

sin 1 2 x 1 x2

(a) (1, 0) (c) 10.

(b) [0, 1] (d)

3 3 , 2 2

1 , 2

1 2
0 has at

2 The set of values of a for which x

ax sin 1 ( x 2 4 x 5) cos 1 ( x 2 4 x 5)

least one solution is (a)

, 2

2 ,

(b)

, 2

2 ,

(c) R 11.
1 All possible values of p and q for which cos

(d) none of these

p cos 1 1 p cos 1 1 q 0 p 1, q 1 2

3 holds, is 4

(a) 12. If

p 1, q

1 2

(b)

q 1, p

1 2

(c)

(d) none of these

[cot 1 x] [cos 1 x] 0

, where [.] denotes the greatest integer function, then complete set of

values of x is (a) 13.

cos1, 1

(b) (cot 1, cos 1)

(c)

cot1, 1

(d) none of these

1 2 1 The complete solution set of the inequality [cot x] 6[cot x] 9

0 , where [.] denotes

greatest integer function, is (a) these

, cot 3

(b) [cot 3, cot 2]

(c)

cot 3,

(d)

none of

14.

tan

1 cos 1 x 2

tan

1 cos 1 x , x 4 2

0 is equal to
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(a) x

(b) 2x

(c)

2 x

(d)

x 2

15.

If

1 1 3sin 2 sin 2 5 4 cos 2

4
(b) 3

, then tan

is equal to .
(c)

(a) 1/3 16.

If u cot 1 tan

(d)

tan 1 tan , then tan

u is equal to . 2

(a)

tan

(b)
1 sin x

cot
1 sin x

(c)
, x , is :

tan

(d)

cot

17.

1 The value of cot

1 sin x 1 sin x
x 2

(a) 18.

x 2

(b)

(c)

x 2

(d)

x 2

1 1 1 The number of solutions of the equation, sin x cos (1 x) sin ( x), is/are .

(a) 0 19.

(b) 1
1

(c) 2
tan 1 1 4x 1 tan 1

(d) more than 2

2 x2 is .

1 The number of solutions of the equation tan 2 x 1

(a) 0 20.
If tan 1

(b) 1

(c) 2
tan 1 , then

(d) 3
is equal to.

1 1 1 1 tan 1 tan 1 ........ tan 1 1 2 1 2.3 1 3.4 1 n(n 1)

(a) n 2 21.
If cot 1 n 6 ,n

(b)

n 1

(c)

n 1 n

(d)

1 n

N , then the maximum value of 'n' is :

(a) 1 22.

(b) 5
( C )9

(c) 9

(d) none of these

x 2 , is :

1 y The number of real solutions of (x, y) where, (C )3 sin x, y cos (cos x), 2

(a) 2
1

(b) 1
1

(c) 3

(d) 4

23.

1 The value of cos 2 cos 8 is equal to

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(a) 3/4 Part : (B)

(b) 3/4

(c) 1/16

(d)

24.

and are three angles given by

1 cos 1 . Then 3

2 tan 1 ( 2 1),

3sin 1

1 2

sin 1

1 and 2

(a)
cos1 x tan 1 x then

(b)

(c)

(d)

25.
x2 5 1 2 5 1 2 x2 5 1 2 5 1 2

(a)

(b)

sin(cos 1 x)

tan(cos 1 x)

(c)
2x

(d)

tan(2 tan 1 a) 2 tan(tan 1 a tan 1 a3 )

26.

For the equation

a2 x 2a x a2 2ax 1 0

, which of the following is invalid?

a 0

1, 1

(a)
The sum of tan 1
n 1

(b)
4n n4 2n2 is equal to

(c)

(d)

27.

tan 1 2 tan 1 3

4tan 1 1

/2

sec 1 2

(a) 28.

(b)
tan(cos 1 (4 / 5)) is a/b then.

(c)

(d)

If the numerical value of (a) a + b = 23 (b) a b = 11

x 2 x 2 0,

(c) 3b = a + 1 then a value exists for

(d) 2a = 3b

29.

If (a)

satisfies the in equation

sin 1 cos1

sec1

cosec1

(b)
x 2 1 3 3x2 then: 2

(c)

(d)

If f ( x) cos 1 x cos 1

30.

Progression / APEX INSTITUTE FOR IIT-JEE / AIEEE / PMT, 0120-4901457, +919990495952, +919910817866

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(a)
f

2 3 1 3

(b)
f

2 3 1 3

2cos 1

2 3 3

(c)

(d)

1 2cos 1 m 3 3

SINE RULE 1.01 111 In1a triangle ABC, the sides are proporticnal to the sines of the angles opposite to them i.e.
a sin A b sin B c sin C

Illustration 1 :

In any

ABC, prove that

EXERCISE-3

Q1: In a ABC, prove that a cot A b cot B c cot C 2( R r ) . Q2: In a ABC, prove that 4
s 1 a s 1 b s 1 c r . R

Q3: If , , are the distances of the vertices of a triangle from the corresponding points of contact with the incircle, then prove that
y y r2 .

Q4: In a ABC prove that, r1r2 r2 r3 r3 r1 Q5: In a ABC prove that rr1 rr2 rr3

s2 .

ab bc ca s 2 .

Progression / APEX INSTITUTE FOR IIT-JEE / AIEEE / PMT, 0120-4901457, +919990495952, +919910817866

Page 27