REPORT NO.

NADC-75359-30

EFFFCT OF SELF-LOCKING NUTS ON TORQUE-TENSION RELATIONSHIP

M. J. Zurko Air Vehicle Technology Department NAVAL AIR DEVELOPMENT CENTER Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974 December 1I75 FINAL REPORT AIRTASK NO. A510-5103/001-4/3510-000-002 Work Unit A5309-59

-29

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED.

DC
Prepared for NA AL AIR SYSTEMS COMMAND Department of the Navy Washington, D. C. 20361

P
2

NADC-75359-30 NOTICES REPORT NUMBERING SYSTEM The numbering of technical project reports Issued by the Naval Air Development Cnter Is arranged for tecific identification purposes. Each nuinber consists of the Center acronym, tho clender year in which the number was assigned, the iequence .umber of the report within the specific calendar year, and the official 2-digit correspondence ccde of the Command Office or the Functional Department responsible for the report. For exanple: Report No. NADC.73016-40 Indicates the fifteenth Center report for the year 1973, and prepared by the Crew Systems Department. The numerical coe- are as follows: CODE 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 10 20O 30 40 50 60 81 85 OFFICE OR DEPARTMENT Commander, Naval Air Development Center Technical Director, Naval Air Development Center Program and Finkincial Management Department Anti.Submarine Wart:re Program Office Remote Sen'ort Program Office Ship and Air Systems Integration Program Office Tactical Air Warfare Office Nav l Air Facility, Warminster Aero Electronic Technology Department Air Vehicle Technology Department Crew Systems Department Systems Analysis and Frgineering Department Naval Navigation Labr,,oatory Administrative and Technical Services Department Computer Department

PRODUCT EINDORSEMENT The discussion or instructions concerning commercial products herein do not constitute an endorsement ,ythe Government nor do they convey or imply the license or right to use such products.

Nils of

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APPROVED BY:__ P. H, STURM Coxmmdor, USN Deputy Director, AVTD

DATE:

29 December 1975

UNCLASSTFTED
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (.n Do t Entetad)

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE

P. R ..............

BEFORE COMPLETING FORM

READ INSTRUCTIONS

2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER

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1 ~~NADC-75359-W~
Effect of Self-Locking Nuts on / Torque-Tension Relationship# --4,.---_~~~~
-,

PE~RI 0 COVERED '..ee~m=wmAmPmmg. 7

Final
rrn',.;

Ris-._t ... -'- -.

R, NUMBER

7.

AUTHOR(e)

B. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(e)

M. J Aurko
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

T;.

PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECv, TASK

30) Air Vehicle Technology Department (Code Naval Air Development Center Warminster, PA 18974
t
CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS

A5! -5HUM3/B1-4/3510-O'Work Unit-AS309-59 A00-002' /'r-7'fjr 29 Dec 74

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Naval Air Systems Command Department of the Navy Washington, DC 20360

14 MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(I different froim Controlllng Office)

7 ,

IS.

SECURITY CLASS. (of this A~ort)

UNCLASSIFIED
-75s. DECL ASSI FIC ATIONI DOWN GRADING SCHEDULE 16 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of thle Report)

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

17.

r DISTRIBUTION STATEGAENT (of the absitect enteredIn Wick 20. Itdifferent ho

Report)

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

It

KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side 01 neceeary and Identity by block number)

Preload Torque-Tension Relationship

Nuts Torque Wrench Method
nece ABSTRACT (Continue on revere aide It

w y and identity by block number)

Testing was conducted to determine torque-tension relationship for selflocking nuts. The test results indicated that torque wit.nch method is not accurate for determining preload when fasteners are preloaded to 75-80 percent of their ultimate tensile strength. The accurdcy of torque wrench method deteriorates even more if fasteners are used for more than one cycle application. There was also significant difference in preload between all j / metal nuts and ruts with nonmetallic insert. The astner preload .. DD ,', 1473 EDITION OF I
SIN

65 N4OV IS O8

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UNCL
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0C02-014I6601

CA__ ONO_

n ______ THS_ PAG_____

fe__

SECURITY CLACSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (?71,

Dot* Entered)

UNCLASSIFIED
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:,L(.uIWTY ASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(Weln Datsatemd)

20. variation decreased with larger fasteners.

UNCLASSIFIED
SE!CURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(W(Who O. ntead)

NhiDC-75359-30 SUMMARY Testing was conducted by the Naval Air Development Center to determine torque-tension relationship for selected self-locking nuts. The torque wrench and Sidmoxe-;qilhelr bolt tension tester were used in determining torquetension relationship. The control of fastener preload is necessary in the design of rigid joints for Navy aircraft, since joint strength is effected by preload as well as by tensile strength of the fastener. The proper amount of preload will not only extend the joint and fastener fatigue life but will also increase the structural reliability. The test results indicated that torque wrench method is not accurate for determining preload when fasteners are preloaded to 75-80 percent of their ultimate tensile strength. The accuracy of torque wrench method deteriorates even more if fasteners are used for more than one cycle application. There was also significant difference in preload between all metal nuts and nuts with nonmetallic inserts. The fastener preload variation decreased with larger fasteners. Based on the test results it is recommended that fasteners should not be reused when tbhy are preloaded to 75-80 percent of the fastener ultimate tensile strength by torque wrench method.

I -- ..-. ... . . . .. . . - -- ---

PRECEDUG pA NADC- 75359-30

I4E

T AB LE

OF

CO0N TE NT S Page No.

SUMMARY.

.............................. ............................ .......................... 3

LSOFTABLES .. LSOFFIGURES.

INTRODUCTION.................................7 DESCRIPTION OF TEST SAMPLES.......................8 DESRIPIONOF TEST AND SETUP......................

SUMMARY OF RESULTS ..

..........................

DISCUSSION................................11 CONCLUSIONS...............................12 RECOMMENDATIONS............................12

L IS Table No. I II III IV V VI VII VIII Ix

OF

T AB LE Page No. 14 15

Title Torque-Tension Variation for No. 10 Size Nut. ....... Torque-Tension Variation for No. 1/4 Size Nut .. ......

Torque-Tension Variation fLor No. 5/16 Size Nut.......16 Torque-Tension Variation for No. 3/8 Size Nut .. ...... Torque-Tension Variation for No. 1/2 Size Nut .. ...... 17 18

Friction Factor for MS21042 Nuts...............19 Friction Factor for MS21044 Nuts .............. 20

Friction Factor for MS21045 Nuts...............21 Friction Factor for MS21245 Nuts .............. 22

NADC-75359-30

LIST Figure No. 1

OF

FIGURES Title Page No.

MS21042 Nut, Self-Locking, 4500 F, Reduced Hexagon and Height....... .................. ... MS21044 Nut, Self-Locking, 250 Hexagon and Height....... F, Regular ................. ...

23

24

MS21044 Nut, Self-Locking, 4500 F, Regular Hexagon and Height ....... .................. ... MS21245 Nut, Self-Locking, 450 F, Regular Hexagon, Reduced Height ..... ............... ... Torque-Tension Relationship for MS21042L3 ......... .. Torque-Tension Relationship for MS21042L4 .......... .. .. Torque-Tension Relationship for MS21042L5 .......... Torque-Tension Relationship for MS21042L6 .......... .. Torque-Tension Relationship for MS21042-3 .......... .. Torque-Tension Relationship for MS21042-4 .......... .. Torque-Tension Relationship for MS21042-5 .... ........

25

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Torque-Tension Relationship for MS21042-6 ........ ... Torque-Tension Relationship for MS2104413........... .. Torque-Tension Relationship for MS21044N4 .......... .. Torque-Tension Relationship for MS21044N5 .......... Torque-Tension Relationship for MS21044N6 (Red Nylon) ....... ..................... ... Torque-Tension Relationship for MS21044N6 (Green Nylon) ....... .................... .
.. Torque-Tension Relationship for MS21044N8 ..........

38

17

39 40 41 42 43

18

19 20 21

.. Torque-Tension Relationship for MS21045L3.......... Torque-Tension Relationship for MS21045.4 .......... . Torque-Tension Relationship for MS21045L5 .......... ..

NADC-75359-30

LIST Figure No. 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

OF

FIGURES Title

(Cont.) Page No. 44 45 4 47 48 49

... Torque-Tension Relationship for MS21045L6 .......... Torque-Tension Relationship for MS21045L8 .. .. ...... Torque-Tension Relationship for MS21045-3.. Torque-Tension Relationship for MS21045-4 .... Torque-Tension Relationship for MS21045-5 .... Torque-Tension Relationship for MS21045-6 .... ........ ........ ........ ........

Torque-Tension Relationship for MS21045-8 ............ .950 Torque-Tension Relationship for MS21245L8 .... Torque-Tension Relationship for MS21245-8 .... ........ ........ 51 52

Comparative Torque-Tension Relationship for ... No. 10 Size Nuts Torqued to 50 in.-lbs .......... Comparative Torque-Tension Relationship for No. 10 Size Nuts Torqued to 75 in.-lbs .. .. ...... Comparative Torque-Tension Relationship for No. 10 Size Nuts Torqued to 100 in.-lbs.

53

32

54

33

......

55

34

Comparative Torque-Tension Relationship for 1/4 Size Nuts Torqued to 100 in.-'lbs .. .. ....... Comparative Torque-Tension Relationship for ... 1/4 Size Nuts Torqued to 200 in.-lbs ........... Comparative Torque-Tension Relationship for 1/4 Size Nuts Torque-I to 250 in. -lbs. .. ........ Comparative Torque-Tension Relationship for ... 5/16 Size Nuts Torqued to 200 in.-lbs .......... Comparative Torque-Tension Relationship for 5/16 Size Nuts Torqued to 300 in.-lbs. .. ....... Comparative Torque-Tension Relationship for 5/16 Size Nuts Torqued to 400 in.-]bs .......... ... Comparative Torque-Tension Relationship for ... 3/8 Size Nuts Tczyued to 200 in.-lbs ...........

56

35

57

36

37

59

38 39

60 61

40

62

NADC-75359-30

L I S T Figure 41

0 F

F I G U R E S Title

(Cont.) Page No.

Comparative Torque-Tension Relationship for 3/8 Size Nuts Torqued to 300 in.-lbs ........... ...

63

42

Comparative Torque-Tension Relationship for 3/8 Size Nuts Torqued to 400 in.-lbs........... ... Comparative Torque-Tension Relationship for 3/8 Size Nuts Torqued to 500 in.-lbs ............... Comparative Torque-Tension Relationship for 1/2 Size Nuts Torqued to 50 ft.-lbs .. ......... ... Comparative Torque-Tension Relationship for 1/2 Size Nuts Torqued to 75 ft.-lbs .. ......... ... Comparative Torque-Tension Relationship for ... 1/2 Size Nuts Torqued to 100 ft.-lbs .......... Comparative Torque-Tension Relationship for 1/2 Size Nuts Torqued to 125 ft.-lbs ...

64

43

65

44

66

45

67

46

68

47

........ ...

69

48

Calculated Torque-Tension Relationship for No. 10 Size Nuts with Varied Friction Factor ....... Calculated Torque-Tension Relationship for 1/4 Size Nuts with Varied Friction Factor ........ . Calculated Torque-Tenslrn Relationship for 5/16 Size Nuts with Varied Friction Factor........ ... Calculated Torque-Tension Relationship for 3/8 Size Nuts with Varied Friction Factor .......

70

49

71

50

72

51

73

52

Calculated Torque-Tension Relationship for 1/2 Size Nuts with Varied Friction Factor ........ .

74

NADC- 7 5359-30

INTRODUCTION The testing program to determine torque-tension relationship for selected threaded fasteners was conducted by the Naval Air Development Center (NAVAIRDEVCEN) under AIRTASK A510-5103/001-4/3510-000-002, Work Unit A5303-59. Due to the continual naval aircraft service problems created by the lack of realistic torque values for threaded fasteners the Naval Air Systems Command requested that a study be made and testing conducted by this Center to determine torque-tension relationship that could provide realistic torque values for selected threaded fasteners. The control of fastener preload is necessary in the design of rigid joints for Navy aircraft, since joint strength is effected by preload as well as tensile strength of the fastener. The proper amount of preload will extend the joint and fastener fatigue life thereby inzreasing the structural reliability of the system. Exact preload is difficult to obtain due to variables such as; bolt and nut friction, bearing area friction, bolt and nut dissimilar materials having diiferent anti-seize properties, thread tolerances, hardness, alignment, type of finish, coating, lubricant and age of lubricant. There are a number of different methods that can be used to control preload of threaded fasteners, some of them are listed below in order of increasing accuracy: 1. Feel method - preload is determined by feel. 2. Torque wrench method - the nut or bolt is turned to a predetermined torque. 3. Turn-of-nut method - the nut or bolt is turned a predetermined number of degrees after all play has been removed from the joint. 4. Preload indicating washer method - utilizes compression of an inner ring between two flat washers with an outer indicating washer for control. As the load increases, the inner ring (which is higher than the outer indicating washer) is sqeezed down and is enlarged in diameter; the predetermined preload is obtained when the outer indicating washer binds against the two flat washers. The other type of indicating washer utilized collapse of washer's precision collar when predetermined preload has been reached. 5. Frangible nut (collar shear-off) method - utilizes collar on the nut that shears-off at a predetermined preload. 6. Pull method - the pin is stretched to a predetermined load with a tool while the collar is swaged into the groove of the pin or threaded on to the pin. 7. Bolt elongation method - preload is determined by measuring the acutal change in the length of the bolt.

NAnC-75359-30

8. Strain gage method - preload is determined by use of strain gages. NAVAIRDEVCEN evaluated method 2 (torque wrench method), and used the preload of 80 percent of the fastener ultimate tensile strength in this evaluation, since this is an optimum preload for torque wrench method. This method is very inexpensive and has been widely accepted by the aircraft industry. A Snap-on torque wrench was used to determine the torque and Skidmore-Wilhelm bolt tension tester was used to determine the tension. DESCRIPTION OF TEST SAMPLES

The alloy steel self-locking nuts used in test program were MS21042, MS21044, MS21045 and MS21245. Half of the nuts from each military standard had a dry film lubricant and the other half a soluble lubricant, and were obtained from the Defense Industrial Supply Center (DISC). The MS21042 nuts were of designs A and B and aze shown in figure 1, their locking element zonsisted of upper threaded section bing elliptically offset. The MS21044 nuts were of design C and are shown in fiaure 2, their locking element consisted of nonmetallic insert. The MS21045 nuts were of designs G, H, E and F and are shown in figure 3. The locking element of designs G and H consisted of upper threaded section being divided into six equal segments which were upset or closed in. The locking element of designs E and F consisted of upper threaded section being elliptically offset. The MS21245 nuts were of design K and are shown in figure 4, their locking element consisted of upper threaded section being divided Jnto six equal segments which were upset or closed in. The nuts of designs D and J are shown in figures 3 and 4 but were not used in this evaluation. The nuts were tested on MS21250, MS20004, MS20005, MS20006 and MS20008 bolts, with exception of MS21250 the bolts were of 160 KSI Ftu strength level. The MS21250 bolts were of 180 KSI Ftu strength lev! and were used for No. 10 size, since this size is not available in 160 MSI Ftu strength level. The MS20002 countersunk washers were used under bolts and nuts bearing areas. DESCRIPTION OF TEST AND SETUP

The bolts and nuts with countersunk washer6 under the bearing areas were installed in 30,000 pounds Skidmore-Wilhelm boit tension tester, which had two gages, one of 10,000 pounds and the other 30,00r pounds. The nut was then turned while the bolt was held stationary. This procedure was repeated for 5 cycles. The nuts were preloaded to approximately 80 percent of the nut minimum ultimate tensile strength. The torque needed to obtain this preload was established by tests on initial samples and was not varied for the nuts of the same size and strength level, regardless of the nut design or preload. The torque readings were obtained by using 300 in.-lbs., 600 in.-lbs. and 250 ft.-lbs. Snap-on torque wrench and preload readings were obtained from gages on Skidmore-Wilhelm bolt tension tester. SUMMARY OF RESULTS

The torque-tension relationship (figures 5 through 30) betw:een various self-locking element designs, lubricants and even between samples of the same

NADC-75359-30

design and size exhibited marked differences. The comparative torquetension relationship, preload spread and variation between samples of different designs and lubricants are shown in figures 31 through 47 and in tables I through V. The effect of friction factor (coefficient of friction) on torque-tension relationship are shown in figures 48 through 52. Due to wide preload spread obtained on the fifth cycle, see tables I through V, results beyond first cycle could not be evaluated in detail. The differences in the preload among the samples for the first cycle (at the torque which was initially determined by test to be 80 percent of the nut minimum ultimate axial strength) are detailed below: 1. MS21042 (first cycle with dry film lubricant). Sizes No. 10, 1/4, 5/16 and 3/8 inch were of design B, B, A and A respectively, see figure 1. The preload spreads on five samples of each size were: 36, 19, 8 and 17 percent for sizes No. 10, 1/4, 5/16 and 3/8 inch respectively. Sample nuts of sizes No. 10 and 1/4 inch were from 32 percent below to 21 percent above the 80 percent preload, see tables I and II. Sample nuts of sizes 5/16 and 3/8 inch were 51 to 11 percent below the 80 percent preload, see tables III and IV. 2. MS21042 (first cycle with soluble lubricant). Sizes No. 10, 1/4, 5/16 and 3/8 inch were of design B, see figure 1. The preload spreads on five samples of each size were: 29, 53, 13 and 18 percent for sizes No. 10, 1/4, 5/16 and 3/8 inch respectively. Sample nuts of size 1/4 inch were from 24 percent below to 29 percent above the 80 percent prcload, see table II. Sample nuts of sizes No. 10, 5/16 and 3/9 inch were 68 to 6 percent below the 80 percent preload, see tables I, III and IV. Based on sample average of sizes No. 10, 1/4, 5/16 and 3/8 inch the average friction factor (coefficient of friLtion) for nuts with dry film lubricant was 0.21 and for nuts with soluble lubricant was 0.25, see table VI. 3. MS21044 (first cycle with soluble lubricant and nonmetallic insert). Sizes No. 10, 1/4, 5/16, 3/8 and 1/2 inch were of design C, see figure 2. The preload spread on five samples of each size were: 80, 54, 39, 25 and 39 percent for sizes No. 10, 1/4, 5/16, 3/8 and 1/2 inch respectively. Sample nuts of sizes No. 10 and 1/4 inch were from 63 percent below to 17 percent above the 80 percent preload, see tables I and II. Sample nuts of sizes 5/16, 3/8 and 1/2 inch were 62 to 4 percent below the 80 percent preload, see tables III, IV and V. Based on sample average of 3izes No. 10, 1/4, 5/16, 3/8 and 1/2 the average friction factor (coefficient of friction) for nuts was 0.30, see
table VII.

NADC-75359-30

4. MS21045 (first cycle with dry film lubricant). Sizes No. 10, 1/4, 5/16, 3/8 and 1/2 inch were of design E, G, F, H and H respectively, see figure 3. The preload spreads on 5 samples of each size were: 23, 23, 25, 18 and 40 percent for sizes No. 10, 1,'4, 5/16, 3/8 and 1/2 inch respectively. Sample nuts of sizes No. 10 and 3/8 inch were from 17 percent below to 9 percent above the 80 percent preload, sr tables I and Sample nuts of size 1/4 inch were 24 to I percent below the 80 percent
Sample nuts of sizes 5/16 and 1/2 inch were 13 to 53

~IV.

preload, see table II.

percent above the 80 percent preload, see tables III and V.

5. MS21045 (first cycle with soluble lubricant).

Sizes No. 10, 1/4, 5/16, 3/8 and 1/2 inch were of desi.gn E, E, G,
E and F respectively, see figure 3. The preload spreads on five samples of

each size were: 46, 38, 58, 8 and 23 percent for sizes No. 10, 1/4, 5/16 3/8 and 1/2 inch respectively. Sample nuts of sizes No. 10 and 1/2 inch were from 9 percent below to 37 percent above the 80 percent preload, see tables I and V. Sample nuts of size 3/8 inch were 36 to 28 percent below the 80 percent preload, see table IV. Sample nuts of size 1/4 and 5/16 were 19 to 65 percent above the 80 percent preload, see tables II and Yii. Based on sample average of sizes No. 1u, 1/4, 5/16, 3/8 and 1/2 inch the average friction factor (coefficient of friction) for nuts with dry film lubricant was 0.20 and for nuts with soluble lubricant wes 9.18, see table VIII. 6. MS21245 (first cycle). Nuts with dry film and nuts with soluble lubricant were of 1/2 inch size and of design K, see figure 4. The preload spread on five samples with dry film lubricant was 28 percent and for samples with noluble lubricant was 34 percent. The preload spread on sample nuts with dry film lubricanc varied from 2 to 30 percent above, and on samples with soluble lubricant from 15 percent below to 19 percent above the 80 percent preload, see table V. Based on sample average of one size the average friction factor
(coefficient of friction) for nuts with dry film lubricant was 0.14 and for nuts with soluble lubricant was 0.16, see table IX.

Preload for the fifth cycle varied widely and the extreme variations are listed below: 1. MS21042 (fifth cycle with dry film lubricant).
a. Size No. 10, 1900 to 2900 pounds for the first cycle and 700 to 3400 pounds for the fifth cycle. b. Size 3/8, 6000 to 10800 pounds for the first cycle and 3850 to

10,000 pounds for the fifth cycle.

10

NADC-75359-30 2. MS21042 (fifth cycle with soluble lubricant). a. Size No. 10, 1800-2600 pounds for the first cycle and 3800 pounds for the fifth cycle for one sample only because bolts broke on other four samples before required torque was reached. b. Size 5/16, 2500 to 3500 pounds for the first cycle and 2100 to 6750 pounds for the fifth cycle. 3. MS21044 (fifth cycle with soluble lubricant and nonmetallic insert). a. Size 3/8, green insert, 3125 to 4750 pounds for the first cycle ind 11625 to 12750 pounds for the fifth cycle. b. Size 3/8, red insert, 3055 to 5800 pounds for the first cycle and 11375 pounds for the fifth cycle for one sample only. because nut thread strip?ed on other four samples before required torque was reached. 4. MS21045 (fifth cycle with soluble lubricant). a. Size 1/4, 4375 to 5750 pounds for the first cycle and 2375 to 2750 for the fifth cycle. b. Size 3/8, 5875 to 7500 pounds for the first cycle and 4750 to 12375 for the fifth cycle. 5. MS21045 (fifth cycle with dry film lubricant). a. Size 1/4, 2800 to 3625 pounds for the first cycle and 1750 to 2375 for the fifth cycle. b. Size 3/8, 7600 to 9250 Eounds for the first cycle and 9250 to 11250 pounds for the fifth cycle. 6. MS21245 (fifth cycle with soluble lubricant). a. Size 1/2, 9375 to 13125 pounds for the first cycle and 3000 to 3750 pounds for the fifth cycle. DISCUSSION In this test program no attempt was made to determine what effect lubricant age or various locking elements have on preload. The military standards leave the shape of the upper part of the nut and the locking element design optional, therefore, different manufacturers make nuts with various upper shapes and locking elements which meet the same military standard. The self-locking nuts used in this test program were obtained from Defense Industrial Supply Center (DISC) by specifying federal stock number, therefore, they are representative samples as to what is used in the field. The tested nuts had various upper shapes and locking elements, see

Ii
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NADC-75359-30

figures 1, 2, 3 and 4, and because they were obtained out of stock and lack identification markings, determination could not be made when or who manufactured them. During torque-tension tests the MS21042-3 all metal nuts and MS21044N6 nuts with red and green nonmetallic inserts had appreciably higher preload on the fifth cycle than on the first cycle, which is contrary to data obtained for the other samples, see figures 9, 16 and 17. The trend of the test data indicates that with each reuse of the fastener, higher torque is needed to obtain the same preload. No explanation can be ade for opposing resul-s on MS21042-3 and MS21044N6. C 0 N C LU S I0 N S 1. Based on the test results the torque wrench method for determining preload is not accurate. 2. Fasteners that have been preloaded to 75-80 percent of the ultimate tensile strength should not be used beyond first cycle application. 3. The fastener preload becomes more uniform with larger size fasteners. 4. The variation of the friction factor (coefficient of friction) between all metal dry film lubricated nuts and all aetal nuts with soluble lubricant was not aignificant. The friction factors, for the first cycle only, were as follows: a. Friction factor 0.21 for MS21042 with dry film lubricant. b. Friction factor 0.25 for MS21042 with soluble lubricant. c. Friction factor 0.21 for MS21045 with dry film lubricant. d. Friction factor 0.18 for MS21045 with soluble lubricant. e. Friction factor 0.14 for MS21245 with dry film lubricant. f. Friction factor 0.16 for MS21245 with soluble lubricant. If sizes No. 10 and 1/4 inch were not included in calculating average friction factor for MS 21045, the friction factor for nuts with and without dry film lubricant would be 0.15. 5. There is a significant difference in friction factor between all metal nuts and nuts with nonmetallic insert. The friction factor tor nuts with nonmetallic insert was 0.30. RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Based on the test results it is recommended that fasteners should not be reused when they were preloaded to 75-80 percent of the fasteners ultimate tensile strength by torque wrench method. 2. It is recommended that when fasteners are preloaded to 75-80 percent

12

NADC-75359-30 of the fastener ultimate tensile strength the torque wrench method should not be used in application where failure of one fastener would result in failure of the system. 3. lased on the test results it is recommended that friction factor of 0.30 be used for MS21044 self-locking nuts with nonmetallic insert for sizes No. 10 ,hrough 1/2 inch and 0.15 Zor MS21045 self-locking nuts made from alloy steel for sizes 5/16 through 1/2 inch. 4. Additional tests should be conducted to determine accuracy of other methods to control preload of threaded fasteners such as preload indicating washers and frangible nut (collar shear-off nut).

13

NADC-75359-30

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NADC-75359-30 "D.I S T R I B U T 1 0 N L I S T AIRTASK NO. A510-5103/001-4/3510-000-002 Work Unit No. A5305-59 No. of Copies
NAVAIR (AIR-954) ...... .....................
. . .

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