MUC LUC

1. GII THIU CHUNG V GELATIN.............................................................3

1.1. Gelatin la gi? ................................................................................................3
1.2. Lich s gelatin...............................................................................................4

2. CU TAO GELATIN

2.1. Thanh phn hoa hoc gelatin...........................................................................5

2.2. Cu truc gelatin.............................................................................................8

3. PHN LOAI GELATIN....................................................................................9

3.1. Phn loai theo nguyn liu san xut.............................................................9
3.1.1. Gelatin co ngun gc ng vt............................................................9
3.1.2. Gelatin co ngun gc thc vt.............................................................9
3.1.3. Gelatin theo phng phap san xut......................................................9
3.2. Cach phn loai khac......................................................................................11
3.2.1. Gelatin thuy phn................................................................................11
3.2.2. Gelatin ester hoa..................................................................................11
3.2.3. Gelatin tan trong nc lanh.................................................................11

4. TINH CHT GELATIN...................................................................................12

4.1. Tinh cht vt li..............................................................................................12
4.1.1. Tinh cht vt li chung..........................................................................12
4.1.2. im ng in...................................................................................12
4.2. Tinh cht hoa ly.............................................................................................13
4.2.1. tinh khit........................................................................................13
4.2.1.1.

mau va trong...............................................................13

4.2.1.2.

m....................................................................................13

4.2.1.3.

Tro.........................................................................................13

4.2.1.4.

Ham lng SO2......................................................................14

4.2.1.5.

Kim loai nng........................................................................14

4.2.1.6.

Vi sinh...................................................................................14

4.2.2. nht................................................................................................14

4.2.3. Kha nng tao gel..................................................................................15

4.2.3.1.

Gelatin trong nc.................................................................15

4.2.3.2.

Gelatin trong dung dich.........................................................16

5. PHNG PHAP SAN XUT

18

5.1. Qua trinh tin x li........................................................................................18

5.2. Qua trinh trich ly...........................................................................................21
5.3. Qua trinh tinh sach........................................................................................21
5.4. Qua trinh c c............................................................................................21
5.5. Qua trinh sy.................................................................................................21

6. NG DUNG

22

6.1. Trong cng nghip thc phm.......................................................................22

6.2. Cac san phm t sa......................................................................................24
6.3. Cac linh vc khac..........................................................................................26

7. TIU CHUN GELATIN

27

TI LIU THAM KHO.......................................................................................30

1. GII THIU CHUNG GELATIN

1.1. Gelatin la gi ?
T gelatin tr nn ph bin t nhng nm 1700, c bt ngun t ting
Latinh Gelatos , ngha l mng hay cht lm ng.Hin nay c nhiu cch khc nhau
nh ngha gelatin:

Theo Ramachandran (1967), gelatin l mt polypeptide c khi lng phn t

ln, c ngun gc t collagen, thnh phn protein chnh ca t bo ng vt, c trong
xng, da v ni tng.

Theo Rose (1987), mc d thut ng gelatin i khi c ch cho nhiu loi

gel khc nhau nhng ch yu ch nhng hp cht protein c ngun gc t collagen.

Theo Bailey v Paul (1998) gelatin v cn bn l protein tinh sc h 3hem trong

thc phm, thu nhn t collagen b thoi ha do nhit, c cu trc nh protein ng
vt.

Theo t chc y khoa ca M (USP United States Pharmacopeia, 1990),

gelatin c nh ngha nh l mt sn phm ca qu trnh thy phn collagen c
ngun gc t da, xng ca ng vt. Nm 1973, WHO a ra tiu chun nhn
bit v tinh sch ca gelatin thc phm v xem gelatin nh l mt loi thc phm.
Tng t, EC Europe an Community cng xp gelatin vo thc phm ch khng
phi l ph gia nn gelatin khng c s ng k ca ph gia E.

Nh vy, c th xem gelatin l mt sn phm c ngun gc t collagen bng

cch thy phn acid hay kim .Chnh v th, cc tnh cht ca gelatin ph thuc vo
ngun gc, tui v loi ca collagen nguyn liu.

Gelatin : m, khng mu, d gy (kh), thm cht rn , c ngun gc t

collagen thu c t ng vt khc nhau cc sn phm. Gelatin l mt cht protein c
ngun gc t collagen, mt protein t nhin hin din trong cc gn, dy chng v cc
m ca ng vt c v. N c sn xut bng cch un si cc m lin kt, xng v
da ng vt, thng l b v ln. Gelatin c kh nng to thnh gel mnh, minh
bch v phim linh hot c th d dng tiu ha, ha tan trong nc nng, v c kh
nng hnh thnh mt hnh ng tch cc rng buc lm cho n mt mt hng c gi
tr trong ch bin thc phm, dc phm, nhip nh, v sn xut giy.

Gelatin c xem l mt nguyn liu thc phm ging nh ng, bt, du

n, L mt loi proteine gn nh nguyn cht, khng mi, khng v, trong sut
hoc c mu hi hi ng vng, thu c sau qu trnh nu si da ng vt (da
heo), xng (tr xng b nha), hoc chit xut t thc vt (to , tri cy), l
thc phm 100% t nhin. N thng c s dng nh l mt i l cht kt
dnh trong thc phm, dc phm , nhip nh , v sn xut m phm . Cht c cha

gelatin hoc hot ng mt cch tng t c gi l gelatinous (cht sn

st) . Gelatin l mt dng o ngc thy phn ca collagen ,v c phn loi nh
mt loi thc phm. N c tm thy trong mt s bnh ko, chewing gum cng nh
cc sn phm khc nh ko do , mn trng ming gelatin , v mt s kem v sa
chua . Gelatin bao gm cc dng tm, ht, hoc bt. C nhng loi c th trc tip
4hem vo thc phm, nhng loi khc th cn phi c ngm trong nc trc.
Gelatin c phn loi nh l mt loi thc phm v nhng tnh cht ca n v
m bo an ton v lut ph gia thc phm chu u. Gelatin c ring ca mnh s
ch th ha cht ph gia trong sn xut thc phm.

1.2. Lch s gelatin

T hn 2000 nm trc ,con ngi bit s dng m lin kt v sn phm
ca n trong ch bin thc phm to ra cc sn phm dng gel, cc cht dnh.
Ngui Ai Cp c i sn xut ra c nhng hn hp ging gelatin. Hn na cc
nghin cu cho thy nhng th k tip theo tht s xut hin gelatin trong cc ba
tic, v d trong cc mn c hi hay bnh hoa qu.

Nm 1682, mt ngi Php tn PAPIN cng b mt kt qu l thu c

mt hn hp ging jelly t xng.

Nm 1700, thut ng gelatin tr nn thng dng (c ngun gc t Latin:

gelatus, c ngha l mng hay cht lm ng).

Nm 1754, bi bo u tin trong lnh vc cht dnh c cng nhn Anh

vvic sn xut cht dn ca mt ngi th lm g. Cc cht h dn t nhin c
sn xut trn thnh phn c bn l gelatin v mt vi cht khc.

Nm 1850, cng nghip sn xut gelatin xut hin ti M. Ngun nguyn liu
chnh lc ny l da v xng.

Nm 1871, mt pht hin quan trng ca bc s ngi Anh Richard Leach

Maddox v ng dng ca gelatin a n bc t ph trong ngnh hnh nh. v
bc s ci tin dry plate vi mt lp gelatin- bc bromua v cn nhy hn khi so
vi wetplate. Sau , nghin cu ca Charles Bennet tip tc hon thin phng
php p dng dry plate. c im ln nht l lm gim rt nhiu thi gian trong
cng nghip nhip nh.

Cui th k 19, khi ngnh cng nghip sn xut gelatin xut hin lm tng
thm cc ng dng v n nh tnh cht sn phm.

Nm 1930, ngnh sn xut ny pht trin mnh m khi da heo c xem nh l

mt nguyn liu. Cng nghip sn xut gelatin Chu u ch mi bt u khong
nhng nm 1930 nhng Chu u li tr thnh khu vc sn xut gelatin quan trng
nht trn th gii.

Nm 1950, cng nghip sn xut gelatin c nhng bc pht trin ng k v

kthut. t l nn tng cho cc tiu chun trong sn xut v cht lng sn phm
ngy nay.

Nm 1974, cng nghip sn xut gelatin pht trin n mc thnh lp c

Hip hi gelatin ca Chu u GME (Gelatin Manufacturers of Europe) i din
cho quyn li ca cc nh sn xut gelatin.

Gn y, s hiu bit v acid amin v protein ni chung, collagen v gelatin ni

ring ngy cng nhiu. Thm vo l nhng tin b trong k thut sn xut gip
sn phm gelatin t an ton v vi sinh, cht lng theo tiu chun quc t v yu cu
nghim ngt cc yu t k thut.

Nm 2001, mt nghin cu c tnh cht ton cu do GME thc hin t nm

1999 vi s bo tr ca y ban Chu u mt ln na khng nh v cc yu cu
ca nguyn liu v qu trnh sn xut gelatin m bo an ton ti a cho ngi tiu
dng.

2. CU TO GELATIN:
2.1. Thanh phn hoa hoc gelatin:
Phn t gelatin bao gm:
+ 85 90% protein
+ 0.5-2% mui khong
+ 8-13% nc

Thnh phn protein trong gelatin c gn y cc loi acid amin, ngoi tr

tryptophan v cystein ch i khi tm thy dng vt.

T l gia cc acid amin c th khc nhau, ph thuc vo nguyn liu v

phng php sn xut. Cc acid amin lin kt vi nhau theo lin kt peptide to thnh
phn t gelatin.

Mc d c gn cc loi acid amin nhng gelatin khng phi l mt h

protein hon chnh. khi so snh vi ht protein trng hay sa th gelatin c mt h
protein khng hon chnh v cha cn i. Protein ca gelatin cng tng t nh cc
ngun khc thiu thnh phn tryptophan, c t l gia cc acid amin khng cn i so
vi nhu cu hp thu cc loi acid amin ca con ngi.

Hnh 1. T l phn trm cc acid amin trong gelatin

Hnh 2 .so snh thnh phn cc acid amin trong gelatin v trng
2.2 . Cu truc gelatin:
Cu trc phn t ca gelatin gm 18 acid amin khc nhau lin kt theo mt trt
t xc nh, tun hon, to nn chui polypeptide c khong 1000 acid amin, hnh
thnh nn cu trc bc 1.

Chui polypeptide c chiu di khc nhau, ph thuc ngun nguyn liu, chui
c mt u l nhm amin, mt u l nhm cac boxyl. Cu trc thng gp ca
gelatin l Gly X Y

+ Vi: X ch yu l nhm proline

+ Y ch yu l nhm hydroxyproline
+ Cu trc c bn ca chui gelatin l : - Ala Gly Pro Arg Gly
Glu Hyp Gly Pro
7

Hnh 3. Cu trc c bn gelatin

C 3 chui polypeptide xon li theo hnh xo n c to nn cu trc bc 2. Cu

trc bc 3 c to thnh do chui xon t xon quanh n.

Hnh 4. Cu trc c bn chui xon ca gelatin

3. PHN LOAI GELATIN :

3.1. Phn loi theo nguyn liu sn xut :
3.1.1. Gelatin c ngun gc ng vt :
Collagen c ngun gc t da v xng ca ng vt l ngun nguyn liu u
tin cho sn xut gelatin.
Gelatin c gi tr Bloom t 50-300, cht lng ph thuc vo phng php sn
xut v ngun nguyn liu.

Collagen c ngun gc t da v xng ca ng vt ngun nguyn liu ban

u sn xut gelatin.
Trong nhng nm gn y,ngun collagen t c ang c quan tm khai thc.
Tuy nhin, cht lng gelatin thu c t ngun nguyn liu ny cha n nh v
ng nht nn cha c ng dng nhiu trong sn xut.

Hnh 5. Cc c im tiu biu ca gelatin

3.1.2.Gelatin co ngun gc t thc vt :

Gelatin c ngun gc t thc vt rt khc vi gelatin c ngun gc ng vt,
chng khng c cu trc protein, thng thng l cc polysaccharide c th to gel,
to nht nh galetin nn c bn thp hn.
Mt loi galetin thc vt thng dng l aga, c sn xut t to Malaysia
3.1.3. Gelatin theo pp san xut :
Theo phng php sn xut th ta c 2 loi l
+ Gelatin loi A : c ch bin theo phng php acid
+ Gelatin loi B : c ch bin theo phng php kim
9

Hnh 6. Mt vi c im ca 2 loi gelatin

Hnh 7. Thng s ca 2 loi gelatin

10

Hnh 8 . Thnh phn ha hc ca 2 loi gelatin

3.2 Cch phn loi khc :

3.2.1 Gelatin thu phn :
L gelatin b mt kh nng to gel khi b thu phn thnh cc polypeptit mch
ngn bng cch s dng enzyme thc hin qu trnh thu phn, sau tit trng, c
c v cu cng l sy phun.
Khng ging nh cc protein khc, sn phm thu phn t gelatin ko c v
ng nn c th s dng cho nhiu sn phm thc phm : cht to cu trc cho cc sn
phm sa, cht to nh trong cng ngh ch bin cc sn phm t tht, l ngun
protein trong tha phm n king
3.2.2 Gelatin ester ho :
L gelatin c ester ho bi cc acid bo, gip ci thin kh nng to nh, m
rng chc nng sinh hc ca acid bo v mt s acid bo khng th trc tip b sung
vo sn phm do mi v km, d b oxy ho, khng tan trong nc,nn qu trnh
ester ho gelatin gip b sung acid bo vo thc phm.

Gelatin ester ho cng c th dng trong cng nghip dc phm.

3.2.3 Gelatin tan trong nc lnh :
L loi gelatin khi sy khng qua pha to gel, c cu trc v nh hnh, khng
to tinh th. Loi gelatin ny ht m mnh v kh to gel khi nng thp.

11

Cu trc v nh hnh ca gelatin loi ny cho php n trng n rt nhanh v

rt mnh. Mng phn t 3 chiu ca n lin kt lng lo, s sp xp cc phn t hon
ton ngu nhin, lc lin kt yu nn nc c th d dng xm nhp vo cu trc phn
t vi lng ln nht c th v to thnh cu trc tng t gel. iu ny s gip to ra
loi gelatin c kh nng ho tan trong nc lnh. Tuy nhin, gel to thnh khng chc
bng gel to thnh thng thng nn c th xy ra tnh trng vn cc v khng ng
nht, cn s dng kt hp vi mt s cht khc.

4. TNH CHT GELATIN

4.1.Tinh cht vt ly
4.1.1. Tinh cht vt ly chung
Gelatin l cht rn dng ming, vy, bt hoc ht, khng mi, khng v, trong
sut, c mu t vng nht n mu trng. nhit v m bnh thng, gelatin
cha t 9-12% m v c t trng ring t 1.3-1.4 .

Cc ht gelatin rn khi ngm trong nc s ht nc v trng n. Gelatin c

th hp thu mt lng nc gp 5 10 ln khi lng ca n. Khi gia nhit, gelatin
hydrat ha s nhanh chng chuyn thnh dng dung dch.

Gelatin tan trong cc polyol nh glycerin, propylen glycol, sorbitol, mannitol,

kh ng tan trong cn, acetone, CCl4, benzen, ether v cc dung mi hu c khc.

Cc mui phosphate, citrate, sulfate n ng thp cng lm gelatin trong
dung dch nng cao kt ta.

4.1.2 im ng in
im ng in (pI) ca dung dch khuch tn c nh ngha l gi tr pH
ca mi trng m ti cc ht phn tn khng chuyn ng trong in trng.

Hnh 9 . im ng in ca gelatin s l bng acid

im ng in ca dung dch gelatin ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh loi

gelatin, phng php sn xut:

12

+ Ngun nguyn liu: gelatin c ngu ngc t ossein th pI trong khong

6 .5 -7.5 ; cn gelatin c ngun gc t da heo th pI khong 7 .5 9.0 .
+

Phng php sn xut: gelatin c sn xut bng phng php acid c

pI khong 6.5-9.0 . Gelatin c sn xut bng phng php base c pI
trong khong 4.8- 5.2 . S khc nhau ny l do cc phn ng lm ph v
cc lin kt trong qu trnh sn xut. Qu trnh x l bng base ct t
hu ht cc lin kt v ch cn mt t l nh cc nhm amin.

4.2. Tinh cht hoa ly

4.2.1. tinh khit
4.2.1.1. mau va trong:
Phng php trc quan xc nh mu v trong ca gelatin s dng dung
dch gelatin 6.67% so snh vi mt chun tham kho c s dng rng ri.
trong c xc nh bng nephelometer hoc spectrophotometer khi o
dung dch gelatin 6.67% bc sng 620nm.
mu c th c xc nh bng spectrophotometer khi o dung dch gelatin
6.67% bc sng 450nm.

Hnh10: mu v trong ca dung dch gelatin c o bng phng php trc

quan hoc thit b
4.2.1.2. m:
m co th ln n 16%, thng thng la 10 13% vi m 13%, nhit
thuy tinh hoa cua gelatin la 640C, giup giam kich thc cac hat va lam qua trinh ch
bin d dang hn. m 6 8%, gelatin co tinh hut m cao va kho xac inh chinh
xac tinh cht vt ly

4.2.1.3. Tro:
Lng tro c tinh bng cach nhit phn 5500C. Thng thng, lng tro
ln n 2,5% co th chp nhn c trong cng nghip thc phm. Tuy nhin, ban

13

cht cua tro mi quan trong. Vi du nh 2 % CaSO4 trong gelatin tao trong rt tt
khi pha loang gelatin theo cng thc lam keo, tro tao tua. Hn na, ammonia thng
c s dung lam cht thay i pH trong cac cng oan ch bin gelatin va cac mui
nh NH4Cl khng c xac inh bng phng phap nhit phn.
4.2.1.4. Ham lng SO2:
SO2 c s dung lam cht dit khun va ty trng trong san xut gelatin. Ham
lng d SO2 cho phep trong gelatin thay i tuy theo quc gia va cac phng phap
xac inh cho kt qua rt khac nhau. Gelatin co kha nng thuc y cac phan ng xy
hoa kh va vic kim soat cht nhim nay khng d dang. H2O2 thng c dung
kim soat lng SO2 cua gelatin va i khi, lng cho phep cua SO2 cung co th
xac inh c. iu thu vi la ca H2O2 va SO2 tn tai ng thi trong gelatin.

4.2.1.5. Kim loai nng:

Vic xac inh kim loai nng trong gelatin co th gp kho khn vi kha nng kho
phn huy hoan toan cua gelatin va cac thanh phn chinh trong tro co tinh tan thp nh
CaSO4 lam thay i kha nng hp thu lng vt cua kim loai nng.

4.2.1.6. Vi sinh:

Hnh 11 . Thit b TECRA dng d tm samonella

Gelatin la dinh dng rt tt cho hu ht cac vi khun nn qua trinh san xut
phai cn thn tranh bi nhim. Cac vi khun cn c kim tra la: Coliforms, E.
Coli, Salmonella, Clostridial spores, Staphylococci, va Pseudomonades.
4.2.2. nht:

nht ca mt cht lu l thng s i din cho ma st trong ca dng chy.

Gelatin c nht cao s c gi tr kinh t cao hn.

nht ca dung dch ph thuc vo:

+

c tnh nguyn liu gelatin

14

Nng dung dch: nht ca dung dch m c ph thuc ch yu

vo tng tc thy ng hc gia cc phn t gelatin.

Dung mi: nh hng ca dung mi v cc phn t cc tr nn km

quan trng khi nng dung dch tng.

pH ca dung dch: nht nh nht ti im ng in pI.Ngoi

khong pI dung c nng cng cao nht cng tng

Nhit : trn 40C nht s gim theo t l m vi tng ca nhit

.

4.2.3Kha nng tao gel:

Gelatin trng n khi c cho vo nc, hp th mt th tch nc bng 5-10
ln th tch ca bn thn n. Khi c gia nhit n nhit cao hn im tan chy,
gelatin trng n ha tan v to thnh gel khi c lm ngui. Qu trnh chuyn
i gia dng dung dch v dng gel c tnh thun nghch. Tnh cht ny c li
dng trong nhiu qu trnh ch bin thc phm.

Ngoi ra, gel ca gelatin bt u tan chy 27-34C v c khuynh hng tan
trong ming. Tnh cht ny c ng dng nhiu trong thc phm. C ch c bn ca
s to gel l s thay i ngu nhin ca dng xon c. Acid amin ca cc chui
polypeptide khc nhau to mt hnh th xon c khi lm ngui v cc vng xon ny
c n nh nh cc cu hydro, to gel ba chiu. S to gel ca gelatin c xem
nh s ti to mt phn collagen v phn c ti to ny hot ng nh mt on
chc nng ca gel.

Qu trnh thy phn c th c xc tin bi nhiu tc nhn: acid, base, nhit

, enzyme, vi khun v chiu x, to n n s gim tng bc trong tnh cht to gel
ca gelatin. Phm vi thy phn uc xc nh bng cch o bn gel.

Kh nng to gel ca gelatin trong cc loi dung mi khc nhau l khc nhau.
V vy khi nh gi kh nng to gel ca gelatin cn ch im ny, sau y l vi
loi mi trng c bn: gelatin trong nc v gelatin trong dung dch.
4.2.3.1. Gelatin trong nc:
Gelatin trng n khi c cho vo nc, hp th mt th tch nc bng 5-10
ln th tch ca n.
Khi c gia nhit n nhit cao hn im tan chy, gelatin trng n
ha tan v to thnh gel khi c lm ngui. Qu trnh chuyn i gia dng dung dch
v dng gel c tnh thun nghch.
Ngoi ra, gel ca gelatin bt u tan chy 27-34C v c khuynh hung tan
trong ming.Cc tnh cht ny c s dng trong nhiu qu trnh ch bin thc
phm.
15

 Qu trnh to gel gm 2 giai on:

+

Giai on 1: Hp th v trng n trong nc to dung dch, xy ra

tt nhit m (45-60C).

Giai on 2: To cc lin kt ngang ni cc phn t gelatin vi nhau,

thng di n ra nhit thp (8-12C).

Kh nng hp th nc ca gelatin ph thuc vo c im nguyn liu v cc

yu t cng ngh khi to gel nh pH, nhit , nng cc cht khc trong dung dch.

4.2.3.2. Gelatin trong dung dich:

PH TRONG DUNG DCH GELATIN
Gia tri pH cang gn im ng in thi kha nng khuch tan nc cua gelatine
cang cao. pH t 4-6 thi qua trinh tao gel din ra c sun se, nu pH bn ngoai gii
han o,qua trnh to gel gn nh b c ch hon ton
Tai pH = 6 (im ng in khoang 5,2) thi kha nng khuch tan la cao nht
i vi gelatine loai A.
NHIT DUNG DCH
Nhit cng cao th kh nng khuch tn ca nc cng mnh.
bn gel ca dung dch gelatin ph thuc vo kh nng hp th nc ca
gelatin v kh nng hnh thnh lin kt ngang gia cc phn t gelatin.
NNG TRONG DUNG DCH
Trong dung dch gelatin, nng gelatin cng cao th gel to thnh cng chc
nn bn gel se hoan thin nhanh hn va cng ln. Nng gel cng cao, bn
gel s hon thin nhanh hn so vi gel long 20oC.

16

 cng G c biu din bi mt hm s theo thi gian cho 2% gel gelatin da

chim cha thuc ha cng ti 20oC v pH 7.

4.2.3.2. Gelatin trong dung dich

DUNG DCH SACCHAROSE
Gel c hnh thnh nh vo cu trc xon c ca cc chui peptide. V
theo Toltoguzov (1974), khi c mt dextran th vic ti to li cu trc ny s d dng
v nhanh hn.

Khi c mt gellantine cng nhiu th kh nng tng tr nng lng cang tng va
it lam giam tnh nht ca gel.
S c mt ca polysaccharide s lm gel to thnh chc va bn.
DUNG DCH PECTIN
Pectin l sn phm ph ca ngnh ch bin rau qu, ch yu thu c t b p
c chua v cc loi v tri cy citrus, nhiu nht l v bi v v cam.

17

Dung dch pectin nng 1%, nng gelatin thay i t 1- 10%. Vi s c

mt ca pectin th dung dch c cc nng gelatin thp thay i tnh cht khng
ng k.

Gel to thnh mm v t dai hn nhng it mt tinh nht.

DUNG DCH AGAR
Agar l mt loi polysaccharide c ngun gc t to. Cu trc chnh ca agar l
D galactose v 3.6 anhydro L galactose.
Khi c mt agar, gelatin to thnh gel tt hn v agar ng vai tr l cht h
tr, cht nn cho qu trnh ha tan gelatin. Tuy nhin khi nng gelatin qu cao, cao
hn 2.5% th vai tr ny s b o ngc li.
Hn hp tao thanh t agar va gelatine ny c tnh cng v bn hn so vi gel
to thnh t gelatin, mm hn gel to t agar.
5. PHNG PHP SN XUT
5.1. Qua trinh tin x li:

chuyn ha collagen khng tan thnh gelatin tan c 2 phng php thng

c dng:
+

Dng acid x l ban u, gi l phng php acid, to thnh gelatin loi

A.

Dng base x l ban u, gi l phng php base, to thnh gelatin loi

B.

Qu trnh tin x l s gip chuyn i collagen thnh dng thh hp cho qu

trnh trch li. Qu trnh gip to hiu qu cho vic b gy cc lin kt ngang cng ha
tr ca collagen gai phng nhng chui t do, ng thi gip loi b cc thnh
phn hu c khc nh mu, ng, cht nhy... c trong nguyn liu. Vi mi phng
php s to ra nhng c tnh vt l v ha hc khc nhau ca sn phm gelatin tng
ng.

Qu trnh x l bng acid t c tc ng hn so vi phng php dng base,

thng c dng cho da heo hay ossein sch cc loi collagen cn tr, cha
trng thnh.

X L BNG ACID
Qu trnh ny thch hp dng cho nhng collagen c t lin kt ngang cng
ha tr thng c tm thy trong da heo, da c hay ossein sch cc loi collagen
cn tr, cha trng thnh. Da ca heo con thng khong 9 thng tui c t lin kt
ngang nn ngm trong dung dch acid 18-24 gi s to hiu qu cho qu trnh chuyn
i.

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Acid sulfuric v acid chlohydric thng c dng, c th kt hp vi acid

photphoric lm chm qu trnh to mu. Ring i vi da c nc ngt th c th s
dng nhiu loi acid hu c nh: acid acetic, acid citric hoc acid lactic lm
trng n da mt cch c hi u qu. u im ca qu trnh x l acid l thi gian x
l nhanh.

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 X L BNG BASE
Qu trnh x l bng base thng dng cho da b, ossein. Nguyn liu c
ngm

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trong dung dch base vi tun nhit mi trng. Vi l tc nhn ph bin nht,
kh yu nn khng lm tn tht nguyn liu v trnh khng lm qu trnh thy phn
xy ra qu mnh lit.

Tuy nhin, phng php ny c nhc im l phn ng xy ra chm, ko di

n 8 tun hay hn mi kt thc.

5.2. Qua trinh trich ly
Dng nc m trch li nhm ra sch cht ha hc dng trong qu trnh tin
x l v tip tc lm t hn cc lin kt trong nguyn liu, hnh thnh cc phn t
gelatin.
Thng thng nhit trch li khong 55-90C, c th trch li nhiu ln tng
hiu sut trch li nhng khng c qu nhiu ln v s lm gim cht lng ca
gelatin (thng l 2-4 ln, thi gian ln trch li sau di hn ln trch li trc).
5.3. Qua trinh tinh sach
Dch trch ly c lc qua giy lc tch huyn ph (lipid, si collagen cha
thu phn) sau qua ct trao i ion hay lc tinh tch mui v c v chnh pH
v 5 -5.8 .

+ Dng kt hp Al2O3v MgO, nhit 1450-1600C (chi ph cao).

+ Dng phng php trao i ion. Mui magie v mui nhm c thm vo qu
trnh tinh sch, kt hp vi ion kim loi tron dung dc h ng nht.
5.4. Qua trinh c c
Thit b thng dng l thit b c c mng ri, n n thc hin trong iu kin
chn khng vi nhit va trnh hi n tng thoi ha hoc thay i tnh cht
vt l. Nng sau khi c c t khong 25-45% ph thuc bn cht nguy n liu v
qu trnh trch li.

5.5. Qua trinh sy

Trc khi sy, dung dch gelatin c c c s c em i tit trng
nhanh 140C ri lm lnh nhanh to dng gel. Gel gelatin c a qua thit b sy
lin tc s dng khng kh nng 32-60C (nhit khng kh c gi n nh) ri
to hnh theo yu cu.
Ngoi ra, c th dng phng php sy phun nhm trnh thay i tnh cht ca
gelatin.
6. NG DNG
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Trong cng nghip thc phm, gelatin c dung rt nhiu vi cac chc nng:
lam kh va bao quan trai cy va thit, lam trong ca ph, bia, ru va nc ep trai cy,
ch bin sa bt va nhng loai thc n bt khac. Gelatin cung c dung lam tac nhn
kt dinh va hoc bao phu trong thit va thit ng. Hang lam banh dung gelatin lam
banh trng ng, banh kem dai, va cac loai banh chon loc khac. Gelatin la thanh
phn c ban san xut keo deo, keo mm, keo nuga. San xut kem cn gelatin
duy tri nhu tng bn cua cac nguyn liu va tao hinh cho cy kem. Ham lng
gelatin s dung trong cac mon trang ming la 8 10% khi lng kh, trong yogurt la
0,3 0,5% vi chc nng la cht lam c, trong thit ng la 2 3%, trong banh mt la
1,5 2,5%.

6.1 Trong cng ngh thc phm

Gelatin c s dng rng ri v tnh cht vt l ca n hn l gi tr dinh
dng ca mt protein. Nhit tan chy ca gelatin di 37C nn d dng ha tan
v tan c c trong ming.
Da vo chc nng c th phn chia cc ng dng ca gelatin: tc nhn to
gel, cht n nh, cht nh ha, cht to c, cht keo, tc nhn lin kt, tc nhn
lc.

BNH KO
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Thch dng trng mi ng: thnh phn bao gm ng saccharose, glucose, syrup
ng nghch o, gelatin, dch tri cy, cht m, mu v mi. Ton b hn hp
c ha tan trong nc nng sau em lm ngui to nn sn phm thch mm
dai v trong.
+ Ko thch: c thnh phn nguyn liu tng t thch nhng c trong

khun. Hm lng gelatin trong ko khong 6-9%. Gelatin loi A c Bloom khong
150-250 thng c s dng nhiu hn do c nht thp. Ko sau c ly ra
khi khun v x l bng nhiu cch khc nhau trnh vic chng dnh li vi nhau.
C th thay i c u trc cng nh cng ca sn phm bng c ch thay i lng
gelatin (cng nhiu gelatin sn phm cng dai) hoc thay gelatin c bn gel khc
nhau
+ Marshmallow: ko marshmallow c th khun hay ko to hnh. Hm

lng gelatin dng trong marshmallow khong 2- 5%, l loi gelatin c bn gel
cao.
+ Ko mm tri cy: gelatin dng to bt, iu khin qu trnh kt tinh ca
saccharose, tng tnh mm,
Trong ko, gelatin c vai tr l cht to bt (lm gim sc cng b mt ca pha lng),
cht n nh (to bn c hc cn thit trnh bin dng sn phm), cht lin kt (lin
kt mt lng ln nc ko di thi gian bo qun sn phm).

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6.2.Cac san phm t sa

Yaourt
Gelatine gip ci thin cu trc yaourt ln men m khng lm nh hng
n v c trng ca sn phm.

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 Gelatine c s dng ch yu trnh hin tng tch lng ca whey trong

sut qu trnh s l v bo qun.
Thch hp s dng b sung vo yaourt tri cy.

Kem
Gelatin c vai tr:
To cu trc mm mi cho sn phm.
Ngn cn qu trnh tch lng khi lm ng lnh
kem.
S dng kt hp vi cc cht n nh khc nhm
to tan chm nh iu chnh nht ca hn
hp.
Lm bn h nh tng.
Trnh to tinh th khi bo qun.

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6.3 TRONG Y HC
Trong cng nghip dc phm, gelatin c
dung lam vo thuc nhng cng va mm bao v
dc phm khng tip xuc vi anh sang va xy.
Gelatin con la cht b sung vao khu phn va tng
cng sc khoe, syro..., cht nn cho thuc m va h
nh kem anh rng.

6.3. Cac linh vc khac

Gelatin cn uc dng trong cc lnh vc nh sn xut thuc nhum, sn,
mc in, mng polymer

Trong cng ngh sn xut giy v mc in, gelatin dng trong nh bn km v

nh dng kh giy. i khi cn dng trong sn xut mt vi loi giy c bit nh
giy tn dng ca ngn hng, giy dn

Trong cng nghp m in, gelatin gip to ra mt lp mng ph ng nht v

mng.
Trong cng ngh sinh hc, gelatin c th dng lm mi trng nui cy vi sinh
vt, l ngun cung cp nitrogen cho vi sinh vt pht trin

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7. TIU CHUN GELATIN

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TI LIU THAM KHO

1.TRN TH THU H-NGUYNTHY H- NGUYN TH THU SANG.HA
THC PHM- I HC CNG NGHIP THC PHM TP HCM-2012
2.L NGC T- GIO TRNH HA SINH CNG NGHIP-NH XUT BN
KHOA HC V K THUT-2010
3. http://www.patentstorscription.htmlm.us/patents/5210182/de
4.http://translate.google.com.vn/translate?hl=vi&langpair=en
%7Cvi&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelatin_dessert
5. vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/_nht
6. http://tailieubank.com/threads/75887-Nghien-cuu-san-xuat-GELATIN-tu-da-ca
7. http://www.hoahocngaynay.com/vi/nghien-cuu-giang-day/bai-nghien-cuu/533.html

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