I NTRODUCTIO NTO P AHLAVI

BY P RODS O KTORSKJ RV

ProdsOktorSkjrv2007 Cambridge,Mass.

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INTRODUCTION: THEIRANIANS,THEIRLANGUAGES,ANDTHEIRLITERATURES

T HE I RANIANS
Iranianisatermofmanymeanings,butforourpurposesweshalldefineitaspertainingtopeopleswhoatsome pointinhistoryspokelanguagesbelongingtotheIranianlanguagefamily.TheIranianlanguagefamilyitself belongstotheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily,1withinwhichitsclosestrelativesaretheIndo-Aryanlanguages, morespecificallytheOldIndiclanguageoftheVedas,theoldestofwhichistheRigveda. 2 Iranianpeoplesdidnotenterhistoryuntilthe9thcenturyB. C.E.,whenthePersianswereforthefirsttime mentionedintheAssyrianannals.AfterthistherearescatteredreferencestoPersians,Medes,andScythiansinthe Mesopotamiantexts. Then,inthe7thand6thcenturies,theIraniansfinallymadeabigsplashinworldhistory,whentheMedianking CyaxaresdestroyedAssur(614)andNiniveh(612),butwereredeemedintheeyesoftheworldwhenKingCyrusthe Greatin549overthrewthelastoftheMediankings,establishingtheAchaemenidsonthethrone,andallowingthe JewstoreturnhomefromtheirBabyloniancaptivity.

O LDAND M ID D LE I RANI AN L ANG UAGE S

AvestanandOldPersian,bothspokenseveralcenturiesbeforeourera,arethetwooldestIranianlanguages known.AmongotherOldIranianlanguagesareMedian,spokenbytheMedes,whoruledwesternIranbeforethe Achaemenids,andScythian,spokenbytheNorthwest-IraniantribesfromwhichtheAlansandthemodernOssetes aredescended.3 AvestanisthelanguageoftheAvesta,theholyscripturesoftheZoroastrians.TheAvestaasweknowitwas writtendownsometimeduringtheSasanianperiod(ca.224-636C.E.)inanalphabetinventedforthatpurpose. ThisalphabetisbasedupontheMiddlePersianPahlavialphabetbutalsocontainselementsfromtheearlierPsalter script,onwhichseebelow.TheAvestaiscollectionofmiscellaneoustextsfirstcompiledandcommittedtowritingin themid-firstmillenniumofourera.Thistextcorpuswassubsequently,aftertheMuslimconquest,considerably reducedinvolume. ItisfromoneofCyrusssuccessors,DariusI,thatwehavetheearliestindigenoustextsinanIranianlanguage, OldPersian,whichistheoldestknownancestorofmodernPersian(Pers.frsi),theofficiallangaugeofmodern Iran/Persia.OldPersianwaswritteninacuneiformscript,probablyinventedunderDariusforthepurposeof recordinghisdeeds.Itwasalsothefirstcuneiformscripttobedecipheredandprovidedthecluetoalltheother cuneiformscripts. TheextantOldPersiantextsalldatefromthe6thtothe4thcentury.TheOldPersianlanguageasweknowit fromthelaterinscriptions(5th-4thcents.)wasalreadyabouttochangefromOldtoMiddlePersian,with simplificationofdiphthongsandlossoffinalvowels,andwiththem,lossofgrammaticalendings. MiddleIranianisthecommonnameformumerousIranianlanguages,nowextinct,thatwerespokenthroughout IranandcentralAsiafromaboutthe4thcenturyB. C.E.uptoaftertheIslamicconquest.Theycanbegrouped togetherwithOldPersian,ononehand,intoasouthwesterngroup(MiddlePersian=Pahlavi),andwithAvestan, ontheother,intoanorthernandnortheasterngroup(Parthian,Bactrian,Chorasmian,Sogdian,Khotanese). M IDDLE P E RSI AN ,P A HLA VI TheMiddleIranianlanguagemostcloselyrelatedtoOldPersianisMiddlePersian,whichisknownfromavariety ofsources:inscriptionsandManicheantexts,theearliestofwhichdatefromthe3rdcent.C.E.,andfromthe Zoroastrianscriptures.ThelanguageoftheZoroastriantextsiscommonlyreferredtoasPahlavi.
1ForIndo-Europeanlanguages,see,e.g.,Mallory,1989;Fortson,2004;forIndo-EuropeanliterarypoeticsseeSchmitt,1967,

andWatkins,1995. 2ForEnglishtranslationsfromtheRigveda,seethePenguinClassicsedition,OFlaherty,1981. 3SeeSkjrv,2006.

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LESSON4

TheMiddlePersianinscriptions,mostofthemlocatedinsouthernIran,arewritteninascriptderivedfrom Aramaic,andtheZoroastriantextsinastillmoredevelopedformofthisscript.AfewpagesfromaMiddlePersian translationofthePsalmswerealsofoundthere,writteninacursivescriptbetweenthescriptoftheinscriptionsand thePahlaviscript.4 TheManicheanMiddlePersiantextsarewritteninascriptderivedfromavarietyoftheSyriacalphabet. T HE P A HLA VITE XT S TheearliestMiddlePersiantextswithZoroastriancontentsarethe3rd-centuryinscriptionsofthefirstSasanian kingsandtheirhighpriestKerdr. MostoftheextantPahlavitextswereprobablycompiledinthe9thcentury,althoughpartsofthemmusthave beencomposedmuchearlier,evenasearlyasthe3rdcentury.Itisprobablymorecorrecttosaythattheextant literaturewascompiledfromthelivingoraltradition,someofwhichwasascribedtospecificauthors. Thecorpusconsistsof1.translationsofAvestantexts,2.textswithreligiouscontents,sometimesincorporating translationsfromtheextantorlostAvesta;and3.seculartexts. TranslationshavebeenpreservedofmostoftheAvestantexts(referredtoasthePahlaviYasna,Pahlavi Videvdad,etc.),withtheimportantexceptionoftheoldyats.Allthetranslationscontainglossesand commentaries,expeciallythePahlaviVidevdad,whichincorporateslengthylegalisticdiscussions. ThemainreligioustextsaretheDnkard(deedsofthedn)andtheBundahin(thewaytheworldwas establishedinthebeginning),bothofwhicharebestcharacterizedasencyclopaediasofZoroastrianreligion. Ofthe9booksoftheDnkard,thefirsttwoarecompletelylost,asisthebeginningofthethird.Ofspecial interestarebook3,whichdiscussesnumeroustheologicalissues(transl.Menasce,1973).book5(theological questions,transl.AmouzgarandTafazzoli,2000),book6,awisdomtext(transl.Shaked,1979),book7,which containsacompletelifeofZarathustra(Mol,1967),book8,whichcontainsadescriptionofthecontentsofthe AvestaasknownintheSasanianperiod,andbook9,whichcontainscommentariesontheGs. TheBundahinandtheWizdaghZdspram(selectionsofZ.;transl.GignouxandTafazzoli,1978)areour mostimportantsourcesonZoroastriancosmology. TheDdestnMny[]Xrad(thejudgementsofthedivinewisdom)5isacollectionZoroastriantenetsoffaith intheformofquestionsaskedbythewiseman(dng)andanswersgivenbythedivinewisdom(mnyxrad). TheDdestndng(thejudgementsofthedn;transl.Jaafari-Dehaghi,,1998)andtheNmaghManuihr (lettersofManushchihr)dealwithquestionsofZoroastrianpractice. TheArdWirz-nmagmaybedescribedasthePahlaviDivinaCommedia(transl.Gignoux,1984). Amongseculartextsarethefollowing: TheMdaynhazrddestn(bookofathousandjudgments),dealswithquestionsofreligiouslaw(transl. Macuch,1993. TheKr-nmagArdaxrPbagn(thebookofthedeedsofArdashir[founderoftheSasaniandynasty],sonof Pabag;transl.Grenet,2003,andtheAydgrZarrn(thememorialofZarr;transl.Monchi-Zadeh,1981),about thewaroverthednbroughtbyZarathustra. Seealsothetranslationsat http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Zoroastrianism/index.html http://avesta.org/
4SeeSkjrv,1996. 5ThetitleisusuallycitedasMnyxradthespiritofwisdom,butmnynevermeansspirit.Itisanadjectivereferringto

thingsintheotherworld,alsoinexpressionssuchasmnysmnthesky(located)intheotherworld.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Amouzgar,J.,andA.Tafazzoli,LecinquimelivreduDnkard,Paris:Associationpourlavancementdestudes iraniennes,Leuven,2000. Andreas,F.C.,andK.Barr,BruchstckeeinerPehlevi-bersetzungderPsalmen,SPAW1933,pp.91-152. Back,M.,DiesassanidischenStaatsinschriften,ActaIranica18,TehranandLige,1978. Barr,K.,RemarksonthePahlaviLigaturesxandX,BSO(A)S8,1936,pp.391-403.
Bartholomae,C.,MitteliranischeStudienI,WZKM25,1911,pp.245-62;II,pp.389-409;III:27,1913,pp.19-24,IV:pp. 347-74;V:29,1915,pp.1-47. , ZurKenntnissdermitteliranischenMundartenI,SHbAW,phil.-hist.Kl.,1916,no.9;II,1917,no.11;III,1920,no.2; IV,1922,no.6;V,1923,no.3. Boyce,M.,SomeMiddlePersianandParthianConstructionswithGovernedPronouns,inDr.J.M.UnvalaMemorial Volume,Bombay,1964a,pp.48-56. ,TheuseofrelativeparticlesinWesternMiddleIranian,Indo-Iranica.MlangesprsentsGeorgMorgenstierne ...,Wiesbaden,1964b,pp.28-47. ,AWord-ListofManichaeanMiddlePersianandParthian.TehranandLige,1977. Brunner,C.J.,ASyntaxofWesternMiddleIranian,Delmar,NewYork,1977. CanteraGlera,A.,DieStellungderPahlavi-bersetzungdesAvestainnerhalbdesMittelpersischen,StudiaIranica28, 1999,pp.173-204. ,StudienzurPahlavi-bersetzungdesAvesta,Wiesbaden,2004. CompendiumLinguarumIranicarum,ed.R.Schmitt,Wiesbaden1989. Dhabhar,BamanjiNusserwanji,EssaysonIranianSubjects,Bombay,1955. Durkin-Meisterernst,D.,DictionaryofManichaeanMiddlePersianandParthianinDictionaryofManichaeanTextsIII: TextsfromCentralAsiaandChina,Part1,ed.,NicholasSims-Williams,Turnhout,2004. FortsonIV,B.,W.Indo-EuropeanLanguageandCulture.AnIntroduction,Malden,Mass.,2004. Gignoux,Ph.,Glossairedesinscriptionpehleviesetparthes,CorpusInscriptionumIranicarum,SupplementarySeries, Vol.1,London,1978. ,Lelivred'ArdVrz,Paris,1984. andA.Tafazzoli,ed.andtr.,AnthologiedeZdspram.Editioncritiquedutextepehlevi,StudiaIranica.Cahier13 Paris,1993. Grenet,F.,LegestedArdashirfilsdePbag=KrnmagArdaxrPbagn,ditionsADie,2003. Henning,W.B.,DasVerbumdesMittelpersischenderTurfanfragmente,ZeitschriftfrIndologieundIranistik9,1933, pp.158-253=SelectedPapersI,pp.65-160. ,reviewofNyberg,Hilfsbuch,inGGA ,1935,no.1,pp.1-19. ,Mitteliranisch,In:HbOI,IV,1.Leiden-Cologne,1958. ,Selectedpapers,2vols.,ActaIranica14-15,TeheranandLeiden,1977. Herzfeld,E., Paikuli.MonumentandInscriptionoftheEarlyHistoryoftheSassanianEmpire,2vols.,Berlin1924, especiallyEssayonPahlavi,pp.52-73. Humbach,H.andP.O.Skjrv,TheSassanianinscriptionofPaikuli:Parts3.1Restoredtextandtranslationand3.2 Commentary,Wiesbaden,1983. Jaafari-Dehaghi, M.,ed.,Ddestnidnig.PartI.Transcription,TranslationandCommentary,StudiaIranica.Cahier 20,Paris,1998. Josephson,J.,ThePahlaviTranslationTechniqueasIllustratedbyHmYat,Uppsala,1997. ,TheMiddlePersianNounsin-inand-inh, OrientaliaSuecana47,1998a,pp.87-104. ,SemanticsandPahlaviTranslators,Meijerbergsarkivfrsvenskordforskning24(CategorisationandInterpretation. IndologicalandComparativeStudiesfromanInternationalIndologicalMeetingattheDepartmentofComparative Philology,GteborgUniversity),1998b,pp.147-78. ,NominalSentencesandCopulainMiddleandEarlyNewPersian,inLudwigPaul,ed.,PersianOriginsEarly Judaeo-PersianandtheEmergenceofNewPersian.CollectedPapersoftheSymposium,Gttingen1999,Wiesbaden, 2003,pp.79-94.

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LESSON4

,TheImportanceofthePahlaviTranslationTextsforaMiddlePersianDictionary,inC.G.CeretiandM.Maggi, eds., MiddleIranianlexicography.ProceedingsoftheConferenceHeldinRome,9-11April2001,Rome,2005,pp.35773. Lazard,G.,Lesmodesdelavirtualitenmoyen-iranienoccidental,inW.SkalmowskiandA.vanTongerloo,eds., MiddleIranianStudies.ProceedingsoftheInternationalSymposiumOrganizedbytheKatholiekeUniversiteitLeuven fromthe17thtothe20thofMay1982,Louvain,1984,pp.1-13. ,Lesprpositionspa(d)etb()enpersanetenpehlevi,inR.SchmittandP.O.Skjrv,eds.,StudiaGrammatica Iranica,Munich,1986,pp.245-55. MacKenzie,D.N.,TheIndirectAffecteeinPahlavi,inDr.J.M.UnvalaMemorialVolume,Bombay,1964,pp.45-48. ,NotesontheTranscriptionofPahlavi,BSOAS30,1967,pp.17-29. ,AConcisePahlaviDictionary,London,1971. ,reviewofBack,1978,inIndogermanischeForschungen87,1982,pp.280-97. Macuch,M.,RechtskasuistikundGerichtspraxiszuBeginndessiebentenJahrhundertsinIran:DieRechtssamlungdes FarromardiWahrmn,Wiesbaden,1993. Menasce,J.de,Dixansd'tudespehlevies:publicationdetextes,StudiaIranica1,1972,pp.133-39. ,LetroisimelivreduDnkart,Paris,1973. Mol,M.,LalgendedeZoroastreselonlestextespehlevis,TravauxdelInstitutdtudesiraniennesdelUniversitde Paris3,Paris,1967. Nyberg,H.S.,HilfsbuchdesPehlevi,2vols.,Uppsala,1928,1931. ,AManualofPahlavi,2vols.Wiesbaden1964,1974. ,FrahangiPahlavk,ed.B.UtasandC.Toll,Wiesbaden,1988. Osnovyiranskogojazykoznanija.Sredneiranskiejazyki,ed.V.I.Abaev,M.N.Bogoljubov,andV.S.Rastorgueva, Moscow,1981(Srednepersidskijjazyk,pp.6-145). Rastorgueva,V.S.,Sredne-Persidskijjazyk,Moscow,1966. Salemann,C.,Mittelpersisch,inGrundrissI,pp.249-332. Shaked,S., TheWisdomOfTheSasanianSages(DnkardVI)byAturpt-imtn,Boulder,Colo.,1979. Sims-Williams,N.,NotesonManichaeanMiddlePersianMorphology,StudiaIranica10,1981,pp.165-76. Skjrv,P.O.,CaseininscriptionalMiddlePersian,inscriptionalParthianandthePahlaviPsalter,StudiaIranica12, 1983,pp.69-94;2,pp.151-181. ,RemarksontheOldPersianverbalsystem,inFestgabefrK.Hoffmann,MnchenerStudienzurSprachwissenschaft45,1985,pp.211-27. ,VerbsinParthianandMiddlePersianinscriptions,inR.SchmittandP.O.Skjrv,eds.,StudiaGrammaticaIranic .FestschriftfrHelmutHumbach,Munich,1986,pp.425-39. ,VerbalideogramsandtheimperfectinMiddlePersianandParthian,intudesirano-aryennesoffertesGilbert Lazard,StudiaIranica.Cahier7,1989,pp.333-54. ,MiddlePersianand,annd,inR.E.EmmerickandD.Weber,eds.,CorollaIranica.PapersinHonourofProf.D. N.MacKenzieontheOccasionofHis65thBirthdayonApril8th,1991,Frankfurt,etc.,1991,pp.190-97. ,LinscriptiondAbnnetlimparfaitenmoyen-perse,StudiaIranica21,1992,pp.153-60. ,TheEarliestDatableInscriptiononaSasanianBowl:TwoSilverBowlsintheJ.PaulGettyMuseum,Bulletinofthe AsiaInstitute7,1993[1994],pp.181-92. ,AramaicinIran,ARAM6(PalmyraandtheAramaeans),1995[1997/98],pp.283-318. ,IranianalphabetsderivedfromAramaic,inP.T.DanielsandW.Bright,eds.,TheWorldsWritingSystems,New York-Oxford,1996,pp.515-35. ,OntheMiddlePersianImperfect,inE.Pirart,ed.,SyntaxedesLanguesIndo-iraniennesanciennes.Colloque International,Sitges(Barcelona)4-5mai1993,AulaOrientalisSupplementa6,Barcelona,1997a,pp.161-188. ,TheJoyoftheCup,BulletinoftheAsiaInstitute11,1997b[2000],pp.93-104. ,Iraniv.IranianLanguagesandScripts,inEncyclopdiaIranicaXIII/3,2006,pp.344-77. Sundermann,W.,Mittelpersisch,inR.Schmitt,ed.,CompendiumLinguarumIranicarum,Wiesbaden,1989,pp.138-64. Tedesco,P.,DialektologiederwestiranischenTurfantexte,MondeOriental15,1921,184-258.

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LESSON1

P RE LIMINARYRE MARKS AB O UTS T UD YI NG P AHLAVI

SincePahlaviisanIndo-Europeanlanguage,itsgrammarandgrammaticalterminologyisthattypicalofsuch languagesEnglish,German,French,Latin,etc.).ThegrammaticalterminologyofSemiticlanguages,forinstance, Hebrew,cannotbeapplied,so,ifyouhavehadlittleexposuretoIndo-Europeangrammaticalterminology,you shouldstudyabookongrammar. Pahlaviisdifficulttogetintobecauseofitsscript,soyoushouldtrytomemorizeasmuchvocabularyaspossible asyougoalong.Thespellingisparticularlydifficult,soyoushouldgetusedtorelyingonyourmemoryratherthan ondictionariesandglossaries.Tryingtofindawordinadictionaryusuallytakesalongtime.Forthisreason, glossarieswillnotbeincludedinthefirstlessons.Instead,youshouldstartcompilingyourownmini-dictionaryright away.Itisthebestwaytolearnthewords.Categorizethewordsintonouns,adjectives,arameograms,etc. Youshouldbeabletofigureoutthemeaningsoftheindividualwordsinthesentencesquotedwithtranslations fromtheexplanationsinthelessons.Donottrytolookthemupinadictionary. Youshouldreadthroughtheentirelessonbeforestudyingitindetail,since,occasionally,afeatureinasentence isexplainedinwhatfollows. Numerouswordsincludedasexamplesinthesectionsonspellingandarameogramsarenotnecessarilyhighfrequencyandneednotbelearned.High-frequencywordsandimportantterminologywillberepeatedlyusedinthe examplesandexercisestoensurefamiliarity. S O UNDS YS TE M Thephonology(soundsystem)ofPahlaviissimilartothatofmodernPersian. Vowelsareshortorlong(markedbyamacron): a (e) i (o) u Vowelsshouldbepronouncedcleanly,thatis,asinSpansishandItalian,forinstance.Englishdiphthongization shouldbeavoided(eifor,etc.). Itisnotclearwhetherthevowelseandowerephonemes,thatis,whethertherewerewordsthatwereonly distinguishedbyonehavingiandtheothere.Onthewholeitisdoubtful.Here,eandowillbeusedconsistentlyin caseswheretheymayhaveoccurred(e.g.,kerbag[notkirbag]gooddeeds,andabdom[notabdum]last).To findsuchwordsindictionariesandglossaries,youmayhavetolookfortheformswithiandu. TheconsonantsareasinmodernPersian.Notetheuseofahaekin,,,and. andarethesoundsinEnglishchurchandjudge. isEnglishsh,Germansch,Frenchch,etc. isthevoicedsoundofEnglishpleasure.Itisonlyfoundasavariantofbeforedandgasindudnhavingevil dn,forwhichweshallwritedudn;ydahrrituallyclean,forwhichweshallwriteydahr;adahgdragon fromAvestanaidahka,forwhichweshallwriteadahg;andagahnindolent,forwhichweshallwrite agahn.Theremayhavebeenothersporadiccases,suchasmiag(miag),Pers.moeeyelash. xisthech-soundinGermanBachandtheSpanishSpanishj-soundinjuego(notasinAmericanSpanish,where thejispronouncedasEnglishh). (Greekgamma)isthesoundoftheSpanishgbetweenvowels,asinhaga.Itisavariantofgusedprobablyby influencefromAvestan,e.g.,moMagian"insteadofregularmowfromAvestanmou(<magu). xwwasprobablyasoundlikeEng.wh,whenpronouncedwithaspiration(ratherthansimplyasw),butwithx(xw) insteadofh(hw). Therewereprobablydoubleconsonants(geminates)kk,rr,tt,zz,e.g.,waagchild=Pers.ba()e.

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LESSON1

T HE P A HLA VIS CRI PT ThePahlavialphabetcontainsonlytwelvedifferentletterstoexpressallthesesounds.Severaloftheletters thereforehavemanyvalues,whichmakesreadingdifficult.Thisdifficultyiscompoundedbythevariousshapesthe differentletterscantake. Asstudentsprogress,theywillbecomeusedtorecognizingwholewordsratherthanidentifyingeachletterand findingapossiblecombinationthatproducesawordandmakessenseinthecontext. ThetwelvelettersinthealphabeticalorderrighttoleftusedinMacKenziesDictionaryandtheir equivalentsintheSemiticalphabetsareasfollows(thevaluesofthelettersarediscussedbelow):

T C

M L

K Z

t () p m l k Thefollowingarerelativelyunambiguousletters: B b L r,l

w y

Z K

z k

M P

m p

C T

c t

WhenLspellsl(ratherthanthemorecommonr),itissometimeswrittenR. Theveryambiguouslettersare: Asvowels A ,a,

Asconsonants h-x d-g-y n-w-r

Y W

i,,e,,ay u,,o,,aw

Y+Y=SorJalso=s

Theuseof<>(aleforhamza)isapracticetakenoverfromSemiticalphabets. Whenthesethreelettersexpressvowels,theyareoftencalledmatreslectionismothersofreading.Longvowels anddiphthongs,aswellasshortu,arealwaysspelledwithmatreslectionis,whileshortimayormaynotbespelled with<y>.Theassumedeandoaresometimesspelledwith,sometimeswithout<y>and<w>. Notethatshortaisrarelywrittenandthatlongiswrittenwith<> Thescriptisacursivescript,thatis,thelettersarecombinedwithoneanother. Notethatthefollowingsixlettersarenevercombinedtotheleft: B b C c K k P p T t W w TypicalofthePahlavicursiveisthewaysomelettersarecombinedbyadeepcurve,droppingbelowthebase lineofthescript,whileothersarenot,forinstance: A +A > a B +A > bA

W +A W + M

> >

wA N

K +A M +A

> >

kA A

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LESSON1

A +Y W +Y K +Y

E > wY > I orkY

>

M + Y T +Y

> >

Y tD

TheonlytallletterisL,whichmaybecombinedonthebaselineorbelow:

L + T + W > LTW L + W + P > LWP

K + M + L >kmL T + L > t

L + A + M >la L + A + K > lAK

ThecombinationformoftheletterP<p>isoftenidenticalwiththatoftheletterC<c>.Whenthatisthecase, weusuallytransliterate<p>as<>: P +A > pA<p>orc<>(common)

P +Y P +M P +Z P +L

> > > >

pY<yp>orcD<y>(lesscommon) pM<mp>orcD<y> pZ<mp>orc<z> pL<mp>orc<l>

C +A C +Y C +M C +Z C +L

> > > > >

c<c> cD<yc> c<mc> c<zc> c<lc>

NotethealternativeformsofcombinationswiththelettersL<l>andZ<z>onorbelow:

W + L P +L

> >

wLor{<lw> pLorf<lp>

W + Z P +Z

> >

wZor U<zw> pZorf<zp>

Inthemanuscripts,therearestillothervariations,e.g.,P +A>f, +A>,etc.

S PE LLING 1
Forvariousreasons,Pahlaviwasnotwrittenthewayitwaspronounced,butratherasithadbeenpronounced centuriesearlier.ThisissimilartothecaseofFrenchandEnglish.Inordertodeterminetheactualpronunciation, wemaycomparethespellingsusedintheManicheantextsofthe3rd-4thcenturies,whichwerewritteninadifferent alphabet,whichshowedtheactualpronunciation.Wemayalsocomparethemodernpronunciation,aswefinditin modernPersian.Finally,wemayconsidertheetymology(history)ofthewordtoreconstructthepresumed pronunciation. Comparethespellingandpronunciationofthefollowing: t <lt>radchief,ratu6 lAk <kl>krwork

kmL la kahAWT lH

<lmk>ramagherd,flock <ml>mrsnake <twhk>tuxgdiligent <yl>rlion

LTW LWP YtJ tD

<wtl>wattarbad,evil <pwl>purrfull(of) <gyty>gtytheworld-of-the-living,thisworld <dt>dadwildanimal

6AnAvestantechnicalterm,meaningmodel,prototype,principalrepresentative,andsimilar.

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LESSON1

gLwY CWB wdlY thAWtZ

<gwlg>gurgwolf <bwc>buzgoat <dlygw>driypoor

(+) <my>msheep

<zltwht>ZarduxtZarathustra

YWfJwY MWtM CwA

<gwspnd>gspanddomesticanimal <mltwm>mardmpeople,humans <hwcm>huambenevolent

Note:Doubleconsonantsarenotwrittendouble,exceptinsomecompounds,e.g.,LKKCB<bckkl>bazzak-kar evil-doer. T R AN SLITE RA TION A ND TR AN SC RIP TION Above,whatisinside<>isaone-to-onecorrespondencebetweenthePahlaviandLatinalphabets.Wecallthis trans-LITER-ation,meaningtransferringlettertoletter. Thepronunciationofthewordisincursive.Thisiscalledtran-SCRIP-tion,meaningthatwewriteouttheword soitcanbepronounced. Later,weshalltalkmoreaboutvariouswaysoftransliteratingandtranscribingPahlavi. G RAMMAR 1 T HE SEN TE NCE Pahlavisentencescanbeshortandclearorlongandponderous.Themostcommonconstituentsaresubject, directobject,andverb,inthatorder. Therearenodefiniteorindefinitearticles. Personalpronounsassubjectsofverbsmaybeleftout. Word o rde r Theinflectedverbisusuallyattheendoftheclauseorsentence. Thebasicwordorderistherefore: SUBJECT-VERB(e.g.:helives,hewas-killed) SUBJECT-INDIRECTOBJECT-D IRECTOBJECT-VERB e.g.: theman+theboy+book+gives=themangivestheboyabook ThisisthewordorderthatshouldpreferablybeusedinthetranslationsfromEnglishintheexercises. Thewordorderisrelativelyflexible,however,andapredicateordirectobjectisoftenloweredbehindtheverb, ortheverbmayberaisedtoinfrontofthesubject. Ad verbsand co mple men tso ft i me, place, manne r, etc., may p recede the subjec tan da reo fte n placedat t hebeginn in go fthesen tence, bu tthey canal sooccu relsewhe reinthesen tencein vari ouslo gica lpl aces. Noteonterminology: InWestern(Indo-European)languages,whatonecallsthesubjectofaclauseisusuallydefinedasthepersonor objectthatperformsanaction(oruttersastatement,thinksathought)oris(orgetsinto)astate,forinstance: action:Godcreatedtheworld;Zarathustraspokeaword;haveyoureflectedonthis? state:mansleeps;wealldie. Inthesecases,thesubjectiswhatismostcloselyconnectedwiththeverb,andtheverbagreeswiththesubject.

10

May4,2008-11:22PM

LESSON1

Thereareexamplesofclausesthathavenosubject,forinstance,itrains,itisimpossible,inwhichithasno meaning.Suchclausesarecalledimpersonal. Therearealsoexamplesofclausesinwhichtheonewhoperformstheactionisnotwhattheverbagreeswith,as intheZoroastrianswerepersecutedbytheArabs.HeretheperformersaretheArabsandtheverbagreeswith theZoroastrians.Wecalltheseclausespassive. InthisIntroduction,thetermsubjectshallonlytorefertothepartofthesentencewithwhichtheverbagrees. Apredicateisanounoradjectiveconnectedwithanoun(pronoun)bytheverbtobe,e.g.,themanisbig, wearehungry,heisateacher. N OU N S I m p o r t a n t : Nou nsassubjec tsand predicate sha vet hesa mefo rmi nthesin gularand t he plura l . Ifanounassubjectissingular,theverbis3rdpersonsingular.Ifanounassubjectisplural,theverbis3rdperson plural.E.g.: andarmndwbd ademonwasinthehouse=therewasademoninthehouse andarmndwbdhnd demonswereinthehouse=thereweredemonainthehouse Ontheverbs,seebelow. P ER SON AL PRO NOU NS Thepersonalpronounsusedassubjectarethefollowing: Singular Plural 1st an I 1st amh we 2nd t you,thou 2nd amh you,ye 3rd y he,she,it 3rd awn they Note:donotconfusethe2ndsingularandplural,whicharenotdistinguishedinEnglish. T OBE Thepresent(indicative),imperative,andpasttenseoftobeareasfollows: Presenttense: Imperative: 1st 2nd 3rd Singular ham Iam h youare(thouart) (nothing) he/she/itis Pasttense: Plural hm hd hnd weare you(ye)are theyare Singular Plural

b be!

bawd be!

1st 2nd 3rd

Singular bdham Iwas,Ihavebeen bdh youwere,youhavebeen bd he,she,itwas,hasbeen

Plural bdhm bdhd bdhnd

Iwas,Ihavebeen youwere,youhavebeen theywere,theyhavebeen

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LESSON1

N EGA TION S Thecommonnegationisnnot. Thenegationma(do)notisusedwithimperatives. Q UE STION S Questionsaredistinguishedfromstatementsonlywhenintroducedbyquestionparticles,forinstance interrogativepronouns(kwho?etc.).

SENTENCES1
Analyzethefollowingsentences:

aymardtkh anKayHusryham=anhamKayHusry amhkhd amhmazdsnhm amhdriymardmhd awnmardhndzannhnd dwhndnmardm andarmardmrtanudarbudhuamb amhpadkrudkerbagtuxgbawd padAhrimenwistxmabawd padgtynbdham andarmnmrbd fradommardmandarabgumnhbdhnd andarrn-ahrwasmazdsnbdhnd

Oman,whoareyou? IamKayHusry Whoareyou(all)? WeareMazdayasnians you(all)arepoorpeople theyaremen,notwomen theyaredemons,nothumans. amongpeople,behumbleandamenableandbenevolent! (youall),bediligentin(your)workandgooddeeds! donotbeconfidentin(=relyon)Ahrimen(theEvilOne)! Ihavenot(always)beeninthisworld (there)wasasnakeinthehouse thefirsthumanswereinastateofnon-doubt InthelandoftheIranians,thereweremanyMazdayasnians

EXERCISES1
1.PracticewritingthePahlaviwordsinthislesson,usinglinedpaper. Pahlaviiswrittenhorizontally,straightacrossthepage;thelinedoesnotbendupwardordownward. Note,inparticulartheheightanddepthofthelettersrelativetothebaseline,e.g.,

2.MatchthePahlaviwordswiththeirtransliterationsandidentifythemwithwordsinthislesson: wdlY <bckkl> CwA <hwp>

EwawDc CWB kahAWT kmL la lAk lH LKKCB

<bwc> <bwt> <clp> <dlygw> <dt> <gwlg> <pltwm> <gwspnd>

MWtM MWtP MwYc nla pLC PwA thAWtZ td

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<kl> <krpkkl> <ky> <lmk> <lt> <ml> <mltwm> <mn>

May4,2008-11:22PM

LESSON1

LKKPWK LTW LWP Wt YK gLwY

<gyty> <hlmn> <hwcm> <pygwmnyh> <yl> <twhk>

t TWB wa YtJ YWfJwY

<my> <pdwm> <pwl> <wtl> <yltn> <zltwht>

3.TranslateintoEnglish(donotattempttowriteinPahlavi): 1. anPrzhamtWahrmh 2. amhmardmhd 3. gurgudrdadhnd 4. padgtywistxmab 5. padmardmwistxmabawd 6. mnpurrwattarmrbd 7. andarramaggurgbdhnd 8. amhandarmazdsnahrrtanbawd 9. amhmazdsndriymardmnhm 10. Zarduxtpadgtykrtuxgbdpaddriyhuambd 4.TranslateintoPahlavi(donotattempttowriteinPahlavi): Besuretostudythesentenceswithtranslationsabovetogetusedtothecorrectwordorder. 1. YouareKayWitsp,IamZarduxt. 2. KayWitspwasaMazdayasnian. 3. YouareMayandMayny;youwerethefirsthumans(people). 4. OZardut,amongtheMazdayasnians,beamenableandhumble! 5. OMazdayasnians,amongtheIraniansbebenevolentanddiligent! 6. Ahrimenhasnot(always)beeninthisworld. 7. Thereweremanydemonsinthisworld. 8. Thesheepandthegoataredomesticanimals. 9. Oman,beamenableandbenevolentto(your)wife(=woman)! 10. Owoman,behumbleto(your)man!

GLOSSARYOFWORDSINTHESENTENCESANDTHEEXERCISES1
Note:Grammaticalwordsinthelessonarenotincluded.Spellingisonlyincludedwithwordsspelledwith arameograms. abgumnh EwawDc <pygwmnyh> stateofnon-doubting;freedomfromdoubt

Ahrimen andar abdom ay buz

nla <hlmn>

Ahrimen,theEvilOne in,inside;during last;intheend O!particleofaddress goat

MwYc <dwm> <y> CWB <bwc>

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LESSON1

bazzakkar bd arb dad dw driy rn-ahr rtan fradom gty gspand gurg huam Husry kr kay kerbag kerbakkar mn mr mard mardm May Mayny mazdsn m pad Prz purr ramag ahr r tuxg Wahrm was wattar wistx xb zan Zarduxt

LKKCB TWB pLC td wdlY WWtHwa Wt MWtP YtJ YWfJwY gLwY

<bckkl> <bwt> <clp> <dt>

evil-doer,someonewhodoevildeeds was amenable wildanimal demon,demons poor landoftheIranians humble first thisworld domesticanimal wolf benevolent Husry(laterHusraw,Xosrow) work,activities atitle(Av.kauui) gooddeeds someonewhodogooddeeds house snake man,men people,humans May Mayny Mazdayasnian(seeLesson3onthespelling) sheep in,to,by(etc.) aname full flock land lion diligent aname much,many,very bad,worse,worst confident;pad...wistxbaw-haveconfidence in good woman,women Zarduxt,Zarathustra

<dlygw> <yln-tr> <yltn> <pltwm> <gyty> <gwspnd> <gwlg> <hwcm> <kl> <kd> <krpk> <krpkkl> <mn> <ml>

CwA lAk
YK KPWK LKKPWK wa la

Y]JwA <hwslwd>

MWtM HM YwaHM Wtja CwlYP LWP kmL WWtH lH kahAWT aaW

<mltwm> <myd,mydy> <mydnyd> <mzdysn'> <my>

<pylwc> <pwl> <lmk> <tr> <yl> <twhk> <whlm>

LTW <wtl> watJW <wsthw> PwA <hwp> thAWtZ <zltwht>

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LESSON2

S PE LLING 2
T HE O TIOSE S TRO KE TheletterW<'>isoftenaddedattheendofawordtosignifytheend.Forsomereason,thisisoftenreferredto astheotiosestroke,butcouldalsobecalledafinalorsuperfluousstroke. Thestrokeisonlyaddedafterthefiveconsonantsthatdonotconnecttotheleft,sothestrokeisalwayswritten separatelyandisnevercombinedwithaprecedingletter(totheright),e.g.: Withotiosestroke: WBwlY <dlwb'>drdeception,lie WCwA <wc'>zstrength <lmk'>ramagherd,flock Nootiosestrokeispossibleafterlettersthatcombinetotheleft: aD <gh>ghthrone,place YN <mng>manghashish

Wt WkmL

<lt'>radratu

WPT

<tp'>tabfever

LKKCB wY

<bckkl>bazzakkarevil-doer <gw>gear

MWtP

<pltwm>fradomfirst

Notallscribesusedthefinalstrokeoruseditconsistently,so,dependingonthescribe,thewordsbdwasand bdantobe(come)aredifferenciatedasfollows: withfinal<'> withoutfinal<'> bd: WTWB <bwt'> TWB <bwt>

bdan:

WWTWB

<bwtn'>

WTWB

<bwtn>

InthisIntroduction,thefinalstrokewillbeusedregularly. C ON SON AN T S TheunvoicedconsonantsP T k C<p,t,k,c>areusedtospellthesesounds(p,t,k,)whenatthebeginningof aword;afterf,x,s,;orwhendouble,forexample: Initial: lAk <kl>krwork

LWP

<pwl>purrfull

lAT lAC WTPwY Lt

<tl>trdarkness <cl>rable,capable

Afterf,x WTc <ht'>haftseven

<gwpt'>guftsaid <htl>axtarconstellation

WtJ

<sht'>saxthard,firm(ly)

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 Afters,: WJW <nsk'>nask,bookoftheAvesta

LESSON2

WfJW WklA

<wsp'>wispall <lk'>arekenvy

Wtja WfjAtHW WtHWK LTW WKCW

<lst'>rststraight,true,truthful <wtsp'>Witp,aking <kwt'>kutkilled

Double: LKKCB <bckkl>bazzakkarevil-doer/doing

<wtl>wattarbad,evil <wck'>waagchild

WtWc

<pwlt'>appurdstole

WhenthesameconsonantsP

T k C<p,t,k,c>comeafteravoweloravoicedconsonant,theyare(usually)

pronouncedvoicedb,d,g,z.Aftern,<c>ispronounced.Examples: WPT <tp'>tabfever WkmL <lmk'>ramagherd,flock

WPwA Wt Wt WKtN MWtM

<hwp'>xb(xb)good

<lt'>radratu <lt'>rdgenerous <mwltk'>murdagcorpse <mltwm>mardmpeople

WKPWK WKCB WCwA EKcDc WcW CWP

<krpk'>kerbaggooddeed <bck'>bazzagevildeed <wc'>zstrength <yckyh>abzaghpurity <wlc'>warzmiraculouspower <pnc>panfive

Exceptionsincludethefollowingcommonwords: WilAT <tlyk'>trkdark

EilAT WcdA

<tlykyh>trkhdarkness <yc'>any(thing)

WigZW EigZW

<nzdyk'>nazdknear <nzdykyh>nazdkhnearness,vicinity

someAvestanwords: At <th>taxfire

kLW

<wlk>Warka,theWarkasea

YtJ

<gyty>gtyworld-of-the-living

andcompounds: WklAWkA <knlk'>a-kanraglimitless

<

WklAWK

<knlk'>kanragborder,side

TheletterPisalsousedtospellf,usuallybeforeconsonants,butalsobetweenvowelsandinfinalposition,e.g.:

MWtP LPW

<pltwm>fradomfirst <wpl>wafrsnow

WPWK WTc

<kwp>kfmountain <ht'>haftseven

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LESSON2

Theletter<z>spellszalsowhennotinitial,butthisisrelativelyrare(exceptinarameograms)andalmostonly incompounds,e.g.: zA <z>azgoat(rarewordfromAvestanaza)

Wwjgza <mzdysn'>mzdsnMazdayasnian(withdn) WwalZ <zlmn'>zarmnoldage but WwalzA <zlmn'>a-zarmnunaging

G RAMMAR 2
T HE USEO F - W O NE TO SPE CIFY ThereisnoindefinitearticleinPahlavi,butthenumeral!-<-1>-wonecanbeaddedtoanountosignify oneparticular,acertainandsimilar.SometimesitcomescloseinfunctiontotheEnglishindefinitearticle,but oneshouldnotmakeitahabittotranslateeveryEnglishindefinitearticlebyPahlavi-w! e.g.: rd-wacertainriver gyg-wbdtherewasa(special)place(where) kanzag-wacertaingirl iynmard-wlikeaman(who) S INGULA R AND PL UR AL Normally,theverbagreeswiththesubjectinnumber. When plu rali tyisno te mp hasize d,bu trathe rspec i es, the sin gula risno rmally u sed,e.g.: padsmnstragudaxtarudabxtarasttherearestars,constellations,andplanetsinthesky Whentwoormore3rdpluralpasttenseformsfollow,thepluralmaybeindicatedonthelastonly,e.g.: padkerbagkerdantuxgbdudazwinhpahrxtrbdhndtheywerediligent(tuxg)inperforming(kerdan [infinitive])gooddeedsandkeptaway(pahrxtrbdhnd)fromsin(winh) Thenounmardmpeople,humansisalwaysplural:

nmardmkadmhndwhich(=who)arethesepeople? Theplu ralendin g - n w ith plu ral nou nsgove rned byp repo si tion s. Thepluralending-nisalsousedwhennounsaregovernedbyprepositions(postpositions),e.g.: nkangabrgnkangnnhomngthisyoungwomanisnotlike(other)youngwomen ZarduxtpadmardmnrdudrstbdZarathustrawasgenerousandstraight/truthfultopeople

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LESSON2

T HE ADJECTI VE / AD VER B W A S MU CH , MA NY , V ERY Thisadjectiveisverycommonlyusedtoqualifynounsandadjectives,e.g.,

andarrn-ahrwasmazdsnbdhndinthelandoftheIranians,thereweremanyMazdayasnians nkanzagwashuihrnrdagwashuwrthisgirlisverypretty,thatboyisverymanly
Notethealternativewordorder,inwhichwasisthepredicateofthenounitqualifies:

andarrnahrwasmowmardhndinthelandoftheIranians,therearemanyZoroastrianpriests beside andarrnahrmowmardwashndinthelandoftheIranians,Zoroastrianpriestsaremany P OS SES SION 1 Possessioncanbeexpressedbysimplyputtingthepossessorinfrontofwhatispossessed,similartoEnglishIn Godsname(asopposedtoInthenameofGod). If the po sse ssori sa plu ral no un, it u sual lytakest heend in g -n ,e.g.: padOhrmazdnminOhrmazdsname padyazdnnminthegodsname dwndmthecreationoftheevilgods. mardmnruwnpeoplessouls

T O BE AND NO T TOBE

Toexpressexistence,theverbsastexistsandnstdoesnotexistareused,pasttensebd. Theseformsarealsousedtoexpressthereis,thereare. Thepluralformshnd,nhnd,bdhndareusedwhenpluralityisemphasized. Examples:

wahitastuddoxastParadiseexists,andHellexists;thereisaParadiseandthereisaHell AhrimenandargtynstAhrimendoesnotexistinthisworld andarwahitbazzakkarnstthereisnoevil-doerinParadise,therearenoevil-doersinParadise(noonein Paradisedoesevildeeds) andardoxkerbakkarnhndtherearenodoersofgooddeedsinHell(nooneinHelldoesgooddeeds) andargtyyazdnbdhndtherehavebeennogods(ever)inthisworld,therehaveneverbeenany...

T OH AVE Theseverbsarealsousedtoexpresspo sse ssion.Grammatically,wecouldsaythatthepossessorisindirect object.Pluralnounstaketheending-n,e.g.:

mannstIhavenothing(thereisnothingforme) murwnparrastbirdshavewing(s)forthebirdstherearewings)

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LESSON2

SENTENCES2

andarOhrmazdmnwazurgdhast waddwhndwadyazdnhnd padOhrmazdwarzyazdndumennhnd Witsphnhudrnhbd nWitspbdwazurgh padgtymardmwashnd andarJamxwadyhhaftkiwarmardmpad abgumnhbudhnd mardmntanudgynudruwnast

inOhrmazdshouse,thereisgreatjoy therearebaddemons,therearenobadgods ByOhrmazdsmiraculouspower,thegodshavenoenemies Witspwaskingofkingsand(the)kingoftheIranians thiswasWitsp,agreatking therearemanypeopleinthisworld duringJamskingdom(rule),thepeopleoftheseven continentswereinabsenceofdoubt(hadnodoubts) humanshavebodies,vitalspirits(souls),and(immortal) souls gspandnuddadnruwnnst domesticandwildanimalshavenosouls andarwahitrnhwiderdagnruwnwashnd inthelightofParadise,therearemanysoulsofthe departed padgtykfudrdudzrywasastbstragnst intheworldoftheliving,therearemanymountains,rivers, andoceans,buttherearenostars andarnzryudrdmhgast inthisoceanandrivertherearefish xwardudmhudstragpadsmnhnd thesun,moon,andstarsareinthesky bazzakkarhmardmnwattarkunin evil-doingishumansworstdeed(act,action) andarmazdsnnbazzakkarwasnst therearenotmanyevil-doersamongtheMazdayasnians

EXERCISES2
1.PracticewritingthePahlaviwordsinthislesson,usinglinedpaper. 2.MatchthePahlaviwordswiththeirtransliterationsandidentifythemwithwordsinthislesson: a WJW <dm> <smn'>

aD EilAT EKcDc EtH lECwA LPW LwYK lYWwA mATK At kLW WTc WwasA

WfjAtHW WfJW WilAT WKcDWK WKCW WklAtJ WklAWkA WKtdL WKtTW WthAW Wt EwwL E

<gh> <hwcyh <lwny <hwwy <ht'> <knlk' <knyck'> <ktm> <kywl> <lt'> <lytk'> <mh> <nsk'>

<stlk'> <tyh>l> <th>h> <tlyk'>l> <tlykyh> <wck'>> <wht'> <wlk> <wpl> <wsp'> <wtsp'> <wtltk'> <yckyh>

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LESSON2

2.TranslateintoEnglish(donotattempttowriteinPahlavi): 1. OhrmazddmhamnAhrimendm 2. Ohrmazdfradomdmkadmbd 3. nGaymardbdfradommardm 4. HangudTahmrafudJamhaftkiwarhbdhnd 5. andarwahitwiderdagnruwnandardhbdhnd 6. Ohrmazdudwasyazdandarwahitpadrnhudabzaghbdhnd 7. Ahrimenudwasdwandardoxpadtrkhudbazzakkarhbdhnd 8. ngtyrnhazxwardudmhudstragast 9. yazdnkuninandargtynst 10. smnkanragnst 3.TranslateintoPahlavi(donotattempttowriteinPahlavi): 1. Jamwasverygeneroustothepoor. 2. Alldemonsdoevil,allgodsdogood.[say:areevil-doers,etc.] 3. Theevil-doingdemonsareindarkness. 4. Thesoulsofthegenerous(ones)areinpurityandjoy. 5. Onthebigmountainthereismuchsnow. 6. Inthehouse,therewereaprettygirlandabigboy. 7. ByWitspsmiraculouspower,thelandoftheIranianshadnoenemies. 8. InHell,thesoulsoftheevil-doersareindarkness. 9. Therewasagirlinthehouse;shewasverypretty. 10. Whoarethesetruthfulmen?TheyareMazdayasnians.

GLOSSARYOFWORDSINTHESENTENCESANDTHEEXERCISES2
Note:Grammaticalwordsinthelessonarenotincluded.Spellingisonlyincludedwithwordsspelledwith arameograms. abzagh EKcDc <yckyh> purity

akanrag smn tax bazzakkarh dm dox(duox) dumen n gh Gaymard gyn haft Hang huihr

WklAWkA WwasA At eLKKCB E WwaHwY WnwY aD WtMwD WwE WTc YwwA lECwA

<knlk'> <smn'> <th> <bckklyh> <dm> <dwhw'> <dwmn'>

limitless sky,heaven fire thepracticeofdoingevildeeds creation Hell enemy this (aspecial)place;throne Gaymard soul,vitalspirit(leavesthebodyatdeath) seven amythicalking pretty,beautiful

<gh> <gywmlt'> <yn'> <ht'> <hwng> <hwcyhl>

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LESSON2

huwr Jam kadm kanrag kanzag kiwar kf kunin mh mhg nask Ohrmazd rd rdag rd rnh ruwn dh h hnh strag Tahmraf tan trk trkh waag wad wafr wahit Warka wazurg warz widerdag wisp Witsp xwadyh xward yazd yazdn zry

lYWwA Y mATK WklAWK WKcDWK LwYK PWK WwWWK a Wia WJW awAwA Wt WKtdL WTwL EwwL WWABwL EtH aH aH WwaH WklAtJ WcnAT WWT WilAT EilAT WKCW

<hwwyl> <ym> <ktm> <knlk'> <knyck'> <kywl> <kwp'> <kwnn'> <mh> <mhyk'> <nsk'> <whrmzd> <lt'> <lytk'> <lwt'> <lwnyh> <lwbn'> <tyh> <h> <h> <stlk'> <thmwlp'> <tn'> <tlyk'> <tlykyh> <wck'>

manly Jam(mythicalking,deposedbyDahg) which(oftwo) border,edge girl continent mountain activity,doingofdeeds moon fish theAvestawasdividedinto21nasks Ohrmazd(thesurpemegod) generous boy river light(noun) soul(goestoParadiseorHell) happiness king kingofkings star amythicalking body darkn darkness child bad snow Paradise Warka(theworldocean;Av.Vourukaa) big,great,large miraculouspower departed,dead every,all Witsp(aking) rule sun god (of,to,for)thegods sea,ocean

LPW <wpl> WthAW <wht'> kLW <wlk> WcW WKtTW WfJW WfjAtHW eTwA WtdLwA WtD WwaD Z
<wlc'> <wtltk'> <wsp'> <wtsp'> <hwtdyh> <hwlyt'> <yzdt'> <yzdn'> <zlyd>

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LESSON2

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LESSON3
S PE LLING 3
T HELE TTE R < D / G / Y > ThisisthemostproblematicletterinthePahlaviscript. Initialy Ininitialposition,<y->rarelyhasthevaluey-andmostofteninwordsborrowedfromAvestan. Theword<yl>yalheromaybealoanword. Initialdandg Wordswithinitialdandgarecommon,e.g.: WtD <dt'>ddlaw aD <gh>ghthrone,place

<dl>dardoor,chapter <gl>garmountain Note:WeseethatlYhasthreedifferentreadings:yal,dar,gar.SuchhomographyisquitecommoninPahlavi. <d/g>aftern: YWB <bnd>bandbond,tie,rope YWW <nng>nangmodesty,shame

E WwD awY lY

<dm>dmcreation <dyn'>dn,technicalterm <dnh>dannhtoothache

E kAwD kAwY lY

<gm>gmstep <gywk>gygplace <gnk>ganngfoul(-smelling)

<d/g>afterz: gzA <zd>azdknown

YWwlY YWC YwLWB YNwAtjA

YWT <cnd>andasmuchas,howmuch/many? YWC <bwlnd>bulandtall,high YwL <stwmnd>astmandwithbones YN

<dlwnd>druwandevil,wicked

<tng>tangnarrow <cng>anglyre(musicalinstrument) <lng>rangcolor <mng>manghashish

gzM <mzd>mizdfee,reward <g>afterr: gLwY <gwlg>gurgwolf

gzA <zg>azgbranch gzM <mzg>mazgmarrow,brain

glM <mlg>margdeath gLtJW <wstlg>wistargcarpet,bedspread,etc. <y>for<z> SometimestheletterYisusedfor<z>andisthenusuallytransliteratedas<z>.Itcombineswithafollowing <y>intotheletterA<>,transliteratedas<-zd->,e.g.: imY <zmyk>zamgearth(alsoimZ)

gLtJW <wstlg>wastarggarment,clothes

WwAtjmY <zmstn'>zamestnwinter(alsoWwAtjmZ) WwaD <yzdn'>yazdn(of,to)gods awAwA <whrmzd>ohrmazd,nameofthesupremegod

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LESSON3

NotetheveryirregularWtD<yzdt'>yazdgod,gods,spelledwith<-zd->likeWwaD<yzdn'>yazdnandwith

-t-asintheolderspelling<yzt>intheinscriptions.ThewordismuchrarerthanWtD<dt'>ddlaw.

SimilarlyWtja<mzdysn'>mazdsnMazdayasnian,inwhichalsothewS<sn>hasbeendistortedintotD <yt>.Somescribeswritethewordlike<mhst'>mahistbiggest,greatest,othersdistinguishthembyspelling mahistWtja<mhyst'>.ThewordisoccasionallyfoundspelledoutasWwjgzM,WwjzM<mzd(y)sn'>. Theadjectivemzdsn(indnmzdsn)isspelledWwjgza,Wwjza<mzd(y)sn'>. NotealsotheirregularWtMwD<gywmlt'>Gaymard(withanextra<-->),thenameofthefirsthuman-like livingbeing. Inadditiontoitsmultivalence,whendouble,<yy>alsospells<s>:S,J,whichispronouncedassorh(only aftervowel),forexample: aJ <sm>smSm

WwasA WwAtJtdmA WtJpl sM

<smn'>smnsky,heaven <hmdtstn'>ham-ddestnagreed <lpsyt'>arfsdisashamed

Wtja <lst'>rststraight,true,truthful SwaHwD <swns>Sns,acommentator SwewD <swyns>Syns(variantspelling)

<ms>mehbigger,greater sAkA <ks>ghaware,knowledgeable Learnthefollowingsimilarwords: WwaD <yzdn'>yazdn(of,to)thegods

WwaD WwaJ WwaH,WwaH aHWwaH,aH WwaH aH WwaH

<ghn'>ghntheGathas <gyhn'>ghnlivingbeings,world(oflivingbeings) <DYAn'>dwnbadgods,demons <DYAn'DYA>dwndwthe(worst)demonamongdemons <hn'h>hnhkingofkings

D IAC RITIC S Theambiguous<y>canbedis-ambiguatedbyaddingdiacriticsford,g,y,and,butthediacriticsreflectthe manuscriptwritersthoughtsontheidentityofthewordmoreoftenthantraditionalpractices.Themarksare: circumflex(roof)Y>ford(oftenaddedwronglyfor<y>) twodotsaboveY<forg onedotbelowY.for(asinArabo-Persian.)

twodotsbelowY,fory(asinArabo-Persian) Examples: Y>Ww> <mdnwd>mny = YWw

Y>NwA <HWEd>hnd = E>W <wdh>weh

=

YNwA

WwawY< <gwmn>gumn = WwE <n'>gyn(n) = .

WwawY WwE

EW

Note:Themarkfor<d>isnotoriginallyadiacritic,butthetopoftheoldformof<d>,cf.theearlierformsinthe inscriptionsdandthePsalterD.

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LESSON3

A RA MEOG RA MS 1 Wejustsawthattheworddwn,possessivepluralofdwbadgod,(male)demonisspelledwithacompletely different-lookingword,aH<DYA>.ThewordDYAisinfactfromAramaicand,whenitisusedtospella Pahlaviword,iscalledanarameogram(orheterogram,ideogram,Persianhozvre). ProbablyclosetohalfthePahlavivocabulary(ormore)isspelledbymeansofarameograms.Thismaysoundvery difficult,butwithtimethestudentwilllearnthatitiseasiertorecognizeanarameogramthananIranianword.This isinpartduetosomeverycommonpatters,mainlyintheverbs,butalsobecauseofcertainlettercombinations. Arameogramsaretraditionallytransliteratedwithcapitalletters. NotefinalN-=<-E>andthevalue<O>forW. Herearesomecommonarameogramsforwordswehavealreadylearnedandsomeothercommonwords: Conjunc tion sa ndpa rt icle s W <W> ud and

<OD> Adject ive s YBK <KBD> AbL <LBA> Ad verbs W <KN> Notetheexpressions:

Y L oA AWB YW

<Y> <LA> <AL> <BRA> <AYK>

n ma b k t

1.particle;2.relativepronoun not donot but;out,away;verbalparticleexpressingcompletion 1.that,introducesdirectspeech(=:);2.sothat;3.where? 1.until,foraslongas;2.sothat,inorderthat

was much,many wazurg big,great

WwGwL <LOYN'> oa <AHL>

h p pas

inthatmanner,intheusualmanner before after,afterward

pbefore(place) azpasafter,behind(place) Prono un s NwA <ANE> an I

pazbefore(time) pasazafter(time)

L <L> man I,me,my NwL <LNE> amh we WN <MNW> k nPW <NPE> xw

own

kL <LK> t you,your MWkL <LKWM> amh you,your

who,whom,whose(relativeandinterrogative)

Prepo si tion s OW <OL>

to from

until Somelettershavespecialshapesinarameograms.Noteespecially<-k>in<AYK>andW<KN>;<-l>in

N <MN> az YW <OD> t

WWP <PWN> pad in,with,bymeansof x <BYN> andar in(side),among NTwL <LWTE> abg (together)with

OW<OL>, oA<AL>,and oa<AHL>(also:W,A, a);andtheunusualx<BYN>.

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LESSON3

Tobe Theverbtobehastwoprincipalfunctions:1.toaddapredicate,inwhichcaseitiscalledacopula;2.inthe 3rdpersontoindicateexistence,inwhichcaseitiscalledanexistentialverb.Thecopulahasno3rdsingular.The existentialverbcorrespondstoEnglishthereis,thereare. MNwA <HWEm> ham Iam YNwA <HWEym> hm weare

NwA <HWEyd> h
(nothing)

youare is,exists;thereis

WtDNwA <HWEyt'> YNwA <HWEd> WtDwL <LOYT'>

hd hnd nst

youare (they)are thereisnot

WtdA <AYT'>

ast

Inthepasttense,thetwokindsoftobearenotdistinguished.Moreover,thereisnodifferencebetween1. wasandbecameand2.wasandhasbeen,becameandhasbecome(Englishimperfectandperfect): WTWB <bwt'> bd (he/she/it)was/hasbeen;therewas/hasbeen (he/she/it)became/hasbecome (they)were/havebeen;therewere/havebeen

YNwA WTWB <bwt'HWEd>

(they)became/havebecome Notes: Arameogramsofverbstakephoneticallywrittenendings,usuallycalledphoneticcomplements: Onthespellingofhyouare,seelesson5. InsteadofMNwA,etc.,weoftenseeMWNwAwiththeotiosestroke(or<-N>)afterthearameogram,beforethe ending. G RAMMAR 3 A DJEC TIVES Adjectivescanqualifyanoundirectlyoraspredicateoftobe(manyexamplesinlessons1-2). Adjectivescanbeplacedbeforethenountheyqualify,asinEnglish,e.g.:

bdhnd

padzarrnghonagoldenthrone,onathroneofgold padwazurgdhingreatjoy
Morecommonlyadjectivesfollowthenoun,attachedtoitbytheparticle,oftenreferredtoastheizafe,e.g.:

wistargxbagoodcarpet zamnakanragunlimitedtime RanrstthestraightRan(agodofjudgment) kanzagwashuihrudrdagwashuwraveryprettygirl,averymanlyboy

Theparticlecanalsobeusedafterthespecifying-w,e.g.:

rd-wwazurga(certain)bigriver xarbuzspdbuznradthewhiteoryx[oryxleucoryx]istheradchiefofgoats(=ofthegoatspecies)

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 Itcanalsobeplacedafteraninterveningverb,e.g.:

LESSON3

andarmntax-wbdwazurginthehouse,therewasagreatfire
Theparticleisalsousedinexpressionssuchas:

kfHarburzthemountainHarburz,MountHarburz andarzryWarkaxar-wasts-pyintheWarkasea(ocean),thereisathree-leggeddonkey(xar) rnahrandarkiwarXwanrahthelandoftheIraniansisinthecontinent(kiwar)ofXwanrah kerbaggtythegooddeeds(performed)inthisworld

Severalparticleswithonenoun:

ahrwazurgBblthegreatlandofBabylon Theparticleisalsousedbeforeprepositionalphrases: nkhpadwahitudanghpaddoxthegoodnessinParadiseandtheevilinHell kang-wkangnnhomngayoungwomannotlike(other)youngwomen

ThePahlaviexpressionfortheXone,isnX,literally,thatXone.Thisexpressioncanalsobeusedto attachadjectivestonouns:e.g.:

npahlomaxwnthebestexistence=pahlomaxwn=axwnpahlom nwattaraxwnthebest/worstexistence=wattaraxwn=axwnwattar nasartrkhtheendless(asar)darkness=asartrkh[*trkhasar*isnotused] nmehkerbagudnkehthegreatergooddeedandthesmallerone nahlawkasudndruwandtherighteouspersonandtheevilone ghrstnudndrzanntheplaceofthetruthfulonesandthatoftheliars ndndudnntheonewhoknowsandtheonewhodoesnot

Notealso:

ymazdsntheMazdayasnian(person),theMazdayasnians Theco nstruc tion wi th n i sve ryco mmo nan di mporta nt, solea rn it we ll! P OS SES SION 2 NotethecommonpossessiveexpressionxXxwbelongingtoX.Pluralnounstake-nbeforexw,e.g.: kxwhamwhoseamI?(whodoIbelongto?) OhrmazdmanxwudanOhrmazdxwhamOhrmazdbelongstome,andIbelongtoOhrmazd AhrimenuddwnxwnhamIdonotbelongtoAhrimenandthedemons

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LESSON3

SENTENCES3

anag-ruwndurbdMahrspandnmazdsnnslrbddurbdsonofMahrspandof-immortal-soul (anag-ruwn)wasaleaderoftheMazdayasnians
Notetheending-ninMahrspand-nmeaningsonof.

nahlawnwiderdagnruwnhamgabgOhrmazdudamahrspandnandarGardmnpadwazurgdh hndthesoulsoftherighteousdepartedareall(hamg)inGardmntogetherwithOhrmazdandthe amahrspandsingreatjoy

AppositionsarenotmarkedinPahlaviandcanattimesbenotsoeasytoidentify(atfirstglance):

asarrnhghamahrspandnudGardmnudsmnawinhtheEndlessLights,theplaceofthe Amahrspands,Gardmn,andtheskyaresinless(freefromsin,awinh) kastrhahlyhrhprytkhudnabrgrhhamgn-rhone(k)istheroad(path,rh)of righteousness,(namely)theroadoftheteachingsofold(prytkh);theother(abrg)roadsareallnonroads

EXERCISES3
1.PracticewritingthePahlaviwordsinthislesson,usinglinedpaper. 2.MatchthePahlaviwordswiththeirtranscriptionsandaddthetransliterations: awAwA LwYK WTwL <ANE> <hwn'>

<mzdysn'> <NPE> <pltwm> <DYAn'> <smn'> <stlk'> <tr'> <tyh> <stwmnd> <tlykyh> <whrmzd> <wht'> <wpl> <yzdn'> <zmn> <yckyh>

aD AbL EilAT EKcDc EtH EwwL EwawDc egaa N WN AWB kL

LKKPWK

LKKCV

LPW

MNwA mYNwA MWtP nPW NwA PWK slYWwA WcWvlA WkAwD WklAtJ WthAW WtMwD WtdA WtDwL Wtja

Wwa WwaD WwaJ WwaH WwAtJtdmA WwasA WwAwa WwaZ WwD WwDC WWtH x YBK YNwA YNwAtjA YWC

<AYT'> <BRA> <bckkl> <bwlnd> <BYN> <cnd> <cygwn'> <dyn'> <gh> <gyhn'> <gywk'> <gywmlt'> <hldyh> <hlbwlc> <hmdtstn'> <HWEm>

<HWEy,HWEd> <HWE'ym> <hwnyls> <KBD> <krpkkl> <kwp> <kywl> <LBA> <LK> <LOYT'> <lwnyh> <lwt'> <MN> <MNW> <mn'>

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LESSON3

3.Addthetransliterationstothesesentencesandtranslatethem: 1 anPrzham.tkxwh
2

/ NwA nPW WN kL ? MNwA WCwlYP NwA / nPW a MNwA nPW awAwA 3 / WwaH a MNwA nPW WwaD 4 amhOhrmazddmhmndruwanddmnhm / YWNwA L E YWwlY Y ? YWNwA E awAwA NwL 5 amhmardmmazdsnhdbamhdriyhm/ YWNwA wdlY NwL AWB WtDNwA Wtja Y MWtM MWkL 6 dwbazzakkarhndnmardmawinh / sAWwA Y MWtM a YNwA LKKCB Y aH 7 padkfbulandwafrwasast / WtdA YBK LPW YwLWB Y PWK WWP 8 andarOhrmazdmnwazurgdhast / WtdA EtH AvL Wwa awAwA x 9 padgtykfudrdwasastbstragnst / WtDwL WklAtJ AWB WtdA YBK WTwL W WPWK YtJ WWP 10 Ohrmazdandarasarrnhbdzamnakanrag / WklAWkA Y WwaY WTWB EwwL :jA x awAwA
OhrmazdxwhamnAhrimenxw yazdnxwhamndwn
4.Transliterate,transcribe,andtranslatethefollowingsentences:

/ YwLWB Y WPWK WcWblA .! / WtdA YWC WklAtJ WwasA WWP .2 / WthAW x WkAwD< W aD< awAWA .3 / YWNwA YBK w<dlY> Y MWtM WWtH x .4 / YNwA WTWB WwAtJtdmA MWtM WkAA . 24 / WTWB Wtja W Wt slYWwA ^ LwYK x WthAWtZ . 33 / WTWB WwaJ< x Y WwaWtM N MWtP WtMwD< ?34 / YNwA WTWB Ewaw<Dc x MWtM W EKcDc x WwD ? 44 / WTWB WwasA x WwaD WwAIwAc W WtjL Y WwL NTwL awAwA . 333 / N EilAT W awAwA N EwwL / EwwL WN N W EilAT WN N .

5.TranslateintoPahlavi(trytowriteinPahlavi): 1. Jamwaskingoflivingbeingswithbones. 2. GaymardwasOhrmazdsfirstcreationintheworldoflivingbeings. 3. OhrmazdandtheothergodsareinParadiseinhighheaveningreatjoy. 4. TheevilAhrimenisintheendlessdarkness,buttheamahrspandareintheendlesslight. 5. Thedemonsarenotlikethegods:thegodsaregood,thedemonsarebad. 6. Theworldoflivingbeingsisfullofpeople,domesticanimals,andwildanimals. 7. WeMazdayasniansareinrn-ahrtogetherwiththeotherswhodogooddeeds. 8. TheoneroadtoParadiseandthehouseofthegods,thatofrighteousness,isnarrow. 9. Gooddeedsandworkfreefromsinisthepathofthedn.Benotdiligentinbaddeeds. 10. PeoplewhodogooddeedsbelongtoOhrmazdandthegods.ThosewhodobaddeedsbelongtoAhrimen andthedemons.

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LESSON3

GLOSSARYOFWORDSINTHESENTENCESANDTHEEXERCISES3
Note:Grammaticalwordsinthelessonarenotincluded.Spellingisnotincludedwithwordsspelledwith arameograms. abrg WIwAc <ryk'> theother,theremaining

durbd ahlaw ahlyh anag-ruwn asar astmand awinh buland and iyn dn druwand k Gardmn ghn gyg hamg ham-ddestn Harburz homng Mahrspandn n-rh prytkh rh Ran

WtPWWt <twrpt'> WBwla eaa,egaa WwABwLkWwA :jA YNwAtjA aWwA YwLWB YWC WwSC WwD YWwlY WKw WwaTwlY WwaJ WkAwD
<hlwb'> <hldyh,hlyh> <nwk'-lwbn'> <sl> <stwmnd> <wnh> <bwlnd> <cnd> <cygwn> <dyn'> <dlwnd> <dwk'> <glwtmn'> <gyhn'>

thenameofafamoushighpriestinthe4th century righteous(opposite:druwand) righteousness ofimmortalsoul,dead withoutbeginning,eternal,endless withbones freefromsins tall,high howmuch?howmany? like thedn evil,wicked(opposite:ahlaw) one thehouseofOhrmazd,Paradise livingbeings,world(oflivingbeings) place all agreed themountainsurroundingtheworld similarto(...homng) sonMahrspand non-road,roadleadingnowhereortoHell theteachingsofold road,path Ran,oneofthejudgesinthebeyond;he holdsabalance,onwhichthegoodandevil thoughts,etc.,areweighed leader,chief,governor narrow thecentraloneoftheseverncontinents time

<gywk> WkaA <hmk'> WwAtJtdmA <hmdtstn'>

WcWvlA <hlbwlc> WkAwaWA <hwmnk'> WwaDWfJwa <mhrspndn'> eYKTwWP <pwlywtkyyh> a,sa <lh,ls> WwL <ln'> lEwD YWT slYWwA WwaZ
<srdl> <tng> <hwnyls> <zmn'>

slr tang Xwanrah zamn

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LESSON4
S PE LLING 4
T HELE TTE R < N / W / R > TheletterW<w>isnotquiteasambiguousasY<y>.Itscommonvaluesarenandwandasotiosestroke,of whichwehavealreadyseenmanyexamples. Inafewcommonwords,however,ithasthevaluer,forexample:

WWt WWWt WWwYcD WTWK WcWP WtJWWP

<mtr'>mihrMithra;love <twr'>durfire <dpywr'>dibrscribe <krt'>kerddid <prc'>frzforth,forward

WWtH WwYWc YUWP WKPWK WIwAc

<tr'>ahrland <ryn'>frnblessing,applause <prznd>children,offspring <krpk'>kerbaggooddeed(s) <ryk'>abrgtheother,theremaining

<pwrsyt'>pursdasked NoteespeciallytheirregularlEwD<srdl>slrleader,chief,governor. Thevalue<r>isalsofoundinmanyZoroastriantechnicalterms,notablyinthenamesofthe7amahrspands (alsonamesofmonths): YWfJwaA WTc <hpt'mhrspnd>haftamahrspand

<mwrdt'>Amurdad L E TTE RV ALUE SI N A R A MEOGR A MS Arameogramsarealwayswrittenwithcapitalletters,including<A>insteadof<>,forinstance:AWbY <GBRA>mardman. ThreelettervaluesarefoundonlyinArameograms: N-<-E>(onlyfinal),e.g.: NwY<ZNE>nthis

awAwA WNwAW WthAWTwA WWwYWWtH WtwYWfJ WtDWwA WtDWnA

<whrmzd>Ohrmazd <whwmn'>Wahman <rtwht'>Ardwahit <tr'ywr'>ahrwar <spndrmt'>Spandarmad(theEarth) <hwrdt'>Hordad

W<O>,e.g.: M<Q>:onlyin

OW<OL>to q<QDM>abaron

nLW<OLE>yhe,she,it. WWK<KON>nnnow

TheletterN<-mn,-E>whenfinalisalmostalwaysthesignofanArameogram,forinstance,nYW<NYE>

zanwoman;onlyrarelyarewedealingwithanIranianword,forinstanceWnwY<dwmn'>dumenenemy.
Notethatfinal<-E>doesnotusuallytakeafinal<-'>,whereasfinal<-mn'>usuallydoes.

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 Notelettercombinationswith<-ME,-mm->: nM <ME>what,which

LESSON4

nMWP <PWME>dahanmouth

q <QDM>abaron (WtJW)WtJWnm <MDMEN-st'>sahistseemed

TheprepositionWWP<PWN>padin,with,bymeansof,etc.isapseudo-Arameogram,asitisnotaknown Aramaicword.Notealsothestrangespellingx<BYN>andarin(side)(inscr.nyB). A RA MEOG RA MS 2 Herearesomemorearameograms: Conjunc tion s ,gZ <ZY-> - =,whenusedwithencliticpronouns(seebelow)

tA <AMT> t <HT> WwdA <ADYN'>

pY <A->

u- ka

=u,whenusedwithencliticpronouns when,if

agar if g then

Prono un s nLW <OLE>

y n d n

he,she,it this(notthat) this(Xinquestion) that(notthis)

WwaHnLW <OLEn'> awn they,them,their nMt <LTME> nMT <TME>

dar nh
here there

NwY <ZNE> AwA <HNA> <ZK> nM <ME> AWK <KRA> YWT <TWB>

what,which(alsoconjunctionfor,because)

harw every,each did other

<AY> MwYN <MNDOM>

kas tis

person,-body thing,-thing,matter

Ad verbs nMt <LTME>

nMT <TME>

dar here(cf.dthis) nh there(cf.nthat)

Adject ive s AbL <LBA>wazurgbig,great LtdlS <SLYtl>wattarbad(people),worse

EI <DKYA> pkclean,pure

WiL <LHYK>drfar,distant lYp <PYL>wehgood,better WwYva <ZHByn'>zarrnofgold,golden

Noun s ATwwA <ANWTA> mardm people

WbA a AWbY AklM NTklM

<AB'> <AH> <GBRA> <MLKA> <MLKTE>

pid brd mard

father brother man

h king bmbin queen

mA Nt nYW AWwM ATWwM

<AM> <NYE> <MROH>

md zan

mother sister woman lord,ruler lady

<AHTE> xwah

xwady

<MROTA> bng

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LESSON4

G RAMMAR 4
P OS SES SION 3 Wehavealreadyseenexpressionssuchasmanpidmyfatherandrnh(the)kingofiran(ians).More commonly,genitivesareconnectedtotheirnounsbymeansoftheparticle,alsousedwithadjectives.Inthiscase, too,pluralnouns(andsometimestheiradjectives)taketheending-n,e.g.: gygOhrmazdudabrgnyazdntheplaceofOhrmazdandtheothergods>Ohrmazdsandtheothergods place(beside:Ohrmazdudabrgnyazdngyg). Notethat,inthisconstruction,theisinthesamepositionasEnglishof. Asinthecaseofadjectives,onecanalsousetheformulanXthatofX,whichcanbereplacedbyn(d)X thisoneofXs,e.g.:

nhpusthekingsson nmurwnparrthebirdsfeatehrswings nmandnudntkerbthisdnofmineandthatbody/shapeofyours dmardmnzndaghthispeopleslife,thislifethatpeoplelead mizdgtyn-izmnytherewardinthisworldandthatintheotherworld,too tanpasnnOhrmazdabdomdmtheFinalBodyisOhrmazdslastcreation nahlawnkerbagudndruwandnwinhthegooddeedsoftherighteousonesandthesinsofthewicked ones padnOhrmazdmurzdrhudpadnOhrmazdrdhbyOhrmazdsmercyandbyOhrmazdsgenerosity meninudgwinudkuninnharwdkwehudk-izwattarthinking,speaking,andactingbelongstoboth (harwd):(theone)whoisgoodandalso(-iz)(theone)whoisbad
Note:theuseoftherelativepronouninkwehudk-izwattarisinimitationofAvestan.

Andwithxwandpluralnounswith-n: nOhrmazdxwthatofOhrmazds,thatwhichbelongstoOhrmazd damahrspandnxwthisthatbelongstotheamahrspands P ER SON AL PRO NOU NS Personalpronounshavefullformsandencliticforms.Encliticformsareshortformsthatcannotstandalone, butareattachedtoaprecedingword,oftenthefirstwordinaclause. Theyareoftenusedas:genitives(my,your,his,etc.),directobject(me,you,him,etc.),indirectobjects (to/forme,you,him,etc.);andgovernedbyprepositionsandpostpositions.Sincetheencliticpronounisusually attachedtothefirstwordofaclause,theprepositionwilloftenfollowitandbecomeapostposition. Anencliticpronouncanneverbethe(grammatical)subjectofaverb. Thepronounsassubjectsofverbsareoftenleftout. Thereisnogrammaticaldifferencebetweenhe,she,it. Notethatthe1stpers.anisonlyusedassubject(withwhichtheverbagrees),whilemanandtheotherpronouns areusedasdirectandindirectobject,possessive,withpre/postpositions,etc.

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 Singular 1st 2nd 3rd Plural 1st 2nd 3rd Fullforms NwA <ANE>

LESSON4 Encliticforms

an man t y

I I,me,my you,your he/she,him/her,his/her

M- -(i)m

me,my you,your him/her/it,his,etc.

L <L> kL <LK> nLW <OLE>

T- -(i)t - -(i)

NwL <LNE> amh we,us,our MWkL <LKWM> amh you,your WwaHnLW <OLEn'> awn they,them,their

Wwa- -(i)mnus,our WwAT- -(i)tn you,your WwaH- -(i)n them,their

Notes: WhenthearameogramL<L>manisfollowedbytheencliticparticle-iztooitbecomescdL<LYc>man-iz metoo. The3rdpluralawniscommonlyusedassubject,butyisusedwithpluralnounsassubjects,e.g.

yyazdandarwahithndthosegodsareinParadise Theencliticpronounsmustbeattachedtoanotherword,mostcommonlythefirstwordofaclause,whichmeans thattheyareoftenseparatedfromthewordstheyqualify.e.g.: mA <m>-m Mt <HTm>agar-im

t <ZYt>-t Wwac <APmn'>u-mn WwaHWN <MNWn'>k-n

m <ZYm>-m Wwa <AYKmn'>k-mn WwATWwdA <ADYNtn'>g-itn

Exampleswithu-:

ZarduxtmdnmbdDugdwu-pidnmPruaspZarduxtsmothersnamewasDugdwandhisfathers namewasPruasp frahangthmdninu-barxradlearningistheseedofknowledge,anditsfruitiswisdom u-mdnkadmu-mkdstu-mkdumenu-mxwkrhgtyudmizdmnyWhichismydn?Who ismyfriend?Whoismyenemy?Andwhatismyduty(of=)inthisworld,andwhatismyrewardintheother world? padgwinhOhrmazdpaydgkdtMagwu-tdrdbythestatementofOhrmazd(=fromwhat Ohrmazdhassaid)itiswell-knownthat:This(is)yourcow,Ma,andthis(is)yourbarley

Theconjunctionu-andisalsooftenusedsimplyasaparticletoattachthepronounto,alternatingwiththe particle-then,e.g.:

nhaftamahrspandu-nnmnthosesevenamahrspandstheirnamesarethese =nhaftamahrspand-nnmn kkerbakkar-mizdwahithewhodoesgood,hisrewardisParadise

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 Relativepronounswithenclitics,e.g.:

LESSON4

n-andardninthatwhich(is)withinhisknowledge spazghmagwd-tnandardoxwinhspazghazpdwrddonotspeakslander(spazgh),forinHell, thesinofslanderrunsinfrontofyou.

T OBE A ND TOH A VE 2 Asalreadymentioned,theverbtobe,becomeisalsousedtoexpresspossessionthereisanXforY=Yhas anX.Thepossessoroftentakesthepostpositionry:

agar-ithambun-izmihramhastifyouhaveanyloveforusatall(hambun-iz) PbagryfrazendnbdPbaghadnochild.
Wefindastincertaincontexts(notyetentirelydefined),referringtosomeprecedingdiscussionorexplanation, meaningsomethinglikethatis(idest)orandthatisX. Examples:

nastOhrmazd(Wahmansaid:)That/heisOhrmazd azasaragkerbAhunwarfrzbd.astdnFromthehead-lessform,theAhunwaroriginated,thatis,thedn stragkdagwashndk-nnmnasttherearemanysmallstars,whose(k-nwhotheir)namesare these(=asfollows)

T HE VER B . T HE 3 RD PER SON SIN GULA R AND PL URAL P RE SEN T AND THE IMPER A TIVE Pahlaviverbsareconjugatedin3personsand2numbers(1st,2nd,3rdpersonsingularandplural),likeGerman, French,etc. Pre sent in dicat ive 3rdpe rsonsi ngula ran dpl ura l Endings: Singular Plural WtD- <-yt'>-d YwY- <-ynd>-nd Examples: WtdAWT <twhyt'>tux-dmakesaneffort

WtJWWP WtjaLP Wtja:J WtDw WtDBwY

<pwrsyt'>purs-dasks <plmdyt'>framy-dcommands <sldyt'>sry-drecites,sings <zywyt'>zy-dlives <gwbyt'>gw-dsays,speaks

YwhAWT YwJWWP YwdaLP Ywda:J YwYw YwYBwY

<twhynd>tux-nd <pwrsynd>purs-nd <plmdynd>framy-nd <sldynd>sry-nd <zywynd>zy-nd <gwbynd>gw-nd

Examples:

ZarduxtazOhrmazddnpursdktkhZarduxtasksOhrmazdthus:whoareyou?
Notepurs-+azask(something)fromsomebody.

mardazmardpursndk-tpadruwnddestnbdmenasksmen:whatwasthejudgmentuponyoursoul?
Notetheuseofthegenericsingularmard+pluralverbpursnd.

amahrspandandarGardmnpOhrmazdestndTheamahrspandsstandbeforeOhrmazdinGardmn

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LESSON4

ahlawnkerbagyazdnrasdaybdwndoesthegoodactivity(thegooddeeds)oftherighteousonescome tothegodsortothedemons?
Note:Rememberthatpluralnounstaketheending-nalsoafterprepositions:yazd-n/dw-n.

SpandarmadzamgrdhdkhamgdmnazyzyndSpandarmadtheearthsgenerosityisthis:all creatures(dmn)livefromher padnOhrmazdmurzdrhdmnzyndudpadnOhrmazdrdhnpahlomaxwnrasndby Ohrmazdsmercy(murzdrh)thecreatureslive,andbyOhrmazdsgenerositythey(will)cometothebest existence winwngnastkahlawsryndAbestgabargwndthesound(wng)ofthelute(win)isthatwhichthe righteousonessingwhorecite(abargwnd)theAvesta

Impera ti ve2 ndperson sin gula ra ndp lu ral Endings: Singular - <->-(noending) Examples: AWT <twh>tuxmakeaneffort!

WtD- <-yt'>-d WtdAWT WtJWWP WtdlABwY WtjaLP Wtja:J

<twhyt'>tuxd <pwrsyt'>pursd <dwblyt'>dwrd <plmdyt'>framyd <sldyt'>sryd

Plural

SWWP lABwY LP :J

<pwrs>pursask! <dwbl>dwrrun! <plmd>framycommand! <sld>sryrecite!,sing!

Note:The2ndpluralisalwaysidenticalwiththe3rdsingular.

Examples:

rstgwdndrmagwdSpeakthetruth!Donotspeakuntruth/lies! nwinhkrzahrdahtandarzamnmrdgivethatsinnerpoison,sothathediesintime=onthespot! aybazzakkarOhrmazddmmazanddoxrasdOevil-doers,donotsmiteOhrmazdscreation,because youwillcometoHell!

Ne gat ions Notetheuseofdoublenegations:n...(ud)n,ma...ma,neither...nor,e.g.:

nazabestgpaydgnbawdkannnudngtnstThis(case)weknowfromtheAvesta.That(isthecase) when(hehas)neitherbreadnormeat. ma-izpas-izmazdsnnzamgkrndmababarhilndkpadnabarsagaybmardwiderdAlso,afterward, letthemnotillthatearth,letthemnotreleasewateronit,onwhichadogoramanhaspassedaway!

T WO TECH NIC AL TER MS : DN AND PAYD G Thetermdnisoftenrenderedasreligion,whichcanbeadequateinlatetexts.Itcanbemisleading,however,if appliedtopre-Christiantimes,whenreligioninthemodernsensedidnotreallyexist.Inancienttimes,religion wasmoreawayoflifeincludingthedivine,ratherthanapersonalattitudetothedivine.Westernscholars,however, haveprojectedthecharacteristicsofChristianityandIslamontoZoroastrianism,ratherthanseeingitasareligion likethoseoftheAncientNearEast. TheDnandtheGoodDn(wehdn)refertotheentiretradition,knowledge,andcustomsofthe Zoroastrians,whichwererevealedtoZarathustrabyOhrmazd.ItissometimessynonymouswithZoroastrianism.

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May4,2008-11:22PM

LESSON4

IntheZoroastrianeschatologicalmyth,thednisthetotalityofapersonsgoodthoughts,speech,anddeeds. Afterdeath,sheappearstothesoulintheshapeofawoman,whoseappearanceisaccordingtothebalanceofgood versusevilthoughts,etc.,andwholeadsthesoultoheavenorhellaccordingly. Thetermpaydgandthephrasepaydgbdareoftenrenderedasitis/wasrevealed,butitonlymeans apparent,(forall)tobeseenandpaydgbdmeansappeared. Thetermiscommonlyconnectedwiththednorgooddn,andwhatappearsisoftensomethingthatOhrmazd showsZardut;inthosecasesitcomesclosetoouruseofrevealed. ThesimilartermazAbestgpaydgmeansitisknownfromtheAvestaandissometimesfollowedbyan Avestanquotation. Thecorrespondingnounispaydgh,ofteninthephrase(b)paydghmadcameintofullview(appeared, becameclearforalltosee).Examples:

padwehdnpaydgkOhrmazdddrhamgghnastmandn.n-izpaydgkharwkasmand(itis) apparentintheGoodDnthatOhrmazdisthecreator(ddr)ofalllivingbeingswithbones(ghn astmandn);thistooisapparent:thateveryperson(=everybody)(is)mortal(mand).

Notetheparticle-iztoo,also.

astkdngwdnazAbestgpaydgthereisone(authority)whosays:ThisisknownfromtheAvesta nazabestgpaydgnbawdkannnudngtnstThis(case)weknowfromtheAvesta.That(oneisthe case)whenhehasneitherbreadnormeat.

TEXT4
AdaptedfromtheArdWirz-nmagBookoftherighteousWirz(theZoroastrianDivinaCommedia): ArdWirzazMihrudprzgarSrAhlyudduryazdpursdk awnkhndudrydarestnd gwdSrAhlyudduryazdkngyghamstagnxwnnd udnruwnttanpasnngygestnd udruwnawnmardmnhndk-nkerbagudwinhrstbd u-npdifrhazwardinandarwysardhaybgarmh u-nabrgpetyragnst ArdWirzasksMihr,thevictoriousSroftheRewards,andthedivineFire: Whoarethose(souls)andwhyaretheystandinghere? SroftheRewardsandthedivineFiresay:ThisplacetheycallHamstagn. Thesesoulsstand(in)thisplaceuntiltheFinalBody. Theyarethesoulsofthosepeoplewhose(k-n)gooddeedsandsinsareequal(inweight). Andtheirpunishmentisfromthecoldnessandheatof(resultingfrom)theturningoftheatmosphere. Andtheyhavenootheradversities.

EXERCISES4
1.Addthetranscriptions/transliterationstothesesentencesandtranslatethem: 1 / WtdA WPwA ^ gLtJW WthAW x <PWNdyn'ytwn'pytk'AYKBYNwht'wstlgYhwp'AYT'> 2

WkAtDP WWWtdA WwD WWP

? ! ? 2

/ WwmL WWP nMt WN WwaE awAwA N LWP YtJ NwY

<ZNEgytypwlMNwhrmzddmn'MNWLTMEPWNlmn'zywynd>

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May4,2008-11:22PM

LESSON4

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

/ WnwY lAksAWW Mc WtJwY LKKPWK L ? WnwY ATK Tc WtJwY ATK kL / Ywda:J WkAtJc W YwYw EKwYW WWP tA lYp YtJ Y MwYN AwA / WtDBwY saPtP nMT nLW WwaHc YwABwY Y YP OW WwaAksAWW ^ WwABwL WwaHwY x / WthAW gzM A Wtja:J LWWwa W WtdAWT egaa WWP WN WtDBwY eYKTwWP x / WKPWK elAkYwA WwaH YNwA WwAtJtdmA Wtja ^ nLW / WwDwA Y WKtdL YNwA WwM kL WtJWWP WKtTW Y AWbY Y WwABwL N a wlS

? 3 ? 4 ? 23 ? 33 ? 34 ? 44

<LKktmdwst'APtktmdwmn'.Lkrpkkldwst'APmwnskldwmn'

<HNAMNDOMYgytyPYLAMTPWNnywkyhzywyndWpstk'sldynd>

<BYNdwhw'lwbn'Ywnskln'OLpyYhlmn'dwblyndAPn'OLETMEptplsgwbyt'>

andarprytkhgwdkkpadahlyhtuxdudAhunwarsryd-mizdwahit

ymazdsnhamddestnhndk-nxwkrhkerbag

Srahlyazruwnmardwiderdagpursdktkhrdaghudn

/ WBwY q WkAtJc kL WtjaLP WWWtdA thAWtZ OW AklM WfjAtHW ? 333 / WtdAWT EKwYW WWP WwdA ? LtdlS EkAwA W lYp EKwYW WtDBwY SwaHwD ?

WitsphZarduxtdnframydktAbestgabargw

Snsgwdknkhwehudanghwattar.gpadnkhtuxd 2.MatchthePahlaviwordswiththeirtranscriptions,andtransliterate,andtranslatethem: NwL abg hamg

awAwA aAtDcwmA EilAT EwwL AklM ATwwA AwA nMT lAksAWW lYcB NTwL MwYN WtDw N nMt

OW YWfJwaA Pw WcdA WiL WkaD WkAtDP WkaA WklAWkA wMwY WN WnwY WPwA WthAW WtDBwY WtdlABwY WtDwL
38

abrgn dur Ahrimen akanrag amh amahrspand murzdrh n nh Ardawn b ayb az Bbl iyn Dahg dr

hd ud-ddestn k k mardm marg mazdsn Mihr nst nn Ohrmazd paydg rmin Ran rnh ruwnn

May4,2008-11:22PM

LESSON4

WtDwMwA Wtja WwaTwlY WwaD WwAIwAc WwAKtTW WwAtJtDtDwY WwAwABwL WwAwA WWK

WwL WwmL WWt WWtHWwa WWwDC WWWt WWWtdA YW glM gLtJW

dumen dwrd d dar dn n rn-ahr Gardmn gwd

h t trkh tis wahit widerdagn winhkr wistarg yazdn zyd

3.Transliterate,transcribe,andtranslateatleastthreeofsentences1-5andatleastthreeofsentences6-10:

/ N eLTW W awAwA N EKwYW / eLTW WN N W EKwYW WN N ?! / Yw EtH W WwmL WWP W WtDwL WnwY> WcdA NwL lYpAB Y WWtH x nMt ?2 / YwMwA WTWB Ewaw<Dc x MWtM W EKcDc x WwD> WTw 333 ?3 / WwAtJtDtDwY Pw WtDwMwA WwAtJtdmA MwY>N NwY WWP MWkL ?4 / WwaD WwAIwAc W Wtja ^ WwL W WWt NTwL Y>WNwA WthAW x WwJP Y WWT Y>W YWfJwaA W awAWA . 23 / WtDWnA W WtDWwA W WtwYWfJ W WWwYWWtH W WthAWTwA W WNwAW W awAwA YWNwA WTc NwY YWfJwaA . 33 / YWNwA EtH AvL WWP WwAwABwL WwAKtTW NTwL WwaTwlY< x WkaA ?34 WWtHWwa OW glM W WPwA WWP WnwY WwaD Y lAksAWW WWK WtDBwY< WWWtdA AklM WwAwA ? 44 / WtdlABwY> x / WtDBwY MWkL WWwDC WWWtdA L WkAtDP WtDBwY MWkL Y AwA Wwa WtDBwY AwA WthAWtZ .333 / YWNwA Wwma W EtH WWP WthAW x WWABwL Et WWP W elAtDcnA awAwA Y WWP ?
4.TranslateintoPahlaviatleastthreeofsentences1-5andatleasttwoof6-10(donotattempttowriteinPahlavi): 1. ThatmanwhosingstheAhunwarisourteacher. 2. PrzasksWahrmthus:Isbattleagoodthingorabadone? 3. Inthisworldtherearemanymen,domesticanimals,andfires. 4. Inrnahr,thepeopleareallMazdayasniansdoinggooddeeds. 5. Theevil-doingDahgshousewasfarfromthelandoftheIraniansinthelandofBabylon. 6. PeopleareOhrmazdscreaturesandthedemonsarethoseofAhrimen. 7. Here,therearenodemonsandtheirevil,fortheyaretogetherwithAhrimeninHell,therewherethereis nogoodness. 8. Whoisyourfather,mother,brother,andsister?OurfatherisOhrmazd,ourmotherisSpandarmad,our brotherisSr,andoursisteristheDnoftheMazdayasnians. 9. ThiswomanwhoistogetherwithOhrmazdonthegoodcarpetishisdaughterSpandarmad. 10. Itisclearinthednthatgoodnessistheseedofknowledge,butHellthefruitofsin. A DD IT IO NALRE AD INGS 4 .1 ZandWahmanYasn7.36 udwngkundmihrfrx-gydPiitanbmgk bkanbzannuzdstrdwnnimag

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May4,2008-11:22PM

LESSON4

rawnrndehnmanOhrmazd-dd abzwiryghdnudxwadyhabar druwandnkatwnbkenn $$

GLOSSARYOFWORDSINTHETEXTANDTHEEXERCISES4
abargw- dur

murzdrh angh andarwy nh ArdWirz b ayb,ayb...ayb bar Bbl ry iyn Dahg dnin dastwar dr dar dn garmh gumn hamstagn ud-ddestn ud-ddestnh krzr marg nkh n nn pdifrh paydg przgar rdh rmin sl sardh

WWWt elAtDcwmA EkAwA wlYwA nMT WcYW AtA WPwA WPw LB lYcB L nM WWwDC WkaD WwwE LBWtjY WiL nMt WWWtdA EmlG WwawY WwAKtjA WwAtJtDWtDwY EwAtJtDWtDwY lAcdlAK glM EKwYW 333 WWK saPtP WkAtDP lYCwlYP Et WwmL WTw Et:J

<twr'> <mwlcytlyh> <nkyh> <ndlwd> <TME> <ltwylc'> <w> <dwp'> <bl> <byl> <MEld> <cygwn'> <dhk'> <dnn'> <dstwbl> <LHYK> <LTME> <ytwn'> <glmyh> <gwmn'> <hmystkn'> <ywbt'-ddstn'> <ywbt'-ddstnyh> <klycl> <mlg> <nywkyh> <333> <KON> <ptpls> <pytk'> <pylwcgl> <ltyh> <lmn'> <NT'> <sltyh>

utter,recite thedivinefire,sonofOhrmazd mercy,forgiveness evil theintermediatespace,atmosphere there propername turmoil or;either...or fruit Babylon why? as,like,inthewaythat;how? amythicalevilrulerofIran knowledge guideinreligiousmattes,teacher far,distant here thus,inthisway heat doubtful(bedoubtful=havedoubt) theintermediaterestingplaceofthesouls disagreeing disagreement battle death goodness nine,9 now punishment apparent,clearforalltosee,evident victorious generosity joy,happiness year cold(ness)

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May4,2008-11:22PM

LESSON4

SrAhly t tanpasn tis thm wardin winh winhkr xwnnd

a wlS YW WwJP Y WWT MwYN mAWT WwtW sAWW lAksAWW

<slwhlyd> <OD> <tn'Ypsyn'> <MNDOM> <twhm> <wltn'> <wns> <wns-kl>

SroftheRewards(Av.Sraoaaiia) until;sothat theFinalBody(theworldintheend) thing seed sin sinner theycall turning,rotating

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May4,2008-11:22PM

LESSON5

S PE LLING 5
Therearenumerousirregular(i.e.,unpredictable)spellingsofPahlaviwords,asthereareinEnglish,mostof themcausedbythehistoryofthewords. C OMBIN ATIO NS WIT H < , H > <-h->=-h- Theregularreadingofthesequence<h>ish,e.g.: a <mh>mhmoon aWP <pnh>panhrefuge

aD <gh>ghthrone,place a <lh>rhroad,path akA <kh>ghaware,knowledgeable aWW <wnh>winhsin,evilact aKW <nkh>nighalook aPtP <ptpls>pdifrhpunishment

Someofthesewordsarealsospelledwith<-s->,e.g.: sE <gs>ghthrone,place

sa <ls>rhroad,path sAkA <ks>ghaware,knowledgeable sAWW <wns>winhsin,evilact sAKW <nks>nighalook saPtP <ptpls>pdifrhpunishment

Note:aPtPandsaPtParealsospelledaPWtPorsaPWtP<ptwpls/h>pdufrh.

Lesscommonly,itistobereadas<h>andspellsh,e.g.: MwlaC <chlwm>ahromfourth

WwaD <ghn>ghntheGathas

WkaD <dhk'>Dahg,mythicalevilrulerofIran WwaJ <gyhn'>ghnlivingbeings,world

<-h->=-ah-/-ax- Inanumberofcommonwords,however,thesequence<-h->spells-ah-/-ax-(withshort-a-),e.g.: aP <ph>pah,smalldomesticanimal(sheepandgoats,Av.pasu)

laB <bhl>bahrpart,share MwlaP <phlwm>pahlombest

WtB <bht'>baxtdivided,shared,allotted;destiny maD <dhm>dahmqualified(priest)

Butcompare,withregularspellings: WtJ <sht'>saxthard,firm;firmly

WtJ <sht'>sxtmade,built

Occasionally,<-h->isusedtospell-h-or-x-afterothervowels,e.g.: lawS <snhl>snexrsnow,sleet(?) lawS <swhl>suxr(glowing)red

lawZ,lAwZ <zwhl,zwhl>zhrlibation la, leA <hyhl,hhl>hixr,excrement(s)

lawY,lAwY <gwhl,gwhl>ghrsubstance;jewel Wwaa <mhmn'>mehmnguest;intimate WwAkaD <dhkn>dehgnlandownerZWY4.53$$

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May4,2008-11:22PM

LESSON5

T HE SEQUE NCE < HW > A ND < - H W > = XW , - X Atthebeginningofwords,thesequence<hw>,inadditiontohu-,alsospellsxw-,e.g.: eTwA <hwtdyh>xwadyhrule WwLwA <hwln'>xwarinfood WtdLwA <hwlyt'>xwardsun elAkYwA <hwyklyh>xwkrhduty(asaZoroastrian) Thesequence<hw>isfoundbetweenvowelsin: WWwaJ <shwn'>saxwanword,speech,talk Itisalsofoundattheendofsomeverycommonwords.Here,theoriginalsequence-axw(withshorta)was probablypronounced-ox,whileoriginal-xwmayhavebeenpronounced-xwor-x. Originally,thepronunciationmayhavedifferedwhenendingswereadded,e.g.: WwaJP <pshw'>passoxanswer WwatJW <wsthw'>wistx(w)confident LcwA <hwl>xwbarmunificent elwA <hwlyh>xwrhease,bliss,joy

ComparetheManicheanspellings: WwatJW <wsthw'>wistx(w)confident

Wwa <hw'>oxexistence WwaHwY <dwhw'>doxHell WwaP <plhw'>frxbroad,wide

WwAwa <hwn'>oxnoraxwn(thetwo)existences EwawA <hwhwyh>hu-oxhorhu-axwhgoodexistence EwaP <plhwyh>frxhorfrxwhbreadth,width

Man.<wstxw,wysth> Man.<prwx,prwxn> Man.<prwxyh> Man.<pswx>

WwaP <plhw'>farroxfortunate EwaP <plhwyh>farroxhfortune WwaJP <pshw'>passoxanswer

<w>foror Wefindinternal<w>for<w>inacoupleofwords,perhapstoavoidconfusionwithsimilarwords,e.g.: Lwa <zwl>zrstrengthfor LwZ <zwl>zr cf. LwZ <zwl>zrdeception,deceitful The<w>isignoredinseveralwordsafteralongvowel,e.g.: WWwYcD <dpywr'>dibrscribe LwaD <ywl>rtime(threetimes,etc.) AswellasintheimportantconjunctionWPw<dwp'>or. P OS TVO CALIC < Y , D , G > Intervocalic<-d->and<-g->spell-d-and-g-whentheyaretheinitialsofwordswithprefixesandin compounds,e.g.: WwDwA <hw-dyn'>hu-dnhavinggooddn

EwawDc <y-gwmnyh>ab-gumnhlackofdoubt(gumn)

WwBwYwA <hw-gwbn'>hu-gwinspeakinggoodspeech

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May4,2008-11:22PM

LESSON5

-yspelled<d/g> FromtheinscriptionsandthePahlaviPsalms,weseethatfinal-ywasalwaysspelled<-d>andthatintervocalic -y-wasoftenspelled<-d->butalso<-g->: YwL <rwd>ryface YWB <bwd>bysmell,fragrance

NotethatYwLandYWBalsospellrangandband.

W YWw iYWw YB WwEB

<wd>Wy,adeity <mynwd>mnytheworldofthought <mynwdyk'>mnygofthemny <bg>baygod(s),Majesty <bgn'>bayngods,Majesty

JW <nsd>nasycorpse TwA <hwtd>xwadylord,ruler eTwA <hwtdyh>xwadyhrule YBwLP <plnbg,plwbg>Farnbay,Farrbay

Notetheirregular (WtJWwY) WtDWwY <drwyst',drwdst'(drwst')>drustwhole,healthy,sound(Man.<dryst>) WPw <dwp'>aybor -y-spelled<-->=<-dy-,-yd-> Since<-->canbefor<-yy->(etc.),thesequence<-->canalsobefor<-yd->or<-dy>,e.g.: Wwa <mn'>=<mdyn'>maynmiddle Wwa <zn'>=<zydn'>zynharm WklatDP= WklEtDP <pytylk'>or<pytlk'=pytyylk'>petyrag,theAdversary -y-spelled<--=-gd-> Wwat <mtn'>=<mtgdn'>mdaynbook -y-spelled<-d-> <y>doesnothavetobewrittendouble<yy>whenitstandsfor-y-(foundfrequentlyinverbs)or-y-,e.g.: WtdaLP <plmdt'>framydhecommands = WtjaLP <plmdyt'>

eATwA <hwtyh>xwadyhrule

eTwA <hwtdyh>

Cf.inscriptionsYtdamn<nmdty>nimydheshows.

yspelled<-yw->,<-dw-> Insomecommonwords,<-yw->,<-dw->isusedinsteadofsimple<-y->: WKw <ywk',dwk'>kone WKwYW <nywk'>nkgood

WkAwD <gywk'>gygplace WwYcD <dywr>dibrscribe WTPwD <dhywpt'>dahbedlordoftheland WtJw-w <zyw-,zywst'>zy-zsttolive WIWw <zywndk'>zyendag>zndagliving,alive

wspelled<-gw-> ThiscombinationisfoundinaZoroastrianterm: AWbYw,WtMw <mgwmlt',mgw-GBRA>mowmardhighpriest(Magianman)

44

May4,2008-11:22PM

LESSON5

Spellingof-ay,-ay-as<-y(-)> Inafewwords<y,d>spellsaywithshorta,amongthem: W <wd>waybird - <zy-,zd->zay- askfor

WtMwD <gywmlt'>Gaymard

Note : Thegraphalonehastworeadings:<HD>woneand<y>1.,aparticleusedwiththepresenttenseto giveitimperativemeaning,e.g.,kundlethimdo!;2.ay,aparticlei.e.,thatis;3.vocativeparticleayO. Spellingoffinal-,-(-y,-y),-ay Theseendingsarespelledinseveralways.Therearenopreferredspellingsforindividualwords,butvariants accordingtoindividualscribes. TheformsbY-, Y-,-<-yd>arearchaicformsof<-yd>,cf.PsalterdY-<-yd>. FormssuchasE-,

-, a-<-ydy>arefromPsalterdY-<-ydy>-y,-y/-. Insomemanuscripts,wefindtheendingshortenedtoA-and,perhaps,Y-.
Examples: (etc.)aZ,Z <zlyd,zlydy>zrysea,ocean;armor

aP,P <pyd,pydy>paysinew,tendon AwA,wA <hwyd>xwysleep

Note:zrysea,oceanandzryarmoraretranscribedaszrehinMacKenziesDictionary(cf.NewPersian zereharmor). Theexactpronunciationofthewordforchariot,ManicheanMiddlePersian<rh>and<rhy>isuncertain: ,a, sL <ls,lhy,lyd>rahy,reh,rahchariot(Avestanraaand*raiya;Man.<rhy,ryh,rh>). Theending-(-y)isfoundinthePahlaviformsofAvestanwordsendingin-iia(=-iya),notablyin: Av.gaiia-: (etc.)YtJ,atJ <gytydy,gytyd>gtyworldoftheliving

iatJ,WktJ <gytydyk'>gtygofthegty

Note:Thetermsgtyandmnyareoftentranscribedasgtgandmng,basedontheManicheanterm <mynwgyh>,buttheyarenever(exceptoccasionallyinlatetexts)spelledwith<-k>. Av.maiia-*maiin-(thefirsttwohumansinthePahlavitexts): aHM,HM <myd,mydy>May (etc.)YwaHM <mydnyd>Mayny (etc.)a <mhlydy>Mahly (etc.)YWt <mtrydy>Mahry (etc.)Ywaa <mhlydnydy>Mahlyny (etc.)YwaWt <mtrydnydy>Mahriyny

Note:Thespelling<-yd->for--issometimesfoundbeforeconsonants,aswell,e.g.: WwAkadawlA <hlwmdydkn'>HrmygnZWY4.59$$

45

May4,2008-11:22PM

LESSON5

G RAMMAR 5
T HE RELA TIVE P RONO UN S Therelativepronouns(Y<Y>)andk(WN<MNW>)arebothofthemcommoninthefunctionsofwho, whom,which. Notethatrelativeclausesintroducedbyusuallycontainaverb,whichhelpsdistinguishthemfromezafe constructions. Examples:

astkdngwdthereisonewhosaysthus(asfollows)... mardmandarnahrhndmazdsnhndthepeoplewhoareinthistownareMazdayasnian taxBurzisawangtaxpohrmazdxwadyestdTheBurzisawangfireisthefirewhichstandsbefore OhrmazdtheLord

Note:Thethreeparticlesinthislastsentenceallhavedifferentfuntions.Whatarethey?

Who se Therelativepronounkcanbedirectorindirectobject,aswellaspossessivewhose,e.g.:

nkkrabgwehnwehhkundudkabgwattarnwattarhkundhewhohasbusinesswithgood(people) doesgoodthings(goodness);hewho(hasbusiness)withbadonesdoesbadthings(badness)
Thepossessivewhosecanalsobeexpressedbyattachinganencliticpronountotherelativepronoun,e.g.:

u-nwinhbdk-nruwnwngarnpdifrhbawdandwhatsinwastheirswhosesoulgets(lit.who fortheirsoul=forwhosesoultherewillbe)suchaheavypunishment? Ardawnkanzagbd-kerbwasnkArdawnhada(servant)girl,whose(lit.whoher)shape(was)very good(beautiful)

Therelativepronoun(nM<ME>)ismostoftenusedindefinitely,allthat,everythingthat,etc.,e.g.:

udandarndarand(that)which(is)inthatchapter harandardninOhrmazdkanragmandeverythingthat(is)inOhrmazdsknowledgeislimited
T HE VER B . T HEP RE SEN T AND P AS T STE MS 1 ThePahlaviverbalsystemisbasedupontwoformsoftheverb:thepresentstemandthepaststem.Thepaststem endsin-daftervowelsandvoicedconsonantsandin-taftervoicelessconsonants. Thepaststemmad(Wt<mt'>)camehasnocorrespondingpresentstem. Verbscanbedividedintotwogroups:regular(weak)andirregular(strong)verbs.Thepresentstemofregular verbscanbededucedfromthepaststem,thoughnotviceversa,whilethestemsofirregularverbscannotbeguessed fromonestemortheother. Veryfewverbsformthepaststembyadding-dor-tdirectlytothepresentstem;mostofthetime,thepaststem differsfromthepresentsteminvariousways,e.g.: Presentstem Paststem abgan- abgan-d throw xwar- xwar-d eat mn- mn-d remain,dwell xwn- xwn-d call

46

May4,2008-11:22PM

LESSON5

Regular(weak)verbstakeendings(-d,-d,-ist),whileirregularverbshaveunpredictablepaststems,e.g.: -d: est-(st-) est-d stand nih- nih-d place,laydown -d: ras- ras-d arrive tux- tux-d strive,workdiligently,makeaneffort frst- frst-d send -ist: dn- dn-ist know dwr- dwr-ist rush(howevilbeingsmove) dry- dry-ist howl(howevilbeingsspeak) zy- zst(<zy-ist) live Note: Inthesamewaythat-y-canbespelledwithsingle<-y->(<-d->)insteadofdouble<-yy->,thus,-yist-canbe spelledwithdouble<yy=s>as<-yyt>insteadoftriple<yyy>,e.g.: WtjAc <st'>abyistitwasnecessary for WtjAc <yst'> WtjaH <st'>yistitwaspossible for

WtjaH <yst'>

Thepaststemcanbemadefromthepresentstembyreplacingafinalconsonantwith-d,e.g.: zan- zad strike,smite,smash zan- zad kill framy- framd order,command zy- zd beborn A RA MEOG RA MS 3 .V E RB S 1 ThelargemajorityofcommonPahlaviverbsarespelledwitharameograms.Thus,mostoftheverbsaboveare spelledwitharameograms: -WNtHW <OTEN-> xwar-xward eat,consume -WtDWK=-WtdLK <KLYTN-,KRYTN-> -WwLTK <KTLWN-> -WWtwA <HNHTWN->

nih-nihd xwn-xwnd mn-mnd abgan-,abgand zan-zad frst-frstd dn-dnist ras-rasd baw-bd est-estd(or:st-) zan-zad zy-,zd

place call remain throw strike send know(something) arrive be,become stand(up) kill beborn

-Wtda <MHYTN-> -WWwH <DRWN-> -WtDwA <YDOYTN-> -WWwE <YHWWN->

-WtdmL <LMYTN->

-WWtE <YHMTWN-> -WnYWI <YKOYMWN-> -WwaZ <YLYDWN->

-WwLT=-WwLTI <YKTLWN-,YKTLWN->

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LESSON5

Notethemanysimplifiedandotherwisechangedletters:<-BY->written<-YY->,<YD->,<->;<-Z-> written<-Y->,etc.;<-Y->written<-Z->,etc. Ifwearrangethesearameogramsbyforms,werecognizecertainpatterns: Endingin<-WN>: -WwLTK <KTLWN-> mn-mnd remain -WWwH <DRWN->

frst-frstd

send

Note:-WWwH<DRWN->isalsospelled-WWtH<DRWN->(cf.Wtja<mzdysn'>).

Endingin<-YTN(-YTWN)>: -Wtda <MHYTN->

zan-zad

strike

Note:Thisishowthesearespelledintheinscriptionsandoftenalsoingoodmanuscripts.Inlesscarefulmanuscripts,they seemtoendin<-YTWN->,withanextra<w/n>.

Beginningwith<Y->,endingin<-WN>: -WWtE <YHMTWN->

-WnYWI <YKOYMWN->

ras-rasd est-estd(or:st-) zy-,zd

arrive stand(up) beborn

-WwaZ <YLYDWN-> Beginningwith<H->,endingin<-WN>: -WWtwA <HNHTWN-> Beginningwith<Y->,endingin<-N>or<-YTN>: -WtDwA <YDOYTN-> -WwsE <YHSNN->(<YHSNWN->) -WWwE <YHWWN->
Note:Theinscriptionshave<YHSNN->.

nih-nihd

place

dn-dnist dr-dt baw-bd

know hold be,become

Endingin<-EN>(or<-E>) -WNtHW <OTEN->

Note:Theinscriptionsalsohavejust<OTE->.

xwar-xward

eat,consume

Theverbtobebelongshere: (-WNwA)-WNwA <HWE-(HWEN-)>

h-

be

P RE SEN T ANDI MPER ATI VEENDI NGS OF AR A ME OGRA MS Theending(phoneticcomplement)ofthe3rdpersonpresent/2ndpluralimperativeofarameogramsisthesame asphoneticallyspelledforms,butthe3rdpluraltakesonlyY-<-d>,e.g.: Singular: Plural: Present3rdperson Imperative2ndperson

WtDWwLTK <KTLWNyt'>mndhewaits YWwLTK <KTLWNd> mnndtheywait

WwLTK <KTLWN> mnwait! WtDWwLTK <KTLWNyt'> mndwait!

Note:FormssuchasWtDWWtE(etc.)canbereadas<YHMTWNyt'>rasd(paststem)orrasd(3rdsing.present).

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LESSON5

T HE PA S T STE MSOF A RA MEOG RA MS Arameogramsofverbstakeregular(Iranian)endings.Suchphoneticallyspelledendingsarecommonly referredtoasphoneticcomplements. ThecommonendingofthepaststemisWT-<-t'>,e.g.: WTWNtHW <OTEN-t'> xward eaten WTWtda <MHYTN-t'> zad Paststemsendingin-d,-d,-sttaketheendingsWt-,WtD-,WtJ-,e.g.: WtWnYWI <YKOYMWN-t'> est-d struck

stood arrive send know

WtDWWtE <YHMTWN-yt'> WtDWWwH <DRWN-yt'> WtJWtDwA <YDOYTN-st'>

ras-d frst-d dn-ist

T HE PA S T TEN SE Thepasttenseofintransitiveverbsisformedlikethepasttenseoftobe(Lesson1).Intransitiveverbsare verbsthatcannottakeadirectobject,forinstanceverbsofmotionorstate.NotethatPahlavidoesnotdistinguishI wentfromIhavegone.MostofthetimetheformscorrespondtoEnglishimperfects,buttoperfectsinsentences suchaswhenIhavegone. Singular Plural 1st rasdham Iarrived,Ihavearrived rasdhm wewent,wehavearrived 2nd rasdh youarrived,youhavearrived rasdhd youwent,youhavearrived 3rd rasd he,she,itarrived,hasarrived rasdhnd theywent,theyhavearrived Singular Plural 1st MNwA WtDWWtE mYNwA WtDWWtE 2nd 3rd

NwA WtDWWtE WtDWWtE

WtDNwA WtDWWtE YNwA WtDWWtE

Tobe,become: Singular 1st MNwA 2nd 3rd Examples:

WTWWwE NwA WTWWwE WTWWwE

Plural

mYNwA WTWWwE WtDNwA WTWWwE YNwA WTWWwE

kaardardd15-slagrasdghhardawnmadwhenArdarcametotheageof15,informationcameto Ardawn.

SENTENCES5
Analyzethefollowingsentences.

/ Wc W YWwLTK WcWP WCwlY 2 oa

?!

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LESSON5

pas2(d)druzfrzmnndAhrimenudzafterward,twoLie-demonsremain:Ahrimenandz / YNwA Wt lAWP WTPWwYC OW WcWP frzinwadpuhlmadhmwecametotheinwadbridge

?2 ?3 ?4 ? 23

/ WtDWwmYWkY WKWcT c Wtja ^ WwL nMT

nhRanrstu-tarzgestdtherestandsRantheStraightandhisbalance / YNwA Wt WklYTP OW WwABwL WwAKtTW WwaHnLW WkAwD WWP Wwac u-mnpadngygawnwiderdagnruwnpadragmadhnd and,inthatplace,thesoulsofthedepartedcametoward(padrag)us / WtJw Tw # EtDb x WtMwD WtjlABwY x WklEtDP tA N oa

pasaznkapetyragandardwristGaymardandarbgadh30(s)slzstaftertheAdversary(=Ahrimen) (had)rushedin,GaymardlivedintheStateaftertheInvasion(bgadh)for30years / YNwA WTWwaZ WtMwD ^ WkmAWT N WkaA ATwwA WIwAc W YwaHM W HM ? 33 MayudMaynyudabrgmardmhamgazthmagGaymardzdhnd MayandMaynyandtheotherhumanswereallbornfromGaymardsseed / WtDWWtE q WimY WWP EkYwY W W WwaHc WTWwLTK x WimY WWP WKtN ^ LtJplA nxrafstarmurdagpadzamgandarmndu-nwiudgandaghpadzamgabarrasd thosedeadevilanimalsremainedinsidetheearthandtheirpoisonandfoulnesscameupontheearth

? 34

TEXT5
AdaptedfromtheArdWirz-nmag:

dngwndkpasazmargahlawZarduxttbowandagh300(ssad)sldnandarabzaghudmardm andarabgumnhbdhnd gngizistagAliksandarhrmygpadgarnzynudanthrn-ahrmad pasazmargAliksandarmardmnrn-ahrkabgdidwasbudpahikrbd iyn-inxwadyudslruddastwardn-ghnbd udmowmard-izpadtisyazdngumnbdhnd udwasud-ddestnhandarghnbpaydghmad Sotheysay:AfterthedeathofrighteousZarduxtuntilthecompletionof300years,thereligion(was)inpurity, andpeoplewereinastateofnon-doubt. ThenthataccursedAlexander,theRoman,cametoIranwith(=bringing)muchharmandlackofpeace(= war). AfterthedeathofAlexander,therewasmuchturmoilandstrifeamongthepeopleofIran(lit.thepeopleof Iranhadmuchturmoilandstrifeonewiththeother) sincetheyhadnolord(king),governor,andguideknowledgeableinthedn. Andthehighpriests,too,weredoubtfulaboutthemattersofthegods. Andmuchdisagreementappearedintheworld.

EXERCISES5
1.Transcribe/transliteratethesesentencesandtranslatethem.Underscoreletterswithirregularshapes.Identifythe pastandpresenttensearameogramsandtranslatethesentences.:

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LESSON5

YNwA NTwL aH c WtdA WtDWtDwA esAkAfJwlA WWP CNwY awAwA / LtJplA LtdlS ^ W
Ohrmazdn-izpadharwisp-ghhdndkAhrimenastu-dwabgudnwattarxrafstar

?!

/ WtDWtda egZfJ WWP MWtM ^ WtdA 1aH WkAtDP WWWtdA WwD WWP / WwAwa LtdlS ^ OW LKKCB AWB YNwA WtDWWtE WwAwa MwlaP ^ OW LKKPWK / WfjAcA WKw ^ AWB WTWwLTK L AWB lAwa WkYWw gA lAcdlAK N oa / YwYwK JW W W AbLK W WtDWWtE q glM MwY>c TnM AB oA WwatJW EkY>Ww WWP

?2 ?3 ?4 ? 23 ? 33

<PWNdyn'ytwn'pytk'AYKDYA-1AYT'YmltwmPWNspzgyhMHYTNyt'>

kerbakkarnpahlomaxwnrasdhndbbazzakkarnwattaraxwn

<AHLMNZKklyclAYzywndk'LAWHLBRALAKTLWNt'BRAZKYdwk'lcsp'>

padzndaghwistxmab-tabdommargabarrasdudsagudwaynasykirrnnd

/ WtDWWtwA At q dA AwA WtDBwY WwAIfja OW WTwZ

<zwt'OLlspykn'gwbyt'AYKHNAsmQDMthHNHTWNyt'> 1.MatchthePahlaviwordswiththeirtranscriptions: dur frz p nh ard amh smn b dwn druz dwrd dn estd framyd kang mad mard mardm mazdsnn mihr mowmard nn pas passox przgar sr wardin wattar wirz witsp xward yazd yazdn zand zarrn tax

AtA ATwwA AWbY AWbYw LtdlS LTW WwYba lYCwlYP MWkL nMT oa wlS

WcYW WcWP WCwlY WfjAtHW WIWK Wt WtD WtWwmYWkY WtdaLP WtdlABwY YP WtdLwA

WtDWtda WwaD WwaJP WwaH WWwaD At WwAtja WwasA WWK WwtW WWt WWWt WWWtdA

3.Transliterate,transcribe,andtranslateatleastfourofthefollowingsentences:

WTWB WCwlmYW lAnA W YNwA WtWwmYWkY WwasA WWP WklAtJ W a W WtdLwA Wt WtDb YW / YNwA WtWwmYWkY WwtW OW WklAtJ W a W WtdLwA Wt WtDb tA N oa W nLW N nM WtDWtda oA WIWK WtDWWWnY WWWtdA WwaH OW WcjaHwLWP / WthAWtZ WBwla WN WtDWwaZ AbL Y1AWbY WkAtDP nMT a wlS lYCwlYP W WtD WWt WwsA YNwA WtDWWtE lAWP WTPWwYC OW WcWP tA

?! ?2 . 3

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LESSON5

/ WtWwmYWkY YP WwYva ^!WKWcT WN Wtja ^ WwL WTWB NTwL WwaHc YNwA WTWB WwAkYWw ^ WWtH NwY N WwaZ N YP M WtDBwY WWWtdA WwaWvYw OW WcYW AtA

4 ? 23

/ WtDWWwH oA WwAKtN ^ oW AWB WtWwmYWkY WiLW OW Y eTwaHwY x WN WTWB !WTPwD WktJcD Y WkaD / WtTW Tw + N oa W WcYW AtA OW WtD WWWt W WtdA WkAwD ATK NwY WtJWWP WtD WWWt N WcYW AtA / YWtDWK WwAKtA WkAwD NwY WtDWWWnY WwaJP WWP

? 33

*4.TranslateintoPahlaviandwriteinPahlaviatleastfourofthesentences. Notethetenses.Donottranslatepresentintopast. 1 Thedemonhowlstotherighteousman:Donotspeaktruth,forthosewhospeakthetruthwillcometohell. 2 Butspeaklies,forthosewhospeaklies,theirplaceandpositionwillbeinParadise. 3 ThenZarduxtstoodbeforethedemons.Thus,hesays: 4 ButI,whoamZarduxt,saytoyou,thedemons:Forthatlie,there,therewillbepunishmentforyoufrom AhrimeninHell. 5 Havenodoubtaboutthisthing:fromtheaccursedAhrimentherewillbenomercy. 6 Donotspeakslander,forinHelleverysinwillrunafteryou,butthesinofslanderwillruninfrontofyou! 7 Destinyisfromtheturningofthestarsintheatmosphere,goodnessisfromthedutiesyouperform,andrewards arefromthegenerosityandtruthfulnesswhichareintrinsictoyou(=inyou).

GLOSSARYOFWORDSINTHETEXTANDTHEEXERCISES5
abarras- abzmn- anth EthAwA <ntyh> comeupon remainbehind lackofpeace,war theintermediatespace,atmosphere Arzsp,kingoftheKhionians destiny to theinwadbridge knowledgeableinthedn howl(demonicwayofspeaking) lie(s) theLie,lie-demons(female) evilrule,misrule theInvasion(theattackbytheEvilSpirit) oneanother firewood heavy accursed(aboutAhrimenandAlexander) always omniscience

andarwy Arzsp baxt b inwadpuhl dn-gh dry-dryist dr druz duxwadyh bgad k...did esm garn gizistag hamwr harwisp-ghh

wlYwA <ndlwd> WfjAcA <lcsp'> WtB <bht'> lAWP WTPWwYC akAWwD -lY WBwlY WCwlY eTwaHwY WtDb YWT...WKw
<cynwpt'pwhl> <dyn'-kh> <dld-> <dlwb'> <dlwc'> <dwhwtdyh> <ybgt'>

WKtJcD <gcstk'> lAnA <hmwl> esAkAfJwlA <hlwspksyh>

<dwk'..TWB> mdA <sm> WwaG <gln'>

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LESSON5

+ WiawlA hudn WwDwA am Y ud-ddestnh EwAtJtDtDwY kirrn-d WtDwYwK mehmn Wwaa nm nmrz WCwlmYW pahikr lAKTP paydgh EkAtDP Pruasp,Prasp WfjLWP,WfjwLWP puhl lAWP rspg WIfjL sag AbLK spazgh EfJ tarzg WKWcT wardin WwtW wider-widerd WtTW-lYTW wirg WiLW wi W xrafstar LtJplA zndag WIWw zst WtJw -w zd WTwZ
hazr hrmyg

<1000> <hlwmyk'> <hw-dyn'> <ym> <ywbt-dtstnyh> <klyn-yt'> <mhmn'> <M> <nymlwc'> <ptkl> <pytkyh> <pwl(w)sp'> <pwhl> <lspyk'> <KLBA> <spzgyh> <tlcwk'> <wltn'> <wtyl-,wtlt'> <wlyk'> <w> <hlpstl> <zywndk'> <zyw-,zywst'> <zwt'>

athousand Roman havinggooddn Jam,Jamshid(mythicalking,AvestanYima) disagreement cutup intimate,intrinsic name,fame noon strife appearance Zarduxtsfather bridge assistantpriest dog slander balance,scales turning,rotating;wardinest-beturning pass(over,through:az),crossover flight,exile;wirgest-beinexile poison evilanimals(madebytheEvilSpirit) living,alive tolive chiefpriest

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LESSON6

S PE LLLING 6
Initial<pt->=pay-,<pt->=py- Thesespellingsarefoundinafewwords:

YWWTP <ptwnd>paywandconnection,lineage WtJWTP,-YWWTP <ptwnd-,ptwst'>paywand-paywastconnect,link SWKtP <ptkws>pygsdistrict LbmAtDP <pgtmbl>paygmbarmessenger

Notetheirregular: mAtDP <pgtm>paygmmessage

Initial<pt->=pahi- Thisspellingisfoundbeforekandp(withtime,pahi-becamepay-): lAKTP <ptkl>pahikrstrife

WTcKTP,cKTP <ptk->pahikf-,pahikfttopierce,drivethrough WtDWWPTP,SWWPTP <ptpwrs->pahipurs-(pahiburs-)pahipursdtoread

-h-spelled<-t-> Thisspellingisfoundinthesequence<-tr->-hr-andoccasionallybetweenvowelsinsomewordsfromAvestan correspondingtoAvestan--,e.g.: WWt <mtr'>mihrMithra(agod);love

WWtH <tr'>ahrland WwYPtDpL <lpytpyn'>rabihwinnoon(Av.rapiina) WtWtdM <mytwht'>mihxtfalsespeech(Av.miaoxta)

Initial<y>= ThisrepresentstheregulardevelopmentofOldPersiany-toMiddlePersian-,e.g.: WtD <yt'>dshare Y <ym>amJam

E <ym>mcup WTwY <ywt'>dchewed WkAtwY,AtwY <ywlt(k')>rd(g)barley,grain

WtdmY <ymyt'>amdJamshid=Jam WwAtDwE <ywytn'>wdneternal LwE <ywl>rtime(threetimes,etc.)

NoteWwE<yn'>gyn,latern,butstillspelled<gyn>inManicheanMiddlePersian.

Internal<b> Theletter<b>=bisrarelyfoundbetweenvowelsandusuallyinAvestanwordsorincompoundsandafter prefixes.Initiallyandaftern,mitspellsb,e.g.: lAB <bl'>brburden;time(threetimes,etc.) WWwlYB <bylwn'>brnout,outside

WKWB <bwk'>bgowl

MWB <bwm>bmearth

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LESSON6

WKvmatJ <sthmbk'>stahm(b)agviolent LWBWT <tnbwl>tanbr,tambrdrum WtDv <ybgt'>bgad(bgat),theInvasion(attackoftheEvilSpirit;Av.*aibigaiti) mYvYc <py-bym>abbmwithoutfear YWBwA <hw-bwd>hubyhavinggoodsmell,sweet-smelling,fragrant

Final<-mb> Final-bafter-m-wasprobablystillpronouncedinearlyPahlavi,butspellingswithout-bshowthatitwas eventuallylost.After-hm-itwasprobablynolongerpronounced,thoughitmayhavepersistedbeforesuffixes,e.g.: MwY <dwmb>dumbtail

MwS,MwS MkA ,MWkA MwYCK matJ WKvmatJ YWwaY,YWwAvMwY

<swmb,swm>sumbhoof <kwmb,kwmb>akamb,akombwomb <kcdwmb>kazdumbscorpion <sthmb>stahm(b)violence <sthmbk'>stahm(b)agviolent <dwmbwnd,dmwnd>Dumbwend,Damwand(mountain)

-w-spelled<-wb-> Thiscombinationisfoundinafewcommonwords,someofwhichwehavealreadyencountered: WBwla <hlwb'>ahlawrighteous WWABwL <lwbn'>ruwnsoul

LBWtjY <dstwbl>dastwarteacher

lABwsA <swbl>aswronhorse,rider

-w-spelled<-wy->insteadof<-wb-> WtDwY <ywbt>udseparately

WwEwY <ywbn'>uwn young, a youth

WkAtDwY <ywbtk'>udgseparate EwA <wbm>wmtime(period),age

NotethatEwA<wbm>wmisindistinguishablefromEwA <hngm>hangmtime(pointoftime,timefor someactivity),whichisthereforeoftenspelledE<wA<hngm>. -w-spelled<-wp-> WTPWwYC <cynwpt'>inwadinwadpuhl,thebridgeofjudgement

Note:ThespellingWTWwYC<cynwt'>isalsofound.

-y-spelled<-yyb-> ThesequenceAbsAspellsayinthefollowingwords:

lAbsA <hdybl>hayr(ayr)helper elAvsA <hdyblyh>hayrhelp

Note:TheolderspellingsareknownfromthePahlaviPsalms.

WtvsA <bydt'>aydmemory aAKtvsA <bydtklyh>aydgrhremembrance

Note:DonotconfuselAbsA<hdybl>hayrandlABwsA<swbl>=aswrhorseman

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LESSON6

G RAMMAR 6
T HE VER B . T HEP RE SEN T AND P AS T STE MS 2 Thepaststemcanbemadefromthepresentstembychangingthefinalconsonantandadding-t(noexamplesof -d?),e.g.: bad- bast fall xwh- xwst seek,askfor hil- hit let,leave,allow dr- dt have,hold Thepaststemcanbemadefromthepresentstembychangingthevowelandadding-d(noexamplesof-t?),e.g.: bar- burd carry,bring mr- murd die Thepaststemcanbemadefromthepresentstembychangingthevowelandfinalconsonant(s)andadding-dor -t.Thisgivesuspaststemsendinginoneortwoconsonants,e.g.: Paststemendinginoneconsonant: dah- dd give aw- ud go baw- bd be,become sry- srd recite,sing naw- nd hear,listen Paststemendingintwoconsonants: band- bast tie,bind,close nin- niast sit y- ust wash kun- kerd do,make raw- raft go(about) gw- guft say,speak Sometimesthechangeismoresubstantial,e.g.: gr- grift take,seize padr- padrift receive,accept Somepaststemsarenotetymologicallyrelatedtothepresentstem,e.g.: h- bd be,become y- mad(mad) come wn- dd see
Note:Cf.Englishbe-am-wasandgo-went.

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LESSON6

A RA MEOG RA MS 4 .V E RB S 2 Herearethearameogramsoftheverbsabovearrangedbypatterns: Endingin<-WN>: -WwW <OBYDWN-> kun-kerd -WwW <OHDWN-> -WwlZW <OZLWN->

do take,seize tie,bind,close go seek,askfor,request fall let,leave,allow

gr-grift band-bast aw-ud xwh-xwst bad-bast hil-hit

W]JW <OSLWN->

WtJwEW|-WwEW| <BOYHWN-> WtJWwLPW-WwLPW <NPLWN-,NPLWN-st'> -WWi <BKWN->

Beginningwith<M->,endingin<-WN>: WWwlY>kM <MKBLWN-> Endingin<-YTN(-YTWN)>: -WtjA <HZYTN-> -WTWtJ <SGYTN-> Beginningwith<Y->,endingin<-WN>: -WWtD <YATWN-> -WwsE <YHSNN-(YHSNWN-)> -WWvE <YHBWN->

padr-,padrift

receive,accept

wn-dd raw-raft

see go(about)

y-mad dah-dd dr-dt gw-guft nin-niast

come give hold say,speak tosit

WtJWW}YtD-WWvYtD <YTYBWN->

-WwllmY, -WWWnY <YMLLWN-,YMRRWN->

Someverbstendtowritethepaststemphonetically,butspellingswitharameogramsarealsocommon: WTWKorWTWwW,-WwW <OBYDWN-,OBYDWNt'orkrt'> kun-kerd do

WTWBorWTWWwE,-WWwE WthEorWTWwsE,-WwsE Wtor WTWwaZ,-WwaZ WTPwYorWTWWWnY, -WWWnY

<YHWWN-,YHWWNt'orbwt'> <YHSNN-,YHSNNt'ordt> <YLYDWN-;YLYDWNt'orzt'> <YMLLWN-,YMRRWN->

baw-bd dr-dt zy-,zd gw-guft

be,become hold beborn say,speak

A RA MEOG RA MS . A D VER B S Herearesomecommonadverbsandotherusefulwords,arameogramsandothers: nMt <LTME> dar here nMT <TME> nh

there back,backward up out(side) above

WcWP WTwLP WWwlYwA lYc

<prc'> <plwt'> <cdl>

frz

forth,forward

frd down <ndlwn'> anda(r)rn in(side) azr

below

lAwa aa WWwlYB LPc

<LAWHL> abz <LALA> <bylwn'> <cpl>

ul brn azabar

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LESSON6

WwYwL MWtP W WtjZW tA

<LOYN'> p <pltwm> <nzd> <nzdst'> <AMT>

before,infront first near first(ofall) when,if

fradom nazd nazdist ka

oa <AHL> MwYc <dwm> WiL <LHYK>

pas abdom dr

after,behind last far,distant when?

t <AYMT> kay

Note:nazdistisoftenspelledWtjZW<nzst'>,whichmayreflectalocalpronunciation.

Thefollowingadverbisalsousedasanimperative: nMWc <LPNE> awar hither,comehere!

WtDnMWc <LPNEyt'> award hither,comehere!

Note:Thewordisspelledasif<L-PWME>with<PWME>mouth.

N OU N SA ND ADVE RB S AS P REPO SITIO NS A ND P OST PO SITION S Severaloftheseadverbscanbeusedasprepositions,inwhichcasesometaketheconnectingparticle,others combinewiththeprepositionaz,e.g.,pinfrontof,p(go)before,pazbefore,pasazafter,az pasafter,inpursuitof,drazfarfrom,etc.Notepasazn()kaafter...(conjunction). Manynounsindicatingpositionalsobehaveinthismanner,e.g.,mayninthemiddleof,prmnaround, kanragbythesideof,beside. Notethat,inmanycases,itcanbedifficulttodecidewhetherornotanexpressiontakestheparticle. Examples:

pandpas udpasyWirzpmazdsnnudand,afterward,thatWirzwentbeforetheMazdayasnians dngudxwamn-wizrpxwsthndthewisemenandthedream-interpreterswerecalledbefore(him) pasazn()kadruzdmdwristaftertheDruzrushedupontheworld azpasawnrdn18rdazhambunxnfrztazdhndafterthoserivers,18(other)riversflowedforth fromthesamesource sphKirmazpasArdaxrawetftKirmsarmyhurriedafterArdashir Ohrmazdpazdm-dahinhnbdxwadyudpasazdm-dahinhxwadybdbeforethecreationwas established,Ohrmazdwasnotlord,and,afterthecreationwasestablished,hebecame/waslord

Others

WdmnywdknzamgazrudazabardrdtheWindisthewindintheotherworld,whichholds(up)this earthbelowandabove azrnzamghamggygbbestdunderthisearth,ineveryplace,therestandswater HarburznkfprmnnzamgHarburzisthatmountain(whichis)aroundthisearth kfHarburzprmnghnkfTragmaynghnMountHarburzisaroundtheworld,MountTragis inthemiddleoftheworld inwadpuhlpadagdDityestdkfbulandmaynghntheinwadBridgeisontheRidgeofDity, whichisthehighmountaininthemiddleoftheworld zryFrxkerdkanragHarburztheFrxkerdseaisbeside(Mount)Harburz

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LESSON6

S E NTE NCES 6
Analyzethefollowingsentences,andidentifythearameograms:

/ WtDWWi oA AWB lsa x aWW

?! ?2 ? 3 ?4 ? 23

winhandarhsrbmahilddonotletasinwithinamile(ofyou)!

/ YWwLT WwahA YWtjA LtJplA tA MWtM / LbmAtDP WwAtja NwL ^ WcYW kL nMWc WtDWwY

mardmkaxrafstarwnnd-nzanndwhen/ifpeopleseeevilanimals,theykillthem

drustawartWirzammazdsnnpaygmbarwelcome,Wirz,our,theMazdayasnians,messenger!

/ WtDWtjA EkAwA AWK nMT W WtDWwLPW WwaHwY OW YWWwlY Y WwABwL / WcWvlA Y WPWK Y WklAWK WCwlmYW Y WtJWK WWP kLW Y glZ WwD WWP WtDWWWnY

ruwndruwanddoxbaddudnhharwanghwndthesouloftheevil(person)fallsdowntoHell

gwdpaddnkzryWarkapadkustnmrzkanragkfHarburzItsaysinthednthattheWarkaSea (is)inthesoutherndirectionnexttoMountHarburz

/ WtDWWwH WwAKtN ^ oW AWB WwAI>Ww ^ WWtH NwY N WwaY N WwYwL MWWK

? 33

nn-impazzamnaznahrzndagnbnmurdagnfrstdnow,sendmebefore(my)timefromthis realmofthelivingtothatofthedead!

/ YWWbE WwaHwY oW WPw WthAW oW WwABwL WTWWtdmY tA YtJ x nMt ^ MWtM

? 34

mardmdarandargtykamurdruwnwahitaybdoxdahndpeopleinthisworld,whentheyare dead,dotheygive(their)soul(s)toparadiseortohell?

/ WtDWwW Wwa YWWi L WklatDP NwY W YWwEWB MwYN NwY ^ WklAC YWfJwaA W awAwA

? 44

OhrmazdudamahrspandragntisxwhndudnpetyragnhilndkzynkundOhrmazdandthe amahrspandswillseekameans(todealwith)thismatter,andtheywillnotpermitthisadversarytodoharm

TEXTS6
T E XTS 6 .1
FromPand-nmagZarduxtZarduxtsBookofAdvice(alsocalled:WizdaghprytknSelect (sayings)oftheteachersofold):

paydgkxwardharwrzsbrmardmgtyframndahd.bmddngwdk Ohrmazdamhkmardmhdhamgwdkpadkrudkerbagtuxgbawdt-tnanzngtypad maynkunam Itiswellknownthateverydaythreetimes,thesuncommandsthepeopleofthisworld.Atdawnitsays: Ohrmazdkeepssayingtoyou,(whoare)people:Bediligentinall(your)activitiessothatI(can)placeamong youlifeinthisworld!

Note:kmardmhd(you)whoarepeopleisanAvestan-typephraseandmeansonly(you)people.

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LESSON6

T E XTS 6 .2
AdaptedfromtheArdWirz-nmag:

fradomgmpadhumaduddidgargmpadhxtudsidgargmpadhuwart frzinwadpuhlmadhamwas-pahnyamwandOhrmazd-dd ahromgmfrznihamnrnGardmnhamg-xwrh u-mnpadragmadawnwiderdagnruwn uddrdpursndudfrnkunndudngwndk iyntahlawbmadhaznwas-anghaxwnudabarnaxwnapetyragmadh udanxwardagrzamndarrminwn Thefirststepwithgoodthought,thesecondstepwithgoodspeech,andthethirdstepwithgoodaction IcameforthtotheverywideandpowerfulinwadbridgeestablishedbyOhrmazd. TheforthstepIplaceforthtotheluminousGardmn,fullofbliss. Andthosesoulsofthedepartedcametomeetus. Andtheyask(usaboutour)health;theyapplaud(us);andtheysaythis: Howdidyou,Orighteousone,comefromthatexistencewithmuchevilandcametothisexistence,freefrom adversity? Anddrinknectar!Foryoushallseepeaceforalongtime.

EXERCISES6
1.Addthetranscriptions/transliterationstothesesentencesandtranslatethem: Ohrmazdxwadypadnasarrnhnind / WtDWWbYtD EwwL :jA <gwcyhlndlwn'YsmnBRAYKOYMWNt'mlhwmnk'>

Y WWP AWwM Y awAwA

? ! ? 2 ? 3 . 4 . 23 . 33

/ WkAwawA la WtWnYkY AWB WwasA ^ WWwlYwA lECwY

/ WTWwlZW WwAwA Y WwYwL OW lAwa oa W WTWWwE lgelA NTwL AB ^ gZW YW WKcDWK / WtDWwE Wwaa WklA WwaA WtDWWtE WtWtdM

nkanzagtnazdbmabgArdaxrbdudpasabzpArdawnud

<AYKmytwht'YHMTWNyt'-mn'lk'mhmn'YHWWNyt'>

/ WtDWtjA EkAwA AWK nMT W WtDWwLPW WwaHwY OW WWWKwlS lAWP WTPWwYC N YWWwlY Y WwABwL
ruwndruwandazinwadpuhlsar-nigndoxbaddudnhharwanghwnd

/ WtDWWvE WwAtDwE ^ EIWw M WtDWwEWB NwY WwaD N YWw ^ >M WthAWtZ

<zltwhtmzdYmynwdMNyzdn'ZNEBOYHWNyt'AYKmzywndkyhYywytn'YHBWNyt'>

/ aWAwA WvA Mc WtwYWfJ A Mc ? WtMwD N WAWT W YWWTP Mc YNwA WTWB WtMwD N AWT W YWTWP MWtP WWM Ywaa W a N eMWtM Mc
u-mpaywandudthmagazGaymard.u-mmdSpandarmadu-mpidOhrmazd. u-mmardmhazMahlyudMahliynykfradompaywandudthmazGaymardbdhnd.

. 34

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LESSON6

2.MatchthePahlaviwordswiththeirtranscriptions: abrg druwandn stahmbag abdom amahrspandn Ardaxr Ardawn arek aswr wm dmn dng dw g-i k rn-ahr farrox gty haftn hilnd hudn pasn puhl tis thm u-n wnam winhkr wistx xward yazd zarrn

WKw aH WwaE WtD WIwAc WwEWwlY YWWi mAWT MWtjA WwaHc lABwsA

lgelA WwDA WWtHWwa WwDwA lAkaWW lAWP mEwA WwEWfJwaA atJ WwJP WtdLwA

MwY>c WwYva WwAwA WkAwE WKvmatJ WklA MwYN WwATc WwatJW WwaP

3.Transliterate,transcribe,andtranslateatleastfiveofthefollowingsentences: / WtDWWvE awAwA ^ WwaE OW eY>wDWwa

NwY lAk aH WKw ?! / YWWi L WwmL W EtH c WthAW x WwABwL WwEWwlY ^ WtD WIwAc W awAwA ?2 / YNwA n>d<LWP W WwwL lYc aD< WwaHc MWtjA WwABwL WwABwla Y WthAW x ?3 / YWwsE lAwa WWtHWwa N WnwY> W YWWwE NTwL lABwsA Y>BK WwDA WtDWWtD tA WWTwaHP ?4 YWwlZW GvGc ^ YWBwA ^ WthAW ^ WwAwa MwlaP OW WwDwA ^ LKKPWK lYp ? 23 / YWtdmL WTwLP WwaHwY OW LKKCB ^ WKvmatJ ^ lAkaWW LtdlS AWB WtDWWWwmY WwaHc WtDWwsE q EthA WwaAbsA c YWw WkAwY OW awAwA WwDA ? 33 / WWbE Ww>tJ W W]J elAvsA L ^ E> OW q YWw WkAwY WtDWWwE kAwawA G<wdLP waP lAWP WtdlYTW lAWP WWP tA WwABwla ^ WwABwL ? 34 / WtdlYTW AWB lAWP N WwABwL WwABwla ^ W EI>Ww awAwA N W WtDWWtD lL WwEWfJwaA W awAwA ^ WwYwL WthAWtZ EwA WWP ? 44 WtDWwlZW WTwLP atJ OW lAwa W YWWbE L AWB WtDWwEWB WwAtDwE ^

4.TranslateintoPahlaviandwriteinPahlaviatleast2ofsentences1-5and3ofsentences6-10: Notethetenses.Donottranslatepresentintopast. 1. WhenSnscomes,theFinalBodywillcomeabout(=become). 2. Everyday,thesungoesin(side)throughonewindowandgoesout(side)byonewindow. 3. Whoknowshowmuchgoodandevilthereisinthisworldandwhatwillbeatlast? 4. Donotdoworkthatyoudonotknow,anddowell(=good)theoneyoudoknow! 5. Seekfromthegodstherewardofthisworld,andtheywillgiveyouthatoftheotherworld,too. 6. Andthenthosesevenmensatdownonagoldenthrone.Thus,theysay:Mazdyasnians,donotdothis thing! 7. Oneday,Ardawnrequeststhewiseones(tocome)before(him)andasks(them):Whatdoyouseeinthe matteroftheseven(planets)? 8. IfyouhaveconfidenceinthelawofOhrmazd,youwillbeveryfortunateinthisworldandveryrighteousin theotherworld. 9. InParadise,thegenerousandtruthfulmanseeksfromOhrmazdtherewardoftherighteous(ones). 10. InthatfiercebattleoftheIraniansandtheXyns,manyMazdayasnianheroesarekilledandgoto OhrmazdinGardmn,wheretheywillnowbetogetherwiththeotherrighteousones.

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LESSON6

ADDITIONALREADINGS6
FromBundahin26.34-36 A DD IT IO NALRE AD INGS 6 .1

mny-wabgMihrhamkrSgxwnnd. hamgnkhkaazabargarngtybrhndnazdistSgyd SgMhabesprdMhArdwsrabesprd udArdwsrSpahrabesprdudSpahrpadghnbaxd kwdahdnkhSpahrudkkemdahdwadSpahrxwnnd udn-izbaxinpadzamnrasdkWydagrand-xwadyastZurwn OnebeinginthemnywhocollaborateswithMihrtheycallSg. Allgoodness,whenitisfashioned(tobesent)fromthosewhoworkabovetothisworld,firstcomestoSg. SgtransfersittotheMoon.TheMoontransfersittoArdwsr. AndArdwsrtransfersittotheFirmament.AndtheFirmamentdistributesitamonglivingbeings. TheonewhogivesthemoregoodnessistheFirmament,andtheonewhogiveslesstheycallthebad Firmament. Andthatdistribution(ofgoodness),too,comesthroughTime,whoisWyoflong-lastinglordship,thatis, Zurwn. A DD IT IO NALRE AD INGS 6 .2 Ardwahitxwkrhdkruwndruwandnandardoxdwnwazwinh-nastpdifrhnhild kerdanu-nwasabzdrd. iyngwdkAwahitayhpahlomamargabzng. Ardwahitsspecialdutyisthis:Hedoesnotpermitthedemonstoexactmorepunishmentonthesoulofthe wickedinHellthantheirsins(warrant),andheholdsmanyofthemback. Asitsays:ArdwahitisthebestRighteousness,undyingandmakingincrease.

GLOSSARYOFWORDSINTHETEXTSANDTHEEXERCISES6
abardr-

lc abr lYc abespr-,abespurd WtWfJclAfJc abzng WIWwZc frn WwYWc ahunsandh eYwDWwa amarg g<lmA amwand ^WwaA ang-kerdrh elATWK kAwA an WwA
abargar

-WwDEq <QDMYHSNN-> <lgl> <yl> <spl-spwlt'> <zwnyk'> <ryn'> <hwnsndyh> <mlg> <mwnd> <nk-krtlyh> <nw>

extend,offer whoworksabove very deliver,render,handover,transfer makingincrease(forAv.spnta) blessing;+kun-:bless discontent undying powerful evil-doing nectar

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LESSON6

apetyrag Ardaxr Ardawn ayh th wm bm,bmdd br bax-baxt baxin brhn-brhnd rag ddr dagr dagrand-xwady didgar drd dukm-kerdrh framn frasang GanngMny Gihr hamg-xwrh hamstrh hamkr hsr homng wdn kem kust madr mayn mny mizd nazdist pahny Piytan purr-xwarrah rzan sahmgen sar-nign sidgar

WklEtDpA lgelA WwAwA ehA EthA ABwA WtdmA| ,AV lAB -WWklA WwWWklA

<pytylk'> <ldhyl> <ldwn'> <dyh> <tyh> <wbm> <bm,bmdt'> <bl> <HLKWN->

lackingadversity Ardaxr Ardawn Righteousness(anotherformofahlyh) peace (timeand)age dawn time(threetimes,etc.) share,divide(equally),distribute distribution fashion;frz+fashionforth,create means,remedy,help creator long,long-lasting havinglong-lastinglordship second health,well-being performingofevilwishes order,command parasang,mile theFoul(-smelling)Spirit acelestialdragon;thelunarnodes? allbliss,alljoy opposition collaborator aleague(measureofdistance) similarto,like eternal less side,direction coming middle,waist theworldofthought,theotherworld fee,reward first,atfirst width Piytan,sonofWitsp fulloffortune,veryfortunate window fearsome headlong third

lAtD :J TwaD>]J> LItD WTwlY,Mw elATWAkwY WwaLP GwDLP YWw WkAwY laDCwG elwA ,WkaA elAtjmA lA :ja WkAwawAWkAwaA WwAtDwE YK WtJWK lAt Wwa YWw gZM (WtjZW)WtjZW waP WWTwaHYP ndLWP WWCwL WwaJ WWWKwlS LItJ

<HLKWNn'> -wdL| <blyhyn-> WklAC <clk'> <dtl> <dgl> <dglndhwtd> <dtykl> <dlwt',RM> <dwkm-krtlyh> <plmn'> <plsng> <gnkmynwd> <gwcyhl> <hmk'-hwlyh> <hmystlyh> <hmkl> <hsl> <hwmnk',hmnk'> <ywytn'> <kym> <kwst'> <mtl> <mdyn'> <mynwd> <mzd> <nzdst'(nzst')> <phnd> <pyydwtn'> <pwl-GDE> <lwcn'> <shmgn'> <sl-nkwn'> <stykl>

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LESSON6

styin was-angh was-pahny w xurdru xwah xwarin Xyn yal

Ww>tJ EkAwA YBK waP YBK YW wlgLwA Nt WwLwA WWw lY

<stdn'> <KBD-nkyh> <KBD-phnd> <wy> <hwldlw> <AHTE> <hwln'>= <hywn'> <yl>

praise ofmuchevil>veryevil ofmuchwidth>verywide more Av.xruuidruwithabloodyclub sister food Xyn(enemiesoftheIranians) hero

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LESSON7

A RAMAE OG RAMS ,N O UNS

Hereare(again)somecommonandlesscommonnounsfromthehumansphere: WbA <AB'> pid father A <AM> md mother mother sister

LtDbA <ABYtl> a <AH>

pidar brd

father brother

LtdmA <AMYtl> Nt <AHTE>

mdar xwah

Note:theformspidarandmdarareusedinthesamewayasthepluralsin-n:withpre/postpositionsandaspossessiveand indirectobjects.

ATwwA <ANWTA> mardm people AWbY <GBRA> mard man O <ZKL> nar male AklM AWN AtDbLV ABwY nYwL nMWP nD nsLK eA
<MLKA> <MROH> <GNBA> <LOYE> <PWME> <YDE> <KLSE>

nYW <NYE> YKW <NKB>

zan mdag

woman female

h xwady duzz sar dahan

NTklM <MLKTE> bmbin queen lord,ruler ATWwM <MROTA> bng lady

king prince thief head mouth

<BLBYTA> wispuhr

eLP <PLYA> Nw nLWC nl B}L Mw

<AYNE> <CWLE> <LGLE> <LBBE>

aswr am grw py dil

horseman eye neck,self foot heart

dast hand akomb belly

<HYA> gyn(n) soul <RM> drd health,well-being Note:Theuseof<-E>forNinB}L<LBBE>dilisalsoseeninWc<LPNE>awarhither,comehere!

W O RDF O RMAT IO N 1.
InPahlavi,wordderivationisverycommon.Nounsandadjectivesaremadefromothernounsandadjectivesand verbs,byprefixesandsuffixesandbycombiningwords;verbscanbemadefromnounsandadjectivesandother verbs;andthemeaningofverbscanbemodifiedbypreverbs.Wehavealreadyseenmanyexamplesofsuchderived words. OftenPahlaviderivativesexpresswhatinEnglishwouldbeexpressedbysyntax.Understandingderivedwordsis thereforeanimportantpartofunderstandingthelanguage. P REFIXE S AND S UFFIXE S 1 Newnounsandadjectivescanbeformedbymeansofprefixesorsuffixesfromothernounsandadjectives,single orincombination(compounds)orfromthestemsofverbs,mostcommonlythepresentstem,occasionallythepast stem.Someofthemostcommonprefixesandsuffixesarethefollowing: -h Thissuffixisusedtoformabstractnounsfromothernounsandadjectives,especiallyofcompounds,e.g.: Noun>noun

xwadylord dgsorcerer

xwadyh(over)lordship,rule dghsorcery

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LESSON7

Adjective>noun dhappy nkgood wattarbad frrn(morally)good abrn(morally)bad druwandevil abzagpure dngknowing,wise tuxgdiligent,hard-working hubysmellinggood,perfumed,fragrant dusrawofevilfame abgumnfreefromdoubt ham-ddestnagreeing harwisp-ghomniscient,all-knowing Notethephoneticchangein

dhhappiness nkhgoodness wattarhbadness frrnh(moral)goodness abrnh(moral)badness druwandhevilness abzaghpurity dnghwisdom tuxghdiligence,hardwork hubyhgoodsmell,perfume,fragrance dusrawhinfamy abgumnhfreedomfromdoubt ham-ddestnhagreement harwisp-ghhomniscience

ahlawrighteous ahlyhrighteousness -in Thissuffixisusedtoformactionnounsfrompresentstemsofverbs,occasionallyfromthepaststeme.g.:

men-think gw-say,speak kun-do warz-make,perform,produce dn-know dwr-run(aboutevilbeings) rm-beinpeace madcome

meninthinking,thought gwinspeaking,speech kunindoing,deed warzinmaking dninknowledge dwrinrunning rminpeace madincoming(inthepast)

Theoriginalimplicationofactionisoftenfaded,andthenounisnolongeranactionnounandmayexpress theresultoftheactionratherthantheactionitself,asinseveraloftheaboveexamples(thinking>thought). Occasionally,thereisnoaction,asin xwar-eat xwarinfood -in h Thecombination-inhisalsocommon,e.g.: bwider-passaway b-widerinhpassingaway tarmen-scorn tar-meninhscorning,scorn drgw-speaklies dr-gwinhspeakinglies,theliesonespeaks dmdah-establishthecreation dm-dahinhtheestablishmentofthecreation hamraw-goforever ham-rawinhgoingforever,eternity hu-kunindoinggooddeeds hu-kuninhthedoingofgooddeeds,thegooddeedsonedoes Thesenounsarefrequentlyspelledwiththearameogramoftheverb,e.g.,WwWwllmY<YMLLWNn'>gwin speaking,speech,EwWWiWwwY<gwn'-BKWN-n-yh>gun-h il-in-hthereleasingofthemaleanimals (i.e.,intothefemalesformating).

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LESSON7

G RAMMAR 7
C OMP ARI SON SWI TH IY N Theconjunctionofcomparisoniynas,like;how?isusuallycombinedwithanadverbmeaningsuch,in this/thatmanner.TheconstructionscanrarelybetranslatedliterallyintoEnglish. Thecommonestcombinationsare: WWwYwA <wgwn'>wn inthatway,so WWwDC <cygwn'> iyn as

WWWtdA <ytwn'> dn inthisway,so Note:BothWWwYwAandWWwDCtendtobewrittenwithoutfinalstrokeandevenwithoutthefinal-nasWwYwA,wYwA,WwDC,wDC.

Theadverbsmayprecedeiyndirectlyoratadistance,e.g.: wniyn,wn...iynas,like,inthatwaythat

wniynpaddngwdkas/inthewaythatitsaysintheTradition wnsaxtiynsang-washeavyasastone ArdWirzwnbdiynmard-whuramArdWirzwaslikeahappyman twnkerbagkuniyn-itOhrmazdframydperformgooddeedsinthewaythatOhrmazdcommandsyou!

dniyn,dn...iynlike,inthiswaythat

dniyntlikeyou padnkhgtywistxmabnkhgtydnhomngiynabrpadabslnrzydkpadkf abznpydhaveconfidenceinnogoodnessofthisworld,forthegoodnessofthisworldisjustlikea cloudthatcomesonanautumndayanddoesnotlingeronanymountain mnysmndnestdiyngurdarttrthedivineskystoodlikeawarriorhero dmOhrmazdpadmnyhdnparward...iynusrhomngthecreationofOhrmazdwasnurturedas somethingbelongingtotheworldofthought,likesemen andnduxwrbdhmiynmard-wka-mnkanndIwasasunhappyasamanwhentheydestroyhis house

Notethatwnanddnarecommonlyusedwithadjectivesandadverbstomeanas,so,e.g.:

kerbagwnwazurgudakanrag(k...)gooddeedsaresogreatandimmeasurable(that...) A RA MEOG RA MS 5 .V E RB S 3 Herearesomemorearameograms,arrangedbypatterns: Endingin<-WN>: -W]>D> <DBLWN-> nay-nd lead

-WwLTW <NTLWN-> Beginningwith<Y->,endingin<-WN>: -WwLvY,-W]J <YBLWN-,YBLWN-> -WwYtdE <YHYTYWN-> -WwAvzY <YDBHWN->

py-pd

protect,wait,linger

bar-burd yaz-yat war-wurd

carry,bring sacrifice(to) bring,fetch(things)

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 -WWvYTI <YKTYBWN-> -WWtdmY <YMYTWN-> -WwJwY <YNSBWN->

LESSON7

nibs-nibit mr-murd stan-stad

write die take

Endingin<-EN-> -WnmW <OMEN-> Beginningwith<H->,endingin<-N>or<-WN>: -WwYtdA <HYTYWN-> Notethepairs: Similarly: -WwAkA <HKHWN-> -W]J <YBLWN->

naw-nd

hear,listen

nay-nd wind-windd(-d)

bring,fetch(people) find

-WwYtdE <YHYTYWN-> -W]>D> <DBLWN-> -WwYtdA <HYTYWN->

bar-burd war-wurd nay-nd nay-nd

carry,bring(awaythings) bring,fetch(hitherthings) lead(awaypeople) bring,fetch(hitherpeople)

Wt <mt'> -WWtD <YATWN->

-,mad

come come

y-mad

T HE VER B . T HEP RE SEN TINDIC A TIVE AND THE IMPE RA TIVE Thepresentindicativeandtheimperativeareformedfromthepresentstem.AsinEnglish,thepresentindicative iscommonlyusedtoexpresspresentandfutureactionorstate. Thereisalsoa1stpluralimperative(=1stpluralindicative),whichisusedtoexpressletus...! Thepre sent i ndicat ive Endings: The1stsingular: Phoneticallywritten1stsingularformsarerareoutsidethePahlavitranslationsoftheAvesta,wherewefindboth <-m>and<-ym>.Forinstance,intheoldYasnamanuscriptJ2,wefind<-m>intheformulaMwYtYwAMwYIWW <nwydynmhngltynm>niwynamhangerdnam,inMw<mynm>menamIthink,andinmAwLPorMAwLP <plnmm>franmamIgoforth;otherexamplesareMwYwaP<plhwynm>frxnamIshallexpand (VidevdadmanuscriptK3a)andMCwA<wcm>uzamIshallgoup(Dnkard). Theending<-ym>isalsoattested,e.g.,<whym>waxm,paralleling<tcm>tazaminZWY.9.19.hzm$$ Frompresentstemsin-y-,wehave<zym>zayamorzaymIaskforandsAtJ<stdym>styamor 1st 2nd 3rd Singular -am - -d <-m>,aram.<-m> <-yd,-ydy> <-yt'> Plural -m <-ym> -d <-yt'> -nd <-ynd>,aram.<-d>

Note:Onthespellingsofthe2ndsingularending-and<-dt'>for<-yyt'>,seeLesson5.

stym.InYasna44,thephrasenaztpursmthatwhichIaskyouabout,hasbothJWWP<pwrsym>and JWWP<pwrsyym>[!!].

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 Paradigms:

LESSON7

Paradigmsofmen-(-w<myn->)tothink,br-(-lAPwA<wpl->)swallow,purs-(-JWWP<pwrs->)to ask,framy-(-LP<plmd->)toorder,command,kun-(-WwW<OBYDWN->)todoandaw-(-WwlZW <OZLWN->)togo: Singular 1st Mw <mynm> 2nd 3rd Plural 1st

menam

w <mynyd> men WtDw <mynyt'> mend

SWWP <pwrsm> *pursam JWWP <pwrsyd> purs WtJWWP <pwrsyt'> pursd JWWP <pwrsym> pursm WtJWWP <pwrsyt'> pursd YwJWWP <pwrsynd> pursnd

daLP <plmdym> *framyam saLP <plmdyd> framy WtdaLP <plmdt'> framyd daLP <plmdym> framym WtdaLP <plmdt'> framyd YwDaLP <plmdynd>framynd
awam aw awd awm awd awnd

Yw <mynym> menm 2nd WtDw <mynyt'> mend 3rd YwYw <mynynd> mennd
Singular 1st

MWwW <OBYDWNm> kunam 2nd WwW <OBYDWNyd> kun 3rd WtDWwW <OBYDWNyt'> kund
Plural 1st 2nd 3rd
Notes:

MWwlZW <OZLWNm> WwlZW <OZLWNyd> WtDWwlZW <OZLWNyt'> YWwlZW <OZLWNm> WtDWwlZW <OZLWNyt'> YWwlZW <OZLWNd>

YWwW <OBYDWNym> kunm WtDWwW <OBYDWNyt'> kund YWwW <OBYDWNd> kunnd

Inarameograms,the1stsingularand1stpluralendingsarealwaysdistinguished:sing.<-m>plur.<-ym>. ForJWWP,wealsofindJWWP,etc.The2ndsingularofzay-issa,aa<zdyd,zdyydy>,etc.,youask(for). FormssuchasWtDWWtE(etc.)canbereadas<YHMTWNyt'>rasd(paststem)orrasd(3rdsing.present).

Thei mpe rati ve Theimperativehasnoendinginthe2ndsingularandisidenticalwiththepresentindicativeinthe1stand2nd plural.The2ndsingularpresentindicativeisalsooftenusedasimperative. Paradigms: Singular 2nd Plural 1st 2nd Singular 2nd Plural 1st

lAPwA <wpl>

br

swallow!

SWWP <pwrs>

purs

ask!

APwA <wplym> brm letusswallow! WtdlAPwA <wplyt'> brd swallow!(youall) LP <plmd>

JWWP <pwrsym> pursm letusask! WtJWWP <pwrsyt'> pursd ask!(youall)

framy

order!

daLP <plmdym> framym letusorder! 2nd WtdaLP <plmdt'> framyd order!(youall)

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 Singular 2nd Plural 1st

LESSON7

WwW <OBYDWN>

kundo!

WwlZW <OZLWN>

awgo!

YWwW <OBYDWNym> kunmletusdo! YWwlZW <OZLWNm> awm letusgo! 2nd WtDWwW <OBYDWNyt'> kund WtDWwlZW <OZLWNyt'> awdgo!(youall)
Notes: Theimperativeoftocomeistheregulary,yd,butawar<LPNE>award<LPNEyt'>(seeabove)isalso common. baw-become,behastheirregular2ndsingularimperative:WWwE<YHWWN>bbe! U SES OF THE PRE SE NT A ND THEI MPE RA TIVE Pre sent in dicat ive Thepresentindicativeisusedforactionstakingplaceinthepresentorfutureandforgeneralstatements,e.g.:

dngwndkthustheysay(aresaying):... agaramhstydwehdnabzagSpitmnahlawZarduxtamhtdahmdagr-xwadyhifyoupraise thegood,purednoftherighteousSpitamnZarduxt,(then)weshallgivetoyoulong-lastingkingship azdwnuddruzngarnzynudwizendpadOhrmazddmnbawdtherewillbeheavydamageandharmto Ohrmazdscreaturesfromthedemonsandlie-demons GanngMnyhagrizazpetyraghnwarddtheFoulSpiritwillnever(hagriz...n)turnawayfrombeingthe Adversary(ofOhrmazdscreation) taxgwdknwaxmudbgwdkntazamthefiresays:Iwillnotblaze!thewatersays:Iwillnot run/flow!

Impera ti ve Theimperativeexpressescommands,e.g.:

andarhamahlnrtanudarbudhuambbehumbleandamenableandbenevolentwithrespectto(= toward)thoseofequalsocialstanding! SnsgwdkKayrawuddnstyKayHusrydnbstydSnssays:Go,Kay,andpraisethedn (dn)!KayHusrypraisesthedn

Withthe2ndsingularendingoftheindicative:

zayZarduxtazamhkamahrspandhmdtrdhaskus,OZarduxt,(us),theamahrspands,forthis generousgifttoyou!

The1stpluralexpressesanexhortationtooneself,e.g.:

tabkrzrkunmletusdobattleuntilnight(-fall)! ZarduxtbgtybdahmletusgiveZarduxttotheworld!

Theimperativeisnegatedwithmadonot,whichusuallyprecedestheverbbutcanalsobeseparatedfromit,e.g..

SsnPbagguftk-mwizendudzynmakunSsnsaidtoPbag:donotdoharmanddamagetome! padnkhgtywistxmabdonotbeconfidentin(donotrelyupon)anygoodnessofthisworld! zamnmapyu-zanDonotlinger(hesitate)any(amountof)time,and(=but)killhim!

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LESSON7

amhmardmadwnstydyou,men,donotpraisethedws! artgkawmanhrawfrzdastypadndastesmstanudfrztaxbarOwoman,whoaregoing (there),donotgothere!Washyourhand!Withthathandtakefirewoodandcarryittothefire!

S UBJEC T AND VER B AGREE ME NT Whenthesubjectisthepluralofananimatenoun(humansoranimals)thepredicateisusuallyintheplural,but inthepasttensetheauxiliary(hnd)issometimesomitted.Whenthesubjectisnotexpressed,theauxiliarycannot usuallybeomitted:

andyndxynazbunagandaswryndandmrndudandabzawndhowmanyXynswillbecoming fromthecamp?Howmanywillcomeonhorseback?Howmanywilldie?Andhowmanywillgoback? udpasawnhaftmardbniasthndandthenthosesevenmensatdown u-mnpadragmadawnwiderdagnruwnandthesoulsofthosedepartedcametomeetus

Collect ive noun s Collectivenounsinthesingularcantakeapluralverb:

grh-wyndudrstgrnahrtBblgrndonegroupwillcome,andtheywilltaketheprovincesofIran (alltheway)toBabylon

Whenthesubjectisaninanimatenounthepredicateisusuallyinthepluralwhentheindividualityisemphasized, alsowhenthenounhasnopluralending:

gwdpaddnknazdistkffrzrustHariburzudaznpashamgkffrzrusthndpad18slitsaysinthe dn:Thefirstmountain(that)grewup(is)Hariburz.Andfromthat,afterward,allthemountainsgrewupin 18years.

V ER BAL P A RTICLE S Therearetwokindsofnegations,withnandma,andthreecommonverbalparticleswithmodalfunctions: ham,b,and. Ne gat ions Torecapitulate:Thenormalnegationsaren(a<LA>)andma(oA,A<AL>)(do)not!,bothofwhich wehaveseenmanytimes,e.g.:

g-imakmagmandmangmadahdthendonotgivemehashishunwillingly(i.e.,ifIdonotwantit)

Itisusedalsoinotherpersonstoexpressletnot!e.g.:

maxynrasndletnottheXyonianscome!

Noterepeatednandma,oftenwith-izeither,e.g.:

ntarzgkustaggrynkundnahlawnryudn-izdruwandnnxwadynryudn-izndahbedn thatbalancedoesnotdiptoanyside(i.e.,thewrongway):neitherfortherighteousnortheevil,neitherfor lordsnorgovernors nkrhgrdahlyhudmapadfrxhudmapadtanghudmapadrhaz-iwarddTakethatonepath, thatofrighteousness,anddonotturnfromitontoany(other)path,(n)eitherinwell-being(n)orindistress!

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LESSON7

Theparticle ha m Theparticleham(A<hmydy>)literallymeansever,foreverandisusedtoexpresscontinuingaction;it canberenderedbykeepdoingorsimilar,e.g.:

thamudham-rawinhforeverandever kmagGanngMnyhamwarzndtheykeepperformingthewill/wishoftheFoulSpirit OhrmazdamhkmardmhdhamgwdkpadkrudkerbagkerdantuxgbawdOhrmazdkeeps sayingtoyou(whoare)people:Bediligentinperforming(your)workandgooddeeds!

hamka(for)aslongas hamkawrinwrdxrafstardnwrdiynwrinforaslongasitrains,itrainsevilanimalslikerain Theparticle b Asanadverb,b(AWB<BRA>)meansout(from),away(from),andisoftenusedwithprepositions,asinb

to,allthewayto. Asaverbalparticle,oneofitsmostcommonfunctionsseemstobetoexpresscompletedaction,especiallywith pasttenses,butalsowiththepresent,andimperative,e.g.: Withthepresent:

kanhazrslbowandagbawdSrahlyhembzandwhentheninethousandyearsarecomplete,Srof theRewardswillsmiteWrath padabdomGanngMnynbawdandardmOhmrazdudpadfrazmbabeshdIntheend,theFoul Spiritwillnotbe(exist)inOhrmazdscreation,and,for(all)future,hewillbedestroyed

Withtheimperative:

bnigerdlook! winhandarhsrbmahilddonotletasinwithinamile(ofyou)!
Theparticle Theparticle(,A,3<y,d>;inscr.wwya,Man.hb )isusedwiththepresenttoexpressexhortationto otherthan2ndperson.Itcanusuallybetranslatedwithlet...! Itisnegatedwithma(ma)e.g.:
Note:Inthemanuscripts,isfrequentlyspelled<HNA>d,whichindicatesthatatthetimeofthemanuscriptswere written,thepronoundhadlostitsfinal-dandbecome.

paydgkmardmnyazzanbandditiswellknown:Letamanclosehismindtowomen! kamehruwn-dstarmehawdWhenthegreater=olderloves(his)soulmore,letthegreatergo! akambrydnmatuxdLethimnotlaborsoforthesakeofhisbelly! SpitmnZarduxttzmanbrasdpadtuxghSpitmnZarduxttzudmannigzddnOhrmazd udZarduxt.

Notet...ma...sothatnot,lest,e.g.:

tazsphdumennxynmamndsothatnoXynremainsofthearmyoftheenemies

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LESSON7

SENTENCES7
Analyzethefollowingsentences,andidentifythearameograms:

/ YWtDWK WTCW nYwL ABwY< ^ WtdA !WJW WTWKwD x

? !

andarDnkardnask-wastDuzd-sar-nizadxwnnd IntheDnkard,thereisabookwhichtheycallstruckdownontheheadofthethief
Note:Cf.Yt.10.40Eventheirwell-wieldedaxes/well-brandishedcudgels,whenstruckdownupontheheadsofmen...

WklAWkA ^ WwaZ elYp W esAkAWfJwlA WWP WItjlA| awAwA WkAtDP WWwY<wA WwD> EW WWP / WTWWwE A EwwL q

? 2

padweh-dnwnpaydgkohrmazdblistgpadharwisp-ghhudwehhzamnakanrag abarrnhhambd. InthegooddnitisthusevidentthatOhrmazdwasonhighinthelightinomniscienceandgoodnessforan endlesstime

^ nYwL WN WWwSC WkAwawA WWWtdA nLW WtDWNtHW nPW ^ EkaHAWT WWwlaP N L WN / WtDWNtHW WwaTwwA ^ g<zM W WtDWwsE nD WWP WwaWtM

?3

knazfrrntuxghxwxwardydnhomngiynksarmardmnpaddastdrdudmazg mardmnxward Hewhodoesnoteatfromhisowngooddiligence,heislikesomeonewhoholdspeoplesheadsinhishands andeatspeoplesbrains. / WtDWwLTW oA WtDWtjA Nw WWP aZ tA W Z OW Y>W WtDpAtHwA WWK ? 4 WtDWWwE YvYc WwAnwY N TtDWwLPW lZ OWNw WwATtA nM nnawetbdtzryudkazrypadamwndmapyd ka-tnamzrybaddazdumennabbmbawd Now,hurrytothesea!And,whenyouseetheseawith(yourown)eye(s),donotlinger! For,whenyoureyesfallonthesea,youwillbewithoutfearoftheenemies

33 WwaHnLW N W AWbY W nYW WTWwaZ !WtwY. a 333 WWP YwaHM W HM N / YWNwA WTWWwE nYW ^ Nt W a WkaA W ? Y>KW W O ^ YWNwA WTWWwE WtwY.

? 23

azMayudMaynypadnmhuxt-wzdzanudmardudazawnauxtbdhndnarudmdag. udhamgbrdudxwahzanbdhnd FromMayudMayny,withinninemonths,acouplewasborn,womanandman,and,fromthose(two), therecamesixcouples,maleandfemale.Andtheywereallbrotherandsister-wife.

WtWtjA W wlgLwA ^ A WWwSC YWnYWkY lAtjA YBK WWkmaJ ^ YwLWB ^ lAWP WTPWwYC WWP / WtDWtDwA L el<J W WtdlAPwA E> WwD>na WN

? 33

padnwadpuhlbulandsahmgenwashamstrstndiynXemxurdruudAstwihd khmyndmbrdudsagrhndnd Atthehighandfrighteninginwadbridge,manyopponentsarestanding:Wrathwith-the-bloody-cluband Astwihd,whoswallowstheentirecreationandknowsnosatiety.

Y>WV aH WtWtjA WwdA WtDWwlZW LtdmA ^ nsLK OW LtDvA ^ WtHWP N tA ATwWA / WtDWWtdmL nLWC OW x

? 34

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LESSON7

mardmkaazputpidarakombmdarawdg-iAstwihddwband-wandargrwabgand Whenahumangoesfromthefathersloinstothemotherswomb,then(=atthattime)thedemonAstwihd throwsaropeabouthisneck.

/ WtDWwLPW nLWC N Y>WB WVwla ^ EwWWKwA nPW ^ WWP EwlYTW AWB N oa

pasazb-widerinhpadnxwhukuninhnahlawbandazgrwbbadd Afterhispassing(away),onaccountofhisgooddeedstheropeoftherighteousfallsaway.

. 44

TEXTS7
T E XTS 7 .1
FromtheaccountofthelastdaysintheBundahin

pasmardmmardmbnsndkruwnruwntantanbnsdknmanastpidnmanastbrdudnman astzan. pasbawdhanamanIsadwstarnkmardmpadnzamgbestnd. andarnhanamanharwkasnk-kuninhudwad-kuninhxwwnnd. ahlawandardruwandwnpaydgiyngspandspdandarnsybawd. pasahlawazdruwandudgkunndudahlawGardmnnaynduddruwandabzdoxabgannd. ud3(s)rzabdoxgtanmandgynmandandardoxpdifrhwidrndudahlawandarGardmn tanmandn3rzaburwhmenhwnd. Thenpeoplewillknow(recognize)people,i.e.,soulswillknowsouls(and)bodiesbodies(knowingthat)thisis myfather,thisismybrother,andthisismywife. ThencomestheassemblyofIsadwstar,where(inwhich)peoplewillstandonthisearth. Inthatassembly,allwillseewhatgoodtheydidandwhatbadtheydid. Therighteouswillbeasevidentamongthewickedasawhitesheepamongtheblack. Thentheywillseparatetherighteousfromthewicked.AndtheyleadtherighteoustoGardmnandthrowthe wickedbackintoHell. And,forthreedays(and)nights,theHell-bound,theywillsufferpunishmentinHellinbodyandsoul,andthe righteous(one)inGardmnwillsee(=experience)blissinbodyforthreedays(and)nights.

T E XTS 7 .2
Mhnyyin3.4,translationfromAvestanandcommentary.

iynka mh waxdi ynka mh ni rfsd 15 (panzdah)k a mh wax d15 kamh n irfsd 15rzazgtynkrudkerbagpadrdudazmnynmizdudpdn ud15rzmnynkrudkerbagbabesprdgtynmizdudpdn nkhmhprzgarazkt15rzazmnynnkhudfarroxhpadrd udaz15tbowandagh30(sh)rzpadgtynbaxd udaznkrzkangbabznpadmhbawdtbowandagh30rzrnhudnkhazmnynpadrd gtynabesprdmizdudpdn How(isit)whenthemoonwaxes?How(isit)whenthemoonwanes? Fifteenwhenthemoonwaxes.Fifteenwhenthemoonwanes.

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LESSON7 Forfifteendays,itreceivesalltheactivitiesofthoseinthisworldandrewardsandcountergiftsfromthosein theotherworld. Andforfifteendays,ittransferstheactivitiestothoseintheotherworld,tothoseinthisworldtherewardsand countergifts. Thegoodnessofthevictoriousmoon:fromdayoneto(day)fifteen,itreceivesfromthoseintheotherworld goodnessandgoodfortune. Andfromdayfifteentothecompletionofthirty(days),itdistributesitamongthoseinthisworld. Andfromthatdayone,when(itis)new,thereis(b...bawd)increaseinthemoon,tothecompletionofthirty (days),itreceiveslightandgoodnessfromthoseintheotherworld(and)transfersrewardsandcountergifts tothoseinthisworld.

EXERCISES7

1.IdentifytheverbsinTexts1-2thatarespelledwitharameograms. 2.Addthetranscriptions/transliterationstothesesentencesandtranslatethem:

/ WtTW AWB t YWNwA Wt WWwL WKtJWK NwY OW ^ nYW W AWvY ^ eLP 2

?!

ndaswrmardudzannkustagrnmadhndkaybwiderd

/ YwYw elwA x nMT WWK W YNwA WTWwlZW WcDWwa OW AWB WwaJ WkaA N oa W

? 2 ?3

<WAHLMNZKhmk'gyhn'BRAOLylnwyc'OZLWNt'HWEdWKONTMEBYNhwlyhzywynd> WtDWWtE WwaD OW WKPWK NwY Y>WtDwA Y>WNwA WWK ^ ATwwA WtJWWP awAwA N WthAWtZ

/ WwaH OW WPw>
<zltwht'MNwhrmzdpwrsyt'AYKANWTAYKONHWEdYDOYTNdAYKZNEkrpk'OLyzdn' YHMTWNyt'dwp'OLDYAn'> EwaP NwY W AfJc

MWkL OW AWB WtjYwlYWWT MwY 34 Y>W WcYW AtA NwL / WtDWwLTK AWB AWvY NwY q

. 4

amArdWirzthaftrztan-drustbamabesprmudnnmfarrxhabarnmardbmnd WtDWwLTW oA AwY>W WcdA nMT / WtDWWtE aZ OW YW WtdlABwY WtDWwrrmY WWWtdA WwAwA / WtDWwLT WkAwD WWP AWB
<ldwn'ytwn'YMLLWNyt'AYKdwblyt'ODOLzlydyYHMTWNyt'.TMEyc'ODNAALNTLWNyt BRAPWNgywk'YKTLWNyt'>

? 23

EtH W Wwma W EwajA W elAwA W EwwL W WwaHwY W WthAW daW kL OW Y>W WWtD AWB / YWwlY>kM WwE>WfJWwaA W awAwA N nMT ^ WwABwla Y WwE>tP W WthAW x Y eY>WBwA W

. 33

byttnimyamwahituddoxudrnhudxwrhudsnhudrminuddh udhubyhandarwahitudpdnahlawnnhazOhrmazdudamahrspandnpadrnd. Note:Rememberthatcanbeeithertheconnectingparticleorarelativepronoun.

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 3.MatchthePahlaviwordswiththeirtranscriptions: saPtP

LESSON7

nh ArdWirz aswr aswr brd drd w farroxh frstd ham harwkas hayr wdn kay mnd mazdsnn mizd nm nkh niast

ftnd zannd pdifrh pad-iz paygmbar p h sph ud u-tn Wahman Waran Witsp xrad xwah Xyn yal yazdn zand zndagh

a afJ AklM A eLP cYW AtA CWWP EKwYW EkY>Ww EwaP >M lAbsA lABwsA LbmAtDP lY nMT Nt AWK YP t

WwAtja WwATc WcdA WfjAtHW WNwAW WtA WtDWtda WtDWwLTK WtDWwsE WtDWWwH WtJWWvYtD WTWwlZW WwAtDwE WwLW WWw YWwLPW YWwLT WwaD

4.Transliterate,transcribe,andtranslatethefollowingsentences:

/ YNwA WtJWWvYtD nMT W YNwA WTWwlZW YP WwAtja ^ WNCwA x WcYW AtA ^ Nt WTc WtDWWwH WwAwa WwEWw OW AWB NwL ^ a Wtja MWkL oA YWWWnY WWWtdA oa / EtH W EKwYW WfJwlA AWbY nLW N WwanM WtdaLP WWWtdA AklM WfjAtHW WtDWtda WnwY WwaD ^ sAWW LWP ^ LKKCB Y WWw W WtDWwlZW WcWP MWkL WWK ? lY<CwlYP ^ lY WtDWWwE AWB WwAtDwE ^ EwaP W WwATc WtDWwLTK oA WWw WcdA WwAnwY ^ afJ N Y>W / EwBwLA W A Y>W / WtWWtwA WwaWtM ^ WWT x ^ a 3 CNwY / YWwsE a WCwlY 3 W aD YWw 3 a 3 NwY WWP / WtDWwsE a A W aD WNwAW Www WWP / WtDWwsE a WwLW W aD WtA WwBwY WWP WtDWwsE a YWw WkAwY W aD YWw WkAwYfJ WwWWK WWP
Note:nihdisthepasttense:(are)placed.

?!

?2

.3

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LESSON7

5.TranslateintoPahlaviandwriteinPahlaviatleastfoursentences,includingatleasttwoofthelongerones: 1. Gaymardslifewas30years.Afterthathedied. 2. Zarduxt,theMazdayasniansmessenger,willbringOhrmazdsdntoKingWitsp. 3. Now,Ohrmazd,showmeheavenandhellandtherewardoftherighteousandthepunishmentoftheevil! 4. Alwaysbetruthfulandgenerous(so)that(t)youwillbehappyafterdeath![singularandplural] 5. PraiserighteousnessandscornthedemonslikeZarduxtpraisesthemandscornsthem! 6. Attheinwadbridge(there)standthreehelpersandthreeopponents. 7. FromthatbridgethewickedfallintoHell,buttherighteousgotoHeaven. 8. LetPiytanandhishorsemengoforth,andletthemkilltheenemies! 9. DonotlettheXioniansstriketheherosofIran! 10. Everybodyinthisworldhas(<thereisfor...!)sinsin(his)handandfoot(=commitssinswithhishands andfeet).

ADDITIONALREADINGS7

A DD IT IO NALRE AD INGS 7 .1
FromMnyxrad2.110-115

padzndaghwistxmab-tabdommarghabarrasd udnassagudwaykirrndudastagzamgftd. udtsrz-abnruwnpadblntannind. udrzahrmandarbmpadabghSrahlyudWywehudWahrmamwand udhamstrhAstwihdudWywadudFrazitdwudNizitdw uddukm-kerdrhXemang-kerdrxurdru tinwadpuhlawdbulandsahmgen kharwahlawuddruwandawimadr. Donotrelyonlife,because,intheend,deathwillcometoyou. Anddogsandbirdswillcutupthecorpse,andtheboneswillfallontheground. Andforthreedaysandnigths,thesoulsitsattheheadboardof(thebedwhere)thebody(lies). And,onthefourthday,atdawn,(itgoes)accompaniedbySrowiththerewards,thegoodWy,andthe powerfulWahrm andwiththeoppositionofAstwihd,theevilWy,thedemonsDrag-forthandDrag-down, andWrathwhoonlyfulfillsevilwishesanddoesevilthings,hewiththebloodyclub, itgoestotheinwadbridge,tallandfearsome, towhich(k...awi)everyrighteousandwickedmustcome(thereiscoming).

A DD IT IO NALRE AD INGS 7 .2
FromDnkard7.1.21

udandarwehdnpadgwinddrOhrmazdampaydgk gnmanghnfrynkmaragwbkunudgnmanghnwlnkfrabihtarbkun udgazmanpadrghnsryinudparwarin udslrhudabar-nighdrhdnbkunkkasabarydidrudzynnkund

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LESSON7 AndintheGoodDnitisevidentfromthecreatorOhrmazdswordstoam: Sofurtherthisworldofmine!i.e.,makethenumbermore!Andthenincreasethisworldofmine!i.e.,makeit fatter! Andthenacceptfrommetoprotectandfosterthisworld! Andgovernitandlookafterit!(i.e.)sothatnobodycancausehurtandharmtooneanother!

A DD IT IO NALRE AD INGS 7 .3
AfterPand-nmag29-44

/ WtDWwLTK a WTWkA WkPWK W lAK T WcW oA WfjaHWB / LTBwlSwA MwYc WWP ^ lYcH nM WwYCW lawY WWP ^ nYW / WtdE a WwaY ^ lAtjA YWfJwaA WtDWnA W WtDWwA x T WwW oA EwYwYWweaY / WtDWWtE L YUW WwEwYWP WWP W Wwa WweAP4 W WweAP2 WWP T WwW OA EwlABwYWtHW / WtDWWtE a WwABwL OW WwaY ^ lAtjA T WtJ OA WKN! / YwHK a WwaHwY> OW aH sAWW T Ww oA lAwlahYP nl N Ww laV WwaYcH W WwaD W WNtHW nPW ^ EkahAWT WwlaP N W WWwaD WkahAWT
bspmawarzk-tkrudkerbagakerdnmnd. zanpad-ghrwiznnwehpadabdomhusrawtar. dryn-yinhmakunk-tandarhorddudamurddamahraspandstrgarnnahd. wid-dwrinhmakunk-tpadd-pynudahr-pynzynudpadfrazendnwizendnrasd. k-mgmarawk-tstrgarnruwnnrasd. azpyprwrmakunk-tnwinhrydwdoxnkend. tuxgbudazfrrn-tuxghxwxwarudyazdnudwehnbahrkun Donotpracticesloth,sothatyourworkandgooddeedsdonotremainundone! Chooseawomanofgoodfamily,forthatoneisthebetteronewhointheendistheoneofbetterreputation! Donotspeakwhileeating,sothatnoheavysinagainstHordadandMurdadbefallsyou! Donotwalkaboutwithouttyingthekusti,sothatnoharmcomestoyourbipedsandquadripeds(thoseinyour householdontwoandonfour)andnodamagetoyourchildren! Donotwalkwithoneshoe,sothatnoheavysincomestoyoursoul! Donoturinatestandingup,sothat,onaccountofthatsin,thedemonsdonotdragyoutoHell! Workhard,andeatfromyourgoodhardwork,andgivethegodsandgood(people)(their)share!

GLOSSARYOFWORDSINTHETEXTSANDTHEEXERCISES7
Idioms padgyg atonce rhdr- watchtheroad,lieinwait;cf.rhdrhigwayrobber nmudfarroxh fameandfortune Nouns,adjectives,adverbs,pronouns:

abgh abar-nighdrh ab-bm

EkAc <kyh> eladaKwLc <pl-nkh-dlyh> YvYc <py-bym>

accompaniment;<abgtogetherwith watch,guard fearless,withoutfear(of:az)

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LESSON7

amwand snh astag str Astwihd bahr bln blistg band bsp ahr-py Dnkard d-py doxg dryn-yinh k-mg(w-mg) frabih,-tar frrn frazend(frazand) gty(gtyn) gynmand ham-rawinh hamstr hanaman harwisp husraw,-tar Isadwstarn udg
uxt

^WwaA EwajA WKtjA lAtjA WtWtjA WItjlAB Y>WB WfjaHWB P4 WTWKwD P2 WIwaHWY EwYwYWweaY WKN! LtDpLP,EpLP WwlaP YwYWP (WweYtJ)tJ YNwAwE EwBwlA lAtjA WNCwA WcJwAWK,WcJwlA LTBwlSwA,WBwlSwA WwatjAWtjY WkAtDwY

<mwnd> <snyh> <stk'> <stl>

powerful(Av.amauuant) ease(ofmind),freedomfromworry bone sin Astwihd,theBone-untier part,share theheadendofthebed,headboard,pillow locatedonhigh bond,rope sloth,thedemonofsloth(procrastination) quadruped,livingbeingonfourfeet nameofalargePahlavibook biped,livingbeingontwofeet Hell-bound,inhabitantofHell speakingwhileeating walkingwithoneshoe fat,fatter good(morally) offspring,child thisworld;ofthisworld(adj.) withsoul,insoul eternity opponent assembly every,all ofgoodfame,famous;morefamous adjectiveofIsadwstar,sonofZarduxt separated;+kun-:toseparate; +baw-:beseparated(from:az) pair,couple side,direction

<stwht'> laB <bhl> WwAB <blyn'> <blstyk'> <bnd> <bwsp'> <4-pd> <dynkrt'> <2-pd> <dwhwyk'> <dldn-ywdnyh> <1-mwk'> <plpyh,-tl> <pllwn'> <prznd> <gytydy,gytydn'> <yn'-wmnd> <hmydy-lwbnyh> <hmystl> <hncmn'> <KRA-ws',hlws'> <hwslwb',-tl> <ystwstl-n'> <ywbtk'>

kustag marag margh mny(mnyn) bm pdn pad-ghr parwarin py prwr r rn

AvwA WwEtP lawYWWP,lAwYWWP WwLwLP

count,number eglM <mlgyh> death,mortality (WwEWw)YWw <mynwd,mynwdn'> theotherworld;oftheotherworld(adj) <w-bm> <ptdn'> <plwln'> dawn;fromdawn+bmbrightness countergift,reward fostering,raising foot urination wound,harm,injury direction;...rn:inthedirectionof...

WtwY <ywht'> WKtJWK <kwstk'> WklM <mlk'>

<PWN-gwhl,-gwhl> ofgoodfamily

lAwlahYP <pylwl> <ly> WWwL <lwn'>

nl <LGLE>

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LESSON7

rz-abn d sahmgen slrh nyin sph spd SpengMny sryin sy tan-drust tanmand urwhmenh Waran wid-dwrinh hem(hem) xrad xurdru xwrtar Verbs: awetb-awetft fryn-frynd ah-ast nikh-nikhd nirfs- ns-nxt sty-std wln-nd warz-d wax-d widr-widrd wizn-wizd xwar-,xward

WwAcHCwL WtH WWkmaJ elEwD Www afJ WtDfJ YWw WkAwYfJ Ww:J aJ WtjYwlYWWT YNwAWWT EnawLwA WwLW EwlABwY WtHW A WtA wlgLwA LtAwA WTctHwA-WctHwA wdaP WtjY-aD AWKW ScW Wtw-sAw WTWtJ-tJ -wAW -cW -AW WtATWlATW WtDCWwYCW WNtHW

<lwcn'> <t'> <shmkn'> <srdlyh> <ndn'> <sph> <spyt'> <spynk'mynwd> <sldn'> <syd> <tn'-dlwdst'> <tn'-wmnd> <wlwhmnyh> <wln'> <wt'-dwblnyh> <hm> <hlt'> <hwldlw> <hwltl>

day-and-night happy terrible,terrifying leadership,government satisfaction,(by:pad)satisfying army white theLife-givingSpirit protection black healthy(inbody),ingoodhealth withbody,inbody blissfulness thedemonGreed goingaboutwithouttyingthekusti anger,thedemonWrath(demonofdarkness) wisdom with-the-bloody-club,epithetofXem lessserious,lessheavy(sin)

<wt-wtt'> <pldyn-> <yh-yst'> <nikh-> <nlps-> <ns-nht'> <std-stwt'> <wlyn-> <wlc-> <wh-> <wtl-t'> <wcyn-wcyt'> <OTEN->

hurry further jump,occur(to),befall blame,scorn,mock wane know(aperson),recognize topraise increase(something) performcultivate grow,wax gothrough,undergo,suffer choose eat,consume

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LESSON8
S PE LLING 7
Thephone me //( ) Thesoundmayhaveexistedinsomewords,especiallywordswithAvestan--,buttheevidenceisnotclear. MacKenzie,inhisDictionary,assumesthisbelongstothephoneme//(Adahg,etc.).Amongthepossible examplesarethefollowing: WkaDc <cdhk'> Adahg(Adahg) Av.AiDahka(dragonslainbyrataona,Pahl.Frdn)

Thesoundmayalsohavebeenusedindu-,abyformofdu-evil,bad,e.g.: WwswY <dw-dyn'> dudn(dudn) ofevildn,Av.dudana ExamplesofAvestan--inPahlaviincludethefollowingcommonterms: WcJ <syc'> se danger,Av.iiiajah;alsosomekindofimperfection(sexualimpotence?)

:jadwY <ywdsl> ydahr(ydahr) rituallyclean,Av.yaodra MWtDCwlA <hlwcdtwm> xrudtom(xrudtom) hardest,Av.xrudita Wwad<A <ghn'> agahn(agahn) lazy,indolent

WcjA <syc'>

ase

freefromdanger,freefromimperfection,Av.aiiiajah

A RAMAE OG RAMS ,N O UNS

Herearesomemorecommonarameograms: aJwS <SWSYA> asp horse
AWWT <TWRA>

AnA <HMRA> AnY <GMRA>

xar utur nn may zamn sl mh

donkey camel bread wine

AbLK <KLBA> AwYK <KYNA>

gw sag

bull,cow dog

gspand sheep gt
meat

aa <LHMA> a:A <HMLA> AwYW <ODNA> Tw <NT> AwYB <BYRH>

elSV <BSLYA>
<YWM> <LYLYA> <MHL>

at <MTLA> nD <GDE> Y<WP <PRG>

MwY year elgL month la (MwG) LtY

time rain

rz ab fradg

day night tomorrow yesterday

<YMTL(YWM)> d(-rz)

wrn

xwarrah fortune nm
half

nJW <OSGDE> namz AWtH <TRA>

lag

homage side

WBC <CBW> xr MwYN <MNDOM> tis

matter,possessions thing,something

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LESSON8

W O RDF O RMAT IO N 2.P REF I XES AND S UFFI XES 2

a- ( an - ) Adjectivesdenotinglackofsomethingareformedfromnounsorpresentstemsofverbsbymeansoftheprefixa- (an-beforevowels)un-,-less,without,etc.Theoppositesoftheseadjectivesareformedbymeansofthesuffixes -mandand-gen,onwhichseebelow.Nounsin-hcaninturnbeformedfromsuchadjectives,e.g.: dn-toknow adnwithoutknowledge,ignorant adnhignorance petyragadversary apetyragwithoutadversary apetyraghadversary-less-ness kanragborder akanragborderless akanraghborder-less-ness zarmnoldage azarmnunaging margdeath amargundying amarghimmortality (h)death ahimmortal ahhimmortality bmfear abmfreefromfear bharm abfreefromharm tazinrunning,flow(ofrivers) atazinnotflowing atazinhfact/stateofnotflowing Noteanrnnon-Iranian. ab- Adjectivesdenotinglackofsomethingcanalsobeformedfromnounsorpresentstemsofverbsbymeansofthe prefixab-(<y,yy>)without.Theoppositesoftheseadjectivesareformedbymeansofthesuffixes-mand and-genfullof,onwhichseeLesson9.Examples: mizagtaste ab-mizagtasteless bmfear ab-bmwithoutfear ab-bmhfearlessness winhsin ab-winhsin-less,havingnosin ab-winhhsinlessness gumndoubt ab-gumnhavingnodoubt ab-gumnhstateofnon-doubt pad- wit h Afewadjectivesareformedwithpad-.Theyarenoteasytorecognize,lookinglikeprepositionalphrases,e.g.: ghrsubstance,descent pad-ghrofsubstance,of(good)descent parrwing pad-parrwinged ddlaw pad-ddlegitimate,accordingtothelaw drlie pad-drlying,untruthful bunbeginning pad-bunhbeingatthebeginning hu- ~ du - Nounscanbeformedfromothernounsbymeansoftheprefixeshu-anddu-andmeanagoodX,abadX,e.g.: pdixyking hupdixyagoodking hupdixyhagoodrule dupdixyabadking dupdixyhabadrule Morecommonly,adjectivesareformedfromnounsbymeansoftheprefixeshu-anddu-meanhavinggood/bad X.Notethatdu-becomesdu(s)-beforesand,sometimes,du-beforevoicedstops,e.g.: meninthinking hu-meninhavinggoodthinking du-meninhavingbadthoughts" gwinspeaking,speech hu-gwinhavinggoodspeech du-gwinhavingbadspeech kuninaction,deeds hu-kuninhavinggooddeeds du-kuninhavingbaddeeds dn,technicalterm hu-dnhavingagooddn du-dnhavingabaddn srawreputation husrawofgoodfame,famous dusrawofbadfame,infamous

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LESSON8

NotethefollowingformsfromAvestan: humad(humat) dumad(dumat) Man.dwmtyh =hu-menin du-menin hxt duhxt Man.dwxwptyh =hu-gwin du-gwin huwart duhuwart Man.dwwtyh =hu-kunin du-kunin Sometimesthemeaningismodifiedandcannotbepredictedfromtheindividualcomponents: ihrappearance hu-ihrbeautiful du-ihrugly ameye hu-ambenevolent du-amenvious ghaware du-ghignorant - g , - k Themostcommonsuffixforformingadjectivesfromnounsis-g,withthelesscommonvariant-k,e.g.: bwater bglvinginwater zamgearth zamgglivingonearth hrmyaRoman hrmygRoman(adjective) doxHell doxgdenizenofHell abznincrease abzngmakingincrease abznghincrease warangreed waranggreedy waranghgreediness trdarkness trkdark trkhdarkness nazdnearness,vicinity nazdknear -g Thissuffixmakesagentnounsfromverbs: dn-know dngknowledgeable;awiseman dnghbeingknowledgeable saz-fit sazgfitting,appropriate tuwn-beable tuwngable,mighty tuwnghability,might tux-bediligent,strive tuxgdiligent tuxghdiligence C OMPOU ND S 1 Wehavealreadyseenmanyexamplesofcompounds,thatis,wordsformedbycombiningotherwords,withor withoutsuffixes.Somecommontypesofcompoundsarerepresentedbythefollowing: harwispall+ghaware >harwisp-ghomniscient,all-knowing >harwisp-ghhomniscience rsttruthful+gwinspeech >rst-gwinoftruthfulspeech,truthful >rst-gwinhspeakingthetruth dmcreation+dahinestablishing >dm-dahin >dm-dahinhestablishmentofthecreation krwork+nmagwrittendocument >kr-nmagbookofdeeds uzdsidol+parist-toworship >uzds-paristidol-worshipper >uzds-paristinhidol-worship +kerdmadewith/from: zarrn-kerdmadefromgold,withgold(thread,etc.)

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LESSON8

+psdadornedwith: harwisp-psdadornedwithevery(adornment) zarrn-psdadornedwith(adornments)ofgold asmn-psdadornedwith(adornments)ofsilver ghr-psdadornedwithjewels pronouns+wordsmeaningmanner,kind,etc. -wnagwhatkindof dn-ihragthistypeof,ofthistype G RAMMAR 8 T HE PLU RAL ENDING - H ThepluralendingaD--hexpressesindividualplurality,e.g.,kfh(all)the(individual)mountains.This pluralformtakesthepluraloftheverb,e.g.:

SpahnudPrsudkustaghabrgSpahn(Isfahan),Prs,andtheotherareas xrafstarparrwarandarsrghzamgudhndthewingedevilanimalswentintotheholes(cavities)ofthe earth TitarwrnkiwarhwrdTitarrainstherainontothecontinents zryhazwrnTitarbdhndtheoceansbecame(cameintoexistence)fromTitarsrain abrgkfhazHarburzfrzrusthndtheother(=remaining)mountainsgrewforthfromHarburz dn-ihraghngarmnsardthingsofthistypeareneitherwarmnorcold

T HE PO ST POSI TION R Y ThepostpositionL<ld>ryplaysaveryimportantroleinPahlavisyntaxandhasseveralfunctions.Wehave alreadyseenitusedwithtobetoexpresspossession.Otherexamples:

Pbagrypus-wbdabyingPbaghadaniceson. PbagryfrazendnbdPbaghadnochild udyWirzryhaftxwahbdandthatWirzhadsevensisters amhaftxwahrybrdnkastwesevensistershaveonlythisonebrother

Itsotherprincipalfunctionsare: forthesakeofandindirectobject(insteadof)

tanruwnrybabesprdhegivesover(givesup)hisbodyforthesakeofhissoul pidudmdfrazendxwrynkrudkerbagpazpnzdahslbhammzndlettheparentsteachtheir childthesesecularandreligiousactivitiesbeforetheageoffifteen(beforefifteenyears)

onaccountof,becauseof

ryforwhatreason,why? ryxwstagdnkamwhyispropertysoscarce? dryforthisreasonthat,because hamimryforthesamereason,forthatveryreason harwisp-ghhOhrmazdrybecauseofOhrmazdsomniscience,becauseOhrmazdknows/knewall

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 about,regarding,asfor

LESSON8

mayrypaydgkregardingwine,itiswellknownthat bzspdrygwdkmrpad-parrzandaboutthewhitefalconitsaysthatitkillsthewingedsnake
A DJEC TIVES .C O MPA RA TIVE AND S UPE RLA TIVE Thecomparativeofadjectivesisregularlyformedwiththeending-tarandthesuperlativewith-tom. InManicheantexts,thesuffixesbecame-darand-domaftervoicedconsonants,butPersianhastheformswith-t-, whichareusedhere,e.g.: Comparative Superlative

abzag abzagtar, abzagtom pure,purer,purest. rman rmantar rmantom polluted,morepolluted,mostpolluted xwr xwrtar xwrtom light,lighter,lightest(i.e.,describingsins) garn garntar garntom heavy(serious),heavier,heaviest(i.e.,describingsins) Whentheadjectiveendsin-t,sometimesonlyone<-t->iswritten,e.g.,saxt-tarharderspelled<shtl>beside <shttl>.
Irregularforms. Thefollowingirregular(suppletive)comparativesandsuperlativesshouldbenotedcarefully: Comparative Superlative

xb wazurg kdag
kam garn was

e>W,lYp Ltja,sM SK YK lY YW eLP,LP

weh meh,mahistar keh kem gry w

(MwAP)MwlaP pahlom(pom) good,better,best

Wtja,Wtja mahist WtjSK kahist WtjMK kamist

gryist

great,greater,greatest small few,alittle;fewer,fewest heavy(serious) more much,more,most highest(point)

(blyheight)

fry,freh

WtjLP, WtjLP fryist,frahist WtjlAV blist

Notes: Thereisalsoanadjectivewehgooddifferentfromwehbetter,whichismainlyusedintheexpressionwehdn thegooddn,whichcorrespondstoAvestanvahdan(thecomparativewehcorrespondstoAvestanvahiiah). Wealsofindformssuchaspahlomtar. InManicheanMiddlePersianwefindboth<why>and<wyh>,<mhy>and<meh>forwahy,wehandmahy, meh.Pahlavihas<ms>correspondingtoManichean<mhy>,andmahistarisbasedonmahist(unlessitisa distortionofmah-tar?). Thevariousspellingsoffryandfrayist(Avestanfriiahandfrata<*frayita)indicateanalogicalleveling.If theforms<plyh-plhst'>are,indeed,forfreh-frahist[thusMacKenzie,Dictionary],theymusthavebeenchanged inanalogywithkeh-kahist. Notethefollowingexpressions,whichcharacterizethesoulthatisgoingtoParadise:

fry-humadfry-hxtfry-huwarthavingthoughtmoregoodthoughts,havingspokenmoregoodwords,having performedmoregoodacts(thanbadones).

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 Fromderivedadjectivesandcompounds: awinh awinhtar huthmag huthmagtar hufrahaxt hufrahaxttar abgumn abgumntar xwarrahmand xwarrahmandtar tom-arzng tom-arzngtar Fromadverbs: frz forward abar above azabar above azr below

LESSON8

awinhtom huthmagtom hufrahaxttom abgumntom xwarrahmandtom tom-arzngtom

(more/most)freefromsin ofgood/better/bestlineage well/better/best-trained (more/most)freefromdoubt (more/most)endowedwithfortune (more/most)worthyofdarkness

frztar abartar azabartar azrtar

moreforward,future(time) higher fartherabove fartherbelow

frztom abartom azabartom azrtom

mostforward highest farthestabove farthestabove

Note:Intheinscriptions,wefindtheform<plstly>frstar,whichshowsthatthesuffixwas-tar,not-dar.

Theending-domisfoundinsomeadverbialformsthathaveonlythesuperlative: fradom MWtP first abdom MwYc final bdom Notealso wtom

MWtDV

outermost

nidom

MWtDW lowermost

MWTw

oneandthesame

Usesof the co mpa rat ive: tha n Toexpresscomparisons,than,theprepositionazortheconjunctionk,occasionallyiyn,isused:

nmardazmanmehthatman(is)biggerthanme spazghgarntarkdghslanderisaheavier(sin)thansorcery u-xwatarsahistnbyiynharwispbyxwa-padzndagnpadwngabarudandthatsmellseemedto himmorepleasantthaneverypleasantthathadcometohisnoseinlife

Notetheconstructionwithrelativepronouns:

ArdWirzwnbdiynmard-wktpadgtybdazysndarudxwatarudhuramtarnbdArd Wirzwaslikeamanthanwhom,whilehewasinthisworld,therewasnoonemoreatease,morepleased, andmorecheerful

Withnaztheone...-erthan:

naztkehthatonewho(is)smallerthanyou(rself),theonesmallerthanyou

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LESSON8

Usesof the supe rlat ive Thesuperlativeisused1.toexpressahighdegreeofsomething;2.themostoustandingofagroup(+possessive) oramong(+az)others,e.g.:

aznmagdwnbmadgandagtomwdfromthedirectionofthedemonscamethefoulestwind kyazdnmahistudkmardnpahlomwhoisthegreatestofgods,andwhoisthebestof/amongmen? OhrmazdazmnynabzngtomOhrmazd,themostlife-giving(Av.spta)of/amongbeingsintheworldof thought

WithnandnazthemostX(of):

nbazzag-wntomxrafstarrmantomgandagtomtheevilanimalperformingtheworstkindsofevildeeds, thefilthiest,andthefoulest nazharwispnpahlomthebestoneofall

A RA MEOG RA MS 6 .V E RB S 4 Herearesomecommonandlesscommonarameograms: -WWiLW <OLYKWN-> wirz-wirxt -WwDB <BKYWN->

flee weep share,divide(equally) wash

gry-grst bax-baxt y-ust

-WWklA <HLKWN->

-WwllA <HLLWN->

Note:WwllA<HLLWN>y(imperative)isalsousedforthenounywash,mannerofwashing.

-WwABk <KBHWN-> -Wtj <DYTN-> -WNBcD <YCBEN-> -W <MDMEN->

-WwLc <HPLWN->

-WnlA <HLMWN->

xuftxufs- kan-kand nibay-nibast

*wih-wist

sleep dig(out),destroy lie(down) shoot(arrow) seem wish believe

sah-sahist km-kmist wurry-,wurryist

-Wn <HYMN(W)N->

T HE VER B . T HEP RE SEN T PERFE CT A ND THE P A ST PE RFEC T Thepresentandpastperfectareformedwiththepresentandpastoftheauxiliaryestdanest-,e.g.,-WnYWI

WTWwlZW

udest-<OZLWNt'YKOYMWN->havegone: Pre sent pe rfect Singular Plural 1st udestam MWnYWI WTWwlZW 1st 2nd udest WnYWI WTWwlZW 2nd 3rd udestd WtDWnYWI WTWwlZW 3rd

udestm udestd udestnd

YWnYWI WTWwlZW WtDWnYWI WTWwlZW Y>WnYWI WTWwlZW

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LESSON8 Past pe rfec t Plural WtWnYWI WTWwlZW 1st 2nd 3rd

Singular 1st 2nd 3rd

udestdhamMNwA

udestdhmYNwA WtWnYWI WTWwl udestdhdWtDNwA WtWnYWI WTWwl udestdhndY>NwA WtWnYWI WTWwlZW

udestdhNwA WtWnYWI WTWwlZW udestd WtWnYWI WTWwlZW

Theoriginalmeaningofthistensewasstateresultingfrompreviousactionorotherevent,e.g.,dnnibitestd itiswrittenthus,withemphasisontheactualpresenceofwriting,notonthefactthatitwaswrittenatsome specificmomentinthepast.So,udestdmeanshehasgonewiththeimplicationthatheisnowaway,asin Englishhehasgone(andisnowgone). Notethatwhenthemainverbistransitive,theperfectispassive.Thisalsoimpliesthatthereisnoagentor performerofactionintheperfect.

Note:InlaterPahlavi,however,theperfectacquiresthemeaningoftheregularpastandpluperfecttenses.

Examples:

iyngurdarttrkzrypaymxtestdlikeawarrior(arttr)hero(gurd)whoisdressedinarmor sphhomngkkrzrbaxtestdlikeanarmythathasbeen(andnowis)partitioned(distributed)for battle padkr-nmagArdaxrPbagndnnibitestdinthebookofdeedsofArdaxrsonofPbagitiswritten asfollows ArdawnandarkkxuftestdArdawanhadgonetosleep(andwaslyingasleep)inapavilion Ssnpadpl-wrstagspdniastestdSasanwasseatedonawhite,adorned,elephant nhmpadnwanabarrustestdthathmhadgrown(andnowwasfullygrown)on(pad...abar)thattree

SENTENCES8
Analyzethefollowingsentences,andidentifythearameograms: murwntanazparrpaymxtestd Thebodyofbirdsisdressedinfeathers.

/ WtDWnYWI WtNTP LP N WWT WwAwLN

? ! ? 2

/ WtWnYWI WTWwW glmA EWwlaP WWP WWT WtHAWtZ ^

nZarduxttanpadfrrnhamargkerdstd Zarduxtsbodyhadbeenmade(andisnow)immortalby(his)goodness

/WtDWnYWI WtJWTP Y<wLWTc OW 1Y>WV 1LwYK AWK N LwYK 34 N

azhaftkiwarazharwkiwar-wband-wHaftringpaywastestd Fromeachsinglecontinentfromthesevencontinents,abondisconnectedtotheBigDipper.

? 3

/ WtDWnYWI WTWK x WtJ WWT WWP WtJWK WkaA WkmE WkmE tA AWvY Y WkAwawA WWP WimY>

? 4

zamgpadhomngmard-wka-magmaghamgkustpadtansaxtandarkerdestd Theearth(is)likeaman,whenvariouspiecesofclothinghavebeenplacedfirmlyonhisbodyonallsides.

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LESSON8

AWT WtHAWtZ ^ EKwAP WWP WwABwla ^ lawLP LwYB 333 W W 33 W =33 / YWnYWI WtawY

? 23

nhazrudnsadudnawadudnbwarfrawahrahlawnpadpnaghzarduxtthmgumrdestnd 99,990fravashisareappointedtoguardZarduxtsseed/semen
Note:ThefravashisarefemalewarriordeitieswhoassistedOhrmazdatthecreationandinthebattleagainsttheEvilOne. Theyarealsoinvolvedinthedistributionofrainwaterovertheearth.Theirfestival,Frawardgn,isatspringequinox, thestartofthefirstmonth,Frawardn,ofthenewyear. Thenumber99,990isprobablyanerrorfor99,999(=100,000-1),thehighestnumbermentionedintheAvesta.Avestan andPahlavihavenowordfor100,000.IntheAvestaitisexpressedas9+90+900+9000+90,000. InVidevdad22.2andelsewhere,thePahlavihasLwYB eTor333 W +333 W 333 W 333 W =99+900+9000+90,000.

lelS WWP sM kL N ^ W sM kL N WWP WkAtA W WwsE WkAtA WWP SK kL N ^ / TwA WWP lelS W

? 33

naztkehpadhamtgdrudhamtgpadaztmehudnaztmehpadslrudslrpadxwadydr regardtheonesmallerthanyouas(your)equaland(your)equalasgreaterthanyou;andregardtheone greaterthanyouas(your)chiefand(your)chiefas(your)lord

WwEWcJwaA W WwaD WcJwlA NTwL AWwM ^ awAwA nM Wtja WWWtdA L AwA YWw ^ WBC W / YWNwA WklEtDc

? 34

udxrmnydrydnrstOhrmazdxwadyabgharwispyazdnudamahraspandnapetyraghnd Andforthisreasontheaffairsoftheotherworldaresostraight,becauseOhrmazdtheLordtogetherwith allthegodsandtheamahrspandsarewithouttheAdversary.

YwHAWK nPW ^ laA WklYTP WiYWw W WiAtJ ^ WwEWWB WcJwAWK WtDWWtE WtDb tA / WtDWnYWI Wt| lAcdlAK OW WN YWwG W afJ ^ WKcDwA YwGCWB WklatDP WwaHnLW NWwaE W

? 44

kabgadrasdharwispbun-dahingtygudmnygpadraghammlxwkxnduddmnazawn petyragbzndhandzagsphudgundkkrzrbaxtestd WhentheInvasioncomes,allthefirstcreations,boththoseinthisworldandthoseintheother,willfight againsttheirown(assigned)opponentsandwilldeliverthecreaturesfromtheirAdversary,inthemannerof anarmy(sphudgund)thathasbeenpartitionedforbattle.

TEXTS8
T E XTS 8 .1
FromtheBundahin34.14-15

YWWwE WkAtDwY YWwlY N WBwla W WBwla N YWwlY tA MwY WWP WtDWWWnY WwSC / WtDWWtD WTwLP Y<wZ WWP YW slA AWK YWWwE WkAtDwY WtJwY N WtJwY a N a WvA N NWB tA / WtdlATW WwWWK nPW ^ AWK W WWTnPW Q WtDWwDB YWwlY ? YWwlY q WVwla WtDWwDB

iyngwdkpadnrzkadruwandazahlawudahlawazdruwandudgbawndharwkasarstpadzangfrd ydkapusazpidudbrdazbrduddstazdstudgbawnd udharwkasnxwkuninwidrd.grydahlawabardruwand.druwandgrydabarxwtan.

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LESSON8

T E XTS 8 .2
FromtheBundahin2.18

WwWtJ a / WtDWtj WwaK SK ^ N AWvY SK tA SK ^ lY<T WkLP3 WwSC WwBwL WwatJ / WtDWtj WwaK WKwa ^ N AWvY WKwa ^ tA WKwa ^ Et WkLP3 WwSC WWwYwA WwaK Ltja ^ N AWvY Ltja ^ tA WkLP3 ^ lY<T Ltja WwSC WtdLwA ^ WwBwL WtDWtj

starnrawiniyns-parragtigrkehkakehmardaznkehkamnwihd. mhrawinwniyns-parragtigrmaynagkanmaynagmardaznmaynagkamnwihd. rawinxwardiynmahistartigrs-parrragkanmahistarmardaznmahistarkamnwihd.

EXERCISES8
1.Addthetranscriptions/transliterationstothesesentencesandtranslatethem:

/ WCwlmYW WtjlABwY x WklaTP awAwA MwY WwYtwLP AwYB

?! ? 2 ?3

mhFrawardnrzOhrmazdpetyragandardwristnmrz

/ Y>WwW lYpAV Y>W WWtHWwa ^ WIwAc ^ aDkAtJwL W slAP W Y>WWtD 1AwlY<

<glwh-1YATWNdWplsWlwstkyhYryk'Yyln-tr'ODbylOHDWNd>

/ YNwA WtDCT WcWP WTwL 2 N adeM WIwAc oa YNwA WtDCT AWB WTwL EW W WTwL YWwlA MWtP
fradomArwandrdudWehrdbtazdhndpasabrgbhazndrdfrztazdhnd

LtJplA tA WtDWwllmY L aH NwY AWB Y>WwLT WwaHA Y>WtjA LtJpLA tA MWtM / WtDWwLT L c WtDWtjA
<mltwmAMThlpstlHZYTNd-n'YKTLWNdBRAZNEDYAldYMLLWNyt'AYKAMT hlpstlHZYTNyt'APLAYKTLWNyt'>

. 4

/ Y ^ WtdA W LtAwA ^ WtdA W WTPwY WwAcglM ^ WtdA sAWW

winhastmargarznguftudastxwrtarudastgry

? 23

EWwlaP Y>wYcW YW EWwlAc WN YWNwA Y>BK WwcdMwY x MWtM CWWK / YwLW A YWw WkAwY ^ WAK
<KONcmltwmBYNgwmycn'KBDHWE'dMNWlwnyhwywlzyndAYKpllwnyh AYKkmk'Ygnk'mynwdhmydywlcynd.>

/ YWNwA WtWnYWI Wt EwtjLpsdZwA OW MWtM L lYpAV x WkaD ^ EKWtD

? 33
? 24

dghDahgandarBblrymardmuzds-paristinhmadestdhnd

/ WtDWwJwY YW kLW Y aZ N AWB WtDWwJwY aZ WkaA N eM LthYT WtdlAW WwaAW tA Yw WwaHWN WthLWweaP ^ WtweaP ^ WtweaP ^ YWtjA WwAilAW WwaHnLW ^ WwABwL WtjYplawY W WtjYPWwjA ^ WtjYPWwYva ^ WWCNTP WWP YWwsE lEwS WWP

<AMTwln'wlyt'tytlMYAMNhmk'zlydyYNSBWNyt'BRAMNzlydyYwlkwyYNSBWNyt'>

? 44

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LESSON8

/ YWnYWI WtNTP
ruwnawnnrgnwnmfry-humadfry-hxtfry-huwartk-nypadslrdrndkpad paymzanzarrn-psdasmn-psdudghr-psdpaymxtestnd

? YW]>D> WwaHwY OW YW aWW WN ? WtDWwlZW WtHAW OW aWW YW WKPWK WN AWK ? 333 / YWnYWI WwAKtjA WWP WwJP ^ WWT YW Wtja 2 AWK WN
<KRAMNWkrpk'wyAYKwnhOLwht'OZLWNyt'MNWwnhwyOLdwhw'DBLWNd MNWKRA2lst'ODtn'Ypsyn'PWNhmystkn'YKOWMWNd. 2.MatchthePahlaviwordswiththeirtranscriptions: g<lmA A NWV abz

huby hupdixy am kerb murd nihd nn zand paydg przgar petyrag petyrag pus rz rust

sag stand titar thm tuwngh wrn wrd wattar wnd xrafstar xwadyh yazd yazdn zan zry

AbLK AwYK HAtPwA eATwA EkAwAVWT aZ wdlY lAwa lGCwlYP LtdlS LtHYT LtJplA MwY nYW

YvA WkAtDP WklatDP WklaDtDP WpLK WtD WtdlAW WtDWnYWI WtDWtjA WtDWwJwY WtDWwLTI WtHE WtJwL WTPwY

WTWtdmY WTWWvE WTWWtwA WwaAW WwaD WwalZA YWfJwaA WWK YWBwA YWwlY YwYBwY AWT Y YvA

ab abm amahrspand amarg - azarmn dd dt driy druwand estd gspand gwnd guft

3.Transliterate,transcribe,andtranslateatleastsentences4-7(numeralsseeattheendoftheGlossary!):

/ NwY A WtDWnYWI WTWWtwA WwAia WWP WWK ^ MwG # / WtDWwLTI L c WtDWtjA LtJplA tA YwYBwY< L aH TkA / WtWnYWI WTWK WkAtDP LtGCwlYP awAwA nD W L WtD WwaaW ^ WWP / YWNwA WtWnYWI WthE lAwa aWW N AwYK W MWtM WkaA eATwA Y ^ WWP / WtDWnYWI WTPwY< WwEWfJwaA W WwaD ^ WkAtA HAtPwA WtDWnYWI WTWWvE eaHAtPwA awAwA ^ WklatDP WWP eaHAtpwY Y>WwlY> ^ W ? WtDWnYWI WtJwL WTWKwaP ^ aZ x WwawLwA ^ WkmAWT N WkmAWtDBK ^ WWW / WtdlAW adLwYK OW W WtDWwJwY LtHYT c YNwA WTWWwE WWW N ^ admAWT W ^ WKWwcWP ^ WpLK nYW WWP WtDWtjA WwWWK W WwS nPW ^ WwABwL LtdlS ^ oa W MWTI>wY< ^ MWTn ^ LtJplA MWTwYwKCB ^ WWwSC WtDWWtD WklYTP OW ? WWWKcc

? ! ? 2 ? 3 ? 4 ? 23 ? 33 ? 34

4.TranslateintoPahlaviandwriteinPahlaviatleastsentences1,3,5,7,9: 1. Inheaventhesoulsoftherighteousareunaging,undying,freefromfear,andfreefromtheAdversary. 2. Byhisability,diligence,knowledge,andwisdom,agoodrulerkeepshislandinpeaceandhappiness.

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 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

LESSON8 WhentheRomanarmycameagainstthelandofIran,itwasgreatlysmitten,andmanyRomansdied. WhenTitarrainstherainonthe(various)continents,the(various)oceansallcomeintoexistence. Aboutthedogtheysaythatitcamefromthestar-levelfromthedirectionofthestarUrsaMajor. Themosthappyamongmenishewhosewifeisthebestamongwomen. (He)whogiveslesstothepoorthantotherich,hissinismorethanthatofhimwhokillshisownson. Becauseofyourwishandaction,I,whoamyourDn,amso(much)betterandsweet-smellingand victoriousandfreefromharmasyouseeme. 9. Ardawanhadfoursons:twowerewiththeirfatherandtwohadfledtoBabylon(andwerenowthere). 10. ThatevilwhichweseeinBabylon,hasallbeendonebythesin(s)oftheBabylonians.

ADDITIONALREADINGS8

A DD IT IO NALRE AD INGS 8 .1
FromthePahlaviVidevdad3.15-17

pursin.ddrghnastmandahlawkymardghrist-ke. passox.khndpadnzamgud-btomud-urwartomydahr-zamgtom[azhixr]huk-zamgtom[knampad nnst] kamist-izpadawnrhfranmndpahudstrtax-izohrmazdudbarsom-izpadahlayhfrzwistardmardizahlaw Q.Orighteouscreatorofthebonyworldoftheliving!Whereistherea(resting)placeforthemanwhoisa carrierofthedead? A.(Theplaces)thatare,onthisearth,themostdevoidofwater,themostdevoidofplants,wheretheearthis themost(ritually)clean[fromexcrements],wheretheearthisthedriest[i.e.,thereisnohumidityonit], and(where)theygoforththeleastontheirpaths,smallandlargedomesticanimalsandthefireofOhrmazd andthebarsomspreadoutinproperfashionandrighteousmen. ddrghnastmandnahlawanddrahnaztaxanddrahnazbanddrahnazbarsompadahlyhfrz wistardanddrahnazmardahlaw sgmaztaxudsgmazbudsgmazbarsompadahlyhfrzwistardudsgmazmardnahlawn Q.Orighteouscreatorofthebonyworldoftheliving!Howmuchdistancefromthefire,howmuchfromthe water,howmuchfromthebarsomspreadoutinproperfashion,andhowmuchfromtherighteousman. A.Thirtystepsfromthefire,thirtystepsfromthewater,thirtystepsfromthebarsomspreadoutinproper fashion,andthreestepsfromrighteousmen.

A DD IT IO NALRE AD INGS 8 .2
FromtheArdWirz-nmag4.7-9

padbmsidgaryruwnahlawnandarurwarbyxwabwat u-xwatarsahistnbyiynharwispbyxwa-padzndagnpadwngabarududnbywdaz rabihwintarrnaznmagyazdnbyd u-nxwdnudnxwkuninpadragmadpadkangkerbnkpadddanhurustkpadfrrnhrust estdfrz-pestnk-pestnabzniastdiludgyndstk-kerbdnrniynpadddanhudagtar padnigerinabyingtar

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LESSON8 Atthethirddawn,thesouloftherighteouswanderedamongnicefragrentherbs. Anditseemednicertohimthatallthenicefragrencethathadcometohisnoseinlife. Andthebreezeofthatfragrencewascomingfromthesoutherndirection,fromthedirectionofthegods. Andhisowndnandhisowndeedscametowardhiminamaidensform,beautifultosee,well-grown,i.e.,she hadgrownupingoodness,withforwardbosom,i.e.,herbosomsatwell[?],andafriendtoheartandsoul. (Amaiden)whose(k-)formwasasbrightastobemostpleasanttosee,mostattractivetolookat.

A DD IT IO NALRE AD INGS 8 .3
FromtheArdWirz-nmag9.1-4

kasidgargmfrznihampadhuwartnhkhuwartpadmehmnhnhrasm rnhblistnblistxwnnd udwnamnahlawpadghudwistargzarrn-kerd udmardmbdhndk-nrnhrnhxwardhomngbd pursamazSrahlyudduryazdkngygkadmudyruwnkhnd gwdSrahlyudduryazdkngygxward-pyagudyruwnhndkpadgtyhupdixybdhnd. WhenItakethethirdstepinGoodDeeds,wecometowhereGoodDeedsabide. Theycallitthelightofthehighestofheights. AndIseetherighteousonthronesandcarpetsmadefromgold. Andtheywerepeoplewhose(k-n)lightwassimilartothesunslight. IaskSrwiththerewardsandthedivineFire:Whichisthisplace,andwhoarethosesouls? SrwiththerewardsandthedivineFiresay:Thisplaceisthesun-level. Andthosesoulsarethosewhoweregoodrulersinthisworld.

GLOSSARYOFWORDSINTHETEXTSANDTHEEXERCISES8
Idioms ast...ast one...another,some...others k thatis,i.e. Nouns,adjectives,adverbs,pronouns:

abrnh abying abzniast abz-kn Akata ars Arwand bblyg blist barsom bazzag-wn bun-dahin

EWwlAc WIwYAc WtjWcc WWWKcc TkA slA YWwlA WiaYcV WtjlAV MwsLV WwYwKCB WwEWWB

<lwnyh> <dnyk'> <z-nst'> <z-kwn'> <kt> <ls> <lwnd> <bylyk'> <blst'> <blswm> <bck-dwyn'> <bwn-dhn'>

badbehavior pleasing,attractive sittingwell(??) flat-assed Akata,ademon tear nameofariver Babylonian height,highestpoint ritualgrass,twigs ofevilhabits thefirstcreation

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LESSON8

did dst frrnh frawahr Frawardn Frxkerd frz-pestn frz-ng gandag gtyg ghr grh gumzin gund Haftring(Haptring) hamml hamtg harwd hixr hudag hupdixy hurust huk-zamg dgh mag ud-b udg ud-urwar kmag kamn mhgn margarzn maynag mehmnh mnyg murw nam nrg,nyrg nmag nigerin<niger- Ohrmazd

Y>WT WtJwY EWwlaP lawLP WwYtwLP WTWKwaP WwAtJPcWP WKWwcWP WkY>wY< WiAtJ lawY AwlY WwcdMwY YWwY YwLWTc laA WkAtA 2 AWK WkwYwA HAtPwA WtJwLwA WimY WkwA EKWtD WE adMWtDwY WkAtDwY LwLwAWtDwY WkmAK WwaK WwAia WwAcglM WKwa Ewaa WiYWw WwLN MW WilW,WilAW WkmYW WwlYKW awAwA

<TWB> <dwst'> <pllwnyh> <plwhl> <plwltyn'> <plhwkrt'> <prc-pstn'> <prc-nwk'> <gndk'> <gytydyk'> <gwhl> <glwh> <gwmycn'> <gwnd> <htwlng> <hmyml> <hmtk'> <KRA2> <hwdwk'> <hwpthd> <hwlwst'> <hwk'-zmyk'> <ytwkyh> <ymk'> <ywbt'-MYA> <ywbtk'> <ywbt'-wlwl> <kmk'> <kmn'> <mhykn'> <mlglcn'> <mdynk'> <mhmnyh> <mynwdyk'> <mwlw'> <nm> <nlyk',nylyk'> <nymk'> <nkyln'> <whrmzd>

again friend goodbehavior fravashi (festival)ofthefravashis nameoftheworldocean=Warka withprominentbosom withprominentknees,knobly-kneed foul-smelling of/inthisworld (somekindof)substance;jewel group mixture,theMixture troop,army theBigDipper,UrsaMajor(Av.Haptiriga) opponent(warandlaw) (social,socially)equal both excrements verypleasing goodruler well-grown (place)wheretheearthisdry sorcery garment,coat devoidofwater separated;+baw--:beseparated devoidofplants will,wish bow month(s) deserving-of-death,guiltyofcapital(sin, offense) middle(-sized),intermediate beingguest,intimacy of/intheotherworld bird humidity adultwoman(Av.nirik) side,direction(oneoftwo) look,lookingat firstdayofthemonth

la, leA <hyhl,hhl>

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LESSON8

bm=bm padrag pah pnagh parr paymzan pestn rabihwintar rawin ryudxwarrah rman rist-ke rstg saxt s-parrag y star str tigr tuwngar urwar uzds-paristinh wan Warahrn wrn was-thmag Weh wng wistarg xwarrah xward-pyag xwtan ydahr-zamg zang
Verbs:

AvHwA <ybm> WklYTP <ptylk'> aP <ph> EKwAP LP WWCNTP WwAtJP LTwYPtDpL WwvL,WwWtJ nD W L Wn KWtjL WkAtJwL WtJ WkLP3 Yw LtJ LWtJ Et,lYT lYwABWT LwLwA EwtjLpsdZwA WWW WwaaW WwaAW WkmAWtDBK EW WIwYW gLtJW nD WkPWtdLWA WWTnPW WimY :jadwY YwZ
<pnkyh> <pl> <ptmwcn'> <pstn'> <lpytpyntl> <SGYTNn',lwbn'> <ldWGDE> <lymn'> <lyst'-k> <lwstk'> <sht'> <3-plk'> <wd> <stl> <stwl> <tgl,HTYA> <twbngl> <wlwl> <wzdys-plstn'> <wn'> <wlhln'> <wln'> <KBD-twhmk'> <wyh> <wynyk'> <wstlg> <GDE> <hwlyt'-pdk'> <NPE-tn'> <ywdsl-zmyk'> <zng>

dawn against,toward smalldomesticanimal(sheepandgoats,Av.

pasu) protection
feather,wing clothes,garment bosom southern movement wealthandfortune(Avestanexpression) polluted,filthy carrierofthedead(mortician) district hard,firm,firmly havingthreefeathers,withthreefeathers husband star largedomesticanimal(cowsandhorses,Av.

staora) arrow
rich plant idol-worship tree Warahrn,amartialdeity rain withmanyseeds nameofariver nose carpet,bedspread,etc. fortune thesun-level oneself(myself,yourself,himself,herself,etc.) (place)wheretheearthis(ritually)clean shank,leg

holdback,keepback place,apply share,divide

abzdr-(dt) (WthaD)-WwsaD lAwa <LAWHLYHSNN-> andarkun- -WwW x <BYNkwn-> bax-baxt best- bz-bxt
-WnYWI -WWklA <HLKWN->

AWB <BRAYKOYMWN-> stand(still) WtWB -CWB <bwc-bwht'> save,deliver

95 May4,2008-11:22PM

LESSON8 -WwsE <YHSNN-> <plnm-,plnpt'> <BKYWN-> <kwh-> <nkyl-> <pytk'OBYDWN-> <ptmwc-ptmwht'> <lwd-,lwst'> <YNSBWN-> <tc-> <wl-> <wlt-,wt'> <wtl-wtlt'> <DYTN-st'> <wstl->

dr- franm-,franaft gry-grst kx-kxd niger-d paydgkun- paymz-paymxt ry-rust stan-stad taz-tazd wr-wrd ward-wat widr-widrd wih-wist wistar-wistard
Numerals: s nh

hold;paddr-regardas togoforth weep struggle lookat makeclear,reveal puton,dressin grow take flow,run rain turn(around),change;goabout,wander makepass shoot(arrows) spreadout(frz+)

WTPwLP-mAwLP -WwDB -AWK -lYKW -WwW WkAtDP WtNTP-CNTP WtJwL-YwL -WwJwY -CT -lAW WtHW-WtW WtATW-lATW -Wtj -LtJW

kL <30>thirty 333 33 =33 LwYB

<3-3-3>nine <20-20-20-20-10> <3-3-3-1000> <bywl>10,000 ninety ninethousand <3-3-3-100>ninehundred

nawad nhsad nhhazr bwar

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LESSON9

N UME RALS
ThereisnocompletedescriptionofthePahlavinumerals. C A RDINAL S k ! <1>

d s ahr pan a haft hat n dah

yzdah

2 3 4 23 33 34 44 333

<2> <3> <4> <2-3> <3-3> <3-4> <4-4> <3-3-3> <10>

wT AtT AblA adMwA,ahMwA AtH Ab ENWT adT,aHT adlsA,asA aDcD aDcwY aDcJ adlaC aDCwAP,aDCwP aDcH aDTc aDthA aDCWW

<TLYN> <TLTA> <ALBA> <HWMA,HWMYA> <TA> <BA> <TWMNYA> <TA,TYA> <ASLA,ASLYA> <10-1> <10-2> <10-3> <10-4> <10-2-3> <10-3-3> <10-3-4> <10-4-4> <10-3-3-3>

dwzdah szdah ahrdah panzdah,pnzdah zdah hafdah hadah nzdah

5 6 7 8 36 37 38 48 337

Alternativespellingsoftheteens:6>etc.;4etc. dah

wst s ihl panh at haftd atd nawad

wstk

L kL D , ,

<10> <20> <30> <20-20) <20-20-10> <20-20-20> <20-20-20-10> <20-20-20-20> <20-20-20-20-10>

sad(k-sad) duwst s-sad

(Y)

<100,1-100> A <2-100> <3-100>

hatsad nsad

$4 <800> 33 <900>

wstd

1L <20-1> 1 <20-2>

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LESSON9

Compoundnumeralsaremadewithorwithoutud,e.g.: 4 W W A W =A<2-1000W2-100W40W4>dhazrudduwstudihludahr2244 hazr(k-hazr) (=Y)

sadhazr(?)

+ <1000(1-1000)>1000 + <100-1000> 100,000

bwar LwYB <bywl> 10,000 hazrhazr(?) + + <1000-1000>1,000,000

O RDIN AL S Theregularordinalsareformedbyadding-omtothecardinal.Theycanbespelledsimilarlybyadding<-wm>to thenumeral,e.g.,MW33<3-3-wm>.1st,2nd,and3rdalsohavespecialwords. kom MWKw <dwkwm> fradom MWtP <pltwm>

MW2 <2-wm> syom MW3 <3-wm> ahrom MW4 MwlaC <chlwm> panom MW23 MWCWP <pncwm> aom MW33 MwH,Mw <wm> haftom MW34 MWTc <htwm> hatom MW44 MWthA <htwm> nohom MW333 MwAW <nhwm> dahom MW> MwaD,MwaD <dhwm,dhwm>
dwom dwzdahom szdahom ahrdahom panzdahom zdahom hafdahom hadahom nzdahom wstom

didgar sidgar

LItD <dtykl> LItJ <stykl>

yzdahom

MW5> MW6> MW7> MW8> MW27> MW37> MW38> MW48> MW337>

MwaDcD MwaDcwY MwaDcJ MwadlaC MwaDCwAP,MwaDCWP MwaDcH MwaDTc MwaDthA MwaDCWW MWtjYW

<ycdhwm> <dwcdhwm> <sycdhwm> <chldhwm> <p()ncdhwm> <cdhwm> <hptdhwm> <htdhwm> <nwcdhwm> <20-wm> <30-wm> <20-20-wm) <20-20-10-wm> <20-20-20-wm> <20-20-20-10-wm> <20-20-20-20-wm> <20-20-20-20-10-wm> <1000,1-1000>

MW L syom MWkL ihlom MW D panhom MW atom MW haftdom MW atdom MW , MW nawadom MW ,MW

sadom(k-sad) (Y)

duwstom s-sadom ahr-sadom

<100,1-100> MWA<2-100> MW<3-100> MW$<400>,etc.

hazrom MW+

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LESSON9

Derivat ive sin -gna g -fo ld Amongderivativesfromnumerals,notthosein-gnagmeaning-fold,e.g.:

knag(gnag)single,identical;alsosubmissive dgnagudsgnagdoubleandtriple,twinsandtriplets sadgnagudhazrgnagahundred-foldandathousand-fold,byhundredsandthousands

Fractio ns Fractionsareofthetypes-k,e.g.:s-k-wWw3<3ywk'-HD>one-third,s-krzone-thirdofthe day. A RAMAE OG RAMS 7,N O UNS Hereare(again)somemorecommonnouns: m <M> nm name,fame

EN <MRYA> saxwan AwD <DYNA> ddestn law,judgement

<MYA> <MTA>

aAK <KALA> wng word,speech,talk AbGK <KDBA> dr

water fire village house arrow cup,goblet gold silver

voice,sound,cry

lie

eM aWW At AtDB

b deh

<NWLA> tax <BYTA> xn(ag)

aY AB AwsM WkAtDB,AtDB

<YMA> <BBA>

drayb dar

sea door;chapter house knife

<MDYNA> ahrestn town <BYTAk(')> xnag

Et <HTYA> tigr Nwa <MANE> m Aba <ZHBA> zarr AfJK <KSPA> asm

AwGJ <SKYNA> krd ac <HPLA> ACC <CCA>

xk sang

earth,dirt stone

W O RDF O RMAT I O N 3.P REF I XES AND S UFFI XES 3

ham- ~ j u d - Adjectivesformedfromnounsbymeansoftheprefixesham-andud-meanbeingofthesame...,beingof different/opposite...Nounsin-harecommonl,e.g.: ham-ddestnagreed ud-ddestndisagreeing ham-ddestnhagreement ud-ddestnhdisagreement ham-dnhavingthesamereligion ud-dnhavingadifferent(theopposite)religion ud-khavingdifferentteachings ud-wurryinhavingadifferentbelief ud-ristaghavingdifferentways ud-ristaghherecy ham-paywandrelative ham-krcollaborator Insomewords,udhasthemeaningkeepingaway(forAvestanv-),e.g.: bharm ud-bkeepingharmaway(Av.vbaa) dwdemon ud-dwkeepingthedemonsaway(Av.vdauua)

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LESSON9

-n , -a gn Thesetwosuffixesareusedtoformadjectivesmeaningsonof,e.g.: Ardar ArdarnsonofArdar Pbag PbagnsonofPbag buhr buhragnsonofbuhr Thesuffix-ncanalsoformpossessiveadjectivesofnames,e.g.: Isadwstar hanamanIsadwstarntheassemblyofIsadwstar Zarr knZarrnrevengeforZarr;aydgrZarrntheMemorialofZarr Witsp razmWitspnthebattlefoughtbyWitsp Thesuffix-agnisfoundalsoelsewhere,e.g.: durbdagn modernAzerbaijan frnagn nameofaceremony wspuhragn inparticular -n Adjectivesdesignatingmaterialandsimilarareformedfromnounsbymeansofthesuffix-n.Examples: zarrgold zarrnofgold,golden heniron hennofiron drtree,wood drnofwood
Note:ManicheanMiddlePersianhastheolderformdrwn.

- mand Adjectivesmeaning(things)fullof...areformedfromnounsbymeansofvarioussuffixes,mostcommonly -mand.Notethatthissuffixisspelled<-wmnd>(with<-->)asifaseparateword,e.g.: astbone astmandhavingbones,bony zstrength zmandstrong,powerful xwarrahfortune xwarrahmandfortunate xwarrahmandhbeingfortunate rminjoy rminmandfullofjoy rminmandhjoyfulness sarhead,beginning sarmandhavingabeginning cf.asarhavingnobeginning bmfear bmmandfearful cf.abbmwithoutfear kanragborder,limit kanragmandlimited cf.akanraglimitless kmagwill,wish kmagmandwilling cf.akmagunwilling -wand ( -wen d ) Thisisanolderversionof-mandthatsurvivesinafewwords,e.g.: (Av.ama-power) amwandpowerful amwandhpower hunarskill,artistry hunarwandskillful,artful hunarwandhskill,artfulness pdywandstrong pdywandhstrength xw(ones)own xwwandarelative znwandvigilant znwandhvigilance (dumbtail) Dambwand,Dumbwand,nameofamountain

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-ge n < -kn ' , -ky n' ; -gn ' , -gyn' > Thissuffixhasafunctionsimilartothatof-mand,butislesscommon.Examples: sahmterror sahmgenterrible bmfear bmgenscary cf.bmmandfearful rwound,harm rkenharmful andhsorrow andhgensorrowful hemanger hemgenangry,quicktoanger G RAMMAR 9 O T HER , THEO THE RS , O NE . .. A NO THER Wehaveseennumerousexamplesoftheuseofabrg<plyk'>theother(s),thatis,thosethatremainofa grouporclassofobjectsafteroneparthasbeenremoved. Forother(s),i.e.,somethingorsomeonedifferentfromsomethingorsomeonealreadymentioned,theword anyWwa<AHRNisused.Thewordisalso,wrongly,spelled <ZKydy>,whichisabbreviatedtoG<ZKd>, <ZK>inlesscarefulmanuscripts: WwAWwa,Wwa <AHRN,AHRNn'> any,anyn other,another,others cDWwa <AHRNyc> anz another,too;others,

Y,a, <ZKydy> WwaD <ZKyn'>

any anyn

pasangyg-wmadthenhecametoanotherplace azhaftfrazendMihrgbmantanykasnmndestdofMihrgssevenchildrennobodyelsebutme(b mant)isleft WayabarkrtarwndrtomazanyndmnWyofloftyworkistheoneamongtheothercreationswho overcomes(evil)themost anzwasahrudahrestnhudmnhhndtherearemanyotherlands,cities,andhouses,too

Occasionally,<AHRN>maybefor<ZKY>,asin:

*nabrggtygdruzgtynyazdnmadhndtheother,remaining,demonsinthisworldcameagainstthe godsinthisworld
Toexpressone...another,(the)one...theother,...any...anyisused,e.g.:

gnrah2rahbdmnyanyudgtyanythenthatchariotbecametwochariots,oneintheotherworld,the otherinthisworld dnttaxnwazrbarpadmnyhdabzr-it-wiynndahamkpadnharwispoxastmandb wardnasarrnhanyudnasartrkhanythusyou,theFire,shallcarrythatcudgelintheother world,thatis,Ishallgiveyouatoollikethat,bywhich(whichbythat)youshallturntheentirebony existence,theonestotheeternallights,theotherstotheeternaldarkness

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Theexpressionast(astk)meansthereisonewho...andast...astthereisonewho...andanotherwho, one...another,some...others,e.g.:

mangbzkastbanxwndmedicinal/healinghempt,whichsomecallhashish wasruwnandarnrdbdhndudast-npadgrnranhamwiderdudastxwrhwiderdhndthere weremanysoulsinthatriver;someofthempassedwithheavypain,otherspassedlightly astkdngwdthereisonewhosays.... astkdngwndtherearesomewhosay.... astkWydrang-xwadyfrzgwdthereisonewhosaysWyoflongdominion n5rzghnbr.astk5rztruftagastkduzzdaggwd(asfor)thosefiveGhnbrdays,thereisonewho saysthefivestolendays,anotherwhosaysstolen

Note:truftagisfromtheAvestanword;duzzdagthecommonPahlaviword.

Withotherconjunctions:

astkatzastdrangastkaabz-rawinastkaestdaghndsometimes(theplanets)arefast,sometimesslow, sometimestheygobackward,sometimestheystandstill
A DVE RB SI N - H Manyadjectivesarealsousedasadverbs,e.g.,rsttrue,truly,rnbrightly,saxtfirmly,xwapleasant, pleasantly. OtheradverbsareformedfromadjectivesbytheendingaD-<-yh>-h(=plur.endingofnouns).Adverbs areformedfrombothnounsandadjectives.Notethatthemorphology(form)andsyntax(use)oftheadverbisvery differentfromthatofthepluralnounin-h,sothereishardlyeverdangerofconfusion,e.g.:

gspandddhwarzmwetendcattleaccordingtothelaw amxwhbnindgoandsitbyyourselves! dawndabbrahmhtheyrunaroundundressed kapadgtywanmyagudgrstanaddhmakundWhenyou(are)intheworld,donotwail,sob,andweep (lit.:dowailing,sobbing,andweeping),thusbreakingthelaw! dm-dahinhmnyhgwamudpasgtyhIshalltalkaboutthecreationofthecreatures(asittookplace) intheworldofthought,andthenintheworldoftheliving.

Suchadverbscanalsoqualifythewholesentence,e.g.:

sphkirmbrnydudabgaswrnardaxrkrzrgyn-abesprhsaxtkundKirmsarmycomesout andmakes(=fought)sofiercebattlewithArdaxrscavaleryastosurrendertheirsouls(KN.6.16);
Theseadverbsarecommonlyusedinthecomparative,e.g.:

gwizr-h-tarmoreindetail<gwizrindetail,detailed kam-winh-h-tarinsuchamannerthatthereislittle/lesssin frhdnznwandhabartuxdtdndkadraybahlawaybdruwandwurryd mehkkasnaybnahlawtuxghtarwurrydaybndruwand applyyourselvesdiligentlytotheteachingofthednsothat/untilyouknowwhetherarighteousoranevilperson believesmoregreatlythan(other)people,(i.e.)whethertherighteousoneortheevilonebelievesthemost zealously(Pahl.Y.31.17)

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A RA MEOG RA MS 7 .V E RB S 5 Herearesomelesscommonarameograms: -WnYt <HTYMWN-> w-wit -WnY>K,-WnYK <KYMWN-,KDMWN-> xz-xist -WWt <LHTWN->

seal rise,goup run sift,winnow thresh,trample break(something/somebody) takeaway,steal count,reckon havesexwith sow reap

daw-dawd

wez-wxt (-WwapY)-WwaP <PLHWN-(YPLHWN-)> xwah-xwast

-WwLBT <TBLWN-> -WwLCwE <YHNCLWN-> -WtdlS <SLYTN-> -WtDN <MNYTN-> -WtdlZ <ZLYTN-> -WwlYc <HCDLWN->

-WwaJW <NSHWN->

kenn-kast appurdappar- mar-murd gy-gd kitkr- drddrn-

T HE VER B . F OR MS ANDE NDING SOF T HE 3 RD P ERSO N . Inadditiontotheusualformsandendingsofthe3rdpersonsingularandplural,someunusualformsandendings alsoexist. Short enedfo rm Shortenedformsofthe3rdsingulararerelativelycommoninsometexts,e.g.: GWWK,G>WWK kund =kund(Man.kwnd) G>pL rawd =rawdgoes

ThePahlaviPsalteralsohasformssuchasbamforbawam. Theformbdisalsousedinthe2ndpluralimperative. Itislikelythattheform<YHWWNyt'>wasalsocommonlyreadasbd,asthetwoformsalternateinthe manuscripts. Thesy mbol s<x>an d<x>. Insteadoftheusual3rdpersonsingularandpluralendings<-yt'>and<-ynd,-d>,weoftenfindtwosymbols, x<x>andX ,<x>.Itisobviousthatthetwoformsarefrom<-yt>and<-ynd>,respectively: tD>x(PsalmstY) YwY>XandY>wY >(PsalmsdnY) Combinationsofendingplussymbolarealsofound. Insomemanuscripts,theoriginaldistributionismaintained,buteveninoldmanuscriptsthetwosymbolsareused foroneanother,although,insomecases,wemaybedealingwithvacillationbetweenthesingularandtheplural. AsingleleaffromamanuscriptcontainingalistofverbalarameogramswasfoundatTurfan.Thisistheoldest Pahlavimanuscriptinexistence.Theverbsare(totheright)<HYTYWN->,<YHSNN->,<OZLWN->, <YBLWN-,YBLWN->,(totheleft)<DBLWN-(lookslikeYZLWN->)>,<YNPKWN->,<HKHWN->; <x>istheoversizedletter,<x>isseentotherightinlines3and6.

WtDB bd =bawd y>LB bard =bardcarries WtD>,WtD dadordat =dahd(Man.datandtad!)

WtHwA ht WthAC t

=hddriesout =dteaches

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Notealsothe2ndsingularendingG<-yd>,thediacriticon<d>,thearchaicformof<n>in<YN->similar toPsalterN (inscriptionsn),andthearchaicform<z>alsofoundinoldPahlavimanuscripts.Theformof<w> withthetopcurvedleftisalsofoundintheoldestPahlavimanuscripts. TheleafwaspublishedbyKajBarrintheBulletinoftheSchoolorOrientalStudies(BSOS)8,1936,pp.391-40. T HE VER B . P AS SIVE Originally,inIranianlanguages,thepassivewasonlyusedinsentencesinwhichthepersonorthingperforming anactionwasnotmentionedspecifically.Thatis,therewereonlyconstructionsofthetypeheisbeingeaten,but notheisbeingeatenbyalion.Inthisway,activeconstructionswerereservedforsentencesinwhichthe performerwasexplicitlymentioned,e.g.,AhuraMazdestablishestheworld,thesoulseesitsdn,they thinkgoodthoughts. BythetimeofPahlavi,thisrulehadbeenrelaxed,andwefindconstructionssuchasheisledawaybythe demons.Wewillreturntotheseconstructionslater.Here,examplesaregivenonlyofthosewithoutperformer. Passive w ith to beco me . Aso-calledanalyticpassiveisformedwithbdantobecome(cf.Germanpassivewithwerden),e.g.:

guftbawdkitissaidthat... abaramhstahm-wabimkerdbawdfornoreasonviolencewillbedonetous kaxrafstarzanndahrimenbdbawdxrafstarhamgaztanahrimenwhenonekillsevilanimals, Ahrimenis(willbe)hurt,becauseevilanimalsareallfromAhrimensbody kamntaxnawdudtaxniyyinkundazidruzagahnhzadbawdwhenyougotothefiretemple andsayahymntothefire,(then)thereby(az-i)thelie-demonoflazinessis(willbe)struckdown mard-kduxt-wpurnypadzanhbmard-dahdduxtnham-ddestnslrhbyddbawdaybn amanwhogivesaminordaughteraswifetoaman(but)thedaughterdoesnotagree,(then)isguardianship given(hasittherebybeengiven)tohimornot?

Past t ran si tive ve rbswi thou tpe rfo rme ra spassi v e. Whenapasttransitiveverbisusedwithoutaperformer,itispassive,e.g.:

nnmard-pusandarkrzrzadthis(is)thatmanwhose(whohis)sonwaskilledinthebattle usrgwabarmh-pyagburdnhbpldhnd.udaznusrgspandpurr-sardagfrzbrhndthe bullssemenwasbroughttothemoon-level(and)thereitwaspurified[noteplural];andfromthatsementhe animalofmany-specieswasfashionedforth hamgmardmdardurFarrbayxwndhndallpeoplewerecalledtothehouseoftheFarrbayfire

The3rd pl ura lexp re ssin gi ndef ini tesu bject(one ) Whentheperformerisunknown,onecanalsouseanindefinite3rdplural:theysay=itissaid,theykilled him=hewaskilled,e.g.:

gwndktheysay,itissaid kaspadwmrhnmrdbpadzarmnhaybzanndnoonewilldiefromillness,otherthanfromoldage or(if)someonekillsthem=theyarekilled xrafstarswnaghndbgudzamggudparragg.nbgxrafstarudzamggxrafstarudparraggxrafstar gwndThexrafstarsareofthreekinds:thoseinthewater,inorontheearth,andthosewithwings;they call(them)thexrafstarinthewater,thexrafstarinorontheearth,andthexrafstarwithwings

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udaztanGaymardrnhwnbudiynhengarmsuxrka-plbadabarzanndudsybbawdand fromGaymardsbodylightwentoutlike(when)theystrikesteelonaredhotironanditbecomesblack
Notethecombinationofintransitive+indefiniteverb:

harabzagGardmnawdudhardruwanddzoxabganndeverythingthatispuregoesto Gardmn,andeverythingthatiswickedtheythrow(=isthrown)intohell
I MPE RSO NAL EX P RES SION S Impersonalexpressionsaresentenceswithoutgrammaticalsubjects(Englishitisnecessary,itispossible,etc.). Mostimpersonalexpressionsinvolvea3rdsingularverboranounoranadjective(tuwn,etc.). Thepersonitisnecessary,etc.,forcanbeexpressedbyanoun,anindependentpronoun,oranencliticpronoun. Pluralnounstaketheending-n.Whenthepersonisexpressedbyarelativepronoun(k),anencliticpronouncan beaddedtoclarifytheperson. Impersonalverbshaveonlythe3rdsingularform.Theyarecalledimpersonal.Themostcommononesare abyditbehovesX(to),Xshould,must,abyistitbehovedX(to),Xshould,oughtto,must;andaraby-to need;yditispossibleforX,Xcan,yistitwaspossibleforX,Xcould,wasable(to),sah-sahistseem(to ...),kmdkmistwants,wishes,wurrydwurryistbelieve. Impersonalexpressionsareoftencombinedwithaninfinitive(seeLesson10). IntheEnglishtranslation,theimpersonalexpressionmustoftenbeturnedintoapersonalone. Notethatthepaststemsabyistandyistarefrequentlywrittenasifabydandyd,butthisisprobablya specialwayofspelling-yist(seeLesson5). Examples:

and-itntuwnpadkerbagkerdantuxgbawdasmuchasitispossibleforyou=youcan,bediligentin performinggooddeeds! nmardu-mandsahistandsmardnzag-blythatmanseemedtomeaslargeasthreementheheightofa spear harw-tkmagastxwht-tdahamAskeverythingyouwish,sothatIshallgiveittoyou! kka-tiskmdguftanone,whenhewantstosaysomething nohomkpadharwkwurrydudparistdankmdninth,hewho(k)believesineveryteachingandwishes toworship(init) k-wurrydxwardudk-nwurrydnxwardhewho(k-)believesshalleat,andhewhodoesnot believeshallnoteat. ka-mfrzmadhndpadnpaymzanzarrn-psdasmn-psdbrzingtomazharwisppaymzannu-m burzingtarsahistwhentheycomeforwardtomeinthatgold-embroidered,silver-embroideredgarment(s), mostradiantofallgarments,itseemedtomemostprasiseworthy
Impersona l an daraby d beneeded Inthisexpression,thepersonwhoneedstodosomethingisoftenanencliticpronoun.Ifapluralnoun,ittakesthe ending-n,andthepronounmanisusedinsteadofan.Neededforisexpressedbypad.Examples:

Ohrmazddngwdkkabgadmadnxwhammlpadkxinfrzgrdkngframnandarn abydOhrmazdsaysasfollows:WhentheInvasionhascome,(each)seizeshisownopponenttofightwith, thatis,anewcommandisnotneeded

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gwdpaddnkhmspdpadfrakerd-kerdrhandarabyditsaysinthednthatthewhitehmisneeded formakingFrakerd. Wyabzr-wbdOhrmazdpaddm-dahinhandarabyistWywasatoolthatOhrmazdneededfor creatingthecreation OhrmazdrygwdkWy-izabzr-wbd-paddm-dahinhandarabyisthesaysaboutOhrmazdthat Wy,too,wasatoolthatheneededforestablishingthecreation

SENTENCES9
Analyzethefollowingsentences,andidentifythearameograms:

/ WTWV Ww<A L EKwYT W EksLwY< W EI>wa lAWcH

? !

buhrmndaghudgursaghudtinaghryxemgenbd buhrwasangrybecausehewastired,hungry,andthirsty YVtDwY W WKwAcP W AWN Ewad>maD> N oa W AWN WTWV L Ewad>maD> N wYwL awAwA / WTWV WIwZc W

?2

Ohrmazdpazdm-dahinhnbdxwadyudpasazdm-dahinhxwadyudfraznagudud-b udabzngbdbeforetheestablishmentofthecreation,Ohrmazdwasnotruler,and,aftertheestablishmentof thecreation,hewasruler,possessedofforeknowledge,kepingharmaway,andincremental

/ LW ^ Y<wlYW WwaDWwlY WtDWnm WwahA YwYKW tA WtDWwrrmY CNwY ABV A q WwdaDW WWP

?3

padweh-dnabarhamdarn-izgwdkkanigernd-nwurryddruwandnnnrangwar IntheGoodDn,inthesamechapter,this,too,itsays:whentheylook(closelyatit),thenthey,thewicked, willbelievethatritualoftheordeal

WwYwjA W WwYCwV W WwYTcWP W WwjA W Wwva tdA ^ WfjLP 34 WtDWWWwmY L cdY<WK / WwYJAK W WwYKwYKc W

?4

Kangdizrygwdk-haftfraspastzarrnudsmnudplbdnudbrinnudhennudbgnagnud ksknItsaysabouttheKangdizthatithassevenbeams,whichareofgold,silver,steel,bronze,iron, crystal,andlapislazuli.

? YWNwA WtHW EckMWtM OW AWB EckLwLwA N 2 AWK YwaHM W HM oa / WwAVwL tdA ^ WTWwlZW WwaHnLW OW x adY>Ww nS< W

? 23

pasMayudMaynyhardazurwar-kerbhbmardm-kerbhwathnd.udnxwarrahmnyhandar awnudastruwn.ThenMayandMaynybothturnedfromplant-formtotheformofhumans. And,invisibly,thatFortunewentintothemwhichisthesoul.

L WwaH N ^ mYV WtW WWwlaP ^ ? YWtDWK WtW WWwlaP ^ WtDCW adYNwATwS tA WtW / WtDCW WcWP eYNwAKwlYW WWP adYWwaDtP W WtdlYKW AWB WtDwY WtDwY MwYN AWK

? 33

wdkasdmandhwazdnfrrnwdxwnnd.nfrrnwdbmazdwnryharwtisududb nigerdudpdywandhpadnrgmandhfrzwazdwhenthewindblowssothatitprovidesbenefit, theycallitthegoodwind.Forfearofthedemons,thegoodwindlooksateverythingindividuallyandblows forthmightilyandforcefully.

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OW lAwa WwaHwY ^ WimY W YWWwaD WTWwL WCwlY W aH CIwAc AwYW WTWkLP WWP / WtDWWwaD WTWwYtdaD WwaJ ^ EwaP

? 34

padFrakerdzamnAhrimenabrg-izdwuddruzzadbawndudnzamgdoxabzfrxhghn wurdbawdatthetimeofFrakerd,Ahrimenandtheotherdemonsandlie-demonswillbesmashed,and thatearthofhell(wherehellislocated)willbebroughtbacktotheexpanseoftheworldoftheliving

WKw W YWwW LWP Wwva ^ Nwa 3 WwAfjAtHW ^ Y<N W sA LBWtjY> WwD> WwaHnLW a W / YWWvaD WcYW W WcWP WthLwA WWP Nwa LItJ W WtwA WWP Nwa LItD W WtwA WWP Nwa

. 44

udpasawndndastwarmayudmangWitspnsmzarrnpurrkunndudk mpadhumaduddidgarmpadhxtudsidgarmpadhuwartfrzWirzdahnd AndthenthoseteachersofthednfillthreegoldencupswithwineandthebangofWitsp,andtheyoffer onecupwithGoodThought,asecondwithGoodSpeech,andathirdwithGoodDeedstoWirz.

TEXTS9
T E XTS 9 .1
FromtheBundahin6B.16(afterms.TD2) WtDwaHW :wa WimY ^ WtJWK

WtJWK WWP MwY3 EI>WWV Y>W WKwYw A WWP adM WtW a Wt EkAtDP W c aZ ^ WC 2 WTWWwaD c SK ^ Z L W adM ^ aZ 3 WtDWnYWI WtJWTP Z ^ WC W Wwa WWB waHWN LBwD\ \WKw WtJcDC WKw

paswdnbpadhamwnagtbowandagh3rzpadkustkustzamgabznind 3zrehmehud20zrykehaz-ibd2amagzryaz-ipaydghmad. kastk*Sawark-nbun-xnamagzrypaywastestd. Thenthewindsettlesthatwaterinthesamemannertothecompletionof(=altogetherfor)3daysinthe variousareasoftheearth. 3largerseasand20smallerseasbecamefromit.2sourcesof(in)theseaapparedfromit: oneastandone*Sawar,whose(k-n)sourcesareconnectedtothewellspringofthesea.

T E XTS 9 .2
FromtheBundahin9.1-3(afterms.TD2)

WwD> WWP WtDWwllmY / WwAPWK ^ EwDC q / Tw 48 WWP Y>WNwA WtJwL WPWK WkaA a N W WtBWKV ^ WcWBlA WtJwL WcWP WPWK WtjZW / WtJwL A Tw 4 ^ EIWWB Y>W WcWvlA / WwadA ^ WtjlAV W YW A W WkPWtdLWA W YW A W Wkpa W YW A W WkpLtJ W YW Tw A / WPWK 4 W W A W =A WklM WWP ? Y>WnYWI WtJwL WcWP aDPWK WIwAc WwDC

abariynhkfn.gwdpaddnk nazdistkffrzrustHarburzbabaxtudaznpashamgkfrusthndpad18sl. Harburztbowandagh700slhamrust 200sltstar-pyagud200tmh-pyag200txward-pyagud200tblistsmn. iynabrgkfhazHarburzfrzrustestnd.padmarag2244kf. Itsaysinthedn: Asthefirstmountain,Harburzassigned-by-the-godgrewforth,and,afterward,allthemountainsgrewforth fromitinthespaceof18years. Harburzkeptgrowingtothecompletionof(=altogetherfor)700years

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LESSON9 200years(up)tothestar-level,200uptothemoon-level,200uptothesun-level,and200uptothehighestof heaven. BecausetheothermountainsaregrownforthfromHarburz,2244mountainsinnumber(intotal).

T E XTS 9 .3
FromthePahlaviRivayat.

/ YWNwA WtJwL AWB nD ^ lawY N aDPWK W / WtJwL A 2 AWK LPc W lY>c Tw $4 =Y / WwasA OW AWB Y>W WtJwL A Y>WT Tw $4 LPc WtnYWI AWB lYc oa W

udkfhaznghrxwarrahbrusthnd. khazrhatsadslazrudazabarharwdhamrust. udpasazrbestdazabarhatsadsldidhamrusttbsmn AndthemountainsgrewfromthatsubstanceoftheFortune. For1800yearstheygrewbothbelowandabove. Thentheystoppedbelow;abovetheygrewagainfor800yearsallthewayto(tb)thesky

Note:xwarrahfortuneisanelusiveconcept.ItsmythistoldintheAvestanhymntothegeniusoftheearthwithits mountains(Yat18-19).

EXERCISES9
9.1.Addthetranscriptions/transliterationstothesesentencesandtranslatethem:

/ WwaDWcJwaA WwaD N MWtAt awAwA ^ At

? ! ?2 ?3 ? 4

taxOhrmazdmadrtomazanynamahrspandn

/ WtdaH WtDWWWnY gLc WwDC WWtdA AWB WtdaH a WtDWWWnY SwaHwS WwDC WwYwA

<ZKwgwn'cygwnswnsYMRRWNyt'LAdyt'BRAydwn'cygwnlgYMRRWNyt'dyt'>

/ YWtDWK aLWP Wtdac tA 27 Y>W N YWtDWK alY>wA Wtdac a tA Y>W WKw N / MWwYtdaD aDtja AtDP NwY W WwaD>WwlY> W WwAvla ^ WkAwD< OW MWwlZW adY>NwAkmAK

azktdahkamhabzydandar-mhxwnndazdahtpnzdahkaabzydpurr-mhxwnnd

<kmkwmndyhOZLWNmOLZKgywk'Yhlwbn'Wdlwndn'WZNEpgtmlstyhYHYTYWNm>

/ WtDWnYWI WtWWtwA WWwlYwA WtdAc x WwAWK WWP ^ lACc AWK WN WkAwawA WtHWPwlY OW WwasA ? 23
smndrubuthomngk-harwabzrpadkxinandarabydandarnnihdestd

LW LPwZ ^ WWP WTWKwaP ^ Z x YWtDWK WtY> WwLKwY< WN WtDfJ ^ MwA WwD> WWP WtDWwrrmY ? 33 / WtdAc x elATWK WTWkLP WWP W WtDWnYWI WtJwL

<YMLLWNyt'PWNdyn'AYKhwmYsyt'MNWgwkln'dlht'KRYTNdBYNzlydYplhwkrt'PWNZKY zwplwllwst'YKOYMWNyt'WPWNplkrtkrtlyhBYNdyt'>

WtDcW WcWP tJ ^ WWP W ? WWwa tJ W WWwa YWw WTWWwaD 2 Ww / EwwwA W EwmawLwA WWP WwaTWW ^ SW W q WfjAtHwYK YWwaLWB / WwAwa MwlaP Y OW q WwAf:JW ^ Wt:J ^ WwABwL WtDcW WcWP YWw ^ WWP W

? 34

gnrah2rahbdmnyanyudgtyany udpadngtyfrzwzdburzwandKayWitspabarwisNdarnpadurwhmenhhumeninh udpadnmnyfrzwzdruwnSridWisrabnabarnpahlomaxwn.

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LESSON9

WTWtJ EtmYN ^ a WWP WN WwaHnLW Wt WWtHWwa:dA OW awlA ^ lY>wSklA WKtJcD< tA / YNwA WTWWtD WwAtJJ OW YWcdA WKtdL W AWvY ? WTWwLTI WTcY
<AMTgcstk'lksndlYhlwmOLyln'tr'mt'OLEnMNWPWNlhYmwgmltyhSGYTNt' glypt'YKTLWNt'.GBRAWlytk'y-cndOLskstn'YATWNtHWEd. 9.2.MatchthePahlaviwordswiththeirtranscriptions: WtwA andarwy

grh hanaman huwart nikhd zmandtar rah rminmandh hxt u-tn yazd zamn zamg

adY>NwAwmL AwlY wlYwA elAvsA EwBwY|wlY LtDNwACwA MWw sL WCwlY WimY WNCwA WwaZ

WtD WtwA WtdA WtdAWKW WthLWwA WwA2 WwaJ WwATt YWWklA aD MWwsA

ast ayrh baxnd dn dm dr-gwinh druz g-im humad w ghn grm

9.3.Transliterate,transcribe,andtranslateatleastnos.4-7:

/ WtDWWvaD A G<N Y>NwAkmAkA MWw WtD WwATt

? ! ? 2 ?3 ?4 ? 23

/ YWw WkAwY ^ C awAwA ^ aD> WwaaD> WwA2 AWK N LtD>NwACwA WwaZ WwS> WWP WtDVwY< / Y>WNwA WtDwdLV WcWP elAvsA WWP WklAtJ WKtwA = 4 + 33 WwaHnLW N Lt AWK WwaJ Y>W nMt N W YWWkW AWB MwY 3 NwY x WtdA WKwAKw W Wtja L NTwL WwWw Tt / YWwlZW AWB YWwW Wtja ^ WkAwAVWT ^ WkAwaD> ^ sAkAfJwlA LtD>NwAnS< ^ LtD>Nwada ^ awAwA lAtD> WwwA / WwWWK WwVwY< Www WWP WthLWwA WtwA WtwA WweYtJ ^ CWwEWw ^ WwABwla ^ WwaD ^ WwwA

FromYat6.1totheSun Inthistext,thedirecttranslationfromtheAvestanisfollowedbyshortexplanations(glosses),someintroduced bykthatis.

MWwAvzY WcjaD>WwlA ^ YNwada ^ g<lmA ^ WtdLwA ? WtDWWtD aa WtDcT WwwL WtdLwA tA WwsA ? WKwYw NwY WWP WtDcT WwwL WtdLwA tA WwsA ? WKwAklAc W WKwAKtJ WtD YWw YWnYWI ? WkAwD OW YW]J A nS< WWWtdA ? EKTWKw WWP YwYwYwa AWB nS W WtdawAwA ^ q WimY WWP YWWklA nS W

? 33

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 TheAvestantext:

LESSON9

overtheearthsetinplaceby(Ahura)Mazd. 9.4.TranslateintoPahlaviandwriteinPahlaviatleastsentences2,4,6,8,9: 1. WhenIpraiserighteousness,thenthedemonsarescorned. 2. BeforetheRenovation,OhrmazdneedsFrdnforthestrikingofDahg. 3. Ahrimenandtheotherdemonsandlie-demonswillbestrickenandkilled. 4. Everythingthatwassaidthereinthatassemblywaswritten(down)clearly. 5. Ifitseems(good)toyou(all),tellmeinmoredetailwhatiswrittenhereinthisbook. 6. Anotherday,Ardaxrwasstandingonachariot,andalltheotherpeopleweresittingonhorses(all)around him. 7. Theonewhohasdonegooddeeds,hegoesforthtoParadise,andhewhohasdoneevildeeds,himtheythrow intoHell. 8. Donotspeaklyingspeech,becauseifyouspeaklyingspeechAstwihdwilldragyoutotheworstexistence,and thereyouwillexperience(see)muchunhappiness. 9. WhenIcametoParadise,agroupofdepartedonescametowardme,and,fromthesoulsoftherighteous,a lightwentoutlikethatofthesun,themoon,andthestars,andtheywentaboutjoyfullyinthelightofthe intermediatespace(atmosphere).

huuarxatmammram auruua.aspmyazamaide ayahuuarraoxnetpaiieiti ayahuuarraoctpaiieiti hittimainiiauuhyazath satmcahazarmca taxarnhabraiieiti taxarnnipraiieiti taxarnbaxti zmpaitiahuratm

Wesacrificetotheimmortalsun,wealthy withfleethorses. Then,whenthesunwarms(theworld)inthelight, Then,whenthesunwarmsthelight, (then)thoseworthyofsacrificeintheworldofthoughtstand ahundredandathousand. TheycarrytogetherthatFortune. TheyconveydownthatFortune. TheyapportionthatFortune

ADDITIONALREADINGS9

A DD IT IO NALRE AD INGS 9 .1
FromthePahlaviVidevdad6.1-39afterms.K1.

/ WtgLP MwH / tlYTW AWB AWvY Pw AvLK q WWP tdaH a lAK CwAC WWP wAtDcwA imY NwY waY waY> Y>WC / tlYTW AWB AWvY Pw AvLK q WWP wAtDcwA imY NwY WtHWt: WBwla wlY> Tw
aomfragard anddrahnyzamnnzamganabdn[kpad-izanzkrnyd]kpadnabarsagaybmardbwiderd sldrahnyahlawzardutnzamganabdn[kpad-izanzkrnyd]k-padnabarsagaybmardb widerd Forhowmuchlengthoftime(=forhowlong)(is)thisearthnottobeapproached,i.e.,itisnotanygoodfor anyotherwork,either,? Ayearlong,OrighteousZardut,thisearth(is)nottobeapproached,i.e.,itisnotanygoodforanyother work,either,onwhichadogoramanpassesaway.

N tTW AWB AWvY Pw AvLK WWP xWWkH q adM A Y>WtdlZ imY WtjM Ca CA

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LESSON9

/ waY> Tw YWWwlY>wA / Y>WWkH 3 q adM AK WWP c Wna:P Y>WWtdlZ AwA imY WtjM a AK WWP
ma-izpas-izmazdsnnzamgkrndmababarhilndkpadn(abar)sagaybmardwiderdazandarnnmagsldrahny padkmagpasmazdsnnanyzamgkrnd[prmnaz-i]padkmagbabarhilnd Also,afterward,letthemnotillthatearth,letthemnotreleasewateronit,onwhichadogoramanhaspassed away,withinthespaceofayear! Afterward,atwill,lettheMazdayasnianstillthatotherearth!i.e.,aroundit,atwill,letthemreleasewater onit!

/ tTW AWB AWvY Pw AvLK q WWP xWWkH 3 q adM t Wna:P Y>WWtdlZ imY WtjM t / wlY> ! Tw WYW WwlY>wA N imY Y>wYcdL AWB WtA adM Y>NwA WtjM WN waHnLW Y>wtjA a EwAKW JW WWP WN WwDC / Y>WWtdlZ AWB tA LwLwA W Y>WwLc AWB tA
agarmazdsnnzamgkrndagar-ibabarhilndkpadnabarsagaybmardbewiderdazandarn-nmag sldrahny ynkpadnasy-nignhpassterndawnkmazdsnhndb[kabrznd]zamg[kabkannd]ud urwar[kabkrnd] IftheMazdayasnianstillthatearth,iftheyreleasewateronit,onwhichadogoramanhaspassedaway, withinthespaceofayear, afterwardtheybecomeguiltylikehimwho(isguilty)forburyingcorpses,theywhoareMazdayasnians,(with respectto)thewater,whentheypourit,theearth,whentheydigit,andtheplantswhentheytillit.

A DD IT IO NALRE AD INGS 9 .2
FromBundahin4.10

WwasA WwaHc ? WwAwwL ^ EklaTtDP OW WwaH nK NTwL YWw WkAwY WtJcda oa ? WtWnYWI a WTWWvaD> Y>WNwAtjA CWwa WtA WTWWwaD WkAtDP adYWw / WTWK q KT aDAKkglA ^ WKthYWWV ^ glY>wA WtHPW WWB WWP ^ Wt EkWT OW WTwLP WtWnYWI iP LtJ WWP WwasA ? WtWnYWI AWB Wkw3 Y>W WwasA WWwlY>wA N kP LtJ ^ LPc WwY>wA WTWWwaD wAkWT W waHwL / WtJWwLVT AWB WtJWwaP WcWP WtjY AWB imY> NwY ^ lYc WwasA WkAwawA la W

pasxzistGanngMnyabghamistdwnpetyraghrnn u-nnsmnmnyhpaydgbdkaahanzastmandddnestd. arek-kmaghtagabarkerd. smnpadstar-pyagestdfrdtuhghhaxtpadbunnibitkandargbunitagrnnudtomgnbd wnkazabarstar-pyagazandarnsmnt3k-wbestd. udmrhomngsmnazrnzamgbastfrzxwastbkast. ThentheFoulSpiritroseuptogetherwithallthedemonstoopposethelights. Andthatskyappearedtothemintheotherworldwhenithadnotyetbeenestablishedasbony. Outofenviousdesire,hemadeanassaultonit.

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LESSON9 Theskystoodonthestar-level,(but)wasdraggeddownintothevoid,which,itwaswritteninthebeginning, wasbetweenthebasesofthelightsandthedarkones,sothatitstoodasmuchasone-thirdfrominsidethe skyabovethestar-level. Andlikeasnake,theskyjumpedbeneaththisearthandwasshatteredandbroken.

A DD IT IO NALRE AD INGS 9 .3
FromtheMnyxrad61.4,20-21

/ WtDWwABk WkAwD aJ ^ WWT / WwJWWP / YWwaY ^ WPWK OW WjZW JwaHYP ^ WtHY WWP aJ ^ WWT / WwaJP YW YwYw WWP W YWwlYc W YWtdlZ ^ MwYN WIwLwA W WkAtwY AWB WtHY WWP W WtDwL LwLwA W WtY W WwlY Wwa

pursin.tansmkgygnibayd. passox.tansmpaddatPnsynazdkkfDamwand. udpadndatbrdgudxwaringtiskrnduddrnndudpadnzyndt anydrnyuddraxtudurwarnst Q.WheredoesSmsbodylie? A.SmsbodyliesintheP.plain,nearMountD. Inthatplain,exceptgrainandeatablesthattheysowandreapandlivethereby, thereisnootherharvestablethings,andtherearenotreesandplants.

A DD IT IO NALRE AD INGS 9 .4
FromtheMnyxrad61.7,28-30 YWwW WWP WwSP

^ WWT W YwsaYW WWP WtjL WN lAtjaA WtjL ^ MwA / WwJWWP / WtDWnYWI WtawY lAK nM WWP Wia LK W WtDWnYWI WtJwL / WtDWnYWI WtJwL WkAwD MWtdAPwZ ^ x kLW Y aZ WWP lAtjAlA WtjL ^ MwA / WwaJP / YWnYWI WtawY EKwAP WWP WwABwlA ^ lawLP 333 zl33 =33 c WtDWwsE lAwa nLW N LtJplA WIwAc W WKW W WtDtY A WnaYP Wia LK c

pursin.hmrist-rstrkristpadnwiryndudtanpasnpadnkunndkrustestd. udKarmhigpadkrgumrdestd. passox.hmrist-rstrpadzryWarkaandarnzofytomgygrustestd. u-nudnawadudnsadudnhazrudnbwarfrawahrahlawnpadpanghgumrdestnd. u-Karmhigprmnhamgarddudwagudabrgxrafstarazyabzdrd. Q.Thehmthatrestoresthedead,whentheyrestorethedeadwithitandwithwhichtheymaketheFinal Body,wheredoesitgrow?AndforwhatdeedhastheKarfishbeenappointed? A.ThehmthatrestoresthedeadgrowsintheW.Sandinthedeepestplace. 99,999fravashisoftherighteoushavebeenappointedtoprotectit. AndtheKarfishturnsarounditandkeepsfrogsandotherevilanimalsawayfromit.

GLOSSARYOFWORDSINTHETEXTSANDTHEEXERCISES9
Nouns,adjectives,adverbs,pronouns:

Abarg bgnn

yLc <lg> WwYKwYKc <kynkyn'>

Abarg,nameofascholar-priest ofglass

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LESSON9

lac CWwa henn WwYwjA akmagmand Y>NWAkmAkA anabdn WwAtDcwA andarg glY>wA andar-mh alY>wA andarn(<andar-rn) WWwLx,WWwlYwA andarn-nmag YWwlY>wA arek-kmag WAKkglA arwand-asp WcjaDwlA adh EthA smn WwjA axtar Lt babaxt WtBWV,WtBWKV b...t YW...AWV bowandagh EIWWV brinn WwYCwV bun WWB bunitag WKthYWWV bun-xn Wwa WWB burzwand YWwaLWB amag WC ast WtJcDC iynh EwDC dm-dahinh Ewad>maD> dng WkAwaD drahny waY> draxt WtY> WtY> drubut WtHWPwlY w-and,-and YWcdA g WwDA knag WKwAKw wnag WKwYw wkardagh EKTWKw fragard WtgLP Frakerd WTWkLP frasp WfjLP frxh(frxwh) EwaP fraznag WKwAcP gkarn WwLKwY gursagh EksLwY
abzr ahanz;ahanz...n

<zl> <hnwc> <synyn'> <kmkwmnd> <nytn'> <ndlg> <ndl-mh> <ndlwn',BYN-lwn'> <ndlw(n)-nymk'> <lyk-kmk'> <lwnd-sp'> <tyh> <symen'> <htl> <bk/wbht'> <BRA...OD> <bwndkyh> <blncyn'> <bwn'> <bwnytk'> <bwn'-hn'> <bwlzwnd> <cmk'> <cycst'> <cygwnyh> <dm-dhnyh> <dnk'> <dlhnd> <dl()ht'> <dlwpwt'> <y-cnd,HD-cnd> <ADYN'> <ywknk'> <dwynk'> <yw-krtkyh> <plklt'> <plkrt'> <plsp'> <plhwyh> <plcnk'> <gwkln> <gwlskyh>

tool still;notyet ofiron unwilling un-approached(sexually;Av.term) between newmoon inner,interior,inside theinside havingenvyasoneswish withfleet(fast)horses unhappiness ofsilver,silvery star,constellations,signofthezodiac allottedbythegod(Av.epithet) except fullness,completeness ofbronze,brazen beginning basis source lofty,tall well-spring,source nameofalake howness,howthingsare theestablishmentofthecreation knowledgeable,wise length,extent tree fortress some,afew then,next single,identical manner,way unison;pad+:inunison,jointly achapter/bookdivisionintheAvesta theRenovation beam expanse possessingforeknowledge Cowsear(Avestan);nameofamythicalplant hunger

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LESSON9

A nK hayrh(ayrh) elAvsA hazrgnag WKwAklAc hemgen Ww<A ud-b YVtDwY kmagmandh adY>NwAkmAK Kangdiz cdY<WK kskn WwYJAK kerdrh elATWK kxin WwAWK madr lAt mh-pyag Wkpa mdayn Wwat mndagh EI>wa mang GN marag WklM mowmardh EtmYN nasy-nignh EwAKW JW nrang Y<wlYW nrgmand YNwAKwlYW Ndarn WwaTWW Ohrmazd-dd WtdawAwA zmand YNwACwA pdywand YWwaDtP paygm AtDP prmn(+oraz) WWnaYP plbdn WwYTcWP purr-mh aLWP rahy rminmand YNwAwmL rymand YNwea rn WwwL buhr lAWcH sadgnag WKwAKtJ Sagestn WwAtJ,WwAtJJ *Sawar LBwD\ \ nyin=xnyin Www star-pyag WkpLtJ sdmand YNwATwS tag WKT tinagh EKwYT
ham hamist

<hm> <KHDE> <hdyblyh> <hcl-knk'> <hmgn'> <ywbt-by> <kmkwmndyh> <kngdc'> <kskyn'> <krtlyh> <kwhn'> <mtl> <mh-pdk'> <mtgdn'> <mndkyh> <mng> <mlk'> <mwgmltyh> <nsd-nknyh> nylng> <nylwkwmnd> <nwtln'> <whrmzd-dt'> <wcwmnd> <ptywnd> <pgtm> <pylmwn'> <pwlptyn'> <pwl-mh> <lyd,ld> <lmnwmnd> <ldwmnd> <lwn'> <pwhl> <st-knk'> <skstn',skstn'> <yywbl,swbl> <ndn'> <stl-pdk'> <swtwmnd> <tk'> <tynkyh>

same all help athousand-fold,bythousands angry keepingharmaway willingly nameofacastle oflapislazuli making struggle,fight acomer,whocomesoften,thatwillcome themoon-level book tiredness hashish,bang number Magian-hood burialofcorpses aceremony,ritual,spell possessingstrength descendedfromNdar establishedbyOhrmazd strong,powerful strong,mighty message around ofsteel fullmoon chariot joyful,happy wealthy(Av.rauuant) bright,light(adj.);brightly,clearly aSasanianking ahundred-fold,byhundreds Sistan nameofalake hail(toyou)! thestar-level bringingbenefit attack,assault thirst

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LESSON9

tomg tuhgh tuwng ul wd war wz-d wis xnyin=nyin xwurdag zamn zanin zarrn zufr Verbs: abzy-abzd han-haxt ster- war-wurd xz-ist ham-bar- hil-hit kan-kand kr-kit nibs-nibit niger-d nih-d nin-nist py-pd rnn-rnnd rz-rxt ry-rust yd kenn-kast tb-,tft waz-d wirz-wirxt xwah-xwast xwn-xwnd yaz-yat

WkWT EkWT WkAwABWT aa WtW LW -cW SW WwwA WKtWwA AwYW WwWtda,WwU Wwva LPwZ WTUc-c Wt-Cwa -LtjA -WwYtdaD Ttja-cda

<t(w)myk'> <twhykyh> <twbnk'> <LALA> <wt'> <wl> <wc-> <ws> <hndn'> <hwwltk'> <ODNA> <znn',MHYTNn'> <ZHBAyn'> <zwpl>

belongingtodarkness emptiness mighty up wind lake;bay,inlet drive town hail(toyou)! little,small time striking,smashing ofgold,golden deep

<zd-zwt'> <hnc-hht'> <stl-> <YHYTYWN-> <hyc-hst'>

increase(intransitive) pull becomeguilty(Av.striia-) bring(hither) rise,getup gather letout,allow dig(out:b),destroy sow,plough,till look(at) place,lay settle,setdown protect,wait,linger drive(trans.),push pour grow(up) itisallowed,itispossible break shine,heat blow flee thresh call (offer)sacrifice(to)

-WWkH <BKWN-> -WtdlZ <ZLYTN-> -lYKW <nkyl->

-WwLc <HPLWN->

-WWvYTI,WtHPW-jYPW <npys-npt',YKTYBWN->write -WWtwA <HNHTWN->

WtjaHW-waHW -WwLTW WtDwYwa-wYwa WtdL-cdL WtJwL-YwL WtdaH WtJWwLVT-WwLBT WTcT,cT -CW -WWiLW WtJWwaP-WwaP -WtDWK -WtdLK -WwAvzY

<nn-nst'> <NTLWN-> <lnyn-> <lyc-lyht'> <lwd-lwst'> <dyt'> <TBLWN-> <t-> <wc-> <OLYKWN-> <PLHWN-> <KL/RYTN-> <YDBHWN->

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LESSON10

S PE LLING 7
sr fo rAve stan r InloanwordsfromAvestan,rdoesnotbecome-hr,butsr,e.g.: :Jwa <mnsl> mnsr sacredword

YWc:Jwa <mnsl-snd> mnsr-spand :ja <hsl> hsr :jadwY <ywdsl> ydahr(ydahr)

adeity,nameofaday league,Av.hra rituallyclean,Av.yaodra

A RAMAE OG RAMS 8, ADJEC TIVES AND AD VERBS

Hereare(again)somemorecommonadjectives: AbL <LBA> wazurg big,great

WiL lYp J| EI

<LHYK> <PYL> <BSYM> <DKYA>

dr weh xwa pk was ahy p

far,distant good,better pleasant clean,pure much,very

nla WilA elS Y>T Atdl

<MALE> purr <ALYK> dagr <SLYA> wad <TB>

full long(time) bad good,well

nw

<LYTA> pdixy authorized

YBK <KBD> gZK <KZY> WwYwL <LOYN'>

earlier,formerly,atfirst before,infront

oa <AHL> LtV <BATL>

destroyed

pas pasy

after,afterward after,afterward

Notethefollowingarameogram: (WwYbA)WwYBwA <HWBDWN(HBDWN)> wany

usedintheexpressions wanykun- destroy wan-gardestroyer wan-garhdestruction(active) wanybaw- bedestroyed wan-bdh(wanydh)destruction(passive) W O RDF O RMAT IO N 4. P REF I XESANDS UFFI XES 4 -t r/-dr , -t rh /-d r h Nounsofagent(performerofaction)isformedfrompaststemsofverbsbyreplacingthefinal-tor-dwith-tror -dr,respectively.Negativenounsina-andabstractnounsin-harefrequentlyformedfromsuchagentnouns. Examples: bxtandeliver bxtrdeliverer bxtrhdeliverance warzdanwork,labor,perform warzdrlaborer,sb.whoperforms/doessth. warzdrhperformance xwardaneat axwardrnoteating,withouteating pahrxtanguard(against) pahrxtrstayingawayfrom

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LESSON10

madancome madracomer,sb.whocomesfrequently,sth.thatwillcome Someofthesenounshavepassivemeaning,e.g.: griftanseize griftrprisoner Incompounds: yaft-xwstrsb.whoseeksrewards yaft-xwstrhtheseekingofrewards kerbag-warzdrsb.whoperformsdeeds kerbag-warzdrhtheperformingofgooddeeds -ga r ( -ka r ), -g r ( -k r ) ThesesuffixesmakenounsandadjectivesmeaningdoerofX,makingX.Theformwith-k-isfoundafterthe suffix-ag,whichthenkeepsitsolderform-ak.Theysometimestakeanadditional--,e.g.: przvictorious przgarvictorious ydahrrituallypure ydahrgarwhomakesrituallypure bazzagbaddeeds bazzakkardoerofbaddeeds,evil-doer kerbaggooddeeds kerbakkardoerofgooddeeds warzcultivation,farming warzgarcultivator,farmer aydmemory aydgrmemorial kmwish,desire kmgrauthoritarian rzday rzgrtime(asitpassesdaybyday) winhsin,crime winhgr(winhkr)sinful,criminal -wr Thissuffixmakesadjectives(adverbs)ofmanner.Examples: sazgfitting,appropriate sazgwrfittingly,appropriately xwadylord,ruler xwadywrlordly,inamannerbefittingalord hamsame hamwralways -stn Thiscommonsuffixmakesnounsofplace,e.g.: AsrestnAssyria,Syria HzestnKuzistan TabarestnTabaristan nestnChina SagestnSistan TurkestnTurkistan HindstnIndia s(g)westnSogdiana(?) aspestn(horse)stable utar-estncamel-stable gstncowpen [but:pahastsheepstall] ahrrealm ahrestntown hrbed,apriestlyteacher hrbedestn,placeforlearning,school Inafewwords,thefunctionofthesuffixisindeterminate,e.g.: ddlaw ddestnlaw,judgement zamestnwinter brburden brestnpatient

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LESSON10

NotealsonamesofAvestantexts: Hrbedestn,rulesconnectedwithpriestlystudies(extant) Nrangestn,rulesconnectedwiththeperformanceofrituals(extant) Zaxmestn,Restn,rulesdealingwithbodilyassaultandharm(notextant) Hammlestn,rulesdealingwithbodilyassaultandharm(notextant) Pasu-horwestn,rulesfordealingwithsheepandshepherddogs(partlyextant) Strestn,rulesfordealingwithdomesticanimals(partlyextant) Arzestn,rulesfordeterminingvalue(partlyextant) Waxestn,rulesforgiftexchange,compensation,etc.(notextant) -y , -y g Thesuffixes-y(-)-ygmakeadjectivesfromgeographicalnames. Examples: hrmRome hrmy(hrm)aRoman hrmygRoman *muzr,misr muzrygEgyptian bblBabylonia bblygBabylonian asrestnAssyria asrygAssyrian -y Thisraresuffixmakesnounscorrespondingtoadjectivesdenotingsize: drahnylength cf.drzlong(distance,cf.darglongtime) pahnywidth,thickness cf.pahnbroad,thick blyheight cf.bulandheigh zofydepth cf.zafr,zofrdeep

G RAMMAR 1 0
D EMO N ST RA TIVE P RONO UN S ( RE CA PIT ULA TIO N ) Pahlavihasthefollowingdemonstrativepronouns: Neardeictic(this,these):

n d
im

NwY, NwY> <ZNE> AwA[] <HNA(y)> Nw,Nw> <LZNE> nLW <OLE>

this this(here) this

imn WwaHNw <LZNEn'> these

Fardeictic(that,those): y that

awn

n <ZK> that(there) Notes: Onlyyandimhavepluralforms:awnandimn(Manicheanalsoimn). awntendstobeusedasgeneralplural;imnisusedwithnounsin-n. n,d,andncanbeusedwithsingularandpluralnouns,includingnounsin-n. discommonlyusedtorefertothetextorthesituationinwhichasentenceisspoken:thisoneinquestion,this thatwehavebeentalkingabout,thefollowing,etc.

WwaHnLW

<OLEn'> those

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LESSON10

imthisistheleastfrequentofthenear-deicticpronouns;itismainlyusedinexpressionssuchasimrzthis day,today.Thepluralimnisveryrare. y,awnisalsousedasapersonalpronounhe,she,it;they. Examples:

ndatnkudgrdarwasthisplainisfineandwildassesareplentifulhere padgwinhohrmazdpaydgkdtmagwu-tdrdin/bythestatementofOhrmazditismanifest: Thisisyourcow,Ma,andthis(is)yourbarley. nslwrnbawdthatyeartherewillberain(inpredictions) GaymarddaxagmandhdkmardmazythmagpadnhangdagzdhndGaymardshavinga markisthis(thefollowing):peoplewerebornfromhisseedinthatsimilarmanner

Notetheexpressionsdryforthisreason,padddr-tothink,estimate:

drystaragumzaghxwnndforthisreasontheycall(them)thestarsun(touchedby)theMixture padddrndkk-tghndtheythinktheyarealone
Notealsotheuseofn...nasthis...that,one...theother:

kazarmnmardpadndaragandarawdaburnypanzdah-slagpadndaragbrnydwhenanoldman goesinthroughthis(one)door,hecomesoutthroughthat(theother)doorasa15year-oldyouth
Aspecialuseofthedemonstrativepronounsisseeninexpressionssuchasnnmthisfame,thatis,thefame forthisdeed. T HE VER B . I NFINI TIVES Infinitivesareformedintwoways: 1.shortinfinitivesareidenticalwiththepastparticiple 2.longinfinitivesareformedfromthepaststembyadding-an:<-tn',-tn',-ytn',-(y)stn'>,e.g.: Sincetheonlyorthographicdifferencebetweentheshortandthelonginfinitivesisthefinalstroke,theycannot alwaysbedistinguished,butweknowfromManicheanMiddlePersianandmodernPersianthattheyexisted. framdan WWTnLP <plmwtn'> tocommand,order

madan madan estdan frstdan pursdan niastan dwristan kerdan

WWTWWtD <YATWNtn'> <mtn'>

tocome tocome tostand tosend toask tosit torun todo totake,seize

griftan

WWt WWtWnYWkY WWtDWWwH WWtJWWP WWtJWW}YtD WWtjlA|wY WWTWK or:WWTWwW WWTplY or:WWTWwW

<YKOYMWNtn'> <DRWNytn'> <pwrsytn'> <YTYBWNstn'> <dwblystn'> <krtn'> <OBYDWNtn'> <glptn'> <OHDWNtn'>

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Notes:

LESSON10

Theverbmadancome(=madan)hasnopresentstem.

WWTWK<krtn'>isprobablymorecommonthanWWTWwW<OBYDWNtn'>.

WWTWwW<OHDWNtn'>isprobablymorecommonthanWWTplY<glptn'>.

U SES OF THEI NFINITI VE TheinfinitiveisusedlargelyasinEnglish.NotethatitsometimesneedstobetranslatedintoEnglishasapassive. Inf init ive assubjec t, di rect object ,posse ssi ve

nn-itnimyambdanristxzudtanpasnnowI(will)showyouthebecoming(comingintoexistence)of theResurrectionandtheFinalBody(=howtheR.comesabout) u-mxwkrhudfrzwnhnkohrmazdpadasthudakanraghudabzaghahrimenpadnsthudwanbdhmendanandmydutiesandobligations(are)this:tothinkaboutOhrmazdasbeing,aslimitlessand pure,(but)aboutAhrimenasnotbeingandassomeonethatwillbedestroyed kahangmxwarinxwardannkirmbawddnkunwhenthetimecomesforthatKirmtoeat[lit.:that Kirmstimetoeatfood],thenyou(shall)dothus(=asfollows)

Inf init ive wi thve rb s Theinfinitiveisusedwithverbsmeaningtoorder,commandandtowishtoexpressfuture:

dnframydnibitanheorders(him)towriteasfollows paddngwdkdupdixyhawnsarkmdbdanitsaysintheReligionthattheirevilrulewillcometo anend

Withgive:

warndwiudzahrmrudgazdumudabrg-izxrafstarpaddoxu-xwarddahndtheybringvenomand poisonfromsnakes,scorpions,andtheothercreepsinHellandgivehimtoeat
Withimpersonalconstructions: Ontheconstructionsofimpersonalverbs,seeLesson9.Theseoftentaketheshortinfinitive.Examples:

sazdbdanwhatcanitbe? ardarwiderdannyistArdaxrwasunabletocross(over). andwehydkerbagwarzdanHowwellcanoneperformgooddeeds? u-tngriftanntuwnand(itwill)not(be)possibleforyou=youwillnotbeabletoseize(him,them,etc.) dwnandarbgadhayxustwanykerdanntuwnduringtheInvasion,thedemonsareunabletodestroythe metal drustmadhtardwirzka-tahanzmadzamnnbdwelcome,righteousWirz,(whohavecome)when itwasnotyetthetimeforyoutocome pidarudmdarfrazendxwrynandkrudkerbagpazpanzdahslbhammxtanabydAfatherand mothershouldteachthesemany(=thefollowing)worksandgooddeedstotheirownchildbeforeitreaches fifteenyears(ofage). u-n...guftanabyditbehovesthemtosay>theyshouldsay. yk-padnfrahangudrzhammxtankmagbdhewhowishedtobetaughtinthislearningandsecret

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 With p repo sit ion s

LESSON10

abarabout,for(thesakeof): xwarrahpadnhangmmadWagirdHangpddabarwinnrdanandarghndddehgnhudghn warzdrhuddahbedhghnpnaghatthattime,theFortunecametoWagirdsonofHangPdd forthesakeofestablishingintheworldthelawoflandownership,thecultivationandoverlordshipofthe world,thatis,theprotectionoftheworld abaragrndanabrn-ddhudwad-kuninhbangsrylaboutundoing(howtoundo)theevillawsand evildeedsofBanIsryl

padinorderto,for: padmarnndantagabarkerdheattackedtodestroy(it) ArdawnsphudgundrstagabgpusxwprspadgriftanardaxrfrstdArdawnsentanequipped armyandforcewithhisownsontoPrsinordertoseizeArdaxr

Prepositionsoftime:

tmadanbgaduntilthecomingoftheInvasion tniastanhemuntiltheangerhassubsided pasazmadangizistagAliksandarhrmygafterthecomingoftheaccursedAlexander,theRoman pazmadangwohrmazdmangbzgwpadxwardanddbefore(theAdversary)cametothebull, Ohrmazdgavethebullmedicinalhashishtoeat

With ry , pad ...ry in orderto ,for. .. -i ng

gumnkerdanmardmnpadndnryinordertomakepeopledoubtfulaboutthisreligion nbpadfraegerdristwirstanryandarabydthatwaterisneededattheFrakerdinordertorestorethe dead

Ine nu me ratio ns

padgtyfradompaddnstawnbdandidgarzankerdanudpaywandgtyryndan...udpadnabgumn bdaninthisworld,firstly,tohavefaithinthereligion;secondly,tomarryandarrangecontinuationofones lineinthisworld...andtobewithoutdoubt(=havenodoubt)aboutthis(=thefollowing)

T HE USEO FDERI VEDNO UN SI NS TEAD OF SU BO RDINA TE CLA USE S Thenounsin-h,especiallythosemadefromcompounds,areoftenusedmuchinthesamewayasinfinitives. Theycan,andshould,oftenbetranslatedasfullclauses.Noteespeciallytheuseofryinsuchconstructions. Examples:

u-mmardmhazMahlyudMahliynyandmybeingahumanbeing(comes)from(beingdescendedfrom) MahlyudMahliyny=IamahumanbeingbecauseIam(descended)fromMahlyudMahliyny sagpadhamstrhgurg-sardagnudpnaghgspandnkerdanryddestdthedoghasbeenestablished (created)inordertoopposethewolf-speciesandtoprotectthedomesticanimals didAhrimengwdkbhzamharwispoxastmandadsthtdsthmanthenAhrimensays:Iwill leadtheentirebonyexistencetonotbefriendlytoyou,(but)tobefriendlytome

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LESSON10

Notehowphrasesarechangedintoadjectivesandadjectivesarechangedintonouns:

garnwinh(winhgarn)aheavysin >mardgarn-winhaheavy-sinman=amanwhocommits(isguiltyof)heavysins >garn-winhhnmardryonaccountoftheheavy-sin-nessofthatman=becausethatmanhad committed(wasguiltyof)suchheavysins mard-wk-gwinrstamanwhosespeechistruthful >mardrst-gwinatruthfully-speakingman >padrst-gwinhnmardthroughthetruthfully-speakingofthisman=becausethismanspeaksthe truth harwisp-ghall-knowing >Ohrmazdharwisp-ghhrybecauseofOhrmazdsall-knowing-ness=becauseO.knows/knewall widdwr-runaboutuntied(i.e.,withouttyingthekusti) >wid-dwrinhwinhgarngoingabout(withthekusti)untiedisaheavysin

SENTENCES10
Analyzethefollowingsentences,andidentifythearameograms:

/ WtDWtjA WwaG ^ saPWtP WwaHwY x WwaDWwlY MWkL ^ eLKKC|

?!

bazzakkarhamhdruwandnryandardoxpdufrhgarnwndonaccountofyourevil-doing,(you) wickedones,youwillsee(experience)heavypunishmentinHell=Fortheevildeedsyouhavedone,Oevil ones...

/ WwABwL ^ Wwa N WtDwY WWT ^ EwaDTP W WwlaD WWtJWwaDW| WtdaH WWwDC

?2

iynydxwstandrinudpadxwhtanudazzynruwnhowisitpossibletoseektheupkeepand prosperityofthebodywithoutharmof(to)thesoul?

/ WtDWwsaD YP EthA AwA W WklAc nLW x awAwA WtDWwsaD AwA WWP

?3

padddrdkOhrmazdandaryaraguddrythpdrdhethinksthatOhrmazdishelplessagainst himandforthisreasonisofferingpeace / WWt WtY> W WWtJ WwLwA WWTWK MWtM ^ WKtjLP EtD<v x At OW WtdaLP ?4 framydtaxandarbgadhparistagmardmkerdanxwarinsxtanuddardzadanheordersthefireto servemankindduringthetimeaftertheInvasion,tomakefoodandtostrikepain(illness)

/ WwcdMwY x WwawYK ^ lAtAWW WtDWnYWI WtJWTP YWB 1LwYK AWK N LwYK 34 N

azhaftkiwarazharwkiwar-wband-wpaywastestdwinnrdrkiwarnandargumzinry fromeachindividualcontinentamongthesevencontinentsabondistiedtoserveasupholderofthe continentsintheMixture(tokeepthecontinentsintheirplaces) / WwaD WwaDWw N MWtDNwAnD< WTPwD Wwat WkaA WWP WtDWWWwmY CNwY WWt

? 23

? 33

Mihrryn-izgwdkpadhamgdehndahbedkxwarrahmandtomazmnynyazdn AboutMihrhesaysthefollowing,too:Heisthetown-masterofalltowns,i.e.,heisthemostendowedwith Fortuneofallthegodsintheotherworld

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LESSON10

nMT LTwwL WtDcT AWB WWT Nw N ^ EwwL N WtDWWvYtD WKTK LTWwLx ^ x WIWK NwY tA ? 34 / YwYwhAW WcWB At

kankangandarnandarrntarkadagnindazrnhazimtanbtbdrntarknhktaxburz waxnndwhenthisyoungwomansitsintheinnermostroom,(then,)fromthelightthatshinesoutfrom thisbody(ofhers,itbecomes)brighterthantherewheretheylightatallfire.

/ WtdAc WtJWwaDW| WklAC Wwa WTWWwaD NwY q aDwM WKwYw YBK W

? 44

udwas-wnagsaxwanabarnbdk-mnragxwstanabydtherewasvarioustalk(discussion)aboutthis, (namely)that:Wemustseekameans.

WtD WWP WWTWK At ^ WcdlaP WwaHWN Wwa N At ^ WwaAtW| N WwcY LItD ? 333 / WtDwL WtD WWP WWTWK At ^ WcdlaP WwaHWWMWwa W

didgargarzinazburdrntaxaznmnk-npahrztaxkerdanpad-ddnmnk-npahrztax kerdanpad-ddnstSecond,thecomplaintaboutthosewhocarrythefirefromadwellingwheretheir caringforthefireisaccordingtothelawtoadwellingwhereitisnotaccordingtothelaw

WimY N W ? WtdMwY q WimY WWP EIwY W W c WTWwLTK x WimY WWP WKtN ^ LtJpLA / WTWwlZW WTwLP aZ x WvMwYWcY ^ WtDfJ ^ EpLK aJwS WWP LthYT WWTW]J AWB

nxrafstarmurdagpadzamgandarmndu-wiudgandaghpadzamgabargumxt. nwiazzamgbburdanryTitarpadasp-kerbhspddrz-dumbandarzryfrdud. Thatdeadxrafstarremainedinsidetheearth,anditspoisonandfoulnesswasmixedintotheearth.Toremove thatpoisonfromtheearth,Titarwentdownintotheoceanintheformofawhitehorsewithalongtail

TEXTS10
T E XTS 1 0 .1
FromtheMnyxrad3

/ WtJWWP WtA YWw N WkAwaD / LtYwA|WT WN WwaHwslY N W LtHwslY WN WwaYwA|WT N / WtDWwW WwaJP WtA YWw MwYN ^ WWTWB YW W YwSWwA a WtdA WWP WN LtHwslY nLW WwaYwA|WT N / WtDW]J laYT MwYN ^ WWTWB YW W YwSWwA WtDWnYWI Wt ^ WWP WN LtYwA|WT nLW WwaHwslY N W / WtdSwA a

dngazmnyxradpursdk aztuwngarnkdriytarudazdriynktuwngartar. mnyxradpassoxkundk aztuwngarnydriytarkpadn-astnhunsandudwbdantisrytmrbard. udazdriynytuwngartarkpadnmadstdhunsandudwbdantisrynhandd. TheknowledgeablemanasksthedivineWisdom: Whoisthepooreramongtherich,andwhoisthericheramongthepoor? ThedivineWisdonanswers: Amongtherich,heisthepoorerwhoisnotcontentwithwhathehasandworriesabouthow(his)stuffcan becomemore.

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LESSON10 And,amongthepoor,heisthericherwhoiscontentwithwhathascome(tohim)anddoesnotthinkabouthow (his)stuffcanbecomemore.

T E XTS 1 0 .2
FromtheMnyxrad21

/ WtJWWP WtA YWw N WkAwaD / a WPw WWTWK WtdaH nPW W tJ ^ WKtjAwA W WBC EkahAWT WWP / WtDWwW WwaJP WtA YWw / WtdaH a WWTWK nPW W WtDWnYWI WtDwdL| a ^ EKwYW EkahAWT WWP / WtDWWtaD AWB K EkahAWT WtDWnYWI WtDwdL| ^ AWB / LbYc tJ WWP NTwL a WtD tA EkahAWT AWB Wtdac WKWcT WWP W WtDWWtaD WtP W YWw WWP a AWB

dngazmnyxradpursdk padtuxghxrudxwstaggtyxwydkerdanaybn. mnyxradpassoxkundk padtuxghnnkhnbrhndstdxwkardannyd. bnbrhndstdtuxghryahybrasd. btuxghka-yazdnabgpadgtyabbar bpas-izpadmnyfraydrasdudpadtarzgabzyd. TheknowledgeablemanasksthedivineWisdom: Isitpossibletomakethepropertyofthisworldonesownbydiligence? ThedivineWisdonanswers: Bydiligence,itisnotpossibletomakeonesownthatgoodnessthathasnotbeen(already)assigned(assuchby thedivine). Butthatwhichhasbeen(so)assignedcomesearlierbydiligence. Butdiligenceinthisworld,when/ifitdoesnothavethegods/thelawwithit,bearsnofruits. But,afterward,intheotherworld,itcomesto(ones)aidandincreases(theamountofgoodthings)onthe scale.

T E XTS 1 0 .3
FromtheRivayatofdur-farrbay

/ WwJWWP WwaHnLW hAtP AWvY WtdAc x EnYW WWP nPW ^ Nt WPw nPW ^ NTWV WWM AWvY / a WPw WtDWWwaD esYWtDwA ^ WKPWK WtDWwW tA / WWTWK EnYW WWP vmatJ WWP

pursin.mardkduxtxwaybxwahxwpadzanhandarabydnmardpdixyawnpadstahmpad zanhkerdan.kakundkerbagxwddahhbawdaybn. Q:Amanwhoneedshisdaughterorsisteraswife,isthatmanauthorizedtomakeherhiswifebyforce?Ifhe doesit,willhegetthemeritofxwddah(=forperformingxwddah)?

Notes: Hepresumablyneedsthemforlegalpurposesofpropertyand/orinheritance. xwddah,ornext-of-kinmarriage,was(apparently)widelypracticedinSasanianIran,althoughoften,itseems, forpurelypractical(legal)purposes.

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LESSON10

/ WwaJP / MWtDwA NwA WwSC / Atdl WWTWK nYW vmatJ WWP WKwYw WWP NTWV WPw Nt / WtDWWwaD W esYWtDwA ^ WKPWK WPwA EnYW WtDWwW tA / sAWW W Atdl a WWTWK AwsmA a Yw tA
passox.iynandnam.xwahaybduxtpadnwnagpadstahmzankerdanpdixy.kakundzanhxb kerbagxwddahhhbawd.kaynhamddestnkerdannpdixyudwinh. A:AsIknowit:Heisauthorizedtomakeasisterordaughterhiswifeinthatmannerbyforce.Ifhedoes,then thewife-hoodisgood,andhegetsthemeritforperformingxwddahintheusualway.If(her)husband doesnotagree,heisnotauthorized,anditisasin. Notes: pdixymeansauthorized(bylaw). Notethatthesuffix-hinxwddahhservestoquotetheword(legalterm)xwddah. Notetheuseofhtomeanintheusual,standard,way. Notetheuseofxbgoodtomeanvalid. T E XTS 1 0 .4 FromtheHrbedestn,aboutthevicissitudesofaccompanyingawomanawayfromherhometopursuereligious studies.

/ ABwY WwaW tA WkLc WklAkA tA WtDwYkAc laHwY> WWTWt:J tA WtDWt:J a :ja x c WtDWwsaD a q WaD c WtDWwly>Y> Eww WWTWt:J WWP tA WtDWWwaD / ABwY< WwaW tA WkLc WklAkA tA :ja WWP tA

kagdandramryabgndkakragapparagkanihnduzz nbawdka-padgdan-meninhnaydu-magabarndrdu-andarhsrngyd kapadhsrkakragapparagudkanihnduzz Whenheaccompanies(her)becauseofdesiretohavesexwith(her),ifitisintheopen(heis)arobber,ifin secretathief. Theaboveobtainswhenheleadsherwiththeintentionofhavingsexwith(her),buthedoesnotlifther garmentanddoesnothavesexwithherwithinaleague(fromherhouse). (Theaboveistobeinterpretedasfollows:)Ifhedoesnothavesexwithheratonehsr,(then)ifitisinthe open,heisarobberandifinsecretathief.

Note: Thetermsrobberandthiefaretechnicallegaltermsandclearlyreferstooffencescommittedopenly(robber) orinsecret(thief). nbawdisatechnicaltermmeaningthatobtains,thatisthecase(when). Notethecontrastandarhsrwithinaleagueandpadhsrataleague(sdistance).

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LESSON10

EXERCISES10
1.Addthetranscriptionstothesesentencesandtranslatethem:

/ WtDWWwaD lAtdlaP sAWW N W WtDWWwaD WkahAWT WWTWwW WKPWK WWP

? ! ?2 ?3

padkerbagkerdantuxgbawdudazwinhpahrxtrbawd

/ WtDWwLTK a WTWkA WtdAc WWTWK ^ WkPWK W lAK T WcW oA WfjaHWB WWtWB WkawwY ^ WwaHwY W YWwlY> N W WWt WwaD ^ WwwYW W WthAW OW WKwYw nM WWP / WtdaH WWwaD a lATcY< WwaH ^ WtD> WWP Ww A lAwlahYP nl N / YwHK a WwaHwY> W aH sAWW Tc

<bwsp'ALwlc'AYKtklWkrpk'Ykrtn'dt'krt'LAKTLWNyt'>

padwnagwahitudwninyazdnmadanudazAhrimendruwanduddoxduwahgbxtanyd.

.4

<MNLGLEpylwlALOBYDWNAYKPWNdt'YDYn'glptlLAYHWWNyd APtZKwnsldDYAOLdwhw'LAkynd>

kL W L q WwAwA WtDwA nPWV kL WtWnYWI WtHPW WWWtdA lyadlA OW WkpAP ^ Wkm WWP ? 23 / WtdA Atdl W lATWkmAK WKtjAwA W WBC W adA W WWT WWP WwaJ x ^ ATwwA WwaD>BK W WcW WWTnPW WwW elAtWB WwaLP W EKwAkw LtJ NwY kL OW L ^ WcYwA CWWK W / / lAcJc oA ETWB WwYwA OW
padnmagPbagArdaxrdnnibitestdktxwaddnkArdawnabarmanudtudwasnmardm andarghnpadtanudgynudxrudxwstagkm-kerdrudpdixyast. udnn-izhandarzmantnsaxttarkknaghudframn-burdrhkunxwtanwarzwan-bdhma abespr.

WWTWWJP WtdaH WtAK WWP ^ EIwY W WWTWwW WtdaH nS WWP ^ lAT WtDWWWwmY WwaHwY YWNwA WkAT WKw YWwsaD AwA WWP YWwW saPtP !WtJTW x AWvY + t W / LtdlS EkAT WKw ^ saPtP c
doxrygwdktrpaddastydgriftanudgandaghpadkrdydbrdan udagar1000mardandarwidest-wpdifrhkunndpadddrndkk-tghnd u-pdifrhk-tghwattar.

? 33

? WWTWwE lesAfJ wDA / WtDWWtE a WwaHwY OW WwABwL WWTWK WwABWT NwY elesAfJ WWP nM 1YWB adYWw WtWtjA wDA WtDWwlZW LtdmA ^ nsLK OW LtDbA ^ WtHWP N tAMWtM nM / WtDWtdmL nLWC OW x
gspsdrbdan. padspsdrhnktuwnkerdankruwndoxnrasd. mardmkaazputpidarakombmdarawdg-iAstwihdmnyhband-w andargrwabgand.

? 34

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LESSON10

WwaHtA WKw WKw WtDWwllmY m SwaHwS W aLtdwA W LtdwA ^ WthAWtZ ^ NWB 3 ? 44 WtDWwlZW JwaDK ^ adM W WWTWwllA nYwL !WIWK WtDWWwaD WWWtdA WtDWWtaD nPW ^ WKwaZ / YWwaZ WWWtdA nPW ^ WKwaZ WWP WKw WKw WwaHnLW WtDWWwaD WWtJWc WtDcdMwY< WWT W x nS< c
n3pusZarduxtUdarudUdarmhudSnsnmgwdkkka-n zamnagxwrasddnbawdkkang-wsarustanrynbKaynsyawd u-xwarrahandartangumzdbustanbawdawnkkpadzamnagxwdnzynd
2.MatchthePahlaviwordswiththeirtranscriptions: angh frxkerd stadan wm ward ayb azabar baxt rag dnnd dibr dwrist rnwz gty gizistag gspand hitan kiwar mn mayn nkh padrag petyragh tuxg warzdan widerdan xr xrad xwady xwkrh yazin zamestn zry

frasang saxwan 3.Transliterate,transcribe,andtranslate:

aDwM TwA EkAwA EklatDP EKwYW elAkYwA GwDLP Z tJ kahAWT LPc LwYK

WBC WcDWwa WklAC WklYTP WKtJcD WPw WtA WtDWwYtdaD WtjlABwY WTWKwaP WTWWklA Wwa

Wwa WwAtjmY WwcD WWtDcW WWtTW WWTWWi WWTWwJwY WWwYcD YWfJwY YWtDwA ABwA

/ Y<wsLP YBK WWP WKtJWK OW WTWKwaP ^ Z ^ LPc WwajawA ^ WtJWK WWP WcdY<WK / WwAKtPWWt ^ WKtJWK WWP WcDWwa / Ltc ^ WtJWK WWP WwAtJwYC OW WwAtJkLWT ^ a WWP WwAtJWKwS ^ WimY / WwAkmY> ^ WPWK ^ lYc WTWkmY ^ LW YWwllmY WWWtdA ? slAP ^ Wwa WTWkmY ^ LW / WwAtJwY>wA x lK ? WtdA nMT WWK W slAP ^ WKtJWK OW WTWwlZW WTWWiLW lyadlA WkAtDP WWWtdA / WwABWT a WWTWwW N oa WtdaH a WWTWwW MwY 3 Y>W t W

? !

?2 ?3

/ YWw ^ WwSC WtDWnYWI WTWWklA Wtja WWWtdA EwaD>WW| WWP tJ ^ WBC awAwA N WWTWWklA aDkAcJ W aDtja WWB W WwaD> W aD> NwY WWP ^ EKwYW WwSna W / WTWwlYkM EklatDP WWP awAwA ^ WwaaD> N EKwYW ^ WWTWwJwY AWB W WWTPwW WWP a W / WtjlABwY x WtdAc WWtJWwaDW| WklAC Wwa WTWB NwY q lAkSwA W aDwM WKwYw YBK W WtDWwYtdaD eakA WwaDWw N W WtDWwlZW 1 WwaY>W YWtDwA AWB YWNwA aDwA NwY x ^ MWtM YWwYtdaD WKTWK WWP NwL ^ elsadwY W EcDtP W Y<wlYW W WwAKwYWc W WWwlY> W WwcD NwY WwaH W WPw WtDWWtaD WwaD W / a WPw WtDWWtaD NwL ^ WwABwL ^ WtP W W
128

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LESSON10

4.TranslateintoPahlaviandwriteinPahlavi: 1. Whenwearrivedin(=to)Babylon,wecametoariverwhichwecouldnotcross. 2. ItsaysintheAvestathat,inrnwz,thewinteristenmonthsandthesummertwomonths. 3. UntiltheresurrectionandtheFinalBody,onemustbeinHellinmuchevilandmanykindsofpunishment. 4. GbedhshouseisinrnahrinthecontinentofXwanrah,butthereis(one)whosayshewasrulerof Sogdiana,whichisontheroadfromXwarsntoChina. 5. IntheHrbedestnthereismuchtalkabout(abar)howtobecomeapriestlyteacher,andtheNrangestnis abouthowtoperformtheyasnatothegodsproperly. 6. TheaccursedkingoftheXioniansorderedthescribetowriteasfollowsinaletter:Youmustrelinquishthat Mazdayasnianreligion!Ifnot,wewillcomeagainstyouwith10,000Turanianwarriorsandwewillkillallthe Iranians. 7. Inthisworld,oneshould,first,believeinthedn;second,marry;third,cultivatetheearth;fourth,tend (cultivate)cattleaccordingtothelaw;fifth,one-thirdofthedayandone-thirdofthenightgotoschooland inquireabout(ask)thewisdomoftherighteous;one-thirdofthedayandone-thirdofthenightbediligentin onesduties,andone-thirdofthedayandone-thirdofthenightbehappyandrelax.

ADDITIONALREADINGS10

A DD IT IO NALRE AD INGS 1 0.1

FromBundahin9.12,20,11A.2-3

? WWB c slAP WkaA ^ WPWK WtDBwY WwjLWpA WtdA adM WPWK WwjLWpA WcWvlA N WtDwY WtDWWWnY CNwY / WtdA 1aDT WwajawA CWWP WwAtJCwA WWP nYwL c WwAtJJ WWP WWB A / WKtJWK W Wwa:J< W WwAtjLPT WWP ^ WPWK lg<LwaHTP
n-izgwdkudazHarburzAbursnkfmehastkAbursngwdkfhamgPrsaz-ibun -bunpadSagestnu-sarpadHzestnpad-izXwarsntx-wast. PadixwargarkfnpadTabarestnudGlnudnkustag. This,too,itsays:AsidefromHarburz,MountAbursnisthelargest,for,(asfor)Abursnitsaysthemountains ofallofPrshavetheiroriginfromit,soitsbeginningisinSagestnanditsendinHzestn,andithasone branchinXwarsn.

WtDcdL aZ W WwAtJwY>wA WWP W WtDWwlZW MWB Y>wS WWP W WtdlYTW AWB WwajawA WWP WTwL aDW / YWtdLK CWTwL WwAKwY>wA W YWtdLK WTwL Wwat nMT c AwA EtP c WtDcdL WtdL%> W W WtdlYTW WwAtjLwsA WWP MwlA ^ Y>nYW N WwaWWV WTwL WtP / Y>WWK WwLwA WimY q
Weh-rdpadXwarsnbwiderdudpadSindbmawdudpadHindstnzryrzdu-nhMihrnrd xwnndudHindgnrd-izxwnnd. FrdrdbunxnazwimandHrmpadAsrestnwiderdudDalitrzd u-frdhdkabarzamgxwarinkund.
Note:Recalltheshortformkundforkund(Lesson9).

TheriverWehpassesthroughXwarsnandgoestothelandofSind,anditpoursintotheseainIndia.There theycallittheriverMihrn,andtheyalsocallittheriveroftheIndians. ThesourceofriverEuphratespassesfromtheborderwithRomethroughAsrestnandflowsintotheTigris. AnditiscalledFrdbecauseitproducesfoodthroughouttheearth.

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A DD IT IO NALRE AD INGS 1 0.2

FromMnyxrad61.6,26-27

/ WtDWnYWI WkAwD nl 3 ^ AnA / WwJWWP / WtDWWbYtD kLW ^ Z ^ Wwa nl 3 ^ AnA / WwaJP WtdlAW leA WIwAc W WwAtHY> W JW OW ^ eM WwSna WtDWwW ladwY W EI WwWtjA WWP WwSna WtDWWtE nl 3 ^ AnA OW tA

pursin.xars-pykgygestd. passox.xars-pymaynzrywarkanind.hmynbnasyuddatnudabrghixrwrd kaxars-pyrasdhmynpadwninpkudydahrkund. Q.Whereisthethree-leggeddonkey? A.Thethree-leggeddonkeysitsintheW.Sea. Allthewaterthatrainsondeadbodies,menstrualdischarge,andotherexcretions, whenitcomestothethree-leggeddonkey,itmakesitallcleanandpurebylookingatit.

A DD IT IO NALRE AD INGS 1 0.3

FromtheMnyxrad61.8,31-36

/ WkAwD ATk WWP aHTPwY / WwJWWP / slYWwA ^ LwYK x WcDWwa WWP aHTPwY / WwaJP / MWtM LPc Y>W WWtYW N W AWWT WWtYW Y>W nl N W WtDcdL A aZ OW lAwZ W WtDWwW A WwaD ^ WwcD W WtDWWvYtD lAB aY WWP lAnA W / YWtdmY AWB aZ x LtJplA lmA EwcdL lAwZ WWP L WN LtJplA lmA WtDcdL a aZ OW lAwZ W WtDWwW a elYwcD nLW Wtjg<LP t nM WwlAW WWwsC WtdlAW WWWtdA LtJplA WtdlAW WwlAW tA A WwsA ? WtdaJc AWB

pursin.Gbedhpadkadmgyg. passox.GbedhpadrnwzandarkiwarXwanirah udazpytnmtangwudaznmtantazabarmardm udhamwrpaddraybrniindudyazinyazdnhamkundudzhrzryhamrzd krypadnzhr-rzinhamarxrafstarandarzrybmrnd. agarpargastynyazingarhnkundudnzhrnzrynrzdknamarxrafstarbabeshd ghamkawrinwrdxrafstardnwrdiynwrin. Q.WhereisGbedh? A.GbedhisinrnwzinthecontinentofXwanirah. Andfromthefeettothewaistheisabull,andfromthewaisttothetophuman. Andhealwayssitsbytheseashoreandsacrificestothegodsandpourslibationsintothesea, onaccountofwhom,bythatlibationpouring,countlessevilanimalsdieinthesea. For,Godforbidheshouldnotperformthatsacrificingandshouldnotpourthelibationsintotheoceansothat thosecountlessevilanimalsaredestroyed,thenwheneveritrains,itrainsevilanimalslikerain.

A DD IT IO NALRE AD INGS 1 0.4

Bundahin24.17-18,20-21

YWWwaD AWB SWc awAwA ^ YKW ^ WIc ^ aD WkaA WtDWwW aAK tA WtDWwllmY nl 3 ^ AnA / YWtdmL AWB WKtdL YWnmW Y<wAW tA SWc ^ WIc ^ LtJplA WkaA W / WimY LwYK WTc WWP WWN WtdWWwaD AWB lsadwY aZ ^ adM WkaA WtDcdM aZ x tA W
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/ / YwYcdM x YWtjA adM tA AnA WkaA MC CWWP W

xar3-pyrygwdkkawngkundhamgdmbgmdagOhrmazdbusbbawnd udhamgxrafstarbgbuskanwngnawndrdagbabgannd. udkaandarzrymzdhamgbzryydahrbbawdkpadhaft-kiwarzamg. udpad-iznimhamgxarkabwnndandarmznd. Itsaysaboutthethree-leggeddonkey,that,whenitbrays,allofOhramzdsfemalecreaturesinthewater becomepregnant,andalltheevilanimalsinthewaterthatarepregnant,whentheyhearthatsound,throw (=abort)thechildren. Andwheniturinatesinthesea,allthewateroftheseathatisintheearthwithitssevencontinentsbecomes pure. Andforthatreason,alldonkeys,whentheyseethesea,urinateinit.

/ WtDWWvSwY LtYc nl 3 ^ AnA ^ elA}sA WWP WTWKWwaP ^ aZ N adM LthYT W ? WtdA nl 3 ^ AnA ^ WwslS WkAtDP CLBwA W WtDWwlZW WWT W aDkawS WWP ^ adM ^ lAwLP W MW CWWP WtdA WwLwA YWw YBK t nM / / / WtDWtdmL lAwa WwslS W WcdMwY WWP
udTitarbazzryFrxkerdpadayrhxars-pyryabrtarstand. udambar-izpaydgksargnxars-pyast agarwas-izmnyxwarinastpas-iznnamud*parwlbpadsrghtanawd padgmzudsargnabzabgand. TitartakesthewaterfromtheFrxkerdSeamostlywiththehelpofthethree-leggeddonkey. Anditismanifestthat,amber,too,isthefecesofthethree-leggeddonkey. Forifthereis(too)muchfoodintheotherworld,afterwardthatmoistureand*nourishmentthatentersthe bodythrough(itvarious)openings,itthrowsbackthroughurineandfeces.
Note:Anasterisc<*>indicatesuncertainreadingofawordand,hence,uncertaintranslation.

N O TEON POLL UTIO N AND PU RIFIC ATION TE R MINOLOGY Severalcentraltermsforpollutionandpurificationarefoundinthetextabove:

nasy:deadmatter,originatesfrombodiesofhumansandanimals;itispollutedbythefemaledemonNasu,who needstobeexorcisedbywashing(y-ust)orbyadoglookingatthedeadbeing. datn:menstrualdischarge. hixr:excretedorvomitedmatter,hairandnails. pk:clean,aboutpollutedobjectsthathavebeenwashedorhavebecomecleannaturally,e.g.,havinglainoutside foraspecifictimeperiod. ydahr:rituallycleanandusableforritualpurposes,e.g.,woodforfirewood. gmz:cowsorbullsurine,usedinadditiontowatertowashpollutedobjects.

A DD IT IO NALRE AD INGS 1 0.5

FromSdgarnaskinDnkardbook9.

/ WwAtJtdawAwA Y aHWtDwY Y Wwjza WwS ^ Ww>tJ / WTWkLP WtdA LKTwS / WwS ^ EWWB WWP WKwYWwatD WwSC WKwYWwatD WTWkLP MWtP

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/ WWB WwaAK q ,OyliaV,Uha,faY, ^ WWTPwY N ^ elY<CwlYP W eY>WwaA q WtDWwllmY nMt W / WtDWwlZW lAK W tA WKw ? WWtJWwaDW| WtDWN|cD MwYN tA WKw ? WWTPwY WtDWN|cD MwYN tA WKw / WWTWK WtDWN|cD WwYWc tA 2 / lABwaD< ^ WwWwAvzY W EwmAwLPWt W tA 4 / EwLV AWB WCwlY> W tA 23 / lAcdlAK ^ elY<CwlYP W tA 33 ? eY>WwaA W tA 33 / WWTWK WtdmAK WwaDWfJwaA ^ WwWwAvzY tA W WwWwAvzY WwaDWfJwaA ^ W tA 34 / WwWwAvzY lawLP WwABwla ^ W tA 44 / WTWtdmL WtDWN|cD WimY W MWT tA 333 / WWTWWi WtDWN|cD WwwY< tA / WtDWwlZW WWtJWwaDWV nYW W tA 5 / WtDWnYK aa !PWK WWP tA 6 / WTWwlZW WtdmAK WkAtJwL W tA 7 / WtDWwlZW AWB aYc tA 6 / WTWwlZW WtDWN|cD AWB g<LTW WwAc ^ WWP tA WKw WTPWY< ,OyliaV,Uha,faY, MWtP WwaH ^ WwwZ WWP q W
styindnmzdsnud-dwohrmazd-ddestn. Sdgarastwstdfragard. fradomfragardYat-ah-wryiynYat-ah-wrypad-bunhdn. uddargwdabaramwandhudprzgarhazguftan.ya.a h.vai rii . abarkrnbun. kka-tiskmdguftan.kka-tiskmdxwstan.kkakrawd. dka-frnkmdkardan. skarad-franminhudyazinghnbr. ahrkadruzb-barinh. pankaamwandh. akaperzgarhkrzr. haftkanamahraspandnyazinudkayazinamahraspandnkmdkardan. hatkanahlawnfrawahryazin. nka-tmzamgkmdabgand. dahka-gunkmdhitan. yzdahkazanxwstanawd. dwzdahkapadkf-wulxzd. szdahka-rstg-wkmdud. dwzdahkaabrhbawd. kka-padnbnwidargbkmdud. udabarkpadzanindwnfradom.ya .ah .vai ri i .guft.
Notethetwoexpresssions: dnmzdsn theMazdayasniandn dnmazdsnn thednoftheMazdayasnians

Avestandanamzdaiiasni Avestan*danamazdaiiasnanm*(notused)

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GLOSSARYOFWORDSINTHETEXTSANDTHEEXERCISES10
Idioms: abardtan andarabyd andarnwm syinkerdan bburdan dmuddahin ()hambar- bun xwkerdan padddtan padkardagwar- pdr- rminkerdan zankerdan Nouns,adjectives,adverbs,pronouns: raise,liftup need(impersonal) inthisdayandage relax carryaway,getridof theentirecreation;cf.dm-dahinhtheestablishmentofthecreation carrytogether,gather,accumulate tobeones/theirown,toonesstock,asstart-upcapital makeonesown,appropriate hethinks,considers employ,practice offer behappy,havefun marry

abg abxtar abbar abrh abesh-ist bg bus bustan arag frnagn ghh ahy akerd amar amwandh ambar apparag arttr syin krag akomb asp-kerbh th br b-barinh

NTwL Ltc LbYc aYc -aJc WIc SWc WWtJWc WklAc WwAKwYWc esAkA K WTWkA lmA eY>WwaA LBwA WkLc lAthYtA WwjA WklAkA nsLK,bMWkA EpLK aJwS EthA lAB EwLV AWB

<LWTE> <htl> <by-bl> <py-lh> <syh-> <yk'> <ws> <wstn'> <clk'> <rynkn'> <ksyh> <KZY> <-krt'> <ml> <mwndyh> <nbl> <lk'> <ltytl> <sdn'> klk'> <k(w)mb> <sp-klpyh> <tyh> <bl> <BRA-blnyh>

with north fruitless,notbearingfruits havinglostonesway bedestroyed water-,livinginthewater pregnant pregnant helpless;+andaragainst nameofaaceremony knowledge,information before(adverb);+rybefore(postposition) undone countless,innumerable powerfulness amber robber soldier,warrior relaxation openly,evident belly,womb theformofahorse peace shore,riverside gettingridof

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bm bun bundahinh bunxn burdr burz dahbed dard drin datn deh dibr dram dray,drayb drz-dumb drn duwahg duxt duzz(duzd) bgadh knagh k-tg k-tgh fragard framn-burdrh frayd frd gdan-meninh ghnbr gandagh garzin gmz griftr grw gun haft-kiwar hmn hmyn handarz hunsand am-kerd

MWB WWB EwEWWB WwaWWV LAtW| WcWB WTPwD WtY> WwlaD WwAtHY At WWwYcD aY,WcD> WvMwYWcY WWwlY WkawwY NTWV ABwY EtDv EKwAkw WkAT WKw EkAT WKw WTWkLP elAtWBwALP WtP WTwLP Eww WWTWt:J lABwaD EIwY WwcY WcdMwY lATcY nLWC WwY LwYK WTc Wwa WwDna WcYwA YwDWwA WTWkmY

<bwm> <bwn'> <bwndhnyh> <bwn'-hn'> <bwltl> <bwlc'> <dhywpt'> <dlt'> <dln'> <dtn'> <MTA> <dpywr'> <YMA,dlydp'> <dlc-dwmb'> <dlwn'> <dw-whk'> <BRTE> <GNBA> <ybgt'> <yknkyh> <ywk'-tk'> <ywk'-tkyh> <plkrt'> <plmnbwltlyh> <plydt'> <plwt'> <ghnbl> <gndkyh> <glcn'> <gwmyc'> <glptl> <CWLE> <gwn'> <hpt'kywl> <hmyn'> <hmwdyn'> <hndlc'> <hwnsnd> <ym-krt'>

land bottom,foundation,beginning thefirstestablishingofthecosmos,Creation source someonewhocarries tall pain upkeep(lit.holding) menstrualdischarge town,village scribe desire,love sea,ocean havingalongtail aceremony worthless daughter thief theperiodaftertheInvasion obedience,submission single,alone beingsingle,loneliness section,chapter obedience help down aritual foulness complaint;+azabout urine(ofcattleusedforcleansing) captive,prisoner neck,self maleanimal;+hitan,letthemalesintothe femalestobreed havingsevencontinents summer all,entire;altogether advice content;+padwith madebyam(Yima) town-master

laHwY <dwlm>

<SLYTNtn'-mynnyh> thought/intentofhavingsexwith

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aHWtDwY lATWkmAK krd AwGJ,WtAK kardag WKTWK nmag W,WAW nasy JW nmtan WWtYW nihn WwaW ohrmazd-ddestn WwAtJtdawAwA pad-bunh EWWB WWP pad-dd WtD WWP padxwh EwaDTP pdixy Atdl,hAtP pdybh EcDtP pahrz WcdlaP pargast WtP paristag WKtjLP parwl lAwLP passox WwaJP przgarh elY<CwlYP put WtHWP rad-franminh EwmAwLPWt
ud-dw km-kerdr rdag sar sargn saxwan sazg spsdr spsdrh stahm srg tr tmr tx tm tuwn uskr wng wan-bdh war

<ywdt-DYA> <km-krtl> <klt',SKYNA> <krtk'> <nmk',Mk'> <nsd> <nym-tn'> <nhn'> <whrmzd-dt'> <PWN-bwnyh> <PWN-dt') <ptyhwyh> <pthd,LYTA> ptyyh> <phlyc'> <plgst'> <plstk'> <plwl> <pylwcglyh> <pwt'> <lt'-plnmnyh> <lytk'> <LOYE> <slgyn'> <MRYA> <sck'> <spsdl> <spsdlyh> <sthmb> <swlk'> <tl> <tyml> <tyh> <twm> <twbn'> <wskl> <wng,KALA> <HWBDWNbwtyh> <wl>

whichkeepsthedwaway atwill,accordingtowish knife

padk.war-toemploy,practice
letter,book corpse waist hidden,insecret whichis(contains)Ohrmazdslaw whatisatthebeginning(of) accordingtothelaw prosperity authorized;+infinitive aceremony care,protection;+kerdancarefor,protect Godforbid! servant;+kerdantoserve *nourishment answer;+kerdantoanswer victoriousness back,loins;backing,support promotingthemodels;Av.ratifritisatisfying themodels(oftheritual,behavior) young(ofanimals) head feces talk,word fitting,suitble,appropriate grateful gratitude violence,force hole darkness sorrow,concern;+burdanbeconcerned;+

WKtdL nYwL WwslS aDwM WkAcJ lesAfJ elesAfJ vmatJ WkawS lAT laYT aDT MWT WwABWT lAkSwA aAK,Y<wAW EWTWB WwYBwA LW

ryabout edge,ridge
seed,grain possible,itispossible(impersonal) discussion,consideration sound;+kardanshout,bray,etc. annihilation,destruction(passive) Yimasvara,bunker

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wrin was-wnag wnin widarg widest wimand winnrdr xr xb xwah xwarrahmand xwstag xwddah xwddahh yazin yazingarh ydahr ydahrh zamnag zanh zhr zyn
Names: Abursn

WwlAW WKwYw YBK WwwYW gLTW WtJTW YnYW lAtAWW WBC PwA Nt DNwAnD WKtjAwA sYWtDwA esYWtDwA WwcD elYwcD lsewY elsewY WKwaZ EnYW lAwZ Wwa WwjLWpA WwAKtPWWWt WwAtjLwsA WwAtJwYC WtdL% WwAkmY WcDWwa WtP Wwa:J aHTPwY WTwL WwAKwYwA WwAtJwYwA MwlA WwAtJCwA WcdY<WK lK JwaDK

<wln'> <KBDdwynk'> <wynn'> <wtlg> <wtst'> <wymnd> <wnltl> <CBW> <hwp> <AHTE> <GDEwmnd> <hwstk'> <hwytwds> <hwytwdsyh> <ycn'> <ycnglyh> <ywdsl> <ywdslyh> <zmnk'> <NYEyh> <zwhl> <zydn'>

rain manykindsof,miscellaneous seeing crossing,ford aspan(9") border,limit someonewhoholdsup matter,things;+xwstagallones possessions good,valid sister endowedwithFortune property next-of-kinmarriage performanceofnext-of-kinmarriage ritual,yasna sacrificing rituallypurife purificationritual time(appointed) wifehood,marriage;padzanhasoneswife libation harm

<wlsyn'> <twr'ptkn'> <swlstn'> <cynstn'> <dglyt'> <dmkn'> <ylnwyc'> <plt'> <gyln'> <gwpth> <hndwkn'-lwt'> <hndwstn'> <hlwm> <hwcstn'> <kng-dc'> <kmyl> <kynsyd>

nameofamountain namecorrespondingtomodernAzerbaijan Syria China Tigris amountaininPrs rnwz,mythicalhomelandoftheIranians

durbdagn Asrestn nestn Dalit Damagn rnwz Frd Gln Gbedh Hindgn-rd Hindstn Hrm Hzestn Kang-diz Kamr Kaynsy

Gilan(southwestoftheCaspianSea) nameofamythicalking
Euphrates nameofariver India Rome Khuzistan(southwesternIran) thefortressKang Kasmir seainwhichZ.ssemenispreserved(inabox)

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Mihrn-rd Padixwargar Prs Sagestn Sind Sns Swestn Sdgar(nask) Tabarestn Titar Turkestn Udar Udarmh Weh-rd Xwanirah Xwarsn Yat-ah-wry
Verbs:

WTwL Wwat lgLwaHTP slAP WwAtJJ YwS SwaHwS WwAtJWKwS LKTwS WwAtjLPT LthYT WwAtJkLWT LtdwA aLtdwA WTwlaDW,WTwL aDW slYWwA WwajawA WKwYWwatD

<mtln'-lwt'> <pthwl-gl> <pls> <skstn'> <snd> <swns> <swkwstn'> <swtkl> <tplstn'> <tytl> <twlkstn'> <wytl> <wytlmh> <wyh(-)lwt'> <hwnyls> <hwlsn> <yt-hw-wylywk'>

nameofariver nameofamountain Pars,modernFars Sistan(easterniran) Sindh sonofZ.,born3000yearsafterZ. Sogdiana atextfoundintheDnkard Tabaristan(southeastoftheCaspianSea) nameofadivinestar,Sirius Turkestan sonofZ.,born1000yearsafterZ. sonofZ.,born2000yearsafterZ. Indus thecentralcontinent landintheeast,Khorasan anOldAvestantextusedasaprayer

abgn-d abgan-,abgand naw-nd brhn-d dwr-ist gy-gd gumz-gumxt hand-d kmdkmist ke-d ku-kut mz-mit nay-nd padr-padrift sz-sxt y-ust tb-tft waxn-d wiuft,wib-

-wYkAc <kyn->

accompany throw(away),abort hear allot,assign;fashion run(esp.aboutevilbeings) havesexwith mix,mingle think;+ryabout onewishes(impersonal) drag,pull kill urinate lead(away) receive prepare,make wash shine light(afire) disturb,destroy;tousle(hair)

-WtdmL <LMYTN->

WTWwA,-WnmW <OMEN-,nwt'>
-wdL| <blyhyn-> -lABwY <dwbl->

-Wt:J WtdMwY,-cdMwY -SwA -WNBcD -K WtHWK,-WK WthM,-cdM -W]J WwlYKM WtJ,-cJ W]A WTcT,-cT -whAW WTPwW-PwW

<SLYTN-> <gwmyc-gwmyht'> <hndy-> <YCBEN-> <k-> <kw-kwt'> <myc-mt'> <DBLWN-> <MKBLWN-> <sc-sht'> <HLLWN-> <tp-tpt'> <whyn-> <wwp-wwpt'>

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LESSON11

S PE LLING 8
Thea llopho nes/e/ and /o/ Asalreadymentionedinlesson1,MacKenzieintroducedtheuseofthevowelseandoinhisDictionary.Heused theminconsistently,however,andtheirusefulnessisdoubtful. MacKenzieassignedthem,inparticular,towordsinwhichthespellingofthevowelvariesinthemanuscripts,e.g.:

men-think:usuallyspelled<mn->,occasionally<myn-> zofrdeep:usuallyspelled<zwpl>,occasionally<zpl>,cf.zofy<zwpd>depth(cf.Avestanjfnu-deep, Sanskritgambhra) homngsimilar(to):spelled<hwmnk'>and<hmnk'> abaxydan,aboxydanforgive:spelled<hd->and<whd-> keftorkoftwonderfully,very:spelled<kpt'>,<kypt'>,and<kwpt'>

G RAMMAR 1 1
P LUR ALOF NO UN S AND ADJEC TIVE S Pahlavioriginallyhadtwocases,onereservedforthe(grammatical)subject,i.e.,thewordwithwhichtheverb agrees,andonefortheothersyntacticfunctions.Thecasesarecommonlyreferredtoasdirectandoblique,a terminologythatsayslittleabouteitherformorfunction. Thecasesaredistinguishedinthe1stpersonpronounanman;inthepluralofnounsandadjectives,wherethe obliquetakestheending-n;andinthefamilyterms(seebelow). Singular Plural 1stpersonI,me Direct yazd yazd an Oblique yazd yazdn man Itisdoubtful,however,whetherthisterminologyhelpstheunderstandingofthePahlavisystem,unlessoneis alreadyfamiliarwithit.Itmightbemoreusefultocallthetwoformssubjectcaseandnon-subjectcase. Thus,itmaybesimplerjusttorememberthatanIisonlyusedassubjectofverbsandthatthepluralformsin -nareusedwhenthenounisnotthe(grammatical)subjectofaverb. Thesubjectcaseisalso,asexpected,usedforthepredicateoftheverbbe,become,aswellaswithverbssuchas becalled,andforappositionstothe(grammatical)subjectandthepredicate. Notethatitisnotclearwhetherapluraldirectobjectoriginallytook-nornot,thatis,whethercorrectPahlavi shouldbemardwnmormardnwnmweseethemen.Theremayalsohavebeenadifferencebetweenmard wnmweseesomemen(whatweseearemen)andmardnwnmweseethemen.InthisIntroduction,we willsimplyfollowthemanuscriptsonthispoint. Plu ralo fadjecti ves Adjectivesusedwithnounsendingin-ncantakenoendingortheending-n.Whentheyareusedasnouns,they taketheending,e.g.:

abzagnmardmntopurepeople ahlawnmardnzannyazam.driynmardnzannyazamdruwandnmardnzannnyazamIsacrificefor therighteousmenandwomen.Isacrificeforthepoormenandwomen.Idonotsacrificeforwickedmenand women.

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khuamhwehnxwhdudxwad-izpadwehhandarwehnwndhuambawdhewhoseeksthe benevolenceofthegood,hewillhimself,too,bebenevolentbecauseofthegoodnessheseesinthegood
Irre gula rplu ral endi ngs. InearlyPahlavi,thereweretwoalternativeendingsforplural-n:-n,and-n,e.g.,frazendnofthechildren (offspring)anddumennoftheenemies. InBookPahlavi,onlytheending-nsurvivesinharwnandharwispnfromharwandharwispevery,all(the formharwistnisalsofound),aswellasinWwYW2* dwn<2'-yn'>or* dnn<2-nyn'>(?)ofthetwo,besideWwA2

dn(?)andWwAW2dnn(Man.<dwnn>). The fa mil yte rms. InIranianlangugesingeneralandPahlaviinparticular,thefamilytermsfather,etc.,havesomeirregularforms (cf.Eng.brother,brethren). InearlyPahlavi,theytooktheending-arintheplural,butalsointhesingularinthesamepositionsthatplural nounstake-n(possessive,indirectobject,afterprepositions).Intermsofdirectandobliquecases,wehavethe followingsystem: Singular Plural Direct pid pidar Oblique pidar pidarn Examples: azpidarnmburdrbbharw-wnagmdmazrcarrythenameofyourfather,butdonotbotheryour motherineveryway! pidarghnhdyouarethefathers(=parents)oflivingbeings pusFrdnryxnagazabarmndpidarnwasbdFrdnssonhadmanyhousesfromhisparents/fathers heritage awnpusarnudbrdarnudwispuhragntrm-ahrkay-Witsp-handarndizbframyniastanO KingKayWitsp,ofpeacefulland,orderthoseyoursons,brothers,andprincestosit(beplaced)inthat fortress! pasgwdkay-Witsp-hkagarhamgpusudbrdudwispuhragmankay-Witsp-hmurdbawndg-im nabzagdnmzdsnbnhilamThenKingKayWitsp,ofpeacefulland,says:Ifallmysons,brothers, andprincesaretodie,IshallnotrelinquishthispureMazdayasnianreligion. T HE USEO FE NDINGS IN THE MAN US CRI PT S . AllourPahlavimanuscriptswerewritteninorafterthe13thcentury,thatis,wellintothemodernPersianperiod, whenthecasedistinctionshadbeenlost.InearlymodernPersian,therefore,theformsin-nsimplyindicated plural,andthefamilytermscouldtaketheshorterorlongerforms,forinstance,accordingtometricalrequirements oratthewhimofthewriter. ThepronounanIhadsimplydisappearedbythenandbeenreplacedbyman. ThispracticeshowsupinthePahlavimanuscripts,aswell,but,ingoodmanuscriptsbasedonstrongtraditions, theolderdistributionoftheformsisstillthemost(?)common. Intheexerci se sinthi sIn trod uctio n,the studen tsareexp ectedtouse th eo ri gin ald istrib ution . Examplesofactualusageinthetextswillbefoundinthemanuscriptsamplesgivenfromthislessonon.

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I N TER ROGA TIVE P RONO UN S AND AD VER BS Questionsareoftenintroducedbyquestionwords: k WN <MNW> who? kadm ATK <ktm> which? kadr lATK <ktl> which(oftwo)? kay t <AYMT> when? k <AYK> where? nM <ME> what?(sometimeshow?) ry nM <MEld> forwhatreason,why? and YWC <cnd> howmuch,howmany? im(ry) MC <cm> why? iyn WwSC <cygwn> how?
Note:Interrogativepronounsandadverbsaremadefromthesamestemsasrelativepronouns(k-,-),asinEnglish,e.g.who, which,etc.

Thesecanalsobecombinedwithnouns,e.g.,kgygwhere,zamnwhen,etc. Examples:

khamudkxwhamWhoamI,andwhoseamI(whodoIbelongto)? azkadmpaywandudthmaghamofwhichlineageanddescentamI? zamgkadrgygmustmandtarwhichplaceistheearthmoreoppressed? kadr-itnsdmandtarsahdwhich(alternative)seemsmoreprofitabletoyou? kpadgynxwadynkxndpaddrwhentheymakeanattemptuponthelifeoflords,howdoyou regardit?(cf.padddramIconsider,Ithink(that)) awnkhndudrydarestndwhoarethoseandwhydotheystandhere? dnkwhatdoyouknow(aboutthefact)that?,howdoyouknowthat?

Thequestionwordscanbeplacedattheendofthequestion(asinmodernPersian),e.g.:

nmard-abgpadaspkwhoisthatmanwhoiswithhimonthehorse? tanSmkgygnibaydudmnitSrkwheredoesSmsbodylie?andwhereisSrsdwelling? doxiynudand.udahlawnandarwahitddstnudnkhazHellishowandhowmany?Andwhat isthejudgementfor/oftherighteousinParadise,andfromwhatisthegoodness(there)?

A L TER NA TEQUE S TION S Simplequestionswithoutinterrogativepronounsoradverbsareidenticalwithstatements,e.g.,tprsghyou arePersian=areyouPersian? Questionsofthistypecanalsobeformulatedbyaddingaaybnornot,e.g.:

tddnaybndoyouknowthis? padtuxghxrudxwstaggtyxwydkardanaybnisitpossibletoappropriatethethingsand possessionsofthisworldbydiligence?

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doxazrzamgazazabarabarasmnu-darulzamgnkabarbrnasmnastaybn-mnrnag Hellisundertheearth,(but)upabovethesky(beneaththeearh),andithasadooruptotheearth;whether above(means)outsidetheskyornotisnotcleartome

Note:-thenisaparticleintroducingmainclausesandismostoftenusedtoattachencliticpronouns.

Disjunctivequestions(whether...or)arealsoformedwithayb,e.g.:

nyazinyazdnrasdaybdwndoesthissacrificecometothegodsorthedemons? I NDIRE CT QUE STIO NS Indirectquestionsareregularquestionsprecededbyk,e.g.: amhdndknyazinyazdnrasdaybdwndoyouknowwhetherthissacrificecomestothegodsor thedemons? gwkn3tissaywhatthosethreethingsare!

R EL ATIVE P RONO UN S AND REL ATI VECL AU SES Ofthethreerelativepronounsk,,and,therelativepronounisrare;itisusedmainlywhenthereferentis notspecific(thatwhich,everythingthat,whatever). Relativepronounsusuallyhaveanantecedent,thatis,anoun,adjective,orpronounthattheyreferto.The antecedentmaybeseparatequiteadistancefromtherelativepronoun,e.g.:

Ardawnrykanzag-wabyingbdkazabrgkanzagnzarmgtarudgrmgtardtArdawnhada (certain)attractive(servant)girl,whomheheld(whowastohim)morebelovedandmoredearthanthe othergirls. nmeninagriftrudkuningriftrmandmardmnpadkuninkunndthatthought(is)intangibleand (that)actiontangiblewhichpeopleperformintheiraction(whentheyact) amhaftxwahrybrdnkastk-mnzyinuddrinwesevensistershave(only)thisonebrother,whois ourlife(livelihood)andupkeep

Anindefiniterelativemeaningwhoever,anyonewho,etc.,isformedbyaddingbeforetherelativepronoun, e.g.:

kbdhndudkbawndudkhndwhoeverhavebeen,whoeverwillbe,andwhoeverare Sometimestheantecedentismissing,inwhichcasewemusttranslatetherelativepronounashewho,someone who,thatwhich,somethingwhich,etc.,e.g.: ydnhomngiynksarmardmnpaddastdrdudmazgmardmnxwardheislikesomeonewho holdspeoplesheadsinhishandsandeatspeoplesbrains udandarndarand(that)whichisinthatchapter

Therelativepronounsdonothavecaseforms,andpossessionandothersyntacticfunctionsmustbeexpressed explicitlyintheclause,eitherbyanencliticpronounorbyapossessiveorprepositionalphrase,e.g.:

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nruwnawnmardmnhndk-nkerbagudwinhrstbdthesearethesoulsofthosepeople(who their>)whosegoodandbaddeedswereequal nmardmbdhndk-nrnhrnhxwardhomngbdthesewerepeoplewhoselightwassimilar tothelightofthesun harwk-nwdpadwngabarawdblarzdudbftdeverybody(whouphisnose>)upwhosenosethat windgoes,tremblesandfalls

Notethatp repo sit ion scann otprecede t herelat ive p ronoun,butmustcomelaterintheclause,e.g.:

mnmngkharwtisandarpydlikeahouseinwhichheguardseverything
T HE USEO F P RE - AND PO ST PO SITION S 1 Mostprepositionscangovernanencliticpronoun,e.g.: u-mkmistpadp-inamzburdanandIwishedtobearhomagebeforehim

mard-wwaswazurgabg-ipadaspniastestdaverylargemanwassittingwithhimonthehorse Aswehaveseenabove,prepositionsoftenturnupaspostpositions,aswhentheygovernrelativepronounsand encliticpronouns.Thisalsohappensinothercases,whereitisoftendifficulttodecidewhetherwearedealingwitha postpositionorapreverb,e.g.: Followingthepronoundirectly: u-nmayntuhghbdandbetweenthemwasemptiness u-nprmndwrbestndandaroundthemawallwassetup,cf.prmnSsnestndtheystand aroundSsn

Separatedfromthepronoun:

udawahitpassoxgwdktn-izghhabzngabarAndArdwahitanswers:Youalsoareawareofthat, OIncrementalone. u-kkasmnuddandnagzarrnu-ahrdahkfandaru-haftrdnydgandaru-haftmurwk- pnaghpadxwadyhydkerdanandarandithasasilverturretandgoldencrenelations,andthereare14 mountainsinsideitandsevendeepriversinsideit,andtherearesevenbirdsinsideit,whichitcanprotectby itsreign

Withrelativepronoun:

tis-izasthamghgndestdk-iz-ighrandargumxtestdthereissomethingthatisallpollutedand also(something)thatjewelsaremixedinto(intowhich)

az,,andpadwithgovernedenclitics
Theprepositionsazfrom,to,andpadon,withregularlygovernthe3rdsingularencliticpronoun.More rarelytheygovernotherencliticpronouns.Inthesefunctions,thesethreeprepositionsareusuallywritten phonetically,notwitharmaeograms,althoughspellingswitharameogramsarealsofound,e.g.:

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az-i pad-i aw-i Examples:

c <hc> fromhim,her,it TP <pt> onhim,her,it BwA <wb> tohim,her,him

andarwrzmardnhamgtisbaw-irasdinoneday,thisman,allthingscometohim drubuthsmnkerdkpetyragaw-igumxtanntuwntheheavenwasmade(tobe)afortress,sothatthe Adversarywasnotabletominglehimselfintoit udn-iznihang-waz-iandthistooisachapterfrom(i.e.,in)it nfranaz-ipursdkthisquestionwasaskedofhim 3zrymehud30zrykehaz-ibdthreegreatseasand30smallseasarosefromit kmardmwnndaz-intarsndwhenpeoplesee(it),theydonotfearit(lit.fromit) zamgkasuftGanngMnypad-idwristwhentheearthwaspierced,theEvilSpiritrushedintoit dpaddrintanudbzinruwnrypursaw-inkpardazudpadkrdr-tdastmahistrhpaddrin tanudbzinruwnthiswhichyouaskregardingtheupkeepofthebodyandthesalvationofthesoul,set aboutitandpracticeitwell,forthisisforyouthegreatestpathtotheupkeepofthebodyandthesalvationof thesoul azaspnastarazaspudxaraz-innhomngamonghorses,themule,whichisfromahorseanda donkey,islikenoneofthem az,,andpadwithencliticsnotgovernedbythepreposition
Otherencliticpronounswhennotgovernedbythepreposition,canbeattachedtoit,however.Inthesecases,the prepositionsareusually(?)spelledwitharameograms,e.g.: azawngyg > az-ingyg <MN-n'...> fromtheirplace manxnag > -mxnag <OL-m...> tomyhouse udpaydghistwazurgabdh-n(WwaHOW)harwdandagreatwonderwasmanifestedtothetwoofthem

-mn(WwaOW)harwdnsdabgrhdaz-itobothofusprofitwillaccruefromit kamndestd-(OW)zyin3rzwhenthereremained3daystohisbirth
azi , padi , and awi aspo stpo si tion s Moreimportantly,azi,padi,andawiarealsobythemselvespost positio ns,meaningsimplyfrom,by,to, etc.,usedwithallpersonalpronounsandtherelativepronouns.Theelement-i(inazi,padi,andawi)thenhas nofunction.Examples:

awipostposition: u-mrmanhawiabganndtheythrowimpuritiesatme spazghmakunk-tdusrawhuddruwandhawinrasddonotslander,sothatbadfameandevilmaynot comeuponyou tbdahamzarduxtk-thmudzhrawirzdIgiveyouZarathustra,whowillpourhmandlibations uponyou udangh-nnnazmardmnbawihamrasdandtheevilthat(hereand)nowcomesuponthemfrom people

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g-isydruwnazns-abagtarspuhl-azastwihdudabrgdwnawimadu-padghharwisp-psd abarnindthenhissoulrestsfromthatthree-nightfearofpunishment,whichcameuponitfromAstwihd andtheotherdemons,anditsitsdownonitsall-adornedseat/throne

Withrelativeandindefinitepronouns:

pursin.mard-wkduxt-wpadduxtarhpadhmarddahdg-islrhpadk.passox.padyk-awidahd Q.:amanwhogivesadaughtertosomemantobehisdaughter,then,withwhomdoesherguardianship rest?A.:Withhimtowhomhegives(her)

Note:k-awicouldalsobeanalyzedastowhom(k)hegivesher(-),butsimilarexamplesshowthattheabove interpretationismorelikely.

udabark-nwinhtzinawinbawdandabout(those)forwhomtherewillbenoredemptionfor(their) sins u-guftPruaspDugdwkDugdwbawngwdknygwgm-iz-woxastmandryxwarrah aziandPruaspsaidtoDugdw:Dugdw,(go)milkthose(two)cows,fromwhichever(ofthemthereis) goodfortunefortheexistencewithbones!

azipostposition: n-izguftstdkharwkasbabyddnistankazkbmadhamudimdarhamu-mabzkabyd udanu-mazixwhndthistooitissaid:everybodyshouldknow:FromwheredidIcomeandwhyamI here?WheremustIreturntoandwhatwilltheyaskofme(askme)? g-iaziafrstanamthenItaketheswordfromhim u-smnazibtarsdiyngspandazgurgandtheskywasafraidofhim,likeasheepofthewolf pasSmabarxzdudpadragAidahgawdu-saxwanazi<MN>nnawdu-gadprzgarsar pahikbdudzandudzandthenSm(Karssp)risesandgoesagainstAidahg(thedragon);andhe hearsnowordfromhim;andhestrikesthevictoriouscudgelatitsheadandstrikesandkillsit

Withrelativepronoun:

hamgdnghabgsrnnkkasnnimyndharwkasazihammzndallknowledgeiswiththepriests, whoshowittopeople(and)fromwhomeverybodylearnsit. kas-wndnamk-mnkhdnaziciynazamhIknownoonefromwhomthereisgoodnessformelike (thereis)fromyou du-rawinhnmny-gannghdmnOhrmazdazibdtheevilnessofthatspirit,fromwhomthe stenchofOhrmazdscreaturescame abarxzpidamnkrzrkunmn-OhrmazdudamahrspandntanghanghaziGetup,our father,forweshalldothatbattle,theonefromwhich(therewillbe)direstraights(and)eviltoOhrmazdand theAmahrspands

padipostposition: bgtynawam-manghwaspadikunndIamnotgoingtotheworldofthelivingbecausetheywilldo muchharmtome bhildk-padiandartazndpermitthattheysetuponhim(attackhim)! ka-tnadahgpadiftdwhenthedragonfallsuponyou(all)

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 Withrelativepronoun:

LESSON11

tragHarburznk-starmhudxwardpadiandarwardndpadiabzyndthetopofHariburz(is)the oneuponwhichthestars,moon,andsunturnaround(and)to(which)theycomeback Arzrgrwagpaddardoxk-ham-dwrinhdwnpadibawdArzr(is)amountainridgeatthedoorof Hell,atwhichtherushingtogetherofthedemonstakesplace nhwaszarrnghudwistargxbudbliabgbbpassazagwnamk-npadiniasthndkadag-xwadyn uddahgnnruwnthereIseegoodseatsandcarpetsandpillowswithfitting*pillow-casesonwhichthe soulsofthepettykingsandland-ownerswereseated

Thesepostpositionsareoccasionallyusedwithnouns,e.g:

DamgAsrestnkadag-xwadyhawiddtoDamgtheruleoverAssyriawasgiven amhawnOhrmazdhayrhdahdAwahitudahrewarkZardutudhwitnZardutnkhpadi kundYou,Ohrmazd(and)Awahitandahrewar,givehelptothem!i.e.,do(some)goodnessfor ZarathustraandZarathustraspupils!(Yasna29.10) rnahrwaswibinudawrnhpadikerdmuchdestructionandlayingwastewasdonetoIran

T HE VER B . T HEPL U PERFE CT The(simple)pasttensehe(has)asked,went(hasgone)andpluperfecthehadasked,goneareformedwith thepastparticipleofthemainverb+presentandpasttensesoftobe.Thepastindicativeformsofaw-udare thereforeasfollows: Simplepast Pluperfect Singular 1st udhamIwent udbdhamIhadgone 2nd udhyouwent udbdhyouhadgone 3rd udhe,she,itwent udbdhe,she,ithadgone Plural 1st udhmwewent udbdhmwehadgone 2nd udhdyouwent udbdhdyouhadgone 3rd udhndtheywent udbdhndtheyhadgone U SES OF THE PLU PE RFEC T Thepluperfectisusedtoindicatethatanactionorincipientstatewascompletedbeforesomethingelsehappened inthepast,e.g.: Intransitiveverbs

kandrdArwandrdudWehrdbtazdbdpasabrgbhaznnydgnfrztazdhndwhenthose tworivers,theriverArwandandtheriverWeh,hadflowedout,thentheotherwatersflowedforthfrom thosechannels kaMnuihruzdbddidAfrsybmadWhenMnuihrhadgoneout(left),(then)Afrsybcameagain kudbdhndabarnmurwpusgfranaftnZarduxtfrawawhen(thesnakes)hadsetuponthechild ofthatbird,thenZarduxtsfravashiwentforth

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 Transitiveverbswithoutperformer(passive)

LESSON11

kadwmzandarudabrgdruzwispzadbdhndHangnestnpadzadanadahgnamarud whenthegiantdwandalltheotherlie-demonshadbeenstrickendown,HangwenttoChinatokill countlessdragons

Personal fo rmso fi mpersona lverbs Personalformsofsomeoftheseverbsarealsofound,e.g.:

kaawndnwas-maraghndpadabzrbyndabeshndanifthesearesonumerous,bywhattoolcan theybeannihilated? paddastwarabynddtantheyshouldberegardedasspiritualguides hamgmardmpadwehdnmazdsnnbwurryndallpeoplewillbelieveintheGooddnofthe Mazdayasnians abydkb*nixwrmydkpknxwarrahawirasdymgriftanwemusthurry;itispossiblethat wewillbeabletoseizehimbeforethatfortuneofkingshipreacheshim.

E XCL AMA TION S Pahlavihasafewexclamatorywords,somemorecommonthanothers,e.g.:

drdhealth,greetings! amrydrdazOhrmazdxwadyudamahrspandnuddrdazahlawZarduxtSpitmnGreetingstoyou fromthelordOhrmazdandtheamahrspands,andgreetingsfromSpitamaZarathustra! drstawar,drstaward welcome!

drustawartahlawardWirzmzdsnnpaygmbarWelcome,you,righteousArdWirz,messengerofthe Mazdayasnians! drstudwehudpaddrdawardWelcome,you(all),andgreetings(toyou)!

nyin,xnyinhailtoyou!: xnyinddrOhrmazdrymandxwarrahmandharwisp-ghdngtuwngmahisthumadhxt huwartpadmeningwinkuninHail(toyou),Ohrmazdthecreator,wealthyandfortunate,all-knowing, wise,whoisgreatest(withrespect)tohavingthought(goodthoughts)inhisthought,havingspoken(good speech)inhisspeech,andhavingperformed(goodacts)withhisaction! frnblessingon! Cf.: drdpursndudfrnkunndtheyaskabouthishealthandbless/congratulatehim

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pargastgodforbid!: udtristxzudtanpasnpadwasanghudpdifrhwnagwnagpaddoxabydbdan. udpargastknhxwarinydxwardanbpdaghangdagxnhomng Anduntiltheresurrectionandthefinalbody,(they)havetobeinHell,inmucheviland(suffering)various kindsofpunishments.Andgodforbid(they)beallowed(other)foodthereexceptrotten(things)justlike (hangdag...homng)blood!

SENTENCES11
11.1.Addthetranscriptions/transliterationstothesesentencesandtranslatethem: WWwYwA NwY WtD CnLW WWwYwA WtDWWwaD LTkmAKwA W LttjLPwA WwaD WtDWWwaD TwA NwL oa WN

? !

? YNwA WTWB NwL WWwSC YWWwaD lAvsA

kpasamhxwadybawdnyazdnhuparisttarudhukmagtarbawdwnky-izyazdn-wnhayr bawndiynamhbdhnd

WwaHt WwYfJwlA NTwL NwA WwcD NwY WWP WN kL NWB awAwA ^ At kL WwcD NwY OW MWwaDWV
<BOYHWNmOLZNEycn'LKthYwhrmzdBREMNWPWNZNEycn'HWEydLWTEhlwspyn' thn'>

?2

YNwA WTWWwaD Nt W a WwYWkA WN YwaHM W HM ^ WTWB eaDWtDwA ^ WwcW MWtP

fradomwarzinxwddahhnbdMayudMaynykgennbrdudxwahbdhnd.

?3 ?4 ? 23

Wt WwYwlA NwY N WwACwL W Wwa W WwATw ^ Wt WtDWwA

<hwrdt'lt'YNTn'Wmhn'Wlwcn'MNZNEAYKhlwyn'lt'>

? WKwwL a A a WPw WtDWWwaD WwAcadlM W Wn NwY WtDWWwaD a WwAcadlM WtDWWwaD W Wn WTPwY WwwL

nkrmanudmargarznbawdaybn-mnrnagrnguftayrmanhbawdmargarznnbawd

WTWB WtDWWtaD a BwA CWwa eTwA ^ nS WtTW t N tA lyadlA

? 33

<ldhylAMTMNLTMEwtlt'ZKGDEYhwtyhhnwcwbLAYHMTWNyt'bwt'>

WTWWkH BwA WKtTW ^ WtJwAKw tJ WWP WwaHtA WWwSC WtDWWwaD WWWtdA elAwaHwY WwaHc ? 34 WTWWwaD a LtLwA W LtJV W LTwajA c WTWWwaD tJ WWP YW WN 1AWvY WWwsC
? 44

u-nduxwrhdnbawdiynka-npadgtyayustwidxtagawihit

<cygwn'GBRA-1MNWODPWNgytydYHWWNt'hcsntlWBSYMtlWhwlmtlLAYHWWNt'>

lAt BwA YWwlY W WBwla AWK WN WwaJ ^ YwLWV ^ WtDWwlZW lAWP WTPWwYC OW YW a ? 333 WtDWWtD x TP EwWWkH WwwY< WN AwYW sadA
?

nrhtinwadpuhlawdbulandsahmgenkharwahlawuddruwandawimadr
<yslymZKODNAMNWgwn'BKWNnyhptBYNYATWNyt'>

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TEXTS11
T EX T 1 1.1 FromDnkardbook6.23

Ltd>NwATwS WwYwA WtDWwW TP WN nLW ^ WtDWwW awAwA ^ aD x WN MwlaP AwA Etja / WtDWwW TP tA cdMwYN tJ WWP WtDWwW TP WN nLW N WN WtDWwW OW WwaD WN MwlaP AwA Et / WtDWWtaD BwA Wtdm> a WwaDtP
rsthdpahlomkandardmohrmazdnkundykpadikundwnsdmandtarka-padikund. rdhdpahlomkdnkaskundkazykpadikundpadgtytis-izpdnnmdk-awirasd. Truthfulnessthisisthebest:(thatofhim)whodoes(tohim)amongthecreaturesofOhrmazdthatwhich(n ...)tohimtowhom(ykpadi)hedoesitismoreprofitable(forhim)whenhedoesittohim. Generositythisisthebest:(he)whogivesagifttosomebody(and)whohasnohopeinthisworldthatany counter-giftwillcometohim(-awi)from(him)towhom(azykpadi)hegives(it).

T EX T 1 1.2 FromMnyxrad4

/ WtDWwW TP Wwwa WwBwY Wtja ^ WBwla ^ AWbY WwM LTtH WimZ / YWwW TP WwahAt ^ Wwa WwM LItD W / YWwmlA TP WwawYK W WwaWWT tA LItJ W / YWwYtdaD EwAtc W WcW OW Wcc tA WImZ WwAtcwA W WtDcwA MwlaC W / YWwLc c WwatJcA ^ WKtjlY< WwM MWCWP W / WtDWWwaD q WwaYcH ^ WWtJWWvYtD W WwaD ^ WwWWtaD W WwWwAvzY WwM Mw W / WtDWwW WwAtc WwaYwA ^ tA MWTc / WtDWWtaD WwaYcH ^ EnPW OW WwatdlS ^ eYwA wM tA MWthA / YWwW laV WwAIwAcA ^ WwaDW W WwaD WtDWWwaD c ^ WtDB W LB wM WwM MwAW / YWwW TP WwcD W lawZ WwM MwaD>

zamgndtark-mardahlawrst-gwinmninpadikund. uddidgarkmntaxnpadikunnd. udsidgarka-gwnudgspandnpadixufsnd. udahroma-warzdudan-bdnzamgkaabzwarzudbdnhwarnd. udpanomkgilistagxrafstarnazikannd. udaomkyazinudrasinyazdnudniastanwehnabarbawd. haftomkanawrnbdnkund. hatomkaazxwhwattarnxwhwehnrasd. nohomkazbarudbdazibawdyazdnudwehnarzngnbahrkunnd. dahomkzhrudyazinpadikunnd. Thatearthishappieronwhich(k-...padi)arighteous,truthfulmanmakeshisdwelling. And,secondly,whereupon(k...padi)theymakefire-houses. And,thirdly,whencattleandsheepsleeponit(-i...padi). And,fourthly,whentheybringuncultivatedandunsettledearthbacktocultivationandsettlement. And,fifthly,wherefromtheydigout(k...azi)thedensofevilanimals.

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LESSON11 And,sixthly,whereuponthereissacrificetoandcomingofthegodsandsittingofgoodpeople(wherethey sacrificetothegodsandwherethegodscomeandgoodpeoplesit). Seventh,whenonemakeswhatisdesertedsettled. Eighth,whenitcomesfromthepossessionbybadpeopletothepossessionbygoodpeople. Ninth,that,ofthefruitsandthe??fromwhichtheygiveasharetoworthygoodpeople.

Tenth,whereupontheyperformlibationsandsacrifices. T EX T 1 1.3 FromMnyxrad4

/ WWwE WwBwY Wtja W lAtWBwaLP W WKwAKw WwadATwA x W / WWwE CwA W WpLC W WWt WwaaA x / WtDWWtE a BwA EY>WwlY> W EBwlSwY T WWwW oA E<fJ / EKWtD LTwaY EfJ WtDWnYWI WTPwY nM / oa OW WwlABwY L EsAWW WwaG EfJ ^ CwlY> W WwYwL OW WwlABwY CwlY AWK WwaHwY x W

T E XT 1 1 .4
FromMnyxrad1

WtJWWP c WWwaJ A WwaH W YWw WkAWwY WtdaY W ? WtDnYWI WTWWtD yLTW LTW Y WWP W imaY Y WWT N ? WtDnYWI WtAwLP WwaHwY WWP ^ WwLwA WwAwLwA N MWTTW W MWTn WtDWwLvY BwA AWB ? YWWbaD WTWNtHW c WwaHwY WWP ^ LtJplA WIwAc W WMwYcD< W la Y la W W YWwYtdaD ? WWTWB WtdAc WwaHwY WWP WKwYw WKwYw ^ saPtP W EkAwA YBK WWP WwJP ^ WWT W WcdatjL YW W / WkAwawA WWwA WKtdwY<wA WKTWP AWB WWTWNtHW WtdaH WwLwA T Wt<P W

uddrydgangmnydwnk-masaxwanazipursdazntangrmgudpadnwattarwidargmad estd. b-awibardrmantomudwattomazxwarinnxwarinpaddoxfrawrdestd. warndwiudzahrmrudgazdumudabrg-izxrafstarpaddoxu-xwarddahnd udtristxzudtanpasnpadwasanghudpdifrhwnagwnagpaddoxabydbdan. udpargastknhxwarinydxwardanbpdaghangdagxnhomng.

T E XT 1 1 .5
FromPand-nmag

? WwaH WPw MNwA nPW WwaD ? WPw MNwA nPW awAwA ? aH WPw MNwA MWtM ? WwaTW WPw MNwA nPW WwaDW ? WwmwY WN Mc WtJwY WN Mc ? Wwa W WTwS Mc ? ATK WwD Mc YWC a ? eadlS WN N W EKwYW WN N W ? EilAT WN N W EwwL WN N W ? 2 WPw WKw WKtHWWV ? EwAtJtdA WN N W ? EwAtJtD WN N W ? EIwY WN N W ? eYWBwA WN N W / WwcnAwA WN N W ? EwAc WN N W

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EXERCISES11
11.1.Transliterate/transcribeandtranslate:

? MwsLV W WklAwZ NwY WWP WwcD NwY OW MWwaDWV WTPwD Wwat WwYfJwlA ^ WWt

?! ?2
?3 ? 4 ? 23 ? 33

WbA tdA L NwY WtjAw AWB WWT WWT WwABwL WwABwL YwjAw AWB ATwwA ATwwA a ? LtDWWTP WW !cATK tdA L NwY WilW tdA L NwY W a tdA L NwY W

? YWwW A WwYWc W WwtJ W YW]>D BwA ng>JW nLW YWnYWkY WwajaJ ^ WWnaYP LwYK x WN AWK W

? tJ WWP ^ EKwYW WkaA YWC WtDWnYWI Wt BwA EwajA W EKwYW YwA el 3 x c ? WtdAW A c EwwL WkACwL ^ LtJ WWwSC WwaHWN WwABwL WwAVwla ^ MWtjA ? WtDWwJwY aa c LthYT WwahyZ WtDWwlZW WwAc ^ WwaWWV A OW lAwa Wc

? WtDWtdmY WwaZ x YW WtdWWbaD la WCwlYWWt W lAksAWW OW WwLwA N wYwL WwABWT WwATtA daHW WKtJV ^ la 2 AWK ^ kL W

? 34

WtDWwABk T 1JW W WtDWWtD lAwa T WkAtP WtDWwlZW A !WkAwD adl tA AWvY ? 44 WtdAc WthaD AwA WWP A a WPw WTWWwaD T MNwA Wt AWB NwA wY WtDWtDwA a / WTWWwaD T a WtJWWP LaDwS WwaaLt N WwAwA WTWB WTWWkW WwAwA ^ LNTWB NTwL lhadlA tA ? 333 ? YNwA WTWwlZW WkAwD ATK WtDWWtaD a BwA CWwa eATwA ^ nS< WtDWWWnY WwAwA OW LaDwS WwaaLt WWTWWW saH WtDWWtaD BwA S WwYwL WtdaH ABwSW AWB WtdAc AWB

11.3.MatchthePahlaviwordswiththeirtranscriptions: frn frd paymzan

andarwy Arzsp snh buland bun-xn ddestn dahbed dehn

ghr gursagh hamml hemgen huby krzr kerb namz

prmn Ssn styin tr trkh tinagh wistx zndag

AwD wlYwA EilAT EksLwY EKwYT EwajA laA lawY lAcdlAK

lAT ng>JW WfjAcA WIWw WpLK WTPwD WTwLP Ww<A Wwa WWB

Wwat WwatJW WwajaJ WWCNTP WWnaYP WwtJ WwYWc YWBwA YwLWB

11.4.TranslateintoPahlaviandwriteinPahlaviatleastsentences2,4,6,8,9: 1. Awisemanislikeagoodfield(earth)onwhichonesows(throws)seedandmanyfragrantplantsandtall treescomeupfromit. 2. ThenAhrimenroseupfromthedepthinordertosmashOhrmazdscreation,buthewasthrownback downintothedarknessofHell. 3. Whentheadversaryhadrunin,theskyfearedhimlikeasheepthewolf;hecameuponthefireintheform ofafly.

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 4.

LESSON11 IfIbecomethegodshelper,thegodswillmakemetheirown,andIwillnotfear(my)enemies,butbe confidentinthegoodnessofthisworldandthejustjudgementintheotherworld. 5. Therighteousinparadiseareclothedingold-adorned,silver-adorned,jewel-adornedgarments,shinier thanall(other)garments. 6. Hewhodigsawellfor(his)opponentsfallsintoithimself,andhewillnotbeabletocomeoutofit,butwill dieinitfrom(becauseof)hungerandthirst. 7. Doyouknowwhytheskyisaboveandtheearthisbelowandtheatmosphereisinbetweenandwhetherit ispossiblegofromthisworldtotheother? 8. WhenitbecamecleartoArdawnthatArdaxrhadfledwithhisdaughter,hebecameveryangryandwent afterhimwithalargearmy.Thushesaystohisgeneral:Thatcontract-breakeristheenemyofgodsand men.Godforbidthefortuneofkingshiphasreachedhim! 9. Towhomdoesthiswonderfulchariotbelongonwhichyouarestanding,andwhereareyougoinginit? ItbelongstoSpandyd,brotherofZarrandsonofKingWitsp,ruleroftheIranians,andIamgoingto thelandoftheXyns,becausemybeautifulsisterandwifehastakenfrommeandnowdwellsthere. 10. HowmanyhorsesandhowmanymenwereinthatarmywithwhichKingWitsphadgonetoTurkestnto dobattlewiththeenemiesofthelandoftheIranians,andwhenwilltheycomebacktotheirwivesand children?

ADDITIONALREADINGS11

A DD IT IO NALRE AD INGS 1 1.1

Bundahin10.0-5

Abariynhzryn gwdpaddnkzryFrxkerdpadkustnmrz kanragHarburz3-k-1nzamgdrd.dn Frx-Kerd k-1000warandardtestd.*astk*amagn*

Ardwsrudastk*xngnwargwd.harwwarwryb-xn2 astkbpadiabarydudandarwarrzd.harw war-w ryharwb-xngand-andpahnyuddrahnyast kahu-asp

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mardtzndpad40rzudabprmnb garddbawd 1000800frasangmeh.azniynnbpadgarm rzxwdhydahrhfryazabrgbn*harwrz azamagArdwsrhamtazndnmrzkf Hariburz nh100.000nyzag*zarrn-kerdestdnbpad garmhihrgpadnnyzagabar*Hugarbuland awdudpad blist<>n*kfbulandwar-wastandarnwar rzdydahrbbawdpad
Notes:

udnyzagzarrnabzydpad1000mard*blaz n nyzagtg-w*widagzarrnfrzkfUsin nm- hdmayn<>zryFrxkerdaznhbahr-w ydahrhzry ryfrzzryrzdbahr-wpadhamgnzamg padnamudpainag brasdudhamagdahinnxwdhbzninhazi aybndudhukhandarwybzand.

a.ThisisanetymologicalexplanationthatwouldbebettersuitedtotheWar-ka,theformfromAvestan

Vouru-kaa,whereWar=Av.vouruwidecorrespondstofrxwide.
b.Afewwordswereomittedbythescribe. c.Usinnm/hdprobablyerrorfor*Usindmahd:WtdaD/ WwSwA~WtdaD aDWwSwA.

A DD IT IO NALRE AD INGS 1 1.2

FromAydgr Zarrn

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pasWitsp-habarxzdudabzkay-ghnind.udJmspbidaxpxwhdudgwdk amhdnbdiyntJmspgw. mandiz-wrynbframyamkerdanudndizpadbandnhennbframyamkerdan. awnpusarnudbrdarnudwspuhragnandarndizframyamniastan. ydkdastdumennnrasnd. gwdJmspbidaxkagardiz-wrynbframykardanawnpusarnudbrdarnwspuhragnt rm-ahrkay-Witsp-andarndizbframyniastanpasn-anddumenazahrabzdtktuwn. ntahmsph-bednwZarrtbrdkawdzandXyn15bwar udnPd-husrardymazdsnnkawdudzandXyn14bwar udnFrawardtpuskawdudzandXyn13bwar.

GLOSSARYOFWORDSINTHETEXTSANDTHEEXERCISES11
Idioms: andarmadan andartaz- andar(ham)zamn aznk hbawd Nouns,adjectives,adverbs,pronouns: comeinside setupon,attack;+ atonce forthisreasonthat,because itisintheusualmanner

bdnh EwAtc <tnyh> abaxyinh,abox.hAWc ,EwhAc <whnyh> abd Y>c <d> b-xn Wwac <-hn'> genn WwYWkA <knyn'> ahanz CWwa <hnwc> anbdn WwAtcWA <ntn'> anmurzn WwcnAwA <nmwlcn'> n-and...and YWC ... YwA <ZK-nd...cnd> arzng WIwAcA <lcnyk'> sn WwajA <sn'> awarzd WtDcwA <wlcyt'> axtarmr laLt <htlml> ayxust WtJwAw <ywhwst'> barudbd WtDB W LB <blWbyt'> bastag WKtJV <bstk'> bzninh EwwahYV <byzynnyh> bidax AtDB <byth> bunitag WKtHWWV <bwntk'> ihrg WilaDC <cyhlyk'> dn WwE> <dn'> dast nD <YDE> diz cD <dc> d wY <dw>

habitation forgiveness marvelous,wonderful watersource together yet;ahanz...nnotyet uninhabited mercilessness asmuch...as worthy(of) atease,freefromworry uncultivated astrologer metal fruitsand.?. bound,tiedup,imprisoned healing aSasanianmilitary/administrativetitle (original)principles natural gift;<ddandah-togive hand fortress,castle yesterday,lastnight

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dusrawh duxwrh dwrin dwrinh gnag md fradg framn-burdr garn-winhh garm gazdumb,gazdum gilistag grmg gun-hilinh hamahl hangdag hayr(ayr) hu-asp hukmag huparist huram hukh kadr-iz-w kay-gh magas mnin mihrdruz nirg nam namz nyzag nazdk-paywand pargast painag pdag rnag ryn rzg sphbed sd tg wadh warz warzin

EBwlSwY elAwaHwY WwlABwY EwlABwY WKwAKw Wtdm> oa,WkAtP lAtWBwALP EsAWW WwaG lY MwYcD,MwYcD WKtjlY WImaG EwWWkH WwwY< laA

<dwslwbyh> <dwhwlyh> <dwblnyh> <dwbln'>

<ywknk'>

infamy discomfort running running

submissive,obedient

<ymyt'> <pltk',MHL> <plmnbwltl> <gln'wnsyh> <glm> <gcdwm(b)> <glstk'> <glmyk'> <gwn'-BKWNnyh> <hmhl>

hope tomorrow,thenextmorning/day obedient committingaheavysin,thefactofbeinga heavysin warm scorpion den,burrow dear,precious releaseofthemaleanimals(formating) someoneofequalsocialstanding like;also:hangdag...homng helper withagoodhorse,withgoodhorses ofgoodwill(toward) ofgoodservice(to) happy,elated driness whichever(oftwo) throneofthekays,royalthrone afly dwelling contract-breaker,cheater female;Av.nirik dew homage;+bar-payhomage(to) reed,straw,tube belongingtotheclosefamily godforbid! sprinkle,drops rotten clear (made)ofbrass shining general use,usefulness piece,twig,branch badness cultivation doing,making,performing

WKtdwYwA <hngwytk'> lAvsA <hdybl> WkmAKwA <hwkmk'> tjLPwA <hwplsty>

mLwA EkwA !cATK seYK SkM Wwwa WCwlYWWt WilW bMW, MW
<hwlm> <hwkyh> <ktl-c-1> <kd-gh> <mks> <mnn'> <mt'dlwc'> <nylyk'> <nm(b)> <OSGDE,nmc'> <nyck'> <nzdyk-ptwnd> <plgst'> <pnck'> <pwtk'> <lwnk'> <lwdyn'> <lwck'> <sphpt'> <swt'> <tk'> <wtyh,SLYAyh> <wlc'> <wlcn'>

WcjAwA <hw-s'>

WcW,ng>JW
WKcdAW YWWTP WiyZW WtjLP WKVwP WKTWP WKwwL WwDwL WkACwL WTpafJ

WTwS

WkAT eadlS.ETW WcW WwcW

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wspuhrag widxtag widag xng xn xwa xwdh xwh zahr zarrn-kerd zhrag=zhr
Propernames: Ardwsr Aysrim Fraward

klAWfjAW WKtTW WKtHW WIwa admY,WWwA J| EtDwA eYwA,EnPW la WTWKWwba WklAwZ

<wspwhlk> <wdhtk'> <wtk'> <hnyk'> <hwn',DMYA> <BSYM> <hwytyh> <NPEyh,hwyyh> <zhl> <ZHBAyn'-krt'> <zwhlk'>

prince,nobleman molten,melted broad,wide source,spring blood pleasant,comfortable wetness,moisture possession,belongingto poison,venom madeofgold,inlaidwithgold(?) libation

LwDwYkLA <ldywswl> WtwahLP <plwlt'> lYwA <hwgl>

sadA <yslym>

Ardwsr,goddessoftheheavenlyriver nameofafallseason Witspsson

Hugar Jmsp fjmE Pd-husr ]JwA Rn WwwL Ssn WwajaJ Usindm,Usindom MwYwJwA,aDwJwA Zarr lYlZ
Verbs: xz-xist ayb-ayft bd frawr-frawrd gard-d nibay-nibast nixwr-d tzn-d wax-d wiy-wid xufs-xuft

nameofamountain <yms> Jmsp(Av.Jmspa) <pthwslw> aMazdayasnian <lwn'> nameofacommentator <ssn'> Ssn,Ardaxrsprotegee <wsyndm,wsyndwm> nameofamountain <zlyl> Witspsbrother

Wtja -cda, -WnYK WTcdA,-cdA WtB WtAwLP,-lAwLP -tY WtJWwABk,-WwABk

-lABwSW -wYcT -AW -HW,-Wtdl -WnlA

<KDMWN-> <y-> <bt'> <plwl-> <glt-> <KBHWN-st'> <nswbl-> <tcyn-> <wh-> <LYTN-,wd-> <HLMWN->

rise(up:abarxz-) reach,obtain letitbe! offer turn,makearound lie(down) hurry makerun blaze open(thebonds),free sleep

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LESSON12

G RAMMAR 1 2
I NDEFI NITE PRO NOU N S kadr-iz(-w) !cATK kas kas(-iz)...n a...(cd) tis(i) MwYN tis(-iz)...n a...(cdMwYN)MwYN gm-iz(-w) cAIC (h) cdA k WN cdA ...n a...cdA wisp WfJW harw AWK harw...-w 1...AWK harwkas AWK,WK harw nM AWK harwd(dn/dn) (WwY2/WwA2 )2 AWK harwisp WfJwAWK,WfJwlA hamg,hmg Wkaa ...WkaA hmyn WwDna and(...and) YwA

<ktl-c[-1]> <AY> <AY(yc)...LA> <MNDOM> <MNDOM(yc)...LA> <cykmc[-HD]> <yc> <ycMNW> <yc...LA> <wsp'> <KRA> <KRA...-1> <KRA[-]AY> <KRAME> <KRA2> <KRA-wsp',hlwsp'> <hmk'> <hmwdyn'> <nd>

whichever(oftwo) person,somebody nobody,noone thing,something nothing whatever any(atall) whoever nothing every,all every eachandevery everybody everything both every,all all,entire,whole all,initsentirety somuch...(as) asmuchas

and-and(...and)

and (quite)afew w-and,-and some,afew Examples: pasmardmmardmbnsndknmanastkadr-iz-wnazdk-paywandtarthenpeoplewillrecognizeone another(andknow):thisiswhicheverismyclosestrelative ntisharwkasazihamhundudnkas-izazinhundwhatisitthateverybodyishappywith? Andwhatisitthatnobodyishappywith? kbdhndudkbawndudkhndwhoeverhavebeen,whoeverwillbe,andwhoeverare n-izpaydgkharwpag-wmardmnmny-wxwthistooismanifestthateachandeverylimbof peoplebelongstoasingleentityinthespiritualworld yazdmardmnbnkhenytis-izuttarhndahndudAhrimenuddwbanghenynkhndahnd Thegodsgivenothing(producing)contrarietytopeople,only(b...eny)goodness,andAhrimenandthe demonsgivenogoodness,onlyevilthings. AstwihdhmyndmbrdudsagrhndndAstwihdswallowstheentirecreationandknowsnosatiety. udanddastwarudddwarudhrbedudmowbeduddn-burdruddngrn-ahrkuthndandquitea fewreligiousleaders,judges,hrbeds,mowbeds,religiousofficials,and(other)learnedmeninIranwere killed kasl-andbdkanzagddzannmadwhentherehadbeenfewyears,thegirlcametotheageofwomen

YWcDwA,YWC YwA <nd-cnd> YWC <cnd> YWcdA <y-cnd,HD-cnd>

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Indefiniteexpressionscanalsobemadebyrepeatingarelativepronoun:k...kwhethersomeonewho...or someonewho:

ud57slSnsristhangzndudharwispmardmhangznndkahlawkdruwandmardmharvkasaz nhulhangzndAndfor57yearsSnswillraisethedead,andtheywillraiseallpeople,whether righteousorunrighteous(people),everybodywillberaisedfromthere

T HEE RGA TIVE CON S TR UC TION WenowcometooneofthetrickiestaspectsofPahlavisyntax,theso-calledergativeconstruction.Itis recommendedthatthestudentsstudyalltheexamplesverycarefullyandbeabletoanalyzeeveryexampleindetail. Notethatthegrammaroftheconstructionisnotdifficultperseitis,infactquitesimple,butthestudents oftenhaveahardtimegettingusedtothinkinginsuchanunfamiliarway. Everythingtheyhavelearnedaboutnouns,pronouns,verbs,andpre/postpositionsmustbemasteredinorderto understandthesyntaxandworkingsoftheconstruction.Thesesectionsofthegrammarinprecedinglessonsshould thereforebecarefullyreviewed,especiallythesectiononpassiveinLesson9andallofLesson11. Act ive andpassi ve ItisimportantthatthestudentshaveagoodunderstandingofhowactiveandpassiveworkinEnglishandother languagestheyknow. InEnglish,therearetwokindsofpassivesentences: 1. sentenceswithtransitiveverbs,butwithoutperformer 2. sentenceswithtransitiveverbsandperformer Inthefirstkindofsentence,thepassiveisnecessaryandcanonlybeavoidedbyturningthesentenceintoan impersonalone(seeLesson9): Thisbookisrarelyread(Peoplerarelyreadthisbook) Amanwasseenrunninginthestreet(Theysawamanrunninginthestreet) Thishasneverbeendonebefore(Nobodyhasdonethisbefore) Theotherkindofsentenceisastylisticalternativetoacorrespondingactivesentence.Thetwoalternativesare notequivalent,however;oftenthepassivealternativeisbadstyle: Mystudentsrarelyreadthisbook=Thisbookisrarelyreadbymystudents Haveyoueverdonethisbefore=Hasthiseverbeendonebyyoubefore? InmodernPersian,and,forinstance,theSemiticlanguages,onlythefirstkindisused,thatis,passiveformsofthe verbareonlyusedwhentheperformerisnotmentioned. ThiswasthesituationinclassicalPahlavi,aswell,butitwascomplicatedbyvariousanalogicalsyntactic developments.Here,weshalldescribetheclassicalPahlavisyntax;later,weshallseehowthiswasmodified. Int ran sit ive and t ran sit ive and the pastten se. Tounderstandtheconstruction,weneedtounderstandthedifferencebetweenintransitiveandtransitiveverbs. Anintransitiveverbisaverbthatcannottakeadirectobject,forinstance,verbsthatusuallyexpressstateor motion,likebdantobecomeandudantogo,whileatransitiveverbisaverbthatcantakeadirectobject,for instance,verbsthatexpressactions,likekerdantodo,zadantokill,xwardantoeat,etc. InPahlavi,asinmanyotherlanguages,thereisafundamentaldifferencebetweenintransitiveverbsandtransitive verbsintheformationofthepasttense.FamiliarexamplesareGermanandFrench(Italian),whereintransitive

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verbsintheperfecttaketheauxiliarytobe,Germ.sein,Fr.tre,whiletransitiveverebstaketheauxiliaryto have,Germ.haben,Fr.avoir,e.g.: German French Intransitive ichbingegangen jesuisall Iwent,havegone Transitive ichhabeeinKindgesehen jaivuunenfant Isaw/haveseenachild InEnglish,thisdistinctionhasbeenabandonded,reservingtheconstructionwithtobeforaveryfew expressionswithspecializedmeaning,suchasheisgone. I N TR AN SITI VEA ND TR A NSI TIVE , A CTIVE A ND P AS SIVE InPahlavi,thedifferencebetweentheintransitiveandtransitivepastisquitedifferentfromtheexamplesabove, atleastonthesurface,although,inprinciple,itisofthesamekind. WesawinLesson9thatthefollowingsentenceispassive: gra mmatical subjec t+verb

dumenzadhndtheenemieswerekilled: Recallthatthegrammaticalsubjectiswhattheverbagreeswith. Inordertosaywhodidthedeed,thewho,orperformer,issimplyaddedinfrontofthissentence,andthe sentencecanbetranslatedinEnglishasactiveorpassive,e.g.: perfo rme r+gra mm. subject + ve rb aswrdumenzadhndtheenemieswerekilledbythehorseman amhdumenzadhndtheenemieswerekilledbyus
Thesentencecanalsobetranslatedasactive,however:

aswrdumenzadhndthehorsemankilledtheenemies amhdumenzadhndwekilledtheenemies
Thesecorrespondtothefollowingtwosentencesinthepresenttense: perfo rme r=gra mmat icalsu bject+di rectobject +ve rb

aswrdumenzanndthehorsemankilltheenemies amhdumenzanmwekilltheenemies

AsintheEnglishpassive,theverbintheergativeconstructionsagreeswiththedirectobjectintheEnglishactive sentence,althoughitisthesubjectinthepassivesentence. ThewordorderisusuallyAGENT-SUBJECT-VERB. Prepositionalphrasesandindirectobjectsremainunchangedandarenotaffectedbytheergativeconstruction. ThuswehavethefollowingPahlavistructures: Present: performer=grammaticalsubject+directobject+verb(agreeswithgrammaticalsubject=pe rf orme r) Past:

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performer+directobject=grammaticalsubject+verb(agreeswithgrammaticalsubject=d irec to bject) Examples: Present:

aswrdumenzandthehorsemanarekillingtheenemies =theenemiesarebeingkilledbythehorseman amhdumenzanmwearekillingtheenemies =theenemiesarebeingkilledbyus

Past:

aswrdumenzadhndthehorsemankilledtheenemies =theenemieswerekilledbythehorseman amhdumenzadhndwekilledtheenemies =theenemieswerekilledbyus

Notethatthereisnootherwayofsaying,forinstance,Frdnwaskilledbythedragonsorthedragonsby whichFrdnwaskilled.Thustheergativeconstructioncorrespondstobothactiveandpassiveconstructionsin English.WhenwetranslatesuchconstructionswemaythereforeuseeitheractiveorpassiveasbestsuitsEnglish style. Thissystemiswhatiscommonlyreferredtoasanergativeconstruction(fromGreekergonwork).Sinceitis onlyusedinthepasttenses,andnotinthepresent,itisalsocalledsplitergative. Theconstructionhasalsobeencalledanagentialconstruction(fromLatinagensactor,performer),andthe performerisusuallycalledtheagent.Inthesentencesabove,aswrandamharetheagents.Wewillusethis terminologyhere. Sincetheagentisnotthegrammaticalsubject,pluralnounsasagentsmusttaketheending-n;ther-stems musttakethe-arformsasagents;andthepronounmanmustbeused,sinceanisonlyusedasgrammatical subject. Encliticpronounsareverycommonasagentsandaresometimesusedevenwhenanounispresentasagent(see Lesson13). TounderstandandgetusedtotheconstructionitmaybeusefultothinkofitintermsoftheEnglishpassive,e.g., youwerekilledbyme=Ikilledyou,butoneshouldmakeitahabittotranslateitwithanEnglishactiveinmost instances. Infact,sincetheactiveismuchmorecommoninEnglishthanthepassive,itisexpectedthestudentsuseprimarily Englishactiveconstructionsinthetranslations.Iftheykeepusingthepassive,itistobeassumedthattheyhavenot graspedtheconstruction. Itmaybeusefulforsometokeepinmindthattheergtiveconstructioncorrespondsformallytothehave constructionsintheEuropeanlanguages. Pahlavidoesnothavetheauxiliarytohave,however,butinsteaditusesitsregularpossessiveconstruction withtobe,compare: manwaagast Ihaveachild manwaagdd Ihaveseen/sawachild manwaaghnd Ihavechildren manwaagddhnd Ihaveseen/sawthechildren Herewaagisthegrammaticalsubjectoftheverb,andtheverbagreeswithit,whilemanistheonewho possessestheaction. Thus,theEnglishsubjecthasbecomethepossessoroftheaction,andpronounsandnouns(andadjectives) takethesameformsastheydoinpossessiveconstructions.

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LESSON12

YetanothersimilaritywithEuropeanlanguagesisintheagreementoftheverbwiththedirectobjectinthe constructionswithhave,e.g.: Spanish: tengoescritaslasleterasIhavewrittentheletters French: leslettres,jelesaicrites Italian: hoscrittelelettere E XA MPLES OF AGEN TIAL CON S TR UC TION S Agent = nou ninthesi ngula r: Compare: mardmanwnnd themenseeme mardnanddhm themensawme mardzanwnnd themenseeawoman mardnzandd themensawawoman mardzanwnnd themenseethe/somewomen mardnzanddhnd themensawthe/somewomen Exampleswithzadan,zan-tokill: frdnadahgzad FrdnkilledthedragonorFrdnkilledadragon. frdnadahgzadhnd Frdnkilledthedragons. nhndadahgFrdnzadhnd thesearethedragonswhichFrdnkilled dumenwasmardzadhnd theenemykilledmanymen ohrmazdmardmudgspandddhnd Ohrmazdcreatedpeopleandanimals amhmardmhmohrmazdddhm wearepeople,(so)Ohrmazdcreatedus dngazmnyxradpursd thewise(man)askedthedivineWisdom

ohrmazdandaryazinkunindmhamgbddduringhisperformanceofthesacrifice,Ohrmazdestablished theentirecreation azrnhfrazendkmdardudkpidarbecauseofthechildrenssweetness(becausetheyweresosweet), themotherateoneandthefatherone(onewaseatenbythemother,onebythefather) pasSrahlawudduryazddastmanfrzgriftudguftkbyttnimymwahituddoxudrnhthe therighteousSrandthedivineFiretookmyhandsandsaid:ComesowemayshowyouHeavenandHell andthelight! ArdWirzkansaxwanndzofrnamzburdddrOhrmazdwhenArdWirzheardwhatHesaid,he boweddeeplybeforeOhrmazdthecreator

Agent = nou nintheplu ral:

dngnwnguftthewisemensaidasfollows adahgnFrdnzadthedragonskilledFrdn. dumennwasmardzadhndtheenemieskilledmanymen andarhazragsardwnJamkirrndattheendofthemillennium,thedwscutJaminhalf nfradomardgaxtarnkerdabgGanngMnythisfirstbattletheconstellationsfoughtwiththeFoulSpirit =thisfirstbattlewiththeFoulSpiritwasfoughtbytheconstellations

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Agent = pe rso nal pro noun Exampleswithallthreepersons(non-enclitic): ddan,wn-tosee: Present Past antwnam Iseeyou mantddh amhtwnm weseeyou amhtddh tmanwn youseeme tanddham tamhwn youseeus tamhddhm amhmanwnd you(all)seeme amhanddhm anamhwenam Iseeyou(all) manamhddhd Agent = in te rro gat ive p ronoun :

Isawyou wesawyou yousawme yousawus you(all)sawme Isawyou(all)

ktddhkmanddhamwhomadeyou,whomademe?(Dnkard) kamhddhmkamhtdhmukparwardhmWhocreatedus,fashionedus,andnurturedus? (Yasna1.1)

comparethenon-agential(passive)version:

amhamahrspandngrngarzdkkanbrehndhamkantdhamkkddham Toyou,theamahrspands,Grncomplained:ForwhomwasIcreated,forwhomwasIfashioned,i.e.,for whomwasIcreated?(Yasna29.1)

With ve rbo rgra mmat icalsu bject ra ised (f ront ed): Inthisconstruction,too,theverbisfrequentlyplacedatthebeginningoftheclause;wordorderSUBJECT- AGENT-VERB,e.g.:

udpursdnahlawnruwnaznkangktkhudkxwhandthesouloftherighteousaskedthat youngwoman:whoareyou,andwhodoyoubelongto? sidgarhazragbunbdkafrdnkiwarbaxtsalmudtzitwasthebeginningofthethirdmillenniumwhen SalmandTzdividedFrdnsland

asisthegrammaticalsubjectforemphasis;wordorderVERB-AGENT:

tdngbatdhpadmnyhtdngbabddhgty thewisegodfashionedyouwhileintheworldofthought;thewisegodgaveyoutotheworldoftheliving= youwerefashionedbythewisegod(etc.)(Yasna10.10)

WithwordorderSUBJECT-AGENT-VERB:

u-twarsudrwdnwiuftandthewindshavetousledyourhairandbeard Serie so fve rb s Anagentcanhaveaseriesofverbswithit,withoutbeingrepeatedeachtime,e.g,: andarnhazragZarduxtdnazOhrmazdpadriftwurdWitsphpadriftrawgkerdinthatmillennium ZarathustrareceivedthednfromOhrmazd(and)brought(ittoW.);Witspreceived(itand)propagated (it)

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Co mbi natio nsof in transiti vea ndtra nsiti veverbs Notethat,inaseriesofclauses,thesubjectofanintransitiveverbcanbecomethegrammaticalsubjectoragentof atransitiveverbbutbeexpressedonlyonce,e.g.:

pasAfrsybmad.MnuihrabgrnagnPadixwrgarspxt. thenAfrsybcame(subject);(he:agent)pushedMnuihrtogetherwiththeIraniansbacktoPadixwrgar
E XP RES SION SO F M EA SU RE , LENG TH A NDDU R ATION Nounsdenotingtimeorspacecanbeusedwithoutprepositionstodenotelengthorduration,aswellaspointof time.

mhfrawardnrzohrmazdpetyragandardwristnmrzinthemonthofFrawardn,onthedayofOhrmazd, theAdversaryrushedin(at)midday(nm-rz)(thefirstdayofthefirstmonth=springequinox) zamnmapyddonotwait(for)anytime(=notevenamoment)! ohrmazdblistg...zamnakanragabarrnhhambdOhrmazdwasupaboveinthelight(for)an unlimitedtime. hariburztbowandagh800slhamrust200slstar-pyagud200tmh-pyag200txward-pyagud 200tblistsmnHariburzkeptgrowinguntilthecompletionof800years;200yearstothestar-level, 200yearstothemoon-level;200yearstothesun-level;and200yearstothehighestpointofthesky abrdagrzamnandarnkrstdsheisatworkatthat(washing)foraverylongtime kadagrzamnOhrmazdryyazinfrrnkunndsnhaz-iiftheyperformgoodsacrificesforOhrmazdfor alongtime,thereiscomfortfromit
Distanceandlengthoftimeisoftenexpressedbycompoundsendingin-drahny,e.g.:

andarn9000sl3000slhamgkmagohrmazdrawdduringthese9000years,3000yearsOhrmazdswill goes(holdssway)entirely mard-wabarsang-wbmrdudsangabgzamgw-kardagsangpadandarsl-drahnyabgzamgpkb bawdamanwhodiesonastone,andthestoneisconnectedwiththeearth,(then)thestonebecomesclean withinoneyear zankazanhynkundpadgygtanbuhludpadsl-drahnymargarznifawomendoesnotperformher wifelydutytoherhusband,sheisimmediately(guiltyof)atanbuhlsinandmargarznforthedurationofa year u-mddnxwddahnruwnandarrnhk-gar-blyrnhazihamwaxdandIsawinthelightthe soulsofthosewhohadperformedxwddah,fromwhomalightshonetheheightofamountain maynyxwddahnkerdudpahlomaxwndwr-wandzamg-pahnyudzfybestdu-npahlom axwnnhildbetweenhimwhohadnotperformedxwddahandtheBestExistence,therestandsawall aswideanddeepastheearth,anditdoesnotlethimintotheBestExistence

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SENTENCES12
1.Transliterate,transcribe,andtranslatethesesentences:

/ YNwAklAWK awAwA ^ WwwaD x nM AWK YWwllmY awAwA ^ esAkA WfJwlA Y>WT / YNwA WtDCT AWB Y<wsLP 1MwY WWP WN WTWB 2 aJwS WwAwA / WTWK WwcdMw< ^ WwatJ MwaD W WTWK WwaD WwaDWw WItA MwAW / aDtdA waY WtJCW 4 YWnlA YW MWtM tA / WtjaHW AWB WwAKtPWWWt WWP WcJwwY WWWt awAwA a Wt BwA WthAtZ ^ lAwY< WWT WN AWWT OW c WtJWK MwA WcjwLWP Oa / WtdMwY WtWnYWI / Etc WfJwlA W WtdLwA W a W LtJ W AwYK W LwLwA W WimZ W adM WTWWvaD awAwA

? ! ? 2 ? 3 ? 4 ? 23 ? 33 ? 34

/ LwYK 34 WTWtjA a ch WwatJ N YW WthAWtZ AWB WtjlABwY aD W CwlY tA ^ a? 44 WwYWc WwaaD WKwAP WTWwW EkahAWT WWP WwaTwwA ^ WKtjAwA ? 333 WwawLwA WkaA ^ WkyL W WwaD>NwAwAtHwA WkaA ^ WWT OW aD<wA 4 WfH W WCwL AWK WtDWWtaD AWB WwAPWK ^ WtjlAV OW W PwZ aY W AV WtdLwA W waY WTwL W waP WimZ WtDWwW EKwYW tA 1 W / WtDWWtaD EKwYW

TEXTS12
T EX T 1 2.1 FromBundahin33

? WTWWtwA E>M ^ WtD ? Wt EkAtDP OW WwAtdmAV ^ W>M WtWK ^ adATwA x ? WTWK WwAcW W WTcdLP WtWK ? Wt adAwLP OW WwAtWK ^ Y]JwA WwABwLWkWwA Y>W WthaD lAK N WwAtja ^ WwS ? YNwA WtWfJ WWw WwaHnLW W WtAWW WwAtja ^ WwS WTWwLTI W>M / WTWK YvYc WWtH Wwa:dA W WTW]JW yLTW W

andarxwadyhKawdMazdakBmddnpaydghmadddmazdakhnihd. Kawdfrftudwiybnkerd. zanudfrazendudxwstagpadhamhudhambyhabyddtanframd. dnmazdsnnazkrdttanag-ruwnHusryKawdnpornyhmad Mazdakzaddnmazdsnnwinnrdudawn*Xynspxthnd. udwidargbastudrnahrabbmkerd.

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 T EX T 1 2.3 Bundahin33.1-13

LESSON12

WwaAW WTWK TP Ewa:DwA W WwPwW YBK WWtHWwa:dA

Missingline:

kaGangMnyandardwristpadbunnazdisthazragandargumzinhgwudGaymardbdhnd. kaMaudMaynnhuspshkerd50slg-inzyinazinbd. andarhamhazragpad70slHangudTahmredharddwbzadhnd. andarhazragsardwnJamkirrnd. didgarhazragbunbdAidahgduxwadyhabar{kerd}grift*ud100slbkerd.iynhazragsarbdFrdn griftbast. sidgarhazragbunbdkaFrdnkiwarbaxtSalmudTzg-inrizadfrazendnudwdagn*abeshnd. andarhamhazragMnuihrzdudknrixwst. pasAfrsybmad.MnuihrabgrnagnPadixwrgarspxtpadsniyzudwasmargh*abeshnd *FryNdarMnuihrpuszadtpadanpaywandrnahrazAfrsybstad. kaMnuihruzdbddidAfrsybmad<rnahrwaswibinudawrnhpadikerd. wrn>azrnahrabzdttUzawTahmspnmadFrsybspxtudwrnkerd T EX T 1 2.3 FromBundahin

YWtDWK tdE ^ WtKC WN WwaJ ^ Wwa AB AWvY ^ tdA WtKC WwS WWP WtDBwY WtDWwL ^ WKWcT ^ WKwY Ltc YWtJWK WcWvlA ^ WPWK ^ WWB WWP 1aDT W WtDWnYWI tdE ^ WtKC Q Wwa WCwlmYW ^ WtJWK WWP WcWvlA ^ WPWK ^ nYwL WWP 1aDT W waP W waY WKcDW 333 WN WtDWwmYWI WkAwawA :dp ^ WcDT ^ !WkAwD Wwa WWP

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 T EX T 1 2.3 FromArdWirz-nmag

LESSON12

daW kL OW Y>W WWtD AWB WTPwY W WTWwW cWP L ^ nS WtD WWWt W WBwla wl oa W EtH W Wwma W emLwA W emJV W EwaP W EwajA W elAwA W EwwL W WwaHwY W WthAW ? WwAWCwlY ^ W WwAtja ^ aD< daW Tc ? WwAVwla ^ WwaDtP ^ WthAW ^ eYWBwA W WthAW WWP ^ EKwYW W WwaDWcJwaA W awAwA WWP WwAwYwLW WPwA ^ WwaDtP daW Tc WwaH W ^ EtDwL W WwaDWcJwaA W WwaD ^ EtjA W WwaHwY WWP ^ EkAwA W WwJP ^ WWT W cdatjL ^ WWTWWwaD W EXERCISES12

12.1.MatchthePahlaviwordswiththeirtranscriptions:

arek smn y azabar azr br brn inwad dng dast dox

drzan dumen framn-burdr gw gwin hamstr huihr uwn k marg

mayn brd padrift sahmgen tarzg trk tx tuxg Witsp zan

aDT AWWT glM lAB lAtWB WwaLP lAtjmA lECwA LPc lYc nD nYW

YK WfjAtHW WilAT WkahAWT WkAwaD WklA WKWcT WnwY WtdlAPwA WTPWwYC

WTWwlYKM WwaJ Wwa WwasA WwaHwY WWCwlY WwEwY WwBwY WWtD WWwlYB

12.2.Transliterate/transcribeandtranslate:

WtjlABwY TP W WTPwS WimZ YWw WkAWwY nMT WimZ ^ WKwa x WwaHwY

?! ?2 ?3 ?4 ? 23 ? 33 ? 34

? WtDWWwaD LTkAtwA c W WkahAWT WWTWwW WKPWK W lAK WWP akA WwS N WN MWkL N cdlATK WtdAtJ eaa WTWwlYkM WwS WcjAtHW tA WkAtDP ^ AwA WKw YNwA WtDtadA WwBwY x aH

wlwA ^ A WWwSC YWnYWkY lAtjA YBK WWkmaJ ^ YwLWB ^ lAWP WTPWwYC WWP / WtDWtDwA a elJ W WtdlAPwA E WwDna WN WtWtjA W WtWwmYWI AWB AWWT wYwL WTWWtD WWwlYV AWWT ^ WWT N WtDKw ^ AWWT ^ WwABwL WwSC WWwLwwY ? WtDcY< awAwA OW YWwsaD `<wAW lAB WKw WWP tA AWvY + YWC

nPW ^ WwWWK N AWvY WwadA N ^ WWTWK WwABWT a WnwY WWP WnwY WTWWWnY WwAkAwaD WtDWWtaD BwA

WI>w A W WvA ^>W AWvY nM WWwaD lAtWV WwaLP W lAtdAwYW W jLT nPW ^ A W WvA x ? WtT a ch N WkYW x tA :d WwSC WkAwawA

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LESSON12

Y>WwJwY AWB c cwYN WN WKwYW ^ nYW WwSC WkAwawA WWwYwA tDwL A W WvA WN nLW W WtDWwsaD lAwA WWP AWK W WwABWT a WWTWwW MwYN c

WWT ^ EwETP W WwlE WWtJWwEWB WtdaH WwDC WtA ^ Y>Ww OW kAwE WtJWWP / WWT ^ Wwa N WtDwY WwABwL ^ elAtWB W WwABwL ^ Wwa N WtDwY sM c W sM WWP kAtA W WkAtA WWP SK # N ^ WTWK WwaJP WtA ^ Y>Ww / WwDE TwA WWP lEwD W lEwD WWP

? 44

12.3.TranslateintoPahlavi: Note:Donotuseencliticpronounsasagents,buttheregularones. 1. WhentheEvilSpirithadrushedagainst(pad)everycreationofOhrmazds,hemadetheworldatnoonlike adarknight,andhemadetheskyunderneathandabovetheearthdark. 2. SalmandTzkilledallthechildrenanddescendantsofri,butFrdnkeptrisdaughterhiddenfor10 years. 3. Fromthatdaughteradaughterwasborn.SalmandTzkilledthemotherofthedaughter,butFrdnkept hidingthegirlfor(t)10generations(paywand). 4. WhenAhrimensawOhrmazdslight,herosefromthedepthandbecauseofenvy(he)attacked(it)in ordertodestroy(it). 5. OhrmazdrecitedtheAhunwar,andtheFoulSpiritwasstunnedandfellbackintothedarkness. 6. ThehrbedsandmowbedssaidtoArdWirz:Welcome,youmessengeroftheMazdayasnians!whohave comebackfromthatdarkhell.Nowtelluswhatyousawthere. 7. ThentherighteousSrandthedivinefirebroughtmetoaplaceandshowed(to)meheavenandhell. 8. WhenArdWirzcametothatplace(he)sawabeautifulwomanwhosaidtohim:Oyoung(man),Iam yourdn!Intheworldoftheliving,youmadememorebeautifulthanIwas. 9. ArdWirzsaidtoher:Obeautifulwoman!WhendidImakeyoubeautiful?Ihaveneverseenyoubefore. 10. AfterthedeathofZarathustra,thereweremanypeoplewholeftthednofOhrmazdandthe(other)gods andtook(accepted)theteachingofAhrimenandthedemons. A DDITION AL READI NGS 12 .1 FromtheKr-nmagArdaxrPbagn12.1,aboutbuhr,Ardaxrsunknownson,andhismeetingwitha youngwoman.

? WTWwlZW lYcW OW WTWWtD WWtH OW Wwahad>lA ^ lAWcH 1MwY WwwdLV WwaZ W WwaD. / WTWWwaD TP WKcDWK WN Wt At OW lABwsA 333 NTwL nPWV lYcW ^ oa W ? WTWWvaD A adM WwadAplaC W WtdA A adM W WTWWwaD aC ^ nYwL WWP WKcDWK WwaD. / WtWnYWI WTWwlZW 1lAK WWP LIcW

ahinudzamnbrhninryrz-wbuhrArdaxrnnahrmadnaxrud udpasnaxrxwadabg9aswrndehmadkkanzagpadibd. ahinrykanzagpadsarhbdudbhamhextudahr-pynrybhamdd. warzgarpadkr-wudestd.

/ WtDWc WTwlY WWP W aDW W WtJwlY WTPwY WTW]J nJW W WTWnYK WTWtjA lABwsA W lAWcH tA WKcDWK ? MCwA adM NwA YW lY< aD<wA W WKWwA WwAtY> ^ WkJ JB WkAwD nM WWtJWWvYtD WtdaP AWB / WtDWNtHW adM LWtJ W nPWV kL ^ adM WTPwY WKcDWK OW ? WTWWwaD WwA EKwYT W EksLwY< W EkY>wa lAWcH / WtdAc a lAK WWP / WWtJWWvYtD AWB !WtJWK WWP WTWwlZW laYT WWP WKcDWK
167 May4,2008-11:22PM

LESSON12

YWwW WcW NwL YW WtDCwa adM W WtDWtdmL aC OW WKcdA WTPwY WwaAVwsA OW lAWcH ? WtDWWbaD adM WwaWtJ W WWtdK aa WTWB adM nla WKcdA ^ e<WCW AWB WTWtdmL aC OW WKcdA WTWK WKWwA WwaAVwsA / WtjaH a
kanzagkabuhrudaswrddxistudnamzburdguftkdrstudwehudpaddrdaward. bframydniastangygxwasyagdraxtnxunakudhangmgarmtanbhenam. xwadudstrbxward. buhrmndaghudgursaghudtinaghryhemgenbd. kanzagguftkamhbtpadkrnabyd.kanzagpadtmrududpadkust-wbniast. buhraswrnguftkhzaghabgandudbhendtamhwgrmudstrnbdahd. aswrnhamgnagkerdhzaghabgandbwazurghhzagrypurrbbdulkedannyist.
A DDITION AL READI NGS 12 .3 FromBundahin14.2-6

/ WtJWwLPW nS YwA WWP Wt Q elaYW WtMwD< tA WKwYKc WwaDP N YwL WKtjA N W Ww nl N W jA <M N W WcDcA WWwA N W WPwlS nYwL N eY>NwAwAcA WWK WN WTWWtD EkAtDP OW Aba EwWwlZW AWB WwaD< N W WTcWP AB N W / YWWbaD AWB adA NTwL WwaTwwA / Wt Q eylM WTWkLP YW WwaaD WfJwlA ? WTWwlZW x WtMwD< ^ WWT WWP eylM WIwA ^ N / YNwA WTwlAP AWB WtdLwA ^ EwwL WWP AWT WTWWvaD AWB AWT WtMwD< tA / WTWWvaD WimZ x Tw ? WTWwlYkM WtwYWcJ 1laV WthadaKW YwSwYW 1laV 2 c WimZ N Ywaa W a yLW 27 ^ WWWtJ WKw ^ WcK sAcdL Tw ^ EI>WWV WWP WKtJWTP YWT OW WKw WtWwmYWI lAwa wY> WWP nS WwaH WkAwawA WWwYwA YNwA WtJwL q YNwA WTWWwaD Wj>mA W WwvmA
kaGaymardwmrhabarmadpadhydastbast. azsarsrubudazxnarzizudazmazgasmudazpyhenudazastagryudazpihbgnagudazbzplbd udazgynb-awinhzarrpaydghmadknnarznmandhrymardmnabggynbdahnd. aznhyagmarghpadtangaymardandarud.harwispdmntfrakerdmarghabarmad. kagaymardthmbddnthmpadrnhxwardbpldhnd. u-dbahr-wNrysangnigh-dtbhr-wspandarmadpadrift.40slandarzamgdd. padbowandagh40slrbh-kerbk-stn15wargmahlyudmahliynyazzamgabarrusthndwn homngk-ndastpaddabzestdkdidpaywastaghambanudhamdsagbdhnd. WhensicknessbefellGaymard,hefellontheleftside.Thereappearedfromhisheadlead,fromhisbloodtin, fromhisbrainsilver,fromhisfeetiron,fromhisbonescopper,fromhisfatcrystal,fromhisarmssteel,and fromthesoulsgoingforthgold,whichstillnowpeoplegivewiththeirsoulsbecauseofitshighvalue. ThroughhisleftsidemortalityenteredGaymardsbody.Mortalitycameuponallcreturesuntilthe Renovation. WhenGaymardgaveuphisseed,itwascleansedwiththelightofthesun.Andonehalfwaspreservedby Nrysang,andSpandarmadreceivedone.Itwasplacedintheearthfor40years. Atthecompletionof40years,MahlyandMahliynygrewupfromtheearthasaplantintheshapeofa rhubarbwithonestemand15leaves,insuchawaythattheirhandswereinthebackandtheywereattached tooneanother.Theywereofthesameheightandsameappearance.

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 Additionalreadings12.3 FromAydgr Zarrn

LESSON12

Witsp-gwdnnandyndXynazbunagudkaw-bryndandmrndudandabzawnd. gwdJmspbidaxk131bwarXynazbunagbyndkaw-bryndzndagabzbnawndbn kArzspXynanxwady. y-izyalSpandydgrdu-dast-wudpy-wudg-wbrndu-am-wpadtaxdazd u-padbrd-dumbxar-wabzahrxwfrstdudgwdk awudgwkddazdastmanyalSpandyd. udpasgwdkay-Witsp-k agarhamgpusudbrdudwspuhragnmankay-Witsp-udn-izHuts-mxwahudzankazpustduxt 30azizdstdudhamgmurdbawndg-imnabzagdnmzdsniyn-imazOhrmazdpadriftbn hilam.
Note:iyn-im...padriftasI(have)received(it).

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LESSON12

GLOSSARYOFWORDSINTHETEXTANDTHEEXERCISES12
Idioms: abargrift azkrdr- drstawar tookup ignore(?) nMWc WtJwlY welcome! sing,recite havenoneedfor keephidden lookdownupon,despise haveavoice,shout

frz-sry- padkrnabyd padnihnhdr- padxwrdr- wngdr- Nouns,adjectives,adverbs,pronouns: bdh bgnag adn gh agumzin hen ardg arznmandh arziz asmn astag asth wdag awardg bz brhnin brd-dumb bunag h ahr-py d drzan k-dd rnag w-br g hamban hamdsag hambyh hamh hazrag hrbed hy,hyag hubyh

Etc WKwYKc WwadA akA,sAkA WwcdMw WwjA WItA eY>NwAwAcA WcDcA jA WKtjA EtjA WKtBwA WkAtwA AB WwwdLV WbMwY WtdLB WKWWB aC pLaC

wY

WWCwlY WtDKw WKwa:dA lABw wY WwvmA WjmA adAvmA emA WklAc WTpl

WkYwA,YwA
eG>WBwA

<tyh> <kynk'> <dn'> <ks,kh> <gwmycn'> <syn'> <ltyk'> <lcnwmndyh> <lcyc'> <sym> <stk'> <styh> <wbtk'> <wltk'> <bzd> <blyhynn'> <blyt'-dwmb'> <bwnk'> <ch> <chl-pd> <d> <dlwcn'> <ywk-dt'> <ylnkn'> <ywbl> <gw> <hmbn'> <hmdysk'> <hmbgyh> <hmyh> <hclk'> <hylpt'> <hwy,hwyk'> <hwbwdyh>

wealth,prosperity glass withoutknowledge,ignorant aware,knowledgeable unmixed,notpartoftheMixture iron battle (great)value tin silver bone being,existence generation,descendant notturningaway(from) arm assignment withthetailcutoff camp well(forwater) quadruped theback(ofbody) liar,deceiver createdasone;thesingle-created(Bull) Iranian once ear ofthesameheight ofthesameshape sharing,partnership togetherness millennium (religious)teacher left(side) fragrance,perfume

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LESSON12

huramh huspsh ahin u kn mazdakh mazg mowbed naxr nsth nzag nighdr- nihnh niyz pnag paygmbar paywand pm pih plbd pornyh purr-sardag Ran-dd rbh rag ry afr,ofr sagrh sardag s agr srub stard,sturd stn tan-ghr tarsagy,tarsagh trag tz utnmand waast warg warzgar wmrh wiybn xar xb-wurryin

emLwA esAfJwA WwE WKwY WwYK E>M gzM WTPw lYcW EtDwL WKcDW -ladaKW EwaW WcW WKwAP LbmAtDP YWWTP P,mYP WwaDP

WTcWP

adAwLWP,adAwLP WKt:jLWP WtDWwL sAcdL WkgL `wL :dPw,:dp elgS WKt:J WcJ :d WPwlS WtWtJ ,WttJ WWtJ lawY WWT,lAwYWWT ajLT,jLT WklYT WcDT YNwAwAtHwA WtJCW

yLW

LIcW elaYW WwAcW AnA WwYwLW

<hwlmyh> <hwspsyh> <yhn'> <ywk'> <kyn'> <mzdkyh> <mzg> <mgwpt'> <nhcyl> <LOYTyh> <nyck'> <nkh-dl-> <nyhnyh> <nydc'> <pnk'> <pgtmbl> <ptwnd> <pym,pym> <pyhw'> <pwlpt'> <p(w)lndyh> <pwl-sltk'> <ln-dt'> <lyps> <lyk'> <lwd> <(w)pyl> <sglyh> <sltk'> <syc'> <gl> <slwp'> <st(w)lt'> <stwn'> <tn'-gwhl,g-whl> <tlskd,tlskh> <tylk'> <tyc'> <tnwmnd> <wcst'> <wlg> <wlcykl> <wymlyh> <wydn> <HMRA> <hwp-wlwdn'>

happiness gratitude;goodservice chance,destiny yoke revenge(knfor);+xwh-seekrevenge Mazdakism brain,marrow mowbed,highpriest game,hunt;n.aw-gohunting non-being,non-existence spear watch,guard hiding need protector messenger connection,lineage milk flesh steel adulthood ofmanyspecies placedbyRan rhubarb root brass sword satisfaction,fullness(fromeatingfood) species danger lion lead stunned column,stalk bodysubstance respectful dark(night) sharp livingandbreathingbeing astropheoftheGathas leaf farmer sickness astray;+kun-leadastray donkey (someone)ofgoodfaith

171

May4,2008-11:22PM

LESSON12

xurdu xwr xwrh xwah zyin

Propernames: Afrsyb

wlwA <hwldlw> lwA elwA emJ| WwWwa:

<hwl> <hwlyh> <BSYMyh> <zdn'>

epithetofSr(manyspellings);Av.

xruu.druwieldingabloodyclub lowly,abject ease,bliss,joy pleasantness birth,beingborn

Wcjac <lsyd'>
<hwnwl> <ldhyln'> <cydhk'> <bmdtn'> <ckt'Ydytyd> <ylyc> <plsyd'> <plydnwtl> <gwwlwn'> <gwnsp'> <hw()ng> <hwslwd> <hwtws> <kwt'> <kwtn'> <mnwcyhl> <mzd(y)k'> <slm> <spnddt'> <thmwlp',thmwlyt'> <twc>

Afrsyb;aTuranian,archenemyoftheearly Iranians nameofthefirststropheofthefirstGatha sonofArdaxr Adahg sonofBmdd theLawfulSummit(amountain) sonofFrdn Frsyb=Afrsyb sonofMnuihr Gurn,theSouloftheCow/Bull nameofafire Witspssisterandwife sonofKawd Mnuihr sonofFrdn Witspsson sonofFrdn

Ahunwar LWWwa Ardaxrn Wwahad>lA Aidahg WkaD ^c Bmddn WwAtdmAV agdDyty tdE ^ WtKC ri Wc:dA Frsyb (WcjaP)WcjaP FryNdar (ms.LP)LTWW Y adLP Gurn WWwLwwY Gunasp WfJwwY Hang `<waHwA,Y<wwA Husry Y]JwA Huts SWTwA Kawd WtWK Kawdn WwAtWK Mnuihr laDcHWwa Mazdak (W> M)W> M Salm :J Spandyd WtdYWfJ Tahmraf,Tahmred WtLnAT,WpLnAT Tz WCWT
Verbs: abeshn- WwJc ayrdd -tadA daz-d -cD frftanfrb- (-cjLP)-cdLP garz-d -cY gumr-gumrd lMwY gumz-gumxt WtdMwY,-cdMwY hen-hext(haxt) CwA WtdA/Wt kst WtJWK marnn-d,murnn- -wYCwlM,-wYCwLN nimy-nimd WTNW,-W nin-nist WtJWWvYtD,-wAWWvYtD WtjaHW

<syhyn-> <dc-> <pld(y)p-> <glc-> <gwml-> <gwmyc-,gwmyht'> <hnc-,h(y)ht'> <kws-> <m(w)lncyn-> <nmd-nmwt'> <YTYBWNn-,-st'> <nst'>

causetoperish,destroy $$ burn(sth.) deceive wail,complain appoint mix,mingle,blend pull,draw(water) beat,pound,crush todestroy show setdown,establish

172

May4,2008-11:22PM

LESSON12

niyx-d -AKwDW,-AKwYW niy-d -KwDW,-KwYW ply-pld WTwlAP,W-AP spz-spxt-CWfJ/-CWcJ,WtWcJ/WtWfJ sry-srd WT]J,-:J sty-styd tJ suftsumb- WTPwS,vMwS tars-d TsLT winnr-,winnrd lAwYW,WtAwYW wiuftan,wib- WTPwW,PwW

<ny(d)wkh-> <ny(d)wk-> <pld-,plwt'> <swc-swht'> <sld-,slwt'> <std-> <swmb-swpt'> <tls-> <wynl-> <wwp->

listen listen purify pushback sing,recite praise pierce tofear(+az) arrange,fasten disturb,destroy,tousle(hair)

173

May4,2008-11:22PM